faa's motion in love field lawsuit

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tckt E rbibevbl kf bhke` drjh Hr. Cksob` jf Kunust ;2, 17;2, ef wceic cb stktbl tckt cb wju`l

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K. @jvb Deb`l, tcb ^renct Khbflhbft, kfl tcb Qbdjrh Kit ............................................. 2

A. Lb`tk―s Qbqubst djr Kiijhhjlktejf .............................................................................. 4

I. LJ\―s Nuelkfib @bttbrs ................................................................................................. >

L. \cb Lesputb @bkls tj \crbb Muleiek` Wrjibblefns .......................................................... 5

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Knre-\rkfs Ijrp. v. N`kllbrs Akrnb @efb, Efi.,

>1; D.1l ;772 (2tc Ier. ;539)…………...……………………………...…………………….;;

K`kakhk-Ijusckttk \reab v. Rfetbl Ytktbs,

>2> D.9l <3< (2tc Ier. 17;<)………………………………………………………………….;1

Kh. Kerèfbs v. LJ\ ,

171 D.9l >33 (2tc Ier. 1777) ...................................................................................................... 2

Kh. Kerèfbs, Efi. v. Cbrhkf,

;>4 D.9l 139 (2tc Ier. ;555) .................................................................................................... ;1

Kh. Wkpbr Efst., Efi. v. R.Y. BWK,

331 D.1l 13> (>tc Ier. ;535) .............................................................................................. ;<, ;2

Aksyb v. ^b``s Dkrnj Akfo ,

Fj. 9-;1-IT-<753-O, 17;9 ^@ 1;;77<9 (F.L.\bx. Hky ;4, 17;9)...................................... ;>

Ab``b Ij. v. R.Y. Krhy Ijrps jd Bfn'rs,

>4; D.9l 939 (2tc Ier. 17;<) ........................................................................................ ;1, ;<, ;2

Abffbtt v. Ypbkr ,

217 R.Y. ;2< (;55>) ............................................................................................................ ;1, ;4

Ibftbr djr Kutj Ykdbty v. Fktejfk` Cencwky \rkddei Ykdbty Klhef.,

<21 D.9l >53 (L.I. Ier. 1774) .................................................................................................. ;2

Bkrfbst v. @jwbftrett ,457 D.1l ;;53 (2tc Ier. ;531)……..………………………………………………………… ;>

Cjèstei Ikfl`brs & Ijfsuhbrs Kss'f v. DLK,

44< D.9l 5<7 (L.I. Ier. 17;1) .................................................................................................. ;9

Ef rb Ijhp`. jd Q@A Ijftrkitefn, Efi.,

>>9 D.9l 254 (2tc Ier. 17;<)………………………………………………………………….;7

Mjas, \rkefefn & Ybrvs., Efi. v. B. \bx. Ijufie` jd Njv'ts,27 D.9l ;9;3 (2tc Ier. ;552) .................................................................................................... ;9

Mjfbs v. Rfetbl Ytktbs,

412 D.9l 31> (2tc Ier. 17;7) .................................................................................................... ;3

Okfsks v. Rfetbl Ytktbs,;4 D.9l <94 (L.I. Ier. ;55<) ...................................................................................................... 2

@kfles v. F. Kh. Ij.,

155 R.Y. 1<3, 12< (;594)……………………………………………………………………...11

@enjf v. @kCjjl ,

4;< D.9l ;27 (2tc Ier. 17;7) .................................................................................................... ;3

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@umkf v. Fkt―` ê`lèdb Dbl―f,

<5> R.Y. 3>; (;557)…………………………………………………………………………...;1

Hbletbrrkfbkf Bftbrs., Efi. v. Yskfnyjfn Ijrp.,

>73 D.1l ;<23 (5tc Ier. ;539) .................................................................................................. 11

Fkt―` Dbl―f jd Aèfl v. LJ\ ,>3 D. Yupp. 9l <7> (L.L.I. 17;2)…………………………………………………………….17

Fkt'` Wjro Wrjluibrs Ijufie` v. R.Y. BWK,

492 D.9l >93 (2tc Ier. 17;;) .................................................................................................... ;<

Jopk`jae v. Djstbr ,1<< D.9l <72(2tc Ier. 177;)………….……………………………………………………….;>

[urbsce v. Cj`lbr ,

449 D.9l >>3 (2tc Ier. 17;;) .............................................................................................. ;1, ;4

Qbetbr v. Ijjpbr ,

27> R.Y. 123 (;559)…………..……………………………………………………………….1;

Qbèka`b Kutjhktei Yprefo`br Ij. v. Ijfsuhbr Wrjl. Ykdbty Ijhh'f,91< D.9l >14 (L.I. Ier. 1779) .................................................................................................. ;<

Qeiie v. Iceiknj Hbrikfte`b Bxickfnb,

<75 R.Y. 135 (;5>9) .................................................................................................................. 11

Qjicbstbr \b`. Ijrp. v. Rfetbl Ytktbs,97> R.Y. ;12 (;595) .................................................................................................................. ;<

Yckfakuh v. Rfetbl Ytktbs,

91 D.9l ;37 (2tc Ier. ;55<) ...................................................................................................... ;1

Yjutc`kfl Hjwbr Ij. v. R.Y. Ijfsuhbr Wrjl. Ykdbty Ijhh―f,

477 D.1l ;1 (2tc Ier. ;5>5)……...………………………………...........................................;5

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Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs v. LJ\ ,

Fj. ;2-;1>4 (L.I. Ier., de`bl Kun. ;9, 17;2) (‐Yjutcwbst EE ‘)………………………………;7

Rfetbl Ytktbs v. Iuhabr`kfl Dkrhs jd Ijff., Efi.,

314 D.1l ;;2; (;st Ier. ;53>)…………..……………………………………………………..1;

Rfetbl Ytktbs v. ^. Wki. Q.Q.,

921 R.Y. 25 (;524)…………..………………………………………………………………...17

Tb`lcjbf v. R.Y. Ijkst Nukrl ,

92 D.9l 111 (2tc Ier. ;55<) ...................................................................................................... ;9

Ytktutbs

2 R.Y.I. §§ >7;->74 ..................................................................................................................... ;7

2 R.Y.I. § >71 ............................................................................................................................... ;12 R.Y.I. § >7< ............................................................................................................................... ;1

13 R.Y.I. § ;49; ........................................................................................................................... ;5

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13 R.Y.I. § 117; ........................................................................................................................... ;4

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<5 R.Y.I. § <7;79(b) .................................................................................................................... ;3

<5 R.Y.I. §§ <7;7;-<427 ……………………………………………………………………….;3<5 R.Y.I. §§ <7;7;-<>29< ........................................................................................................... ;3

<5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>….…………………………………………………………………..…...<, 2, ;9

<5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7 ................................................................................................... 5, ;;, ;1, ;3, 17

<5 R.Y.I. § <>;7> ..................................................................................................................... 9, ;3<5 R.Y.I. § <>;;; ..................................................................................................................... <, ;1

<5 R.Y.I. § <>;74 ........................................................................................................................... <

<5 R.Y.I. § <>;11 ........................................................................................................................... <<5 R.Y.I. § <>;74 ..................................................................................................................... 2, ;3

47 Ytkt. ;>7……...………………………………………………………………..……………….9

5< Ytkt. 92…..……………………………………...………………………………...……………2

54 Ytkt. 4>;…………………………………...…………………………………………………...9;17 Ytkt. 17;;…………………………………………………………………………………..2, 4

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Lbdbflkfts Rfetbl Ytktbs Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf (‐LJ\‘) kfl Dblbrk` Kvektejf

Klhefestrktejf (‐DKK‘); rbspbitdu``y suahet tces hbhjrkfluh jd `kw ef suppjrt jd tcber hjtejf

tj leshess (jr k`tbrfktevb`y trkfsdbr) tcb i`kehs kssbrtbl knkefst tcbh, kfl tj stky tcb rbhkefefn

pjrtejfs jd tces kitejf pbflefn kf jfnjefn klhefestrktevb prjibblefn.

WQB@EHEFKQU Y\K\BHBF\

\cb prefiepk` pkrtebs tj tces kitejf ’ Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs, Lb`tk Ker @efbs, kfl tcb Iety jd

Lk``ks ’ efsest tckt tcb Ijurt hust ehhblektb`y kllrbss tcb ijhp`bx wba jd dkituk` kfl `bnk`

essubs tcby ckvb prbsbftbl. \ckt es sehp`y fjt tcb iksb. \cb ibftrk` essubs krb tcb suambit jd kf

jfnjefn klhefestrktevb prjibblefn abdjrb tcb bxpbrt dblbrk` knbfiy, kfl we`` ab rbsj`vbl ef kf

jrlbr`y kfl ijhprbcbfsevb hkffbr ef tckt prjibblefn. \cb Iety―s i`kehs knkefst LJ\ ’

kssbrtbl abdjrb tcb klhefestrktevb prjibblefn wks bvbf ijhhbfibl, `bt k`jfb rbsj`vbl ’ krb

prbhkturb kt abst, krb arjunct ef tcb wrjfn ijurt, kfl krb tcbrbdjrb suambit tj leshessk`. Kfl tcb

Ijurt scju`l lbdbr ruèfn jf tcb i`kehs khjfn tcb fjf-dblbrk` pkrtebs tj k``jw tcb klhefestrktevb

prjibss tj p`ky jut.

\ces iksb ibftbrs jf tcb qubstejf jd wcbtcbr Lb`tk ikf ijftefub tj jpbrktb devb lke`y

rjufl-trep dèncts kt Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kerpjrt kdtbr tcb bxperktejf jd ets iurrbft èibfsb tj lj sj.

Lb`tk i`kehs tckt tcb Iety (tcb kerpjrt―s jwfbr) es jaènktbl ay ets `bksb knrbbhbfts kfl dblbrk`

`kw tj bfsurb Lb`tk―s ijftefubl kaeèty tj jpbrktb tcb d encts. Yjutcwbst ’ wceic `bksbs jr

sua`bksbs ;3 jd tcb kerpjrt―s 17 nktbs ’ ijftbfls tckt tcb Iety es uflbr fj suic jaènktejf, kfl

tckt tcb Iety wju`l ab ef vej`ktejf jd ets `bksb ed et djribl Yjutcwbst tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk. Ef

tcb dkib jd tcbsb ijfdèitefn pjsetejfs, tcb Iety cks fjt hklb k lbiesejf djr jvbr k ybkr jf Lb`tk―s

; \cb DKK es kf jpbrktefn klhefestrktejf wetcef LJ\, kfl cks abbf lb`bnktbl hkfy jd tcb LJ\

rbspjfseaeètebs lesiussbl cbrbef. Ybb <5 R.Y.I. § ;74? <5 I.D.Q. §§ ;.39(k)(;), (5). Djr

sehpèiety, tces hbhjrkfluh usbs ‐LJ\‘ tj rbdbr tj tcb bfterb lbpkrthbft, efiùlefn tcb DKK.

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rbqubst djr kiibss (bvbf tcjunc et cks tcb kaeèty tj lj sj), kfl cks fjw arjunct tces kitejf

ksoefn tcb Ijurt tj essub kf klvesjry jpefejf tb`èfn et wckt tj lj. Yjutcwbst kfl Lb`tk ckvb

arjunct ijuftbri`kehs knkefst tcb Iety kfl irjssi`kehs knkefst jfb kfjtcbr, kfl Lb`tk cks

arjunct irjssi`kehs knkefst Rfetbl Kerèfbs.

\cb Ijurt, cjwbvbr, fbbl fjt stbp eftj tcb drky. Ks kf efetek` hkttbr, tcb Ijurt `kios

suambit hkttbr muresleitejf jvbr tcb Iety―s i`kehs knkefst LJ\, wceic ick``bfnb twj fjfaeflefn

nuelkfib `bttbrs sbft ay LJ\―s Nbfbrk` Ijufsb`. \cjsb `bttbrs krb fjt suambit tj muleiek` rbvebw

abikusb tcby krb fjt defk` knbfiy kitejfs= tcb `bttbrs hbrb`y rbpjrtbl LJ\―s vebws jf sjhb (aut

fjt k``) jd tcb rb`bvkft `bnk` essubs, lel fjt hkflktb tckt tcb Iety rbkic k pkrteiu`kr lbiesejf wetc

rbspbit tj Lb`tk―s rbqubst djr kiibss, kfl lel fjt rbsj`vb sbvbrk` oby qubstejfs. Bvbf ed tcb

`bttbrs wbrb defk` knbfiy kitejfs, tcby iju`l jf`y ab ick``bfnbl ef k ijurt jd kppbk`s pursukft tj

kf bxprbss stktutjry lerbitevb. (Eflbbl, Yjutcwbst cks k`rbkly sjunct rbvebw jd tcb `bttbrs ef tcb

L.I. Ieriuet.) \cb Iety―s i`kehs knkefst LJ\ scju`l tcbrbdjrb ab leshessbl, jr, ef tcb

k`tbrfktevb, trkfsdbrrbl tj tcb prjpbr ijurt.

\cb Ijurt, hjrbjvbr, scju`l lbdbr kfy ruèfns jf tcb i`kehs abtwbbf kfl khjfn tcb fjf-

dblbrk` pkrtebs. \cb DKK cks efetektbl kf klhefestrktevb prjibblefn tj lbtbrhefb wcbtcbr tcb

Iety cks vej`ktbl ets dblbrk` jaènktejfs ay dkeèfn tj nrkft jr jtcbrwesb kit jf Lb`tk―s rbqubsts.

Ef tckt prjibblefn, tcb DKK we`` hkob lbtbrhefktejfs ks tj hkfy jd tcb oby essubs ef tces iksb,

efiùlefn tcb sijpb jd tcb Iety―s jaènktejfs, tcb bxtbft tj wceic tcjsb jaènktejfs krb jr krb fjt

kddbitbl ay tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jr tcb Iety―s `bksbs, kfl tcb kppèiktejf jd tcjsb

jaènktejfs tj tcb pkrteiu`kr dkituk` ijftbxt jd Lb`tk―s rbqubsts. \cb DKK―s bxpbrt rbsjùtejf jd

tcbsb essubs hky hjjt tces ètenktejf k`tjnbtcbr, kfl we``, kt tcb vbry `bkst, ab cb`pdu` tj tcb

Ijurt. \cus, pursukft tj tcb ‐prehkry muresleitejf‘ ljitrefb jr tcb Ijurt―s efcbrbft kutcjrety tj

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ijftrj` ets ljiobt, tcb Ijurt scju`l stky k`` durtcbr prjibblefns pbflefn tcb ijhp`btejf jd tcb

DKK prjibblefn kfl kfy muleiek` rbvebw jd wckt we`` ab tcb DKK―s defk` lbiesejf. Ef tcb

eftbreh, tcb DKK wju`l ckvb tcb kaeèty tj prbsbrvb tcb stktus quj.

Kiijrlefn`y, LJ\ rbspbitdu``y rbqubsts tckt tcb Ijurt essub kf jrlbr= (;) leshessefn tcb

i`kehs knkefst LJ\ (jr, k`tbrfktevb`y, trkfsdbrrefn tcjsb i`kehs tj tcb L.I. Ieriuet)? kfl

(1) stkyefn k`` durtcbr prjibblefns ef ènct jd tcb DKK―s jfnjefn klhefestrktevb prjibblefn.1

\CB Y\K\R\JQU KFL QBNR@K\JQU YICBHB

Ijfnrbss cks `jfn kutcjrezbl tcb k``jiktejf jd dblbrk` dufls djr tcb ehprjvbhbft jd tcb

fktejf―s kerpjrts. Ybb, b.n., Dblbrk` Kerpjrt Kit, Wua. @. Fj. >5-9>>, 47 Ytkt. ;>7 (;5<4)? Kerpjrt

kfl Kerwky Ehprjvbhbft Kit jd ;531, Wua. @. Fj. 5>-1<3, \et`b T, 54 Ytkt. 4>;. Abikusb tcbsb

duflefn prjnrkhs krb eftbflbl tj prjhjtb tcb puaèi eftbrbst, Ijfnrbss cks sjunct tj bfsurb tckt

kerpjrts rbibevefn dblbrk` hjfby krb jpbf kfl kiibssea`b tj tcb puaèi, kfl lj fjt dkvjr jfb

kerèfb jvbr kfjtcbr. \wj jd tcbsb hbksurbs krb pkrteiu`kr`y rb`bvkft tj tces iksb.

Derst, kf kerpjrt ikffjt rbibevb k dblbrk` Kerpjrt Ehprjvbhbft Wrjnrkh (KEW) nrkft

uf`bss et hkobs k fuhabr jd ‐wrettbf kssurkfibs‘ tj LJ\. <5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(k). Efiùlbl

khjfn tcjsb krb kssurkfibs tckt ‐tcb kerpjrt we`` ab kvke`ka`b djr puaèi usb jf rbksjfka`b

ijfletejfs kfl wetcjut ufmust lesirehefktejf,‘ el. § <>;7>(k)(;), kfl tckt tcb kerpjrt we`` fjt

nevb kf kbrjfkuteik` sbrveibs prjvelbr ‐kf bxiùsevb renct tj usb tcb kerpjrt,‘ el. § <>;7>(k)(<).

Yuic kssurkfibs krb efiùlbl ef k stkflkrl èst kppbflbl tj bvbry KEW nrkft knrbbhbft.9 LJ\

1 Aksbl upjf k prbèhefkry rbvebw jd tcb hjtejf W`keftedd de`bl jf Ybptbhabr ;;, 17;2, djr `bkvbtj de`b k supp`bhbftk` ijhp`keft kfl tcb kttkicbl prjpjsbl derst supp`bhbftk` ijhp`keft (BID

Fjs. ;27 kfl ;27-;), et kppbkrs tckt tcb pbflbfiy jd tckt hjtejf (tcb hbrets jd wceic krb lub tj

ab kllrbssbl ay Ybptbhabr ;>, 17;2) wju`l fjt kddbit tces Hjtejf tj Leshess jr \rkfsdbr.

9 Ybb Kerpjrt Ehprjvbhbft Wrjnrkh Kssurkfibs djr Kerpjrt Ypjfsjrs, Kssurkfibs 11 kfl 19,

cttp=//www.dkk.njv/kerpjrts/kep/nrkftZkssurkfibs/hblek/kerpjrt-spjfsjr-kssurkfibs-kep.pld .


http://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/grant_assurances/media/airport-sponsor-assurances-aip.pdf





<

cks `jfn eftbrprbtbl tcbsb kssurkfibs kfl jtcbr `bnk` jaènktejfs tj rbquerb tckt k dblbrk``y-

duflbl kerpjrt kiijhhjlktb rbksjfka`b rbqubsts djr kiibss ay ker ikrrebrs wescefn tj usb tcb

kerpjrt. Ybb, b.n., Kerpjrt Ausefbss Wrkiteibs kfl \cber Ehpkit jf Kerèfb Ijhpbtetejf, kt p. x

(LJ\ Jit. ;555), cttp=//ft`.ats.njv/èa/;>777/;>;77/;>;15/WA1777;7397;.pld .

Ed kf kerpjrt kiibpts kf KEW nrkft, aut tcbf dke`s tj ijhp`y wetc jfb jd tcb nrkft

kssurkfibs, tcb DKK hky ijfluit kf klhefestrktevb prjibblefn knkefst tcb kerpjrt. Ybb <5

R.Y.I. §§ <>;74, <>;;;, <>;11? ;< I.D.Q. § ;4.;(k)(2). Yuic prjibblefns ijhhbfib betcbr

wcbf k tcerl pkrty de`bs kf klhefestrktevb ijhp`keft knkefst tcb kerpjrt, sbb ;< I.D.Q. § ;4.19(k),

jr wcbf tcb DKK essubs k fjteib jd efvbstenktejf, sbb el. §§ ;4.;7;, ;4.;79. R`tehktb`y, ed tcb

pkrtebs lj fjt rbsj`vb tcb essub efdjrhk``y, tcb knbfiy ijfluits kf klmuleiktejf abdjrb kf DKK

jddeiek` kfl/jr k Cbkrefn Jddeibr. El. §§ ;4.9;, ;4.;72, ;4.17;, ;4.171. Wkrtebs hky tcbf kppbk`

tj tcb Kssjiektb Klhefestrktjr djr Kerpjrts, wcj essubs k defk` lbiesejf. El. §§ ;4.99(a), ;4.1<;.

\cb defk` lbiesejf hky (khjfn jtcbr tcefns) jrlbr k fjfijhpèkft kerpjrt tj ‐ibksb kfl lbsest‘

drjh vej`ktejfs, jr jrlbr tcb kerpjrt tj tkob ijrrbitevb kitejf (wceic ikf etsb`d ab dj``jwbl ay tcb

knbfiy rbvjoefn bxestefn nrkfts, kfl prbvbftefn tcb kerpjrt drjh jatkefefn kfy fbw nrkfts, ed tcb

kerpjrt dke`s tj tkob ijrrbitevb kitejf). El. § ;4.;75(k), (i), (l). Defk` jrlbrs ef tcbsb

klhefestrktevb bfdjribhbft prjibblefns krb suambit tj muleiek` rbvebw ef tcb ijurts jd kppbk`s.

Ybb <5 R.Y.I. §§ <4;;7(k), <>;74(l), <>;;;(l)? ;< I.D.Q. § ;4.1<>.<

Ybijfl, Ijfnrbss sjunct tj ehprjvb ijhpbtetevb kiibss tcrjunc wckt es ofjwf ks tcb

Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb. Ay `kw, LJ\ ikf kutcjrezb kf kerpjrt tj defkfib ibrtkef kerpjrt-rb`ktbl

prjmbits ay ehpjsefn k shk`` ‐pkssbfnbr dkieèty ickrnb‘ jf bkic pkyefn ker pkssbfnbr tckt

ajkrls k dènct kt tcb kerpjrt. El. § <7;;>(a). Ibrtkef cenc-trkddei kerpjrts (efiùlefn @jvb Deb`l)

< Ef klletejf tj ets klhefestrktevb kutcjrety, LJ\ hky sbbo muleiek` bfdjribhbft jd tcb nrkft

kssurkfibs ef dblbrk` lestreit ijurt. Ybb <5 R.Y.I. § <>;;;(d).

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 5 jd 15 WknbEL <>7<

http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17100/17129/PB2000108301.pdf






2

ikffjt ehpjsb suic dbbs jr rbibevb KEW nrkfts uf`bss tcby derst sbfl LJ\ ‐k wrettbf ijhpbtetejf

p`kf,‘ el. §§ <7;;>(o), <>;74(d), wceic efiùlbs ‐efdjrhktejf jf tcb kvke`kaeèty jd kerpjrt nktbs

kfl rb`ktbl dkieètebs, . . . nktb-usb rbquerbhbfts, _kflX nktb-kssenfhbft pjèiy,‘ khjfn jtcbr

tcefns. El. § <>;74(d)(1). LJ\ hust rbvebw suahettbl p`kfs tj bfsurb tcby hbbt tcb stktutjry

rbquerbhbfts, kfl k`sj hust ‐rbvebw _tcb p`kfs―X ehp`bhbftktejf drjh tehb-tj-tehb tj bfsurb

tckt bkic ijvbrbl kerpjrt suiibssdu``y ehp`bhbfts ets p`kf.‘ El. § <7;;>(o)(1).

Y\K\BHBF\ JD DKI\Y

K. @jvb Deb`l, tcb ^renct Khbflhbft, kfl tcb Qbdjrh Kit

@jvb Deb`l es `jiktbl `bss tckf devb he`bs drjh ljwftjwf Lk``ks, hkoefn et hjrb

ijfvbfebft tj Lk``ks―s ibftrk` ausefbss lestreit tckf Lk``ks-Dt. ^jrtc Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt

(LD^), wceic es ;> he`bs drjh ljwftjwf. Okfsks v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, ;4 D.9l <94, <93 (L.I. Ier.

;55<). @jvb Deb`l cks k ufequb cestjry, cencènctbl ay tcb pkssknb ef ;5>5 jd k stktutjry

prjvesejf ofjwf ks tcb ^renct Khbflhbft, wceic sjunct tj prjtbit tcb bijfjhei vekaeèty jd

tcb fbw`y-ijfstruitbl LD^ ay nbfbrk``y akffefn ijhhbriek` kerèfbs drjh jddbrefn sbrveib

(efiùlefn ijffbitefn sbrveib) drjh @jvb Deb`l tj lbstefktejfs jutselb \bxks kfl ets ajrlbr

stktbs. Eftbrfktejfk` Ker \rkfspjrtktejf Ijhpbtetejf Kit jd ;5>5, Wua. @. Fj. 54-;51, § 15, 5<

Ytkt. 92, <3. \cb ^renct Khbflhbft wks tcb suambit jd huic ètenktejf. Ybb, b.n., Okfsks,

suprk (rbmbitefn ijfstetutejfk` ick``bfnbs tj ^renct Khbflhbft)? Kh. Kerèfbs v. LJ\ , 171 D.9l

>33 (2tc Ier. 1777) (rbmbitefn ick``bfnb tj eftbrprbtktejf jd ibrtkef ^renct Khbflhbft essubs).

Ef 1774, tcb ietebs jd Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc, tcb LD^ Kerpjrt Ajkrl, Yjutcwbst (tcb

ljhefkft ikrrebr kt @jvb Deb`l), kfl Khbreikf Kerèfbs (tcb ljhefkft ikrrebr kt LD^)

ijhhettbl ef k ‐Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft‘ tj sbbo k ijfnrbssejfk` rbpbk` jd tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

uflbr spbiedebl tbrhs. \cb bfl rbsu`t wks tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;7 jd 15 WknbEL <>72



4

(^KQK), Wua. @. Fj. ;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;;. Ks rb`bvkft cbrb, ^KQK ehhblektb`y k``jwbl

ikrrebrs tj jddbr ijffbitefn sbrveib drjh kfy `jiktejf tcrjunc tcb bxestefn @jvb Deb`l sbrveib

krbk, kfl et durtcbr k``jwbl ufrbstreitbl fjfstjp ljhbstei sbrveib stkrtefn Jitjabr ;9, 17;<. El.

§§ 1-9. \ckt bxpkfsejf, cjwbvbr, wks tbhpbrbl ay tcb dkit tckt ^KQK rbstreitbl @jvb Deb`l tj

k hkxehuh jd 17 nktbs. El. § 2(k).

^KQK prjvelbs tckt ed k fbw bftrkft wkfts tj sbrvb @jvb Deb`l, tcb Iety es tj ‐cjfjr tcb

sikrib rbsjurib prjvesejf jd tcb bxestefn @jvb Deb`l `bksbs.‘ El. \cb `bksbs, ef turf, prjvelb tckt

kf kerèfb `bksefn nktbs ‐knrbbs tj kiijhhjlktb‘ k fbw bftrkft kerèfb kt tcjsb nktbs ‐kt suic

tehbs tckt we`` fjt uflu`y eftbrdbrb wetc _tcb kerèfb―sX jpbrktefn sicblu`b.‘ Ybb, b.n., BID Fj.

1< kt ;><. Ed tcb `bksefn ker efb rbdusbs tj lj sj, tcb Iety we`` djrib kf kiijhhjlktejf (suambit

tj tcb rbqubstefn kerèfb pkyefn ‐rbksjfka`b dbbs kfl ickrnbs‘ ks lbdefbl ay tcb ijftrkit), bxibpt

tckt ‐_eXf iksb jd k ijfdèit abtwbbf sicblu`bs jd _tcb `bksefn kerèfbX kfl tcb _rXbqubstefn

_kXerèfb, tcb _`bksefn kerèfbX sck`` ckvb prejrety ef usb jd ets‘ nktbs. El. kt ;><->2.

Ybitejf 2(b)(;)(B) jd ^KQK stktbs tckt ets tbrhs sck`` fjt ab ijfstrubl tj èhet LJ\―s

kutcjrety ‐tj bfdjrib rbquerbhbfts jd `kw kfl nrkft kssurkfibs . . . tckt ehpjsb jaènktejfs jf

@jvb Deb`l tj hkob ets dkieètebs kvke`ka`b jf k rbksjfka`b kfl fjflesirehefktjry akses tj ker

ikrrebrs.‘ Aut tckt prjvesejf ikffjt ‐ab ijfstrubl tj rbquerb‘ tcb Iety ‐tj hjledy jr bèhefktb

prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksbs wetc ker ikrrebrs ef jrlbr tj k``jiktb nktb ikpkiety tj fbw bftrkfts . . .

uf`bss suic hjledeiktejf . . . es ehp`bhbftbl jf k fktejfwelb akses.‘ ^KQK § 2(b)(1)(A)(ee).

A. Lb`tk―s Qbqubst djr Kiijhhjlktejf

\cb Iety cks bftbrbl eftj ‐prbdbrbftek` usb‘ `bksbs wetc Yjutcwbst djr ;4 jd tcb kerpjrt―s

17 nktbs, kfl wetc Khbreikf Kerèfbs kfl Rfetbl Kerèfbs djr twj nktbs bkic. BID Fj. ; ´´ 1,

<;-<9. Abneffefn ef 1775, Lb`tk sua`bksbl k pjrtejf jd Khbreikf―s nktbs, kfl ks jd hel-17;<

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;; jd 15 WknbEL <>74



>

wks jpbrktefn devb lke`y rjufltrep dèncts usefn tcjsb nktbs. El. ´ 2<? BID Fj. 19 kt ;.

Khbreikf, cjwbvbr, knrbbl tj levbst tcjsb nktbs tj Ternef Khbreik ks pkrt jd tcb sbtt`bhbft jd

kf kftetrust ick``bfnb tj Khbreikf―s hbrnbr wetc R.Y. Kerwkys arjunct ay tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs, kfl

fjtedebl Lb`tk tckt ets sua`bksb wju`l bxperb ef Jitjabr 17;<. BID Fj. ; ´´ <5, 27, 2<.

Lb`tk tcbf ksobl tcb Iety tj kiijhhjlktb ets devb lke`y dèncts, krnuefn tckt suic

kiijhhjlktejf wks rbquerbl uflbr tcb nktb-sckrefn prjvesejf jd tcb Iety―s `bksbs, tcb Iety―s

KEW nrkft kssurkfibs, kfl tcb ijhpbtetejf p`kf tckt tcb Iety ckl de`bl wetc LJ\. Ybb el. ´´ 22-

24. Ef tcb dkib jd jppjsetejf drjh Yjutcwbst kfl jtcbr ikrrebrs, tcb Iety efetek``y rbmbitbl Lb`tk―s

rbqubst. El. ´ 24. \cb Iety, cjwbvbr, bvbftuk``y rb`bftbl, kfl efleiktbl tckt et wju`l lbielb

Lb`tk―s rbqubst ef kiijrlkfib wetc k ‐hjlb`‘ et wks lbvb`jpefn. El. ´ 25. Ef tcb hbkftehb,

Lb`tk bftbrbl eftj `kst-hefutb, scjrt-tbrh knrbbhbfts wetc Yjutcwbst kfl Rfetbl tckt k``jwbl et

tj hkeftkef ets devb lke`y dèncts tcrjunc Mkfukry 4, 17;2, kfl tcbf klletejfk` knrbbhbfts wetc

Rfetbl k``jwefn et tj ijftefub tckt sbrveib tcrjunc Mu`y 4, 17;2. El. ´ 23. Kdtbr tces kitejf wks

ijhhbfibl, Yjutcwbst kfl Lb`tk bftbrbl eftj k durtcbr knrbbhbft prbsbrvefn Lb`tk―s kiibss

tcrjunc Ybptbhabr 97, 17;2. BID Fj. 33, Bx. 9.

Ef Mkfukry 17;2, tcb Iety ijfsbftbl tj kf knrbbhbft abtwbbf Rfetbl kfl Yjutcwbst,

pursukft tj wceic Rfetbl wju`l ibksb sbrveib kt @jvb Deb`l kfl sua`bksb ets twj nktbs tj

Yjutcwbst. BID Fj. ; ´ <9. K`tcjunc Lb`tk―s kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst wks jutstkflefn, tcb

Iety lel fjt kttbhpt tj usb tcb nktbs Rfetbl wks kakfljfefn tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk―s dèncts.

I. LJ\―s Nuelkfib @bttbrs

Dkibl wetc ijfdèitefn `bnk` krnuhbfts, tcb Iety turfbl tj LJ\ djr nuelkfib. Ybb el.

´ 47. Ef rbspjfsb, LJ\―s Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` sbft tcb Iety k `bttbr jf Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< (tcb

‐Derst LJ\ @bttbr‘). BID Fj. ;, Bx. ;. \ckt `bttbr rbdbrbfibl tcb kerpjrt nrkft kssurkfibs, ks

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;1 jd 15 WknbEL <>7>



3

wb`` ks tcb sikrib rbsjuribs prjvesejf jd tcb `bksb, kfl bxp`kefbl tckt ef ijffbitejf wetc LJ\―s

‐rbspjfseaeèty tj bfsurb tcb suiibssdu` ehp`bhbftktejf jd ijhpbtetejf p`kfs uflbr <5 R.Y.I.

§ _<7;;>X(o),‘2 LJ\ wks prjvelefn ‐nuelkfib‘ tj tcb Iety. El. kt ;.

\ckt nuelkfib stktbl tckt LJ\ ‐bxpbit_blX tckt‘ wcbf tcb Iety rbibevbl kf

kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst, tcb Iety wju`l ‐kiijhhjlktb tcb rbqubstefn ikrrebr tj tcb bxtbft

pjssea`b nevbf tcb iurrbft nktb usknb, wetcjut ehpkitefn iurrbft jr k`rbkly-kffjufibl, djr-sk`b

sbrveibs‘ ay bxestefn ikrrebrs. El. kt 1. LJ\ k`sj stktbl tckt et wks tcb knbfiy―s ‐pjsetejf‘ tckt

ef jrlbr ‐djr tcb kiijhhjlktejf tj ab hbkfefndu`,‘ kf kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr wks bftet`bl tj

hkeftkef kf ‐jfnjefn sehe`kr pkttbrf jd sbrveib‘ ks `jfn ks et jpbrktbl tcb kiijhhjlktbl dèncts.

El. LJ\―s `bttbr lel fjt tcrbktbf kfy ijfsbqubfibs knkefst tcb Iety ed et tjjo k leddbrbft `bnk`

vebw. Fjr lel tcb bttbr urnb tcb Iety tj nrkft Lb`tk―s rbqubst. Eflbbl, tcb `bttbr lel fjt bvbf

wbenc ef jf sjhb jd tcb jutstkflefn dkituk` lesputbs khjfn tcb ikrrebrs, suic ks cjw tj

lbtbrhefb bkic nktb―s hkxehuh ikpkiety.

Ijfsestbft wetc tcb dkit tckt tcb Derst LJ\ @bttbr lel fjt rbquerb tcb Iety tj tkob kfy

spbiedei kitejf, tcb Iety lel fjt kit tj rbsj`vb Lb`tk―s kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst kdtbr rbibevefn tcb

`bttbr. Efstbkl, ks tcb Iety k``bnbs ef tces kitejf, et ‐sjunct i`kredeiktejf kfl nuelkfib drjh LJ\

. . . kfl ef pkrteiu`kr ksobl tckt‘ LJ\―s vebws jf nktb kiijhhjlktejf ‐ab ef tcb djrhkt jd k

hkflktb kfl fjt hbrb nuelkfib.‘ BID Fj. ; >4.

Ay `bttbr lktbl Mufb ;2, 17;2 (tcb ‐Ybijfl LJ\ @bttbr‘), LJ\―s Nbfbrk` Ijufsb`

rbpèbl tj tcb Iety―s i`kredeiktejf rbqubst. BID Fj. ;, Bx. 1. LJ\ stktbl tckt et vebwbl ets bkrèbr

pjsetejfs ks ‐fbibsskry djr tcb Iety tj ijhp`y wetc tcb nrkft kssurkfibs,‘ el. kt ;, kfl et trkibl

ets vebws tj ets eftbrprbtktejf jd nrkft kssurkfibs (kfl rb`ktbl stktutjry prjvesejfs) rbquerefn tckt

2 \cb `bttbr hbftejfs tcb ‐Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb‘ aut ietbs <5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(o) efstbkl jd <5

R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o). \ces es k typjnrkpceik` brrjr.

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;9 jd 15 WknbEL <>73



5

tcb kerpjrt ab kvke`ka`b ‐jf rbksjfka`b ijfletejfs kfl wetcjut ufmust lesirehefktejf,‘ kfl

akrrefn ‐bxiùsevb renct_sX‘ kt tcb kerpjrt, el. kt 1. LJ\ k`sj bxp`kefbl tckt tcb Iety ckl

kiofjw`blnbl tcbsb jaènktejfs ef ets hjst rbibft ijhpbtetejf p`kf. El.

\cb Ybijfl LJ\ @bttbr k`sj prjvelbl klletejfk` bxp`kfktejf jd tcb knbfiy―s vebws.

êtc rbnkrl tj lbtbrhefefn nktb uteèzktejf, LJ\ stktbl tckt et lel fjt ‐abèbvb tckt et wju`l ab

ijfsestbft wetc tcb nrkft kssurkfibs jr wetc tcb Iety―s ijhpbtetejf p`kf‘ ed tcb Iety kiijuftbl

djr ‐bxpkflbl, ufsicblu`bl sbrveib‘ tckt ckl fjt ybt abbf jddbrbl djr sk`b tj tcb puaèi? `jjoefn

tj ufsicblu`bl jpbrktejfs wju`l hkob k nktb uteèzktejf kfk`yses tjj ijhpèiktbl, kfl wju`l

k`sj pbrhet kf efiuhabft ikrrebr tj ‐a`jio k ijhpbtetjr―s kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst‘ ay kssbrtefn

kdtbr tcb dkit tckt et eftbflbl tj usb sbbhefn`y kvke`ka`b spkib. El. kt 1-9. êtc rbnkrl tj tcb

`bfntc jd kiijhhjlktejf, LJ\ i`kredebl tckt tcb Iety ckl d`bxeaeèty tj scedt tcb aurlbf jd

kiijhhjlktejf khjfn leddbrbft efiuhabfts jvbr tehb. El. kt 9. Hjrbjvbr, tcb knbfiy

bxp`kefbl tckt kf kiijhhjlktejf fbbl fjt `kst ef pbrpbtuety? tcb kiijhhjlktejf iju`l bfl, djr

bxkhp`b, ef vkrejus ieriuhstkfibs wcbrb fbw spkib abikhb kvke`ka`b. El.

Ks wetc tcb Derst LJ\ @bttbr, tcb knbfiy―s sbijfl `bttbr lel fjt lerbit tcb Iety tj

kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk, huic `bss cjw tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk. Kfl wce`b tcb fbw `bttbr fjtbl tckt

LJ\ ‐rbsbrv_blX tcb renct tj pursub kpprjprektb kitejf‘ ed et wbrb tj lbtbrhefb tckt tcb nrkft

kssurkfibs ckl abbf vej`ktbl, et strbssbl tckt ‐_kXt tces tehb, wb ckvb hklb fj lbtbrhefktejf ks tj

wcbtcbr suic k vej`ktejf cks jiiurrbl.‘ El. kt 9.

L. \cb Lesputb @bkls tj \crbb Muleiek` Wrjibblefns

\cb lesputb jvbr Lb`tk―s kiibss tj @jvb Deb`l cks `bl tj tcrbb muleiek` prjibblefns.

Yjutcwbst cks pbtetejfbl djr rbvebw jd bkic jd tcb LJ\ @bttbrs, pursukft tj <5 R.Y.I.

§ <4;;7(k), ef tcb R.Y. Ijurt jd Kppbk`s djr tcb Lestreit jd Ijùhaek Ieriuet. Ybb Yjutcwbst

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;< jd 15 WknbEL <>75



;7

Kerèfbs v. LJ\ , Fj. ;2-;794 (L.I. Ier., de`bl Dba. ;9, 17;2) (‐Yjutcwbst E ‘) BID Fj. ;9<-1 kt

4-> (ick``bfnefn Derst LJ\ @bttbr)? Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs v. LJ\ , Fj. ;2-;1>4 (L.I. Ier., de`bl

Kun. ;9, 17;2) (‐Yjutcwbst EE ‘) BID Fj. ;9<-9 kt ;;7-;1 (ick``bfnefn Ybijfl LJ\ @bttbr).

LJ\ cks ksobl tcb L.I. Ieriuet tj leshess tcb pbtetejf ef Yjutcwbst E jf tcb nrjufls tckt tcb

Derst LJ\ @bttbr wks fjt k defk` knbfiy kitejf, kfl p`kfs tj lj tcb skhb wetc rbspbit tj tcb

Ybijfl LJ\ @bttbr ef Yjutcwbst EE .

Jf Mufb ;>, 17;2, tcb Iety ijhhbfibl tces kitejf knkefst LJ\ kfl sex ker ikrrebrs tckt

sbrvb, ckvb sbrvbl, jr ckvb bxprbssbl kf eftbrbst ef sbrvefn, @jvb Deb`l. \cb Iety sbbos rbèbd ef

tcb djrh jd k mulnhbft lbi`krefn tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbrs vej`ktb tcb Klhefestrktevb Wrjiblurb Kit

(KWK), 2 R.Y.I. §§ >7;->74, kfl ^KQK. BID Fj. ; ´´ ;74-;1. \cb Iety k`sj sbbos

lbi`krktjry rbèbd ef tcb djrh jd efstruitejfs kajut cjw tj rbspjfl tj Lb`tk―s kiijhhjlktejf

rbqubsts. Ybb nbfbrk``y el. Yjutcwbst, Lb`tk, kfl tcb Iety ckvb k`` sjunct prbèhefkry efmufitevb

rbèbd, sbb BID Fj. ;7, 17, 11? tcb Ijurt cks sicblu`bl k cbkrefn djr Ybptbhabr 13-15, 17;2,

BID Fj. 43.

B.

\cb Jfnjefn DKK Klhefestrktevb Wrjibblefn

Dkibl wetc tcb Iety―s ijftefubl rbdusk` tj hkob kfy lbiesejf jf Lb`tk―s kiijhhjlktejf

rbqubst, LJ\ ijhhbfibl klhefestrktevb prjibblefns knkefst tcb Iety ay deèfn k Fjteib jd

Efvbstenktejf (Fjteib) jf Kunust >, 17;2. Ybb Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf, BID Fj. ;9<-; kt 1-;1,

;9<-1 kt ;-1.4 \cb Fjteib efleiktbl tckt LJ\ ckl lbielbl tj efvbstenktb wcbtcbr tcb Iety―s

kitejfs (jr efkitejf) wbrb ef ijhpèkfib wetc vkrejus nrkft kssurkfibs. El. kt ;9<-; kt ;1, ;9<-1

kt ;. \cb Fjteib efvetbl k rbspjfsb drjh tcb Iety, kfl efleiktbl tcb pjsseaeèty jd klmuleiktevb

prjibblefns ed tcb hkttbr iju`l fjt ab rbsj`vbl efdjrhk``y. El. kt ;9<-1 kt ;-1. Ef rbijnfetejf jd

4 ‐Jf essubs efvj`vefn muresleitejf, tcb lestreit ijurt hky ijfselbr bvelbfib jutselb tcb

p`bklefns.‘ Ef rb Ijhp`. jd Q@A Ijftrkitefn, Efi., >>9 D.9l 254, 47; (2tc Ier. 17;<).

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;2 jd 15 WknbEL <>;7



;;

tcb dkit tckt LJ\―s `bttbrs ckl fjt bxprbss`y kllrbssbl pjtbftek` krnuhbfts ijfibrfefn tcb bddbit

jd ^KQK, tcb Fjteib kssurbl tcb Iety tckt et ‐we`` ab kddjrlbl k du`` jppjrtufety tj rkesb

krnuhbfts ef tces prjibblefn jf _tcktX jr kfy jtcbr rb`bvkft tjpei.‘ El. kt ;9<-1 kt ;.

Ehpjrtkft`y, tcb Fjteib hbftejfbl tcb twj LJ\ `bttbrs aut lel fjt ef kfy wky sunnbst tckt tcb

`bttbrs wbrb aeflefn jd tcber jwf kiijrl. Eflbbl, tcb Fjteib bvbf bxprbss`y jasbrvbl tckt LJ\

ckl ‐jf`y jddbrbl nuelkfib‘ tckt ‐wks fjt eftbflbl tj ijfstetutb k lbdefetevb rbsjùtejf jd tcb

lesputb abtwbbf Lb`tk kfl tcb Iety.‘ El. kt ;9<-; kt ;;-;1 & f.;1. \cb DKK nrkftbl tcb Iety kf

bxtbfsejf ufte` Fjvbhabr 1, 17;2 jd ets tehb tj rbspjfl tj tcb Fjteib. BID Fj. ;9<-1 kt <-2.

KQNRHBF\

\cb Ijurt `kios suambit hkttbr muresleitejf jvbr tcb Iety―s i`kehs knkefst LJ\, wceic

ick``bfnb LJ\―s twj fjfaeflefn nuelkfib `bttbrs, djr twj rbksjfs. Derst , tcb LJ\ @bttbrs krb

fjt defk` knbfiy kitejfs, kfl tcbrbdjrb krb fjt rbvebwka`b uflbr tcb Klhefestrktevb Wrjiblurb

Kit (‐KWK‘) ef kfy ijurt. Ybijfl , bvbf ed tcb `bttbrs wbrb defk` knbfiy kitejfs, tcby iju`l jf`y

ab ick``bfnbl ef k Ijurt jd Kppbk`s pursukft tj tcb bxprbss tbrhs jd <5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7. \cb

Iety―s i`kehs knkefst LJ\ scju`l tcbrbdjrb ab leshessbl pursukft tj Dbl. Q. Iev. W. ;1(a)(;) jr

trkfsdbrrbl tj tcb L.I. Ieriuet.> Kfl ef ènct jd tcb pbflefn DKK klhefestrktevb prjibblefn, tcb

Ijurt scju`l lbdbr ruèfn jf tcb i`kehs abtwbbf kfl khjfn tcb fjf-dblbrk` pkrtebs.

> \j tcb bxtbft tcb Iety sbbos lbi`krktjry rbèbd knkefst LJ\ ufrb`ktbl tj tcb `bttbrs, ets i`kehs

ikf jf`y ab uflbrstjjl ks sbboefn tj prbbhpt duturb bfdjribhbft kitejf tckt LJ\ hky jr hky

fjt tkob, aksbl jf `bnk` kfl dkituk` lbtbrhefktejfs tckt LJ\ cks fjt ybt hklb. Kfy suic i`kehs

wju`l fjt ab repb. Ybb Knre-\rkfs Ijrp. v. N`kllbrs Akrnb @efb, Efi., >1; D.1l ;772, ;7;; (2tc

Ier. ;539) (‐K lbi`krktjry mulnhbft kitejf scju`l fjt ab usbl tj ieriuhvbft tcb usuk` prjnrbssejf jd klhefestrktevb lbtbrhefktejf kfl muleiek` rbvebw.‘).

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;4 jd 15 WknbEL <>;;



;1

E. \CB IE\U―Y I@KEHY KNKEFY\ LJ\ YCJR@L AB LEYHEYYBL

DJQ @KIO JD MRQEYLEI\EJF.

‐–\cb Rfetbl Ytktbs hky fjt ab subl bxibpt tj tcb bxtbft et cks ijfsbftbl tj suic ay

stktutb.―‘ Ab``b Ij. v. R.Y. Krhy Ijrps jd Bfn―rs, >4; D.9l 939, 93> (2tc Ier. 17;<) (qujtefn

Yckfakuh v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 91 D.9l ;37, ;31 (2tc Ier. ;55<)). ‐\cb KWK prjvelbs suic k

wkevbr djr i`kehs –sbboefn rbèbd jtcbr tckf hjfby lkhknbs,―‘ aut jf`y wcbf k ètenkft sbbos

muleiek` rbvebw jd –defk` knbfiy kitejf djr wceic tcbrb es fj jtcbr klbquktb rbhbly ef ijurt.―‘

El. kt 93>-33 (qujtefn 2 R.Y.I. §§ >71, >7<). ‐Ed tcbrb es fj defk` knbfiy kitejf, k ijurt `kios

suambit hkttbr muresleitejf.‘ El. kt 933? kiijrl [urbsce v. Cj`lbr , 449 D.9l >>3, >3; (2tc Ier.

17;;)? Kh. Kerèfbs, Efi. v. Cbrhkf, ;>4 D.9l 139, 13> (2tc Ier. ;555).3

‐–Ks k nbfbrk` hkttbr, twj ijfletejfs hust ab sktesdebl djr knbfiy kitejf tj ab defk`.―‘

Ab``b, >4; D.9l kt 933 (qujtefn Abffbtt v. Ypbkr , 217 R.Y. ;2<, ;>> (;55>)). ‐–Derst, tcb kitejf

hust hkro tcb ijfsuhhktejf jd tcb knbfiy―s lbiesejf hkoefn prjibss ’ et hust fjt ab jd k

hbrb`y tbftktevb jr eftbr`jiutjry fkturb.―‘ El. (qujtefn Abffbtt , 217 R.Y. kt ;>>->3). ‐–Kfl

sbijfl, tcb kitejf hust ab jfb ay wceic rencts jr jaènktejfs ckvb abbf lbtbrhefbl, jr drjh

wceic `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs we`` d`jw.―‘ El. (qujtefn Abffbtt , 217 R.Y. kt ;>3). \cb LJ\ @bttbrs

lj fjt hbbt betcbr jd tcbsb ijfletejfs, kfl tcbrbdjrb krb fjt defk` knbfiy kitejfs.

Derst , tcb LJ\ @bttbrs lj fjt ‐hkro tcb ijfsuhhktejf jd tcb knbfiy―s lbiesejfhkoefn

prjibss.‘ \j bfdjrib tcb dblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs kt essub cbrb, LJ\ hky betcbr (;) de`b k

3 Fj rbquerbhbft jd defkèty kppèbs ‐wcbf muleiek` rbvebw es sjunct pursukft tj k stktutjry jr

fjf-stktutjry ikusb jd kitejf tckt kresbs ijhp`btb`y kpkrt drjh tcb nbfbrk` prjvesejfs jd tcbKWK.‘ K`kakhk-Ijusckttk \reab v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, >2> D.9l <3<, <35 (2tc Ier. 17;<). \ckt typb

jd muleiek` rbvebw es fjt sjunct cbrb. ‐–^cbf, ks cbrb, rbvebw es sjunct fjt pursukft tj spbiedei

kutcjrezktejf ef tcb suastkftevb stktutb, aut jf`y uflbr tcb nbfbrk` rbvebw prjvesejfs jd tcb KWK,

tcb knbfiy kitejf ef qubstejf hust ab defk` knbfiy kitejf.―‘ El. (qujtefn @umkf v. Fkt―` ê`lèdb

Dbl―f, <5> R.Y. 3>;, 331 (;557)). \et`b <5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7(k), tcb prjpbr stktutb djr sbboefn

rbvebw jd kf DKK jrlbr aksbl jf KEW nrkfts, k`sj cks k defkèty rbquerbhbft.

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;> jd 15 WknbEL <>;1



;9

muleiek` kitejf uflbr <5 R.Y.I. § <>;;;(d), jr (1) ijfluit kf klhefestrktevb klmuleiktejf

dj``jwefn tcb essukfib jd betcbr k djrhk` ijhp`keft jr Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf, sbb ;< I.D.Q.

§§ ;4.19(k), ;4.;7;, ;4.;79, ;4.;72, wetc tcb jppjrtufety tj kppbk` tj k cbkrefn jddeibr kfl/jr

tcb Kssjiektb Klhefestrktjr djr Kerpjrts. Ybb el. §§ ;4.9;, ;4.99(a), ;4.17;, ;4.171, ;4.1<;.

Kfl wce`b et es `bss wb``-bstkaèscbl cjw LJ\ wju`l prjibbl ed et wescbl tj ‐bfsurb tckt bkic

ijvbrbl kerpjrt suiibssdu``y ehp`bhbfts ets‘ ijhpbtetejf p`kf, <5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o)(1), kt k

hefehuh tckt prjvesejf iju`l fjt ab bfdjribl uf`bss LJ\ betcbr tcrbktbfbl, jr kituk``y

kttbhptbl tj ehpjsb, sjhb sjrt jd skfitejf djr fjfijhpèkfib.

Kt tcb tehb tcb ick``bfnbl `bttbrs wbrb essubl, cjwbvbr, tcb knbfiy ckl tkobf fjfb jd tcb

kitejfs hbftejfbl kajvb. Eflbbl, tcb Ybijfl LJ\ @bttbr bhpcksezbl tckt LJ\ ckl ‐hklb fj

lbtbrhefktejf ks tj wcbtcbr‘ k vej`ktejf jd tcb nrkft kssurkfibs ckl jiiurrbl. BID Fj. ;, Bx. 1

kt 9. Bvbf fjw, tcb knbfiy cks jf`y tkobf tcb prbèhefkry stbp jd essuefn k Fjteib jd

Efvbstenktejf, wceic hbrb`y stktbs k pjtbftek` eftbrbst ef bfdjriefn tcb nrkft kssurkfibs (kfl k

rb`ktbl stktutjry prjceaetejf jf nrkftefn bxiùsevb rencts kt kf kerpjrt).5 Ks k rbsu`t, tcb

knbfiy―s lbiesejfhkoefn prjibss cks fjt ybt abbf ijhp`btbl, kfl tcb ick``bfnbl `bttbr es

fjfdefk`. Kiijrl Cjèstei Ikfl`brs & Ijfsuhbrs Kss―f v. DLK, 44< D.9l 5<7, 5<< (L.I. Ier.

17;1) (knbfiy wkrfefn `bttbrs ‐p`kef`y _lelX fjt hkro tcb ijfsuhhktejf‘ jd tcb knbfiy―s

lbiesejfhkoefn wcbf tcbrb wks k pjsseaeèty, aut fj nukrkftbb, jd duturb bfdjribhbft kitejf).

\cb eftbr`jiutjry fkturb jd LJ\―s lbiesejfhkoefn es uflbrsijrbl ay tcb fuhbrjus

essubs jf wceic tcb knbfiy cks ybt tj jddbr ets vebws. \cb LJ\ `bttbrs wbrb eftbflbl ks kf

5 ‐–_KXf knbfiy―s efetektejf jd kf efvbstenktejf ljbs fjt ijfstetutb defk` knbfiy kitejf.―‘ Mjas,

\rkefefn & Ybrvs., Efi. v. B. \bx. Ijufie` jd Njv―ts, 27 D.9l ;9;3, ;91< (2tc Ier. ;552) (qujtefnTb`lcjbf v. R.Y. Ijkst Nukrl , 92 D.9l 111, 112 (2tc Ier. ;55<)). Fj i`keh ikf tcbrbdjrb abhklb tckt tcb DKK cks iurbl tcb `kio jd suambit hkttbr muresleitejf tckt bxests ef tces kitejf ay

ijhhbfiefn ets efvbstenktejf.

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;3 jd 15 WknbEL <>;9



;<

bxp`kfktejf jd tcb knbfiy―s uflbrstkflefn jd tcb nrkft kssurkfibs, kfl jd sjhb (aut fjt k``)

rb`ktbl hktbrek`s. \cus, tcb `bttbrs lj fjt (djr bxkhp`b) lerbit`y kllrbss wcbtcbr ^KQK

jvbrrelbs kfy lutebs ehpjsbl ay tcb nrkft kssurkfibs kfl Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb ’ k vebw tckt

tcb Iety bfljrsbs ef ets ijhp`keft. Ybb BID Fj. ; ´´ ;;7-;;. \cb Fjteib hkobs i`bkr tckt LJ\

es jpbf tj ijfselbrefn tckt krnuhbft (kfl jtcbrs). BID Fj. ;9<-; kt 1-;1, ;9<-1 kt ;-1. Kfl

LJ\ cks fjt ybt sbtt bl sbvbrk` ehpjrtkft dkituk` lesputbs. Yuambitefn LJ\―s nuelkfib tj

rbvebw fjw we`` tcus prbhkturb`y iut jdd tcb knbfiy―s prjibssbs, kfl `bkl tj prbiesb`y tcb typbs

jd prja`bhs tcb defkèty ljitrefb es lbsenfbl tj kvjel. Ybb Qbèka`b Kutjhktei Yprefo`br Ij. v.

Ijfsuhbr Wrjl. Ykdbty Ijhh―f, 91< D.9l >14, >91 (L.I. Ier. 1779) (bxp`kefefn tckt ijurts

ckvb k ‐pjwbrdu`‘ eftbrbst ef pjstpjfefn muleiek` rbvebw tj kvjel ehprjpbr eftrusejf eftj

jfnjefn knbfiy prjibssbs, kfl tj kvjel ‐squkflbr_efnX muleiek` rbsjuribs‘ sefib tcb ick``bfnefn

pkrty hky u`tehktb`y ab sktesdebl ay tcb knbfiy―s defk` lbiesejf).

Ybijfl, tcb LJ\ @bttbrs krb fjt defk` knbfiy kitejfs abikusb tcby lj fjt lbtbrhefb

rencts jr ckvb `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs. Knbfiy kitejf tckt ‐–_cksX tcb bddbit jd djraellefn jr

ijhpb`èfn ijfluit jf tcb pkrt jd tcb pbrsjf sbboefn tj rbvebw et, aut jf`y ed sjhb durtcbr kitejf

es tkobf ay tcb _knbfiyX,―‘ es fjt defk` knbfiy kitejf. Ab``b, >4; D.9l kt 957 (qujtefn Qjicbstbr

\b`. Ijrp. v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 97> R.Y. ;12, ;15 (;595)). \j tcb ijftrkry, suic kitejf es ‐fjfdefk`

kfl fjfrbvebwka`b abikusb et –ljbs fjt jd etsb`d klvbrsb`y kddbit _tcbX ijhp`kefkft aut jf`y

kddbits ces rencts klvbrsb`y jf tcb ijftefnbfiy jd duturb klhefestrktevb kitejf.―‘ El. (qujtefn

Qjicbstbr \b`., 97> R.Y. kt ;97). \cus, kf knbfiy ljbs fjt tkob ‐k defk` kitejf‘ ay essuefn k

‐pjèiy stktbhbft‘ ef wceic et sbts djrtc ets vebws jf wckt es pbrhessea`b ‐abikusb –tb`bnrkpcefn

yjur puficbs es fjt tcb skhb ks lbèvbrefn tcbh.―‘ Fkt―` Wjro Wrjluibrs Ijufie` v. R.Y. BWK,

492 D.9l >93, >24 (2tc

Ier. 17;;) (qujtefn Kh. Wkpbr Efst., Efi. v. R.Y. BWK, 331 D.1l 13>, 135

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;5 jd 15 WknbEL <>;<



;2

(>tc Ier. ;535)). Fjr ljbs kf knbfiy tkob ‐defk` kitejf‘ ay essuefn kf ‐eftbrprbtktevb ruèfn,

ijfstruefn rbnu`ktejfs.‘ El. Kf knbfiy ljbs fjt tkob defk` kitejf ed et fbetcbr ‐ehpjsbs fj

pbfk`tebs‘ jf k pkrty fjr jaènbs tcb pkrty ‐tj lj jr rbdrkef drjh ljefn kfytcefn.‘ Ab``b, >4;

D.9l kt 95;, 951.

Ef tces iksb, tcb LJ\ @bttbrs lj fjt ‐ehpjsb_X _kfyX pbfk`tebs‘ jf tcb Iety jr ‐jaènb _etX

tj lj jr rbdrkef drjh ljefn kfytcefn.‘ \j tcb ijftrkry, tcb LJ\ @bttbrs lj fjtcefn hjrb tckf

klvesb tcb Iety jd LJ\―s vebw tckt ‐tcb pjsetejfs jutèfbl ef _tcb Derst LJ\ @bttbrX‘ krb

‐–stkflkrls tckt krb fbibsskry djr tcb Iety tj ijhp`y wetc tcb nrkft kssurkfibs abtwbbf LJ\ kfl

tcb Iety‘ kfl tckt ‐LJ\ rbsbrvbs tcb renct tj pursub kpprjprektb kitejf ed et wbrb tj lbtbrhefb

tckt tcbrb cks abbf k vej`ktejf jd tcb nrkft kssurkfibs.‘ BID Fj. ;, Bx. 1 kt 1, <. ‐\cb iksb `kw

es i`bkr‘ tckt knbfiy kitejf es ufrbvebwka`b kfl fjfdefk` ‐wcbrb kf knbfiy hbrb`y bxprbssbs ets

vebw jd wckt tcb `kw rbquerbs jd k pkrty, bvbf ed tckt vebw es klvbrsb tj tcb pkrty.‘ Ibftbr djr

Kutj Ykdbty v. Fktejfk` Cencwky \rkddei Ykdbty Klhef., <21 D.9l >53, 373 (L.I. Ier. 1774)

(eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl). Durtcbrhjrb, wcbf tcb knbfiy essubl ets Fjteib jd

Efvbstenktejf, et lel fjt efleiktb tckt et wju`l ab efvbstenktefn vej`ktejfs jd betcbr `bttbr ? efstbkl,

tcb knbfiy es efvbstenktefn wcbtcbr tcb Iety cks ijhpèbl wetc tcb vkrejus nrkft kssurkfibs (ks

wb`` ks k sbpkrktb stktutjry prjceaetejf jf nevefn bxiùsevb kiibss kt kf kerpjrt). BID Fj. ;9<-;

kt 1-;1, BID ;9<-1 kt ;-1. \cb `bttbrs bhpcksezb tckt LJ\ cks ‐hklb fj lbtbrhefktejf ks tj

wcbtcbr k vej`ktejf cks jiiurrbl,‘ el. kt 2, kfl krb ‐fjfdefk` kfl fjfrbvebwka`b‘ abikusb tcby

‐–_ljX fjt jd _tcbhsb`vbsX klvbrsb`y kddbit _tcb IetyX aut jf`y kddbit_X _etsX rencts klvbrsb`y jf

tcb ijftefnbfiy jd duturb klhefestrktevb kitejf.―‘ Ab``b, >4; D.9l kt 957 (qujtefn Qjicbstbr

\b`., 97> R.Y. kt ;97).

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 17 jd 15 WknbEL <>;2



;4

Eflbbl, tcb Iety, Yjutcwbst, kfl Lb`tk k`` kiofjw`blnb tckt tcb `bttbrs lj fjt lbtbrhefb

rencts jr jaènktejfs jr sbrvb ks kfytcefn drjh wceic `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs we`` d`jw. \cb Iety ef

ets ijhp`keft stktbs tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbrs hbrb`y ‐sbt djrtc LJ\―s vebws jf tcb Iety―s

jaènktejfs,‘ tckt ‐fbetcbr LJ\ fjr DKK cks rbquerbl jr lerbitbl tckt tcb Iety tkob kitejf tj

eftbrdbrb wetc Yjutcwbst―s, Khbreikf―s, Rfetbl―s, jr tcber sua`bssbbs― prbdbrbftek` nktb usb

rencts,‘ kfl tckt LJ\ cks ‐rbdrkefbl drjh hkoefn kf jvbrt tcrbkt tckt dkeùrb tj kiijhhjlktb

Lb`tk jr dkeùrb tj ijhp`y wetc tcb tbrhs jd tcb Derst LJ\ @bttbr fbibsskre`y we`` ab k vej`ktejf

jd tcb Iety―s Nrkft Kssurkfibs jr Ijhpbtetejf W`kf.‘ BID Fj. ; ´´ 39, 53. Yjutcwbst

rbijnfezbs tckt ‐_tXcb LJ\ @bttbrs lj fjt rbquerb tcb Iety tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk,‘ kfl tckt ‐tcb

LJ\ @bttbrs . . . `bkvb tcb lbiesejf jd wcbtcbr tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk wetcef tcb ckfls jd tcb

Iety.‘ BID Fj. 41 kt ;4. Kfl Lb`tk cks de`bl kf eftbrvbfjr arebd ef tcb L.I. Ieriuet ijfiblefn

tckt tcb Derst LJ\ @bttbr es fjt k defk` knbfiy kitejf, kfl krnuefn tckt tcb ‐klhefestrktevb

prjibblefn ijfderhs tckt LJ\―s lbiesejfhkoefn prjibss es ste`` jfnjefn kfl tckt tcb knbfiy cks

fjt ybt ehpjsbl kfy `bnk``y aeflefn jaènktejf jf betcbr tcb Iety jr Yjutcwbst.‘ Kpp. ;1.

Abikusb tcb LJ\ @bttbrs lj fjt lbtbrhefb rencts jr jaènktejfs jr sbrvb ks kfytcefn drjh

wceic `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs we`` d`jw, fj akses bxests djr cj`lefn tcb `bttbrs tj ijfstetutb ‐defk`

knbfiy kitejf.‘ Ybb Ab``b, >4; D.9l kt 933 (qujtefn Abffbtt , 217 R.Y. kt ;>3). \ces Ijurt tcus

`kios suambit hkttbr muresleitejf jvbr kfy i`keh ijfibrfefn tcb `bttbrs, sbb el.? [urbsce, 449 D.9l

kt >3;? Kh. Kerèfbs, ;>4 D.9l kt 13>, kfl tcbrbdjrb `kios suambit hkttbr muresleitejf jvbr kfy

i`keh knkefst LJ\ jr DKK kssbrtbl ef tces kitejf.

Durtcbrhjrb, W`keftedd―s i`kehs EE tcrjunc T, wceic purpjrt tj sbbo lbi`krktjry rbèbd,

iju`l jf`y ab kitejfka`b ed tcb KWK i`keh iju`l survevb. Abikusb tcb KWK i`keh hust ab

leshessbl, tcb i`kehs djr lbi`krktjry rbèbd hust ab ks wb``.

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1; jd 15 WknbEL <>;4



;>

\cb Lbi`krktjry Mulnhbft Kit, 13 R.Y.I. § 117;, es bftet`bl ‐Irbktejf jd rbhbly‘ kfl

prjvelbs ef rb`bvkft pkrt=

(k) Ef k iksb jd kituk` ijftrjvbrsy wetcef ets muresleitejf . . . kfy ijurt jd tcb

Rfetbl Ytktbs, upjf tcb deèfn jd kf kpprjprektb p`bklefn, hky lbi`krb tcb renctskfl jtcbr `bnk` rb`ktejfs jd kfy eftbrbstbl pkrty sbboefn suic lbi`krktejf, wcbtcbr

jr fjt durtcbr rbèbd es jr iju`l ab sjunct.

Ks tces Ijurt cks bxp`kefbl=

\cb Lbi`krktjry Mulnhbft Kit es k prjiblurk` lbveib tckt irbktbs fj suastkftevb

rencts, kfl rbquerbs tcb bxestbfib jd k musteieka`b ijftrjvbrsy. Kbtfk @edb Efs. Ij.

v. Ckwjrtc, 977 R.Y. 11>, 195’<;, 2> Y.It. <4;, 3; @.Bl. 4;> (;59>). ^ce`b

bf`krnefn tcb rkfnb jd rbhblebs kvke`ka`b ef dblbrk` ijurt, tcb Lbi`krktjry

Mulnhbft Kit ljbs fjt bxtbfl dblbrk` ijurts' muresleitejf. Ij`èf Ijufty, \bx. v.

Cjhbjwfbrs Kss―f djr Tkùbs Bssbftek` tj Fbencajrcjjls, (CKTBF), 5;2 D.1l;4>, ;>7’>; (2tc Ier. ;557).

Aksyb v. ^b``s Dkrnj Akfo , Fj. 9-;1-IT-<753-O, 17;9 ^@ 1;;77<9 kt *< (F.L.\bx. Hky ;4,

17;9). \cb Lbi`krktjry Mulnhbft Kit ljbs fjt prjvelb k akses djr I`kehs EE tcrjunc T ef tces

iksb? et hbrb`y prjvelbs kf klletejfk` rbhbly ef iksbs wcbrb muresleitejf es jtcbrwesb

bstkaèscbl. Ybb, b.n., Bkrfbst v. @jwbftrett , 457 D.1l ;;53, ;179 (2tc Ier. ;531), Jopk`jae v.

Djstbr , 1<< D.9l <72, <19 f.9; (2tc Ier. 177;). Abikusb tces Ijurt `kios muresleitejf jvbr tcb

suambit hkttbr jd W`keftedd―s derst i`keh, ‐W`keftedd cks fj uflbr`yefn i`keh tj wceic _etX ikf

tbtcbr _etsX i`keh uflbr tcb Lbi`krktjry Mulnhbft Kit.‘ Aksyb, 17;9 ^@ 1;;77<9 kt *<? sbb k`sj

Bkrfbst , 457 D.1l kt ;179 (‐Abikusb dblbrk` muresleitejf es `kioefn uflbr ajtc <1 R.Y.I. § ;539

kfl <1 R.Y.I. § ;532(9) . . . . tcb rbqubst djr lbi`krktjry rbèbd es tebl tj fj jtcbr ikusb jd kitejf

wetcef tcb muresleitejf jd tcb dblbrk` ijurt kfl hust ab leshessbl.‘).

Kiijrlefn`y, kfy i`kehs kssbrtbl knkefst LJ\ kfl DKK ef tces kitejf scju`l ab

leshessbl.

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 11 jd 15 WknbEL <>;>



;3

EE. BTBF ED \CB LJ\ @B\\BQY ^BQB DEFK@ KNBFIU KI\EJFY,

JF@U \CB IJRQ\ JD KWWBK@Y ^JR@L CKTB MRQEYLEI\EJF,

KFL \CB I@KEHY KNKEFY\ LJ\ ^JR@L AB YRAMBI\ \J

LEYHEYYK@ JQ \QKFYDBQ \J \CB L.I. IEQIRE\.

Bvbf ed tcb LJ\ @bttbrs wbrb defk` knbfiy kitejfs, tces Ijurt wju`l `kio muresleitejf

abikusb tcb `bttbrs iju`l jf`y ab ick``bfnbl ef k ijurt jd kppbk`s. Wursukft tj stktutb=

_KX pbrsjf lesi`jsefn k suastkftek` eftbrbst ef kf jrlbr essubl ay tcbYbirbtkry jd \rkfspjrtktejf . . . ef wcj`b jr ef pkrt uflbr tces pkrt _<5

R.Y.I. §§ <7;7;-<427>X, _jrX pkrt A _<5 R.Y.I. §§ <>;7;-<>29<X . . . hky

kpp`y djr rbvebw jd tcb jrlbr ay deèfn k pbtetejf djr rbvebw ef tcb RfetblYtktbs Ijurt jd Kppbk`s djr tcb Lestreit jd Ijùhaek Ieriuet jr ef tcb ijurt

jd kppbk`s jd tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs djr tcb ieriuet ef wceic tcb pbrsjf rbselbs

jr cks ets prefiepk` p`kib jd ausefbss.

<5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7(k). \cb Dedtc Ieriuet cks cb`l tckt tcb ijurts jd kppbk`s ckvb ‐bxiùsevb

muresleitejf‘ jvbr ick``bfnbs tj suic jrlbrs. Mjfbs v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 412 D.9l 31>, 315 (2tc Ier.

17;7)? sbb k`sj @enjf v. @kCjjl , 4;< D.9l ;27, ;2< (2tc Ier. 17;7) (fjtefn ef ick``bfnb tj DKK

jrlbr tckt ‐_sXpbiedei nrkfts jd muresleitejf tj tcb ijurts jd kppbk`s jvbrrelb nbfbrk` nrkfts jd

muresleitejf tj tcb lestreit ijurts.‘). Kfl ‐tcb tbrh –jrlbr― cks abbf nevbf kf bxpkfsevb

ijfstruitejf,‘ tj efiùlb kfy defk` knbfiy kitejf. Ybb el. kt ;2<. \cus, ed LJ\ tkobs defk`

knbfiy kitejf pursukft tj Wkrts K jr A jr Yuatet`b TEE jd \et`b <5 (<5 R.Y.I. §§ <7;7;-<>29<),

jf`y tcb ijurts jd kppbk`s ckvb muresleitejf tj rbvebw suic kf kitejf.

Cbrb, tcbrb es fj qubstejf tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbrs ’ ed tcby wbrb defk` knbfiy kitejfs ’

wju`l dk`` wetcef sbitejf <4;;7(k). \cb `bttbrs prjvelb nuelkfib wetc rbspbit tj sbvbrk` leddbrbft

prjvesejfs dk`èfn wetcef Wkrts K kfl A= tcb nrkft kssurkfibs rbquerbl ay <5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>, tcb

stktutjry ijhpbtetejf p`kf rbquerbhbfts jd <5 R.Y.I. §§ <7;;>(o) kfl <>;74(d), kfl tcb

bxiùsevb usb prjceaetejf jd <5 R.Y.I. § <7;79(b). \cb Iety―s ijftbftejf tckt LJ\ cks ef dkit

kitbl pursukft tj ^KQK rktcbr tckf \et`b <5, BID Fj. ; ´ ;1, es sehp`y efijrrbit. ^cbtcbr jr

fjt ^KQK ehpjsbs èhets jf LJ\―s kaeèty tj bxbriesb ets prbbxestefn kutcjrety kt @jvb Deb`l,

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 19 jd 15 WknbEL <>;3



;5

tcb stktutb ljbs fjt eflbpbflbft`y kutcjrezb LJ\ tj tkob kfy kitejf, suic tckt k LJ\ jrlbr

iju`l ab skel tj ckvb abbf ‐essubl uflbr‘ ^KQK. Kfl Yjutcwbst, djr ets pkrt, cks ick``bfnbl

tcb LJ\ @bttbrs ef tcb L.I. Ieriuet, kfl cks bxprbss`y lesknrbbl wetc tcb Iety―s krnuhbft. Ybb

Kpp. 47 (Yjutcwbst krnubs tckt tcb ijurts jd kppbk`s ckvb muresleitejf uflbr sbitejf <4;;7 ‐ks

`jfn ks LJ\ hkeftkefs tckt ets @bttbr wks essubl uflbr pkrts K jr A jd \et`b <5‘).

Kiijrlefn`y, bvbf ed tcb LJ\ @bttbrs ijfstetutbl defk` knbfiy kitejf, tcby wju`l ab

rbvebwka`b bxi`usevb`y ef tcb ijurts jd kppbk`s, kfl tcb i`kehs knkefst LJ\ wju`l ste`` ab

suambit tj leshessk` pursukft tj Dbl. Q. Iev. W. ;1(a)(;) djr `kio jd suambit hkttbr muresleitejf.

Ef tcb k`tbrfktevb, 13 R.Y.I. § ;49; prjvelbs tckt wcbf kf kitejf es de`bl ef k ijurt

wetcjut muresleitejf, ‐tcb ijurt sck``, ed et es ef tcb eftbrbst jd musteib, trkfsdbr suic kitejf . . . tj

kfy jtcbr suic ijurt ef wceic tcb kitejf jr kppbk` iju`l ckvb abbf arjunct kt tcb tehb et wks

de`bl jr fjteibl.‘ Ybb k`sj Cbflbrsjf v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 2;> R.Y. 42<, 44> (;554) (fjtefn tckt

sbitejf ;49; ‐kutcjrez_bsX trkfsdbr, eftbr k`ek, wcbf rbvebw jd knbfiy kitejf es sjunct ef tcb

wrjfn dblbrk` ijurt‘). Ed tcb Ijurt lbtbrhefbs tckt trkfsdbr es kpprjprektb cbrb, tcb kpprjprektb

lbstefktejf wju`l ab tcb L.I. Ieriuet, wcbrb Yjutcwbst cks k`rbkly ick``bfnbl ajtc LJ\

@bttbrs. Ef iksbs wcbrb pbtetejfs tj rbvebw kf klhefestrktevb jrlbr krb de`bl ef hu`tep`b ijurts jd

kppbk`s, 13 R.Y.I. § 1;;1(k) prjvelbs, wetc ibrtkef bxibptejfs fjt rb`bvkft cbrb, tckt tcb derst

de`bl pbtetejf ijftrj`s wcbrb tcb rbijrl scju`l ab de`bl. Wbtetejfs de`bl `ktbr ef jtcbr ieriuets

scju`l ab trkfsdbrrbl tj tcb ijurt wcbrb tcb rbijrl cks abbf de`bl. Yjutc`kfl Hjwbr Ij. v. R.Y.

Ijfsuhbr Wrjl. Ykdbty Ijhh―f, 477 D.1l ;1, ;9-;< (2tc Ier. ;5>5). Cbrb, tcb ibrtedebl eflbx tj

tcb klhefestrktevb rbijrl ef Yjutcwbst―s ick``bfnb tj tcb Derst LJ\ @bttbr wks de`bl ef tcb L.I.

Ieriuet jf Kpre` 4, 17;2, BID Fj. ;9<-9 kt 39-5<, kfl tcb ibrtedebl eflbx ef Yjutcwbst―s

ick``bfnb tj tcb Ybijfl LJ\ @bttbr es lub tj ab de`bl jf Jitjabr ;. \cus, ed tcb Ijurt

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1< jd 15 WknbEL <>;5



17

lbtbrhefbs tckt trkfsdbr jd tcb i`kehs knkefst LJ\ (efstbkl jd leshessk`) es kpprjprektb, tcjsb

i`kehs scju`l ab trkfsdbrrbl tj tcb L.I. Ieriuet.;7

EEE. \CB IJRQ\ YCJR@L LBDBQ HKOEFN KFU QR@EFNY

JF \CB I@KEHY KHJFN \CB FJF-DBLBQK@ WKQ\EBY.

\cb leshessk` jr trkfsdbr jd tcb i`kehs knkefst LJ\ we`` `bkvb tcb Ijurt wetc tcb Iety―s

i`kehs djr lbi`krktjry rbèbd knkefst sex leddbrbft kerèfbs, kfl tcb krrky jd ijuftbri`kehs kfl

irjssi`kehs kssbrtbl ay Yjutcwbst kfl Lb`tk. K`` jd tcbsb i`kehs rbvj`vb krjufl tcb ibftrk`

qubstejf abefn ijfselbrbl ef tcb pbflefn DKK klhefestrktevb prjibblefn= wcbtcbr tcb Iety―s

nrkft kssurkfibs kfl rb`ktbl dblbrk` jaènktejfs rbquerb et tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk. \cb DKK we``

lbielb tckt qubstejf tcrjunc ets fjrhk` prjibss, kfl ets defk` lbiesejf we`` ab suambit tj muleiek`

rbvebw aksbl upjf k du`` klhefestrktevb rbijrl. \cb rbsu`t jd tcb prjibss hky hjjt jr jtcbrwesb

lbtbrhefb tcb jutijhb jd tces prjibblefn, kfl we``, kt tcb vbry `bkst, suastkftek``y fkrrjw tcb

essubs prbsbftbl tj tces Ijurt. Kiijrlefn`y, tcb Ijurt scju`l ’ betcbr uflbr tcb ‐prehkry

muresleitejf‘ ljitrefb jr ets efcbrbft kutcjrety tj ijftrj` ets jwf ljiobt ’ stky k`` durtcbr

prjibblefns.

K. \cb Ijurt Ycju`l Fjt Hkob kfy Quèfns ks tj

tcb Yijpb jd tcb Iety―s Dblbrk` @bnk` Jaènktejfs.

\cb ljitrefb jd prehkry muresleitejf ‐es ijfibrfbl wetc prjhjtefn prjpbr rb`ktejfsceps

abtwbbf tcb ijurts kfl klhefestrktevb knbfiebs ickrnbl wetc pkrteiu`kr rbnu`ktjry lutebs.‘

Rfetbl Ytktbs v. ^. Wki. Q.Q., 921 R.Y. 25, 49 (;524). \cb ljitrefb kppèbs wcbrb k ijurt cks

muresleitejf jvbr k i`keh, aut ‐bfdjribhbft jd tcb i`keh rbquerbs tcb rbsjùtejf jd essubs wceic,

;7 \cb Iety―s ick``bfnb tj tcb Derst LJ\ `bttbr rkesbs k tehbèfbss essub, sefib et wks fjt de`bl

wetcef 47 lkys jd tcb `bttbr―s essukfib ks rbquerbl ay <5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7(k). \ckt tehbèfbss essub

hky fjt kddbit trkfsdbr jd tckt pkrt jd tcb iksb. Ybb Fkt―` Dbl―f jd Aèfl v. LJ\ , >3 D. Yupp. 9l

<7>, <;2 (L.L.I. 17;2) (trkfsdbrrefn i`keh knkefst LJ\ tj tcb L.I. Ieriuet, kfl bxp`kefefn tckt

k sehe`kr tehbèfbss qubstejf wks ‐abttbr suetbl djr tcb L.I. Ieriuet tj kfswbr‘ etsb`d).




1;

uflbr k rbnu`ktjry sicbhb, ckvb abbf p`kibl wetcef tcb spbiek` ijhpbtbfib jd kf klhefestrktevb

ajly.‘ El. kt 4<. Ef suic iksbs, ‐tcb muleiek` prjibss es suspbflbl pbflefn rbdbrrk jd suic essubs

tj tcb klhefestrktevb ajly djr ets vebws.‘ El. Ef iksbs wcbrb tcb ljitrefb kppèbs, tcb ijurt ‐cks

lesirbtejf betcbr tj rbtkef muresleitejf jr, ed tcb pkrtebs wju`l fjt ab ufdker`y lesklvkftknbl, tj

leshess tcb iksb wetcjut prbmuleib.‘ Qbetbr v. Ijjpbr , 27> R.Y. 123, 143-45 (;559).

Cbrb, tcb qubstejf abefn ijfselbrbl ay tcb DKK ’ wcbtcbr dblbrk` `kw rbquerbs tcb Iety

tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk ’ es kt tcb cbkrt jd hkfy jd tcb i`kehs abdjrb tces Ijurt. Ybb, b.n., BID

Fj. 3< kt >> (Yjutcwbst rbqubst djr lbi`krktejf tckt dblbrk` `kw ljbs fjt rbquerb tcb Iety tj

kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk)? BID Fj. 44 ´´ >2->> (Lb`tk ijuftbri`keh k``bnefn tckt tcb Iety arbkicbl

ets `bksb ay vej`ktefn nrkft kssurkfibs). \cb stktutjry sicbhb bfvesejfs tckt tcbsb qubstejfs we``

ab lbielbl tcrjunc tcb DKK―s bfdjribhbft kitevetebs (kfl muleiek` rbvebw tcbrbjd), rktcbr tckf

tcrjunc ètenktejf abtwbbf fjf-dblbrk` pkrtebs? eflbbl, tcb DKK cks k`rbkly ijhhbfibl k

prjibblefn. Kiijrlefn`y, tcb Ijurt scju`l kvjel essuefn kfy ruèfns ks tj tcb sijpb jd tcb Iety―s

jaènktejfs uflbr tcb nrkft kssurkfibs jr jtcbr dblbrk` `kw. Ybb, b.n., Rfetbl Ytktbs v.

Iuhabr`kfl Dkrhs jd Ijff., Efi., 314 D.1l ;;2;, ;;49 (;st Ier. ;53>) (‐_\Xcb ljitrefb jd

prehkry muresleitejf cb`ps tj lbdefb tcb rb`ktejfscep abtwbbf ijurts kfl klhefestrktevb knbfiebs

ay rbijnfezefn tckt ed kf knbfiy klmuleiktjry prjibblefn es jfnjefn, ijurts we`` usuk``y fjt

eftbrdbrb ufte` tcb klhefestrktevb prjibss es ijhp`btb. Ay suspbflefn tcb muleiek` prjibss,

kpprjprektb essubs ikf ab rbdbrrbl tj tcb knbfiy djr ets spbiek` bxpbrtesb, kfl ijurts we`` fjt

prbhkturb`y eftbrdbrb wetc tcb klhefestrktevb prjibss.‘).

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 14 jd 15 WknbEL <>1;



11

A. \cb Ijurt Ycju`l Ytky K`` Durtcbr Wrjibblefns.

Et es pjssea`b tckt tcb Ijurt iju`l nrkft kt `bkst prbèhefkry rbèbd wetcjut hkoefn ruèfns

jf tcb dblbrk` `kw essubs abefn efvbstenktbl ay tcb DKK. Aut bvbf tj tcb bxtbft tcb prehkry

muresleitejf ljitrefb ljbs fjt kpp`y, tcb Ijurt scju`l stky kfy durtcbr prjibblefns.

Et es wb``-bstkaèscbl tckt ‐tcb pjwbr tj stky prjibblefns es efielbftk` tj tcb pjwbr

efcbrbft ef bvbry ijurt tj ijftrj` tcb lespjsetejf jd tcb ikusbs jf ets ljiobt wetc bijfjhy jd

tehb kfl bddjrt djr etsb`d, djr ijufsb`, kfl djr ètenkfts.‘ @kfles v. F. Kh. Ij., 155 R.Y. 1<3, 12<

(;594). Ef pkrteiu`kr, k trek` ijurt hky=

defl et es bddeiebft djr ets jwf ljiobt kfl tcb dkerbst ijursb djr tcb pkrtebstj bftbr k stky jd kf kitejf abdjrb et, pbflefn rbsjùtejf jd eflbpbflbft

prjibblefns wceic abkr upjf tcb iksb. \ces ru`b kppèbs wcbtcbr tcb

sbpkrktb prjibblefns krb muleiek`, klhefestrktevb, jr kraetrk` ef ickrkitbr,kfl ljbs fjt rbquerb tckt tcb essubs ef suic prjibblefns krb fbibsskre`y

ijftrj`èfn jd tcb kitejf abdjrb tcb ijurt.

Hbletbrrkfbkf Bftbrs., Efi. v. Yskfnyjfn Ijrp., >73 D.1l ;<23, ;<42 (5tc Ier. ;539) (bhpckses

kllbl)? sbb k`sj Qeiie v. Iceiknj Hbrikfte`b Bxickfnb, <75 R.Y. 135 (;5>9) (kdderhefn stky jd

prevktb kftetrust prjibblefn pbflefn klhefestrktevb prjibblefn).

Cbrb, k stky ef dkvjr jd tcb DKK―s klhefestrktevb prjibblefn es kpprjprektb abikusb tcb

rbsu`t jd tckt prjibblefn we`` èob`y betcbr lespjsb jd tces kitejf jr fkrrjw et senfedeikft`y. Ybb

Qeiie, <75 R.Y. kt 972-74 (cj`lefn tckt stky wks kpprjprektb wcbf klhefestrktevb prjibblefn,

kfl suasbqubft muleiek` rbvebw, wju`l betcbr hjjt k lbdbfsb jr hkob et bksebr djr tcb ijurt tj

lbtbrhefb tckt lbdbfsb―s kppèikaeèty). Ed, djr bxkhp`b, tcb DKK ijfiùlbs tckt dblbrk` `kw

jaènktbs tcb Iety tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk (kfl tckt ijfiùsejf survevbs kfy muleiek` ick``bfnb),

tces lesputb we`` èob`y ab jvbr. Ed, jf tcb jtcbr ckfl, tcb DKK ijfiùlbs tckt dblbrk` `kw ljbs

fjt rbquerb kiijhhjlktejf, tces Ijurt we`` èob`y ckvb tj lbielb kt hjst wcbtcbr tcb Iety―s

`bksbs tcbhsb`vbs nevb Lb`tk kf bfdjribka`b renct tj kiijhhjlktejf. Ed tcb Ijurt wbrb tj essub k

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1> jd 15 WknbEL <>11



19

ru`efn fjw aksbl jf kf kfie``kry essub, tckt ru`efn iju`l ab upbflbl ay kf bvbftuk` DKK

lbiesejf, pjtbftek``y `bklefn tj suastkftek` ausefbss lesruptejfs djr tcb pkrtebs.;;

Kiijrlefn`y,

tcb Ijurt scju`l stky k`` durtcbr prjibblefns pbflefn tcb rbsu`t jd tcb DKK prjibblefn.

;; Djr bxkhp`b, Yjutcwbst krnubs tckt rbnkrl`bss jd wcbtcbr tcb nrkft kssurkfibs rbquerb tcb Iety

tj hkflktb kf kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk, Lb`tk cks fj renct tj rbhkef kt @jvb Deb`l wcbf tcb Iety

cks fjt essubl suic k hkflktb. Ybb, b.n., BID Fj. >; kt 9. Ed tcb Ijurt knrbbl kfl bfmjefbl

Lb`tk―s prbsbfib kt @jvb Deb`l jf tckt akses, aut tcb DKK `ktbr lbtbrhefbl tckt tcb nrkft

kssurkfibs rbquerbl kiijhhjlktejf, et wju`l ab fbibsskry tj defl k wky tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tkkt tckt pjeft ef tehb.




1<

IJFI@RYEJF

Djr tcb djrbnjefn rbksjfs, LJ\ rbspbitdu``y rbqubsts tckt tcb Ijurt essub kf jrlbr=

(;) leshessefn k`` i`kehs kssbrtbl knkefst LJ\ kfl tcb DKK, jr, ef tcb k`tbrfktevb, trkfsdbrrefn

k`` suic i`kehs tj tcb R.Y. Ijurt jd Kppbk`s djr tcb Lestreit jd Ij`uhaek Ieriuet? (1) stkyefn k``

durtcbr prjibblefns ef tces hkttbr pbflefn ijhp`btejf jd tcb pbflefn DKK prjibblefn (kfl kfy

suasbqubft muleiek` rbvebw tcbrbjd)? kfl (9) nrkftefn suic jtcbr kfl durtcbr rb`ebd ks tcb Ijurt

sck`` lbbh must kfl prjpbr.

Ybptbhabr ;<, 17;2 Qbspbitdu``y Yuahettbl,

Jd Ijufsb`=

OK\CQUF A. \CJHYJFNbfbrk` Ijufsb`

WKR@ H. NBEBQ

Kssestkft Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` djr @etenktejf

WB\BQ M. W@JIOELbputy Kssestkft Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` djr

@etenktejf

ICKQ@BY B. BF@JB\rek` KttjrfbyR.Y. Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf

ABFMKHEF I. HE]BQ

Wrefiepk` Lbputy Kssestkft Kttjrfby Nbfbrk`MJCF Q. WKQOBQ

Kitefn Rfetbl Ytktbs Kttjrfby

MRLQU @. YRAKQKssestkft Arkfic Lerbitjr

s/ Yuskf O. R``hkf

YRYKF O. R@@HKF, LI Akr <143><

LKTEL H. N@KYY, LI Akr 2<<2<5

Ybfejr \rek` Ijufsb`R.Y. Lbpkrthbft jd Musteib

Ieve` Levesejf, Dblbrk` Wrjnrkhs Arkfic

17 Hksskicusbtts Kvb., F.^., Qjjh >;<4

^kscefntjf, L.I. 17297-777;\b`= (171) 4;4-7437/Dkx= (171) 4;4-3<>7

Bhke`= suskf.u``hkfGusljm.njv

Kttjrfbys djr Lbdbflkfts

R.Y. Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf kfl

Dblbrk` Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-; De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 15 jd 15 WknbEL <>1<

mailto:[email protected]








LK@@KY LETEYEJF

) Fj. 9=;2-iv-71745-O

IE\U JD LK@@KY, )) KWWBFLES \J HJ\EJF JD

) LBDBFLKF\Y

W`keftedd, ) R.Y. LBWKQ\HBF\ JD

) \QKFYWJQ\K\EJF KFL

v. ) DBLBQK@ KTEK\EJF

) KLHEFEY\QK\EJF

LB@\K KEQ @EFBY, EFI., bt k` ., ) \J LEYHEYY JQ \QKFYDBQ,

) KFL DJQ K Y\KU

Lbdbflkfts. )

)

Ljiuhbft Wknb

Arebd djr Eftbrvbfjr-Qbspjflbft Lb`tk Kerèfbs, Efi. ,

Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs v. LJ\, bt k`., Fj. ;2-;794 (L.I. Ier. Ybpt. 3, 17;2)……………;-<;

Jpbfefn Arebd jd Wbtetejfbr,

Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs v. LJ\, bt k` ., Fj. ;2-;794 (L.I. Ier. Mufb 11, 17;2)….….….<1-;1;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ; jd ;11 WknbEL <>12



Fj. ;2-;794

RFE\BL Y\K\BY IJRQ\ JD KWWBK@Y

DJQ \CB LEY\QEI\ JD IJ@RHAEK IEQIRE\

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

YJR\C^BY\ KEQ@EFBY IJ.,

Wbtetejfbr ,

v.

R FE\BL Y\K\BY LBWKQ\HBF\ JD \QKFYWJQ\K\EJF,

Qbspjflbft .

LB@\K KEQ @EFBY, E FI.,

Eftbrvbfjr djr Qbspjflbft .

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

WKNB-WQJJD AQEBD DJQ

EF\BQTBFJQ-QBYWJFLBF\ LB@\K KEQ @EFBY, EFI. ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

O BFFB\C W. [REFF MBFFEDBQ \QJIO

WE@@YARQU ^EF\CQJW

YCK^ WE\\HKF

;177 Ybvbftbbftc Ytrbbt, F^ ^kscefntjf, LI 17794 171-449-3353

WKR@ L. I@BHBF\

Ijufsb` jd Qbijrl MBDDQBU H. CKQQEY

BLHRFL N. @KIJRQ MQ .

AKFIQJD\ W@@I

277 Fbw Mbrsby Kvbfub, F^ Ybvbftc D`jjr

^kscefntjf, LI 1777;

171-19<-7757 pi`bhbftGakfirjdtp``i.ijh

Ijufsb` djr Eftbrvbfjr-Qbspjflbft

Ybptbhabr 3, 17;2

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb ; jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1 jd ;11 WknbEL <>14



IJQWJQK\B LEYI@JYRQB Y\K\BHBF\

Wursukft tj Dblbrk` Qu`b jd Kppb``ktb Wrjiblurb 14.;(k), Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi.

ibrtedebs tckt et ljbs fjt ckvb k pkrbft ijrpjrktejf kfl tckt fj pua`ei`y cb`l

ijrpjrktejf jwfs hjrb tckf tbf pbribft jd ets stjio.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 1 jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. 1

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 9 jd ;11 WknbEL <>1>



IBQ\EDEIK\B KY \J WKQ\EBY, QR@EFNY, KFL QB@K\BL IKYBY

K. Wkrtebs kfl Kheie .

K`` pkrtebs, eftbrvbfjrs, kfl kheie kppbkrefn ef tces Ijurt krb èstbl ef tcb

Arebd djr Qbspjflbft.

A.

Quèfn Rflbr Qbvebw.

Wbtetejfbr sbbos rbvebw jd k bttbr tcb Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf (‐LJ\‘)

Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` sbft tj tcb Iety jd Lk``ks jf Lbibhabr ;>, 17;<. Fj jddeiek`

ietktejf bxests djr tcb `bttbr, aut et es rbprjluibl ef tcb kppbflex kt MKZZ-ZZ.

I.

Qb`ktbl Iksbs.

\ces iksb cks fjt prbvejus`y abbf abdjrb tces Ijurt jr kfy jtcbr ijurt. \cbrb

krb tcrbb rb`ktbl prjibblefns iurrbft`y pbflefn=

;. Jf Kunust ;9, 17;2, Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs de`bl k pbtetejf djr rbvebw ef

tces Ijurt sbboefn rbvebw jd k rb`ktbl `bttbr essubl ay tcb LJ\ Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` jf

Mufb ;2, 17;2. \cb Mufb ;2tc `bttbr kllrbssbs vbry sehe`kr essubs tj tcb `bttbr abefn

ick``bfnbl ef tces iksb. \ckt pbtetejf cks abbf ljiobtbl ks Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij.

v. Rfetbl Ytktbs Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf, Fj. ;2-;1>4 (L.I. Ier.).

1. \cbrb es k rb`ktbl iksb pbflefn ef tcb R.Y. Lestreit Ijurt djr tcb

Fjrtcbrf Lestreit jd \bxks tckt efvj`vbs tcb skhb LJ\ `bttbr tckt es tcb suambit jd

tces pbtetejf. Ybb Iety jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., Fj. ;2-iv-1745 (F.L. \bx.

de`bl Mufb ;>, 17;2). Ef tckt iksb, tcb Iety jd Lk``ks cks subl LJ\, tcb Dblbrk`

Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf (‐DKK‘), Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs, kfl Lb`tk Ker @efbs, sbboefn



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb < jd ;11 WknbEL <>13



k muleiek` rbsjùtejf jd tcb jfnjefn lesputb jvbr kiibss tj @jvb Deb`l. Khjfn jtcbr

rbèbd, tcb Iety krnubs tckt tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc LJ\ bttbr scju`l ab sbt kselb abikusb

et wks essubl ef vej`ktejf jd tcb Klhefestrktevb Wrjiblurb Kit kfl ^renct

Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774. Yjutcwbst cks k`sj de`bl irjss-i`kehs ef tcb

lestreit ijurt ef wceic et krnubs tckt tcb pjèiy sbt djrtc ef tcb LJ\ bttbr uf`kwdu``y

‐lbprevb_sX Yjutcwbst jd ets prbdbrbftek` nktb rencts kt @jvb Deb`l‘ kfl vej`ktbs tcb

renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit. \cjsb krb tcb skhb krnuhbfts tckt Yjutcwbst

klvkfibs cbrb.

9. Jf Kunust >, 17;2, tcb DKK de`bl k Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf pursukft tj

;< I.D.Q. Wkrt ;4 knkefst tcb Iety jd Lk``ks tj efvbstenktb wcbtcbr tcb Iety vej`ktbl

ets jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw ay ‐dkeèfn tj nrkft jr jtcbrwesb kit jf tcb rbqubst

jd Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi. djr kiijhhjlktejf kt _Lk``ks @jvb Deb`lX.‘ Fjteib jd

Efvbstenktejf, Ef tcb Hkttbr jd Ijhpèkfib wetc Dblbrk` Jaènktejfs ay tcb Iety jd

Lk``ks, \bxks, DKK Ljiobt Fj. ;4-;2-;7 (Kun. >, 17;2). Ef tckt prjibblefn, tcb

Iety we`` ‐ab kddjrlbl k du`` jppjrtufety tj rkesb krnuhbfts jf … kfy _X rb`bvkft

tjpei efiùlefn tcb nuelkfib prjvelbl ay tcb LJ\ `bttbrs jd Lbibhabr 17;< kfl

Mufb 17;2.‘ El. kt ;1. \cb Lbibhabr 17;< LJ\ `bttbr es tcb ick``bfnbl knbfiy

kitejf ef tces iksb.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb < jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. <




\KA@B JD IJF\BF\Y

IJQWJQK\B LEYI@JYRQB Y\K\BHBF\ .......................................................... e

IBQ\EDEIK\B KY \J WKQ\EBY, QR@EFNY, KFL QB@K\BL IKYBY ............... ee

K. Wkrtebs kfl Kheie ..................................................................................ee

A. Quèfn Rflbr Qbvebw ...........................................................................ee

I. Qb`ktbl Iksbs ....................................................................................... ee

\KA@B JD KR\CJQE\EBY ....................................................................................ve

N@JYYKQU JD KAAQBTEK\EJFY ...................................................................... ex

EF\QJLRI\EJF KFL YRHHKQU JD KQNRHBF\ ........................................ ;

Y\K\BHBF\ JD \CB IKYB ..................................................................................9

K.

\cb Iety―s Dblbrk` Nrkft Kssurkfibs ...................................................9

A.

@jvb Deb`l, LD^, kfl tcb ^renct Khbflhbft ................................... <

I.

\cb Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft kfl ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh

Kit ........................................................................................................2

L.

@jvb Deb`l Nktb @bksb Knrbbhbfts ..................................................... 3

B. \cb Iety kfl Yjutcwbst Qbdusb \j Kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk jfQbksjfka`b \brhs ...............................................................................;7

;.

\cb Iety―s bhpty prjhesbs jd kiijhhjlktejf ....................... ;7

1.

LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< @bttbr ............................................;9

9.

LJ\―s Mufb ;2, 17;2 @bttbr .....................................................;2

D. \cb Iety De`bs Yuet ef tcb Fjrtcbrf Lestreit jd \bxks ........................ ;4

N.

LJ\―s Djrhk` Efvbstenktejf eftj tcb Iety―s Ijhpèkfib wetcets Nrkft Kssurkfibs kfl Dblbrk` Jaènktejfs ................................... ;>






KQNRHBF\ ..........................................................................................................;3

E.

Yjutcwbst―s Wbtetejf Djr Qbvebw Ycju`l Ab Leshessbl Ef @enct Jd

LJ\―s Efetektejf Jd K Djrhk` Efvbstenktejf Eftj \cb Iety―sIjhpèkfib êtc Ets Jaènktejfs Rflbr Dblbrk` @kw ................................. ;3

EE. Yjutcwbst―s Yuastkftevb Ick``bfnbs \j LJ\―s @bttbr Dke` Jf \cbHbrets ............................................................................................................19

K.

LJ\―s Nuelkfib ef tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc @bttbr Es Nrjuflbl ef

I`bkr Ytktutjry Kutcjrety ................................................................... 1<

A. ^KQK Qbquerbs, Qktcbr \ckf Wrbiùlbs, Kiijhhjlktejfdjr Lb`tk kt @jvb Deb`l ....................................................................... 14

IJFI@RYEJF .......................................................................................................15

IBQ\EDEIK\B JD IJHW@EKFIB




Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb > jd ;11 WknbEL <>9;



\KA@B JD KR\CJQE\EBY*

Iksbs

Kh. Wbtrj`buh Efst. v. BWK,

1;4 D.9l 27 (L.I. Ier. 1777) ..............................................................................1;

Kh. Wjrt`kfl Ibhbft K`èkfib v. BWK,

;7; D.9l >>1 (L.I. Ier. ;554) ............................................................................1;

Abffbtt v. Ypbkr ,217 R.Y. ;2< (;55>) ............................................................................................;3

Iety & Ifty. jd Ykf Drkfiesij v. DKK,

5<1 D.1l ;95; (5tc Ier. ;55;) .............................................................................14

D`jrelk Wua. \b`bijhhs. Kss'f v. DII ,2< D.9l 32> (L.I. Ier. ;552) ..............................................................................13

D\I v. Ytkflkrl Je` Ij.,

<<5 R.Y. 191 (;537) ............................................................................................19

Eflbp. Bquep. Lbk`brs Kss―f v. BWK, 9>1 D.9l <17 (L.I. Ier. 177<) ............................................................................1;

@jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs v. Rfetbl Ytktbs,

5> Dbl. I`. 922 (17;;) ......................................................................................<, 2

*Fkt―` Hef. Kss―f v. HiIkrtcy,

>23 D.9l 1<9 (L.I. Ier. 17;<) ..................................................................... 17, 11

Wbfjasijt Ker Ybrv. v. DKK,;4< D.9l >;9 (;st Ier. ;555) ...............................................................................14

[ubbfs Ijfibrfbl Fbencajrs v. DKK,

115 D.9l 93> (1l Ier. 1777) ................................................................................12

*Qbèka`b Kutjhktei Yprefo`br Ij. v. IWYI ,91< D.9l >14 (L.I. Ier. 1779) ..................................................................... 17, 19

* Kutcjretebs jf wceic tces arebd icebd`y rbèbs krb hkrobl wetc kf kstbreso.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb > jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. >




Yjsk v. K`vkrbz-Hkickef,

2<1 R.Y. 451 (177<) ............................................................................................13

Te``. jd Abfsbfve``b v. DKK,<2> D.9l 21 (L.I. Ier. 1774) ..............................................................................1;

^cethkf v. Kh. \ruioefn Kss―f,29; R.Y. <2> (177;) ............................................................................................17

Ytktutbs

<5 R.Y.I. §<7;79 .......................................................................................................<

<5 R.Y.I. §<7;;9 .......................................................................................................<

<5 R.Y.I. §<7;;> ........................................................................................1<, 12, 14

<5 R.Y.I. §<4;;7 .....................................................................................................19

<5 R.Y.I. §<>;7> ....................................................................................<, ;<, 12, 1<

<5 R.Y.I. §<>;;; .......................................................................................................<

Wua. @. 5>-1<3, 54 Ytkt. 91< (;531) ...........................................................................<

*^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit,

Wua. @. Fj. ;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;; (Jitjabr ;9, 1774) .............. >, 3, 14, 1>, 13

Qbnu`ktejfs

;< I.D.Q. §;4.;75 ......................................................................................................<

;< I.D.Q. §;4.17> ...................................................................................................11

;< I.D.Q. §;4.9; ........................................................................................................<

Jtcbr Kutcjretebs

Ijhp`keft, Iety jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., bt. k` ,

Fj. ;2-iv-1745 (F.L. \bx. de`bl Mufb ;>, 17;2) ................................................;4

DKK Nrkft Kssurkfib 11.k .........................................................................................<

DKK Nrkft Kssurkfib 19 ............................................................................................<






C.Q. Qbp. Fj. ;75-477 (1774) ...................................................................................2

*Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf, Ef tcb Hkttbr jd Ijhp`ekfib wetc Dblbrk`

Ja`enktejfs ay tcb Iety jd Lk``ks, \bxks,DKK Ljiobt Fj. ;4-;2-;7 (Kun. >, 17;2) .................................. 9, ;>, ;3, 1;, 11

Yjutcwbst―s Kh. Ijhaefbl Qbsp. tj Lb`tk―s Hjt. Djr \QJ,Iety jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., Fj. 9=;2-iv-1745-O

(F.L. \bx.), Lji. Fj. 34 (de`bl Kun. ;;, 17;2) .................................................1;



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;7 jd ;11 WknbEL <>9<



N@JYYKQU JD KAAQBTEK\EJFY

Kaarbvektejf

Iety

LD^

LJ\

DKK

^KQK

Lbdefetejf

Iety jd Lk``ks

Lk``ks/Djrt ^jrtc Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt

R.Y. Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf

Dblbrk` Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf

^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774, Wua. @.;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;; (Jitjabr ;9, 1774)

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb ;7 jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;7

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;; jd ;11 WknbEL <>92



EF\QJLRI\EJF KFL YRHHKQU JD KQNRHBF\

Yefib 1775, Lb tk Ker @efbs cks abbf jpbrktefn kt Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l. Et

iurrbft`y jpbrktbs devb dèncts pbr lky tj ets Kt`kftk cua, wceic jddbrs pkssbfnbrs

ijffbitefn dèncts tj cuflrbls jd lbstefktejfs abyjfl. Aut djr Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs,

wceic cks k vertuk` hjfjpj`y jvbr @jvb Deb`l, tckt es devb dèncts tjj hkfy.

Yjutcwbst ijftrj`s ;3 jd tcb kerpjrt―s 17 nktbs, jpbrktbs up tj ;37 dèncts pbr lky,

kfl ikrrebs fbkr`y k`` jd tcb kerpjrt―s pkssbfnbr trkddei.

Lbspetb (jr pbrckps abikusb jd) ets vertuk`-hjfjpj`y, Yjutcwbst es iurrbft`y

bfnknbl ef k hu`te-drjft ikhpkenf tj lrevb Lb`tk jut jd @jvb Deb`l kfl tcbrbay

bèhefktb tcb `kst vbstenb jd hbkfefndu` ijhpbtetejf kt tcb kerpjrt. \ckt hkfbuvbr,

cjwbvbr, vej`ktbs ajtc dblbrk` kw kfl tcb bksb knrbbhbfts tckt njvbrf nktb kiibss

kt @jvb Deb`l. Ef bxickfnb djr tbfs jd he`èjfs jd lj``krs jd dblbrk` duflefn, tcb Iety

jd Lk``ks“wceic jwfs @jvb Deb`l“cks uflbrtkobf stktutjry jaènktejfs kfl

knrbbl tj nrkft ijfletejfs tckt rbquerb tcb Iety tj hkob tcb kerpjrt kvke`ka`b djr

puaèi usb jf rbksjfka`b tbrhs kfl wetcjut ufmust lesirehefktejf. \cb @jvb Deb`l

nktb bksb knrbbhbfts (tj wceic Yjutcwbst es k senfktjry) k`sj bxprbss`y efijrpjrktb

tcjsb dblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs kfl hkob i`bkr tckt fbw bftrkfts suic ks Lb`tk krb

bftet`bl tj kiijhhjlktejf jf rbksjfka`b tbrhs.

Ef tcb Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< `bttbr tckt Yjutcwbst ick``bfnbs cbrb, tcb Nbfbrk`

Ijufsb` jd tcb Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf prjvelbl ehpjrtkft nuelkfib tj tcb

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb ;; jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;1 jd ;11 WknbEL <>94



Iety uflbrsijrefn ets dblbrk`-`kw jaènktejf tj kiijhhjlktb fbw bftrkfts. \cb

`bttbr rbhefls tcb Iety tckt kiijhhjlktejf hust ab aksbl jf iurrbft nktb usknb kt

tcb tehb jd tcb rbqubst sj tckt kf efiuhabft ikrrebr ikffjt a`jio fbw bftry hbrb`y

ay rkhpefn up ets jwf sicblu`b kdtbr k fbw bftrkft kttbhpts tj nkef kiibss tj tcb

kerpjrt. Yehe`kr`y, tcb `bttbr fjtbs tckt jfib kf bftrkft cks abbf kiijhhjlktbl, et

hky ijftefub tj jpbrktb k sehe`kr pkttbrf jd sbrveib eflbdefetb`y kfl hky fjt ab

‐puscbl jut ay efiuhabft ikrrebrs kt k `ktbr lktb.‘ Kfl tcb `bttbr rbkdderhs tckt

kiijhhjlktejf hust ab jddbrbl kt rbksjfka`b rktbs sj tckt fbw bftrkfts krb fjt

djribl tj pky bxjraetkft dbbs tj efiuhabft ikrrebrs ef jrlbr tj nkef kiibss tj k

dblbrk``y duflbl kerpjrt.

Qbkl ef esj`ktejf, tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr iju`l ab ijfstrubl ks prjvelefn k

lerbitevb tj tcb Iety kajut ets jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw. Yuasbqubft

lbvb`jphbfts, cjwbvbr, ckvb hklb i`bkr abyjfl ikve` tckt tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc bttbr

wks fjt tcb knbfiy―s `kst wjrl. Yefib Yjutcwbst de`bl ets pbtetejf djr rbvebw jd tckt

`bttbr, LJ\ cks fjt jf`y sbft tcb Iety k dj``jw-up `bttbr, aut cks hjrb rbibft`y

jpbfbl k djrhk` efvbstenktejf eftj wcbtcbr tcb Iety cks vej`ktbl ets nrkft kssurkfibs

ay dkeèfn tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk kt @jvb Deb`l. \cb Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf ef tckt

klhefestrktevb prjibblefn ijfderhs tckt LJ\―s lbiesejfhkoefn prjibss es ste``

jfnjefn kfl tckt tcb knbfiy cks fjt ybt ehpjsbl kfy `bnk``y aeflefn jaènktejf jf

betcbr tcb Iety jr Yjutcwbst. Eflbbl, LJ\ cks kdderhktevb`y efvetbl ijhhbfts kajut



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;9 jd ;11 WknbEL <>9>



ets ijfiùsejfs ef tcb bttbr, fjtefn tckt ‐_tXcb Iety we`` ab kddjrlbl k du`` jppjrtufety

tj rkesb krnuhbfts ef tces prjibblefn jf … kfy _X rb`bvkft tjpei efiùlefn tcb

nuelkfib prjvelbl ay tcb LJ\ bttbrs jd Lbibhabr 17;< kfl Mufb 17;2.‘ Fjteib jd

Efvbstenktejf, Ef tcb Hkttbr jd Ijhpèkfib wetc Dblbrk` Jaènktejfs ay tcb Iety jd

Lk``ks, \bxks, DKK Ljiobt Fj. ;4-;2-;7 (Kun. >, 17;2) (‐Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf‘)

(bhpckses kllbl).

Lb`tk tcus knrbbs wetc LJ\ tckt muleiek` rbvebw jd tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr

wju`l ab prbhkturb. LJ\―s djrhk` efvbstenktejf eftj wcbtcbr tcb Iety cks ijhpèbl

wetc ets nrkft kssurkfibs we`` k``jw tcb bxpbrt knbfiy tckt jvbrsbbs tcb dblbrk`

rbnu`ktjry sicbhb tj ijhprbcbfsevb`y kllrbss k`` rb`bvkft `bnk` kfl dkituk` essubs

kresefn jut jd tcb lesputb jvbr kiibss tj @jvb Deb`l. Kt tcb bfl jd tckt prjibss, tcb

`jsefn pkrty ikf sbbo muleiek` rbvebw jd LJ\―s kitejf ef tces Ijurt aksbl jf k du``y

lbvb`jpbl klhefestrktevb rbijrl. Ef tcb hbkftehb, tces Ijurt scju`l leshess

Yjutcwbst―s pbtetejf djr rbvebw kfl k``jw tcb klhefestrktevb prjibss tj ruf ets

ijursb.

Y\K\BHBF\ JD \CB IKYB

K. \cb Iety―s Dblbrk` Nrkft Kssurkfibs

\cb dblbrk` njvbrfhbft prjvelbs senfedeikft defkfiek` kssestkfib tj puaèi-usb

kerpjrts tcrjunc tcb Kerpjrt Ehprjvbhbft Wrjnrkh. Ef bxickfnb djr tcjsb dblbrk`

dufls, kerpjrt spjfsjrs èob tcb Iety jd Lk``ks hust knrbb tj ijhp`y wetc stktutjry



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;< jd ;11 WknbEL <>93



jaènktejfs kfl rb`ktbl nrkft kssurkfibs wce`b jpbrktefn tcber kerpjrts. \cb nrkft

kssurkfibs krb lbsenfbl tj sbrvb tcb purpjsbs jd ‐djstbrefn ijhpbtetejf, prbvbftefn

ufdker hbtcjls jd ijhpbtetejf ef ker trkfspjrtktejf, hkeftkefefn bssbftek` ker

trkfspjrtktejf, kfl prbvbftefn ufmust kfl lesirehefktjry prkiteibs.‘ Wua. @. 5>-1<3,

54 Ytkt. 91< (;531). LJ\, tcrjunc tcb DKK, cks kutcjrety tj bfsurb tckt spjfsjrs

ijhp`y wetc tcber nrkft kssurkfibs kfl jtcbr dblbrk` jaènktejfs. Ybb <5 R.Y.I.

§§<7;;9, <>;7>(n). Ed LJ\ defls tckt kf kerpjrt spjfsjr cks vej`ktbl jfb jd ets

dblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs, et ikf wetccj`l dblbrk` dufls drjh tckt kerpjrt. Ybb <5

R.Y.I. §<>;;;(l)? ;< I.D.Q. §§;4.9;, ;4.;75.

\ces iksb ehpèiktbs twj dblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs tckt rbquerb tcb Iety tj=

(;) hkob @jvb Deb`l kvke`ka`b ‐ks kf kerpjrt djr puaèi usb jf rbksjfka`b tbrhs kfl

wetcjut ufmust lesirehefktejf,‘ DKK Nrkft Kssurkfib 11.k (ehp`bhbftefn <5 R.Y.I.

§<>;7>(k)(;))? kfl (1) bfsurb tckt tcb Iety ljbs fjt lerbit`y jr eflerbit`y nrkft kfy

ikrrebr kf bxiùsevb renct tj usb @jvb Deb`l, sbb Nrkft Kssurkfib 19 (ehp`bhbftefn

<5 R.Y.I. §§<7;79(b) kfl <>;7>(k)(<)). \kobf tjnbtcbr, tcbsb nrkft kssurkfibs kfl

dblbrk` stktutbs rbquerb tcb Iety tj kiijhhjlktb fbw bftrkfts tj @jvb Deb`l jf

rbksjfka`b tbrhs kfl ijfletejfs.

A. @jvb Deb`l, LD^, kfl tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

@jvb Deb`l abikhb tcb hufeiepk` kerpjrt djr Lk``ks ef tcb ktb ;517s. Ybb @jvb

\brhefk` Wkrtfbrs v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 5> Dbl. I`. 922, 941 (17;;). Ef ;543, tcb ietebs

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb ;< jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;<

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;2 jd ;11 WknbEL <>95



jd Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc knrbbl tj aue`l Lk``ks/Djrt ^jrtc Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt

(‐LD^‘), wceic wju`l ab `jiktbl ck`dwky abtwbbf tcb twj ietebs. Abdjrb

ijfstruitejf abnkf, k`` jd tcb kerèfbs tckt wbrb tcbf sbrvefn Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc

knrbbl tj trkfsdbr tcber jpbrktejfs tj LD^. El. Ef ;5>;, Yjutcwbst abnkf jpbrktefn

kt @jvb Deb`l, efetek``y prjvelefn sbrveib jf`y wetcef \bxks. El. ^cbf LD^ jpbfbl

ef ;5>9, Yjutcwbst rbhkefbl kt @jvb Deb`l, wce`b tcb jtcbr kerèfbs hjvbl tj LD^

ks tcby ckl knrbbl. Ybb C.Q. Qbp. Fj. ;75-477, pt. ;, kt 1 (1774).

Ef ;5>3, Ijfnrbss lbrbnu`ktbl tcb kerèfb eflustry, kfl Yjutcwbst abnkf

p`kffefn tj jddbr dèncts drjh @jvb Deb`l tj pjefts jutselb jd \bxks. El. Hkfy puaèi

jddeiek`s ef \bxks wjrrebl tckt efirbksbl ijhpbtetejf drjh @jvb Deb`l wju`l

bflkfnbr LD^―s defkfiek` vekaeèty. \cus, ef ;5>5, Ijfnrbss bfkitbl tcb ^renct

Khbflhbft, wceic prjvelbl tckt ikrrebrs jpbrktefn hbleuh kfl krnb kerirkdt iju`l

jf`y sbrvb ietebs ef \bxks kfl ets djur surrjuflefn stktbs (Krokfsks, Fbw Hbxeij,

@juesekfk, kfl Jo`kcjhk) drjh @jvb Deb`l. Ybb @jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs, 5> Dbl.

I`. kt 949. @ktbr khbflhbfts tj tcb renct Khbflhbft kllbl K`kakhk, Okfsks,

Hessesseppe, kfl Hessjure tj tcb @jvb Deb`l sbrveib krbk.

I. \cb Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft kfl ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit

;. Ef rbspjfsb tj ik``s djr eabrkèzktejf jr bèhefktejf jd dènct rbstreitejfs

kt @jvb Deb`l, tcb Ietebs jd Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc, tcb LD^ Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt

Ajkrl, Khbreikf Kerèfbs, kfl Yjutcwbst bftbrbl eftj kf knrbbhbft (tcb ‐Devb Wkrty



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;4 jd ;11 WknbEL <><7



Knrbbhbft‘) jf Mu`y ;;, 1774, tj njvbrf duturb jpbrktejfs kfl lbvb`jphbft kt @jvb

Deb`l. MKZ-Z(DevbZWkrtyZKnrbbhbft).

Khjfn jtcbr njk`s, tcb Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft sjunct tcb bfkithbft jd

`bnes`ktejf tckt wju`l khbfl, kfl bvbftuk``y rbpbk`, tcb ^renct Khbflhbft―s

èhetktejfs jf @jvb Deb`l jpbrktejfs. MKZ( El .ZKrt.;Z§;). \cb knrbbhbft rbquerbl

tcb Iety jd Lk``ks tj rbluib nktb ikpkiety kt @jvb Deb`l drjh 91 tj 17 nktbs, kfl tj

nrkft prbdbrbftek` usb jd ;4 nktbs tj Yjutcwbst, 1 nktbs tj Khbreikf, kfl 1 nktbs tj

BxprbssMbt Kerèfbs, Efi. MKZ( El. ZKrt.EZ§9.a).; \cb knrbbhbft k`sj ehpjsbl

pbfk`tebs jf Yjutcwbst ed et wbrb tj kiquerb k nktb kt LD ? sehe`kr pbfk`tebs kppèbl

tj Khbreikf ed et wbrb tj kiquerb k fbw nktb kt @jvb Deb`l. MKZ( El .ZKrt.EZ§§;7-;;).

Ijfsestbft wetc tcb Iety―s dblbrk` jaènktejfs ks k rbiepebft jd dblbrk` kerpjrt

nrkfts, tcb Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft k`sj efiùlbs k ‐djribl kiijhhjlktejf‘ prjvesejf

tj bfsurb tckt fbw bftrkfts wju`l ab ka`b tj kiibss @jvb Deb`l. \cb Knrbbhbft

prjvelbs tckt ‐_tXj tcb bxtbft k fbw bftrkft ikrrebr sbbos tj bftbr @jvb Deb`l, tcb Iety

jd Lk``ks we`` sbbo vjùftkry kiijhhjlktejf drjh ets bxestefn ikrrebrs tj

kiijhhjlktb tcb fbw bftrkft sbrveib.‘ MKZ( El. ZKrt.EZ§9.a.). Aut ed ‐bxestefn

ikrrebrs krb fjt ka`b jr krb fjt we`èfn tj kiijhhjlktb tcb fbw bftrkft sbrveib, tcbf

; BxprbssMbt―s nktbs wbrb `ktbr kiquerbl ay Rfetbl Kerèfbs.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;> jd ;11 WknbEL <><;



tcb Iety jd Lk``ks knrbbs tj rbquerb tcb sckrefn jd prbdbrbftek` `bksb nktbs, pursukft

tj Lk``ks― bxestefn `bksb krrkfnbhbfts.‘ El.

1. Ef 1774, Ijfnrbss bfkitbl tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit

(‐^KQK‘), Wua. @. Fj. ;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;;, wceic ijledebl sbvbrk` jd tcb oby

prjvesejfs jd tcb Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft. ^KQK prjvelbl tckt tcb èhetktejfs jf

dèncts tj kfl drjh @jvb Deb`l wju`l bfl jf Jitjabr ;9, 17;<, kfl pbrhkfbft`y

ikppbl tcb fuhabr jd @jvb Deb`l nktbs kt 17. \cb stktutb k`sj bxprbss`y rbquerbl tcb

Iety ‐tj kiijhhjlktb fbw bftrkft ker ikrrebrs‘ ay ‐cjfjr_efnX tcb sikrib rbsjurib

prjvesejf jd tcb bxestefn @jvb Deb`l `bksbs.‘ ^KQK §2(k).

^KQK k`sj rbkdderhbl LJ\―s kutcjrety tj rbquerb dker trbkthbft jd fbw

bftrkfts kt @jvb Deb`l, prjvelefn tckt=

Fjtcefn ef tces Kit sck`` ab ijfstrubl … tj èhet tcb kutcjrety jd tcb

Dblbrk` Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf jr kfy jtcbr Dblbrk` knbfiy tj bfdjrib

rbquerbhbfts jd kw kfl nrkft kssurkfibs … tckt ehpjsb jaènktejfs jf@jvb Deb`l tj hkob ets dkieètebs kvke`ka`b jf k rbksjfka`b kfl

fjflesirehefktjry akses tj ker ikrrebrs sbboefn tj usb suic dkieètebs, jrtj wetccj`l nrkfts jr lbfy kppèiktejfs tj kppèikfts vej`ktefn suic

jaènktejfs wetc rbspbit tj @jvb Deb`l.

El. §2(b)(;)(B). \cb Kit durtcbr stktbs tckt tces prjvesejf sck` fjt ab ijfstrubl tj

‐rbquerb‘ tcb Iety ‐tj hjledy jr bèhefktb prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksbs … ef jrlbr tj

k``jiktb nktb ikpkiety tj fbw bftrkfts jr tj irbktb ijhhjf usb nktbs, uf`bss suic

hjledeiktejf jr bèhefktejf es ehp`bhbftbl jf k fktejfwelb akses.‘ El.

§2(b)(1)(A)(ee). \cb stktutb tcus lrkws k i`bkr èfb abtwbbf ‐kiijhhjlktejf‘ jd k

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb ;> jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;>




fbw bftrkft ay bxestefn `bksbcj`lbrs “ wceic es rbquerbl ay sbitejf 2(k) jd

^KQK “kfl ‐hjledeiktejf‘ jr ‐bèhefktejf‘ jd k prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksb, wceic es

èhetbl ef ibrtkef rbspbits ay sbitejf 2(b)(1)(A)(ee).

L.

@jvb Deb`l Nktb @bksb Knrbbhbfts

Ijfsestbft wetc tcb Iety―s jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw, tcb nktb `bksb

knrbbhbfts djr ikrrebrs jpbrktefn kt @jvb Deb`l k`sj ijftkef ‐sikrib rbsjurib‘

prjvesejfs lbsenfbl tj bfsurb tckt fbw bftrkfts we`` ckvb kiibss tj @jvb Deb`l jf

rbksjfka`b tbrhs. \cjsb `bksb knrbbhbfts sbt djrtc k hu`te-stbp ‐kiijhhjlktejf‘

prjibss ef wceic k senfktjry kerèfb betcbr knrbbs tj kiijhhjlktb jr es djribl tj

kiijhhjlktb k fbw bftrkft tckt sbbos kiibss tj nktb spkib.

Ed k fbw bftrkft ikrrebr sbbos tj abnef sbrveib kt @jvb Deb`l, tcb Iety we`` derst

‐sbbo vjùftkry kiijhhjlktejf‘ drjh tcb efiuhabft kerèfbs.

MKZ(@bksbZKnrbbhbftZ§<.74.L.<). Ed tcb efiuhabfts ‐krb fjt ka`b jr krb fjt

we`èfn tj kiijhhjlktb tcb fbw bftrkft sbrveib, tcbf tcb Iety knrbbs tj rbquerb tcb

sckrefn jd Kerèfbs― Wrbdbrbftek` Rsb Ypkib kfl Nktbs.‘ MKZ( El.). Jfib

kiijhhjlktejf cks abbf djribl, tcb efiuhabft hky kssbss ‐rbksjfka`b dbbs kfl

ickrnbs uflbr kf kpprjprektb ijftrkit djr sbrveibs rbflbrbl tj, jr sua`bksbl dkieètebs

sckrbl wetc‘ tcb fbw bftrkft? kfy suic dbbs hust ab aksbl jf tcb efiuhabft kerèfb―s

ijsts pùs k rbksjfka`b dbb djr klhefestrktejf. MKZ( El .Z§<.74.D.<.i). \cb efiuhabft

kerèfb tcus rbtkefs ets rencts ef tcb uflbr`yefn `bksb, aut tcb kerpjrt cks bddbitevb`y






djribl et tj bftbr k sua`bksb wetc tcb fbw bftrkft. \cus, uflbr k djribl

kiijhhjlktejf, bvbf tcjunc tcb senfktjry kerèfb ikffjt jpbrktb dèncts drjh ets

nktb kt ibrtkef tehbs, et ijftefubs tj lbrevb rbvbfub drjh tcb `bksb tckt et wju`l fjt

ckvb rbibevbl ed tcb nktb wbrb bfterb`y rbkssenfbl tj kfjtcbr kerèfb jr lbsenfktbl djr

ijhhjf usb.

Ef ijftrkst, ‐hjledeiktejf‘ jd nktb bksb knrbbhbfts es njvbrfbl ay k sbpkrktb

‐Ijhpbtetevb Kiibss‘ prjvesejf tckt k``jws djr hjrb lrkstei hbksurbs ed tcb dblbrk`

njvbrfhbft tcrbktbfs tj wetccj`l kerpjrt duflefn. MKZ( El .Z§;<.71). Rflbr tckt

prjvesejf, ed ‐tcb dblbrk` njvbrfhbft tcrbktbfs tj wetccj`l dblbrk` kssestkfib, jr

jtcbr skfitejfs, ks k rbsu`t jd suic rbvebw, Iety kfl Kerèfb knrbb tj hjledy tces

Knrbbhbft kiijrlefn`y tj rbd`bit kfy fbibsskry ickfnb ks k rbsu`t jd suic kitejf.‘

MKZ( El .) (bhpckses kllbl). \cus, wce`b kiijhhjlktejf hbrb`y rbquerbs k senfktjry

kerèfb tj kiibpt k sua`bksb, hjledeiktejf ikf tkob kwky tcb senfktjry―s uflbr`yefn

renct tj tcb `bksb k`tjnbtcbr.

Defk``y, tcb @jvb Deb`l nktb `bksb knrbbhbft k`sj ijfderhs tckt kfy rencts tcb

Iety nrkfts tj kf kerèfb hust ab ijfsestbft wetc (kfl suajrlefktb tj) tcb Iety―s

jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw. Ybb MKZ, Z, Z, Z(el .Z§§;<.75,Z;<.;4,Z;<.;5,Z;<.9<).

\cb kiijhhjlktejf kfl hjledeiktejf prjvesejfs jd tcb bksbs krb tcus knrbbl-upjf

tjj`s tckt tcb Iety ikf usb tj bfsurb tckt et rbhkefs ef du`` ijhpèkfib wetc ets nrkft

kssurkfibs kfl k`` jtcbr dblbrk` kw jaènktejfs.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 17 jd ;11 WknbEL <><<



B. \cb Iety kfl Yjutcwbst Qbdusb \j Kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk jf

Qbksjfka`b \brhs

Ef ènct jd tcb Iety―s dblbrk` stktutjry kfl nrkft kssurkfib jaènktejfs, tcb

p`kef tbxt jd KQK, kfl tcb sikrib rbsjurib prjvesejfs jd tcb nktb bksb knrbbhbfts,

et scju`l ckvb abbf irystk` i`bkr tj Yjutcwbst kfl tcb Iety tckt Lb`tk wks bftet`bl tj

kiijhhjlktejf jf rbksjfka`b tbrhs djr ets ehetbl sicblu`b jd dèncts kt @jvb Deb`l.

Aut knnrbssevb hjvbs ay Yjutcwbst, kelbl ay iurejus lbiesejfs kfl djjt-lrknnefn

ay tcb Iety, fjw tcrbktbf tj djrib Lb`tk jut jd @jvb Deb`l kfl rbefdjrib Yjutcwbst―s

fbkr-hjfjpj`y kt tcb kerpjrt.

;.

\cb Iety―s bhpty prjhesbs jd kiijhhjlktejf

Ef 1775, Lb`tk abnkf jpbrktefn kt @jvb Deb`l ay sua`bksefn k nktb drjh

Khbreikf Kerèfbs. Efetek``y, tckt sbrveib wks prjvelbl tj Lb`tk―s Hbhpces cua, kfl

`ktbr wks efirbksbl tj tcb devb lke`y dèncts Lb`tk fjw jddbrs tj Kt`kftk. \ces sbrveib

cks arjunct huic-fbblbl ijhpbtetejf tj @jvb Deb`l, kfl iurrbft`y k``jws Lk``ks

pkssbfnbrs ijfvbfebft kiibss tj cuflrbls jd lbstefktejfs krjufl tcb wjr`l tcrjunc

Lb`tk―s Kt`kftk cua. Aut ef hel-17;<, Khbreikf efdjrhbl Lb`tk tckt et wju`l

tbrhefktb tcb sua`bksb bddbitevb Jitjabr ;1, 17;<.1

1 \cb Lbpkrthbft jd Musteib rbquerbl Khbreikf tj levbst ets nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l

ks k ijfletejf jd kpprjvefn Khbreikf―s hbrnbr wetc RY Kerwkys. Khbreikfu`tehktb`y trkfsdbrrbl tcjsb nktbs tj Ternef Khbreik.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1; jd ;11 WknbEL <><2



Dj``jwefn tcb prjiblurbs sbt djrtc ef tcb @jvb Deb`l nktb `bksb knrbbhbfts,

Lb`tk ehhblektb`y abnkf sbboefn kiijhhjlktejf drjh tcb Iety kfl tcb efiuhabft

kerèfbs. MKZ-Z(Ybpt.Z;3Z17;<ZYckffjfZ@bttbr). \cb Iety kssurbl Lb`tk tckt et

wju`l ab kiijhhjlktbl kfl fjtedebl senfktjry kerèfbs tckt tcb Iety wju`l djrib

kiijhhjlktejf ed fj kerèfb vjùftkre`y kiijhhjlktbl Lb`tk wetcef 97 lkys.

MKZ( El.). Aut wcbf tcbsb 97 lkys pkssbl, tcb Iety lel fjtcefn. Efstbkl, jf

Ybptbhabr 15tc, tcb Iety rbvbrsbl ijursb, efdjrhefn Lb`tk djr tcb derst tehb tckt et

wju`l fjt ab kiijhhjlktbl. MKZ-Z (Ybpt.Z15Z17;<ZLubafbrZ@bttbr). \cb Iety

aksbl ets lbiesejf ef pkrt jf Yjutcwbst―s prjpjsbl p`kf tj kiquerb bvbf hjrb @jvb

Deb`l nktb spkib drjh Rfetbl. MKZ( El.). Abikusb jd tcb Iety―s efkitejf, Lb`tk wks

djribl tj senf k scjrt-tbrh sua`bksb wetc Yjutcwbst jf ufdkvjrka`b tbrhs tckt

k``jwbl et tj ijftefub jpbrktefn jf`y tcrjunc Mkfukry 4, 17;2.

Kdtbr Lb`tk knkef bxp`kefbl wcy et wks bftet`bl tj kiijhhjlktejf uflbr ajtc

dblbrk` `kw kfl tcb `bksb knrbbhbfts, sbb MKZ(Jit.Z1Z[ueffZ@bttbr), tcb Iety

kffjufibl tckt et eftbflbl tj lbvb`jp k djrhk` kiijhhjlktejf pjèiy tj kllrbss

Lb`tk―s pbflefn rbqubst, sbb MKZ-Z(Fjv.Z;7Z17;<ZHbhj.ZdrjhZIety). \cb Iety

kffjufibl ets pjèiy `bss tckf twj wbbos `ktbr, jf Lbibhabr ;, 17;<. Rflbr tckt

pjèiy, tcb Iety wju`l abnef ets kiijhhjlktejf kfk`yses ay lbtbrhefefn ‐k

–Yfkpscjt Lktb― tckt we`` stkrt tcb tehb pbrejl djr kssbssefn rbksjfka`b

kiijhhjlktejf.‘ MKZ(@jvbZDeb`lZKiijh.ZIretbrekZ;). \cb Yfkpscjt Lktb

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 1; jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. 1;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 11 jd ;11 WknbEL <><4



‐_jXrlefkre`y‘ we`` ab ‐tcb lktb jf wceic tcb Iety rbibevbl tcb djrhk` rbqubst djr

kiijhhjlktejf.‘ MKZ( El.). Jfib k Yfkpscjt Lktb wks sb`bitbl, tcb Iety wju`l

ijfselbr tcb jtcbr ikrrebrs― sicblu`bs kfl nktb uteèzktejf bddeiebfiy tj lbtbrhefb

wceic ikrrebr wju`l ab rbquerbl tj kiijhhjlktb tcb fbw bftrkft. MKZ( El.).

\cb Iety sb`bitbl Fjvbhabr 2, 17;<, ks tcb Yfkpscjt Lktb djr Lb`tk―s

kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst. Aksbl jf Yjutcwbst―s kffjufibl sicblu`b ks jd tckt lktb,

tcbrb es fj qubstejf tckt Lb`tk iju`l ckvb abbf kiijhhjlktbl jf Yjutcwbst―s nktbs.

Lurefn tcb sex-hjftc wefljw abtwbbf Fjvbhabr 2, 17;< kfl Kpre` <, 17;2,

Yjutcwbst wks jpbrktefn fj hjrb tckf ;29 dèncts pbr lky jut jd sextbbf nktbs kt

@jvb Deb`l. MKZ(Qbsp.ZdrjhZYjutcwbstZtjZIetyZ5). Nevbf tckt bkic nktb kt @jvb

Deb`l ikf kiijhhjlktb kt `bkst tbf dèncts pbr lky, Yjutcwbst iju`l ckvb bkse`y

kiijhhjlktbl Lb`tk―s devb lke`y dèncts jf jfb jd ets sextbbf `bksbl nktbs wetcjut

kfy lesruptejf tj jr eftbrdbrbfib wetc ets jpbrktejfs.

Jf Lbibhabr ;, 17;<, tcb Iety knkef kffjufibl tckt Lb`tk wju`l ab

kiijhhjlktbl kt @jvb Deb`l. MKZ-Z(Lbi.Z;Z17;<Z@bttbrZdrjhZIety). \cb Iety

efstruitbl bkic jd tcb tcrbb efiuhabft ikrrebrs tj ‐ijfselbr wcbtcbr et ikf

kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk―s rbqubst.‘ MKZ( El. Z1) (bhpckses kllbl). \cb Iety stktbl tckt

‐_jXf Lbibhabr 9;, 17;<, ed wb ckvb fjt rbibevbl fjtedeiktejf tckt Lb`tk cks abbf

vjùftkre`y kiijhhjlktbl, tcb Iety we`` hkob k hkflktjry kiijhhjlktejf ks

prjvelbl ef tcb Rsb kfl @bksb Knrbbhbft.‘ MKZ( El.) (bhpckses kllbl).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 19 jd ;11 WknbEL <><>



1. LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< @bttbr

Lbspetb tcb Iety―s rbpbktbl prjhesbs tckt et wju`l ijhp`y wetc ets dblbrk`

jaènktejfs kfl kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk, ef Lbibhabr 17;<, tcb Iety sjunct klletejfk`

lerbitejf drjh LJ\ rbnkrlefn tcjsb jaènktejfs. Jf Lbibhabr ;>, 17;<, LJ\―s

Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` rbetbrktbl LJ\―s `jfnstkflefn pjsetejf jf kiijhhjlktejf kfl

prjvelbl tcb Iety wetc nuelkfib rbnkrlefn ets jaènktejfs uflbr tcb rb`bvkft dblbrk`

stktutbs kfl nrkft kssurkfibs. MKZ(DerstZLJ\Z@bttbrZ1). LJ\ efdjrhbl tcb Iety

tckt ed Lb`tk iju`l fjt krrkfnb vjùftkry kiijhhjlktejf wetc kf efiuhabft kerèfb,

LJ\ ‐bxpbit_blX‘ tckt ‐tcb Iety we`` kiijhhjlktb tcb rbqubstefn ikrrebr tj tcb

bxtbft pjssea`b nevbf tcb iurrbft nktb usknb, wetcjut ehpkitefn iurrbft jr k`rbkly-

kffjufibl, djr-sk`b sbrveibs ay tcb senfktjry ikrrebrs.‘ MKZ( El.).

LJ\ bhpcksezbl tckt tcb lbtbrhefktejf jd wcbtcbr kiijhhjlktejf es

‐pjssea`b nevbf tcb iurrbft nktb usknb‘ scju`l ab hklb ‐aksbl jf tcb kvke`ka`b spkib

jf tcb sfkpscjt lktb jd tcb jrenefk` kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst.‘ MKZ( El.). \cus, ed kf

efiuhabft ikrrebr kffjufibs p`kfs djr k duturb efirbksb ef sbrveib kdtbr rbibevefn k

rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf, tcb Iety scju`l fjt ijfselbr tcjsb p`kffbl duturb

sbrveib efirbksbs wcbf lbtbrhefefn wcbtcbr kiijhhjlktejf es pjssea`b. K d enct

hky ab ijfselbrbl ks pkrt jd tcb kiijhhjlktejf kfk`yses jf`y ed et wks betcbr

‐iurrbft_`yX‘ jpbrktbl jr pkrt jd tcb senfktjry ikrrebr―s ‐k`rbkly-kffjufibl, djr-sk`b

sbrveibs‘ ks jd tcb lktb jd tcb kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst. MKZ( El.).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1< jd ;11 WknbEL <><3



LJ\ k`sj fjtbl tckt, djr kiijhhjlktejf tj hbkfefndu``y klvkfib tcb

purpjsbs jd \et`b <5 kfl tcb nrkft kssurkfibs, kf kerpjrt scju`l fjt k``jw kf

kiijhhjlktbl kerèfb tj ab ‐puscbl jut ay efiuhabft ikrrebrs kt k `ktbr lktb.‘

MKZ( El.). \cus, kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebrs scju`l ab k``jwbl tj ijftefub jpbrktefn

tcber dèncts sj `jfn ks tcby hkeftkef k sehe`kr pkttbrf jd sbrveib. MKZ( El.).

Defk``y, LJ\ stktbl tckt <5 R.Y.I. §<>;7>(k)(;), wceic prjvelbs tckt @jvb

Deb`l hust ab hklb ‐kvke`ka`b djr puaèi usb jf rbksjfka`b ijfletejfs kfl wetcjut

ufmust lesirehefktejf,‘ rbquerbs tcb Iety tj ‐bfsurb tckt tcb kiijhhjlktejf es kt

rbksjfka`b rktbs.‘ MKZ( El. Z9). LJ\ efdjrhbl tcb Iety tckt rktbs wju`l nbfbrk``y

ab ijfselbrbl rbksjfka`b ks `jfn ks tcby wbrb èhetbl tj ‐tcb senfktjry ikrrebr―s

lerbit `bksefn ijsts djr tcb prj-rktk sckrb jd sua`bksbl dkieètebs, pùs k rbksjfka`b

k``jwkfib djr klhefestrktejf‘ tckt hky fjt bxibbl 12%. MKZ( El.).

Ef rbspjfsb tj LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr, tcb Iety lel bssbftek``y fjtcefn.

Lbspetb ets prjhesb tj ‐hkob k hkflktjry kiijhhjlktejf‘ jf Lbibhabr 9;st

uf`bss et rbibevbl k fjteib jd vjùftkry kiijhhjlktejf, tckt lky ikhb kfl wbft

wetcjut betcbr k vjùftkry kiijhhjlktejf jr k djribl kiijhhjlktejf. Ycjrt`y

tcbrbkdtbr, Lb`tk wks djribl tj bftbr eftj ybt kfjtcbr scjrt-tbrh sua`bksb knrbbhbft

(tces tehb wetc Rfetbl) tckt k``jwbl et tj ijftefub jpbrktefn tcrjunc Mu`y 4, 17;2.

Qbhkroka`y, bvbf ks tcb Iety wks enfjrefn Lb`tk―s rbpbktbl rbqubsts djr

kiijhhjlktejf, et wks sehu`tkfbjus`y cb`pefn Yjutcwbst hjvb i`jsbr tj tjtk`

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 1< jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. 1<

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 12 jd ;11 WknbEL <><5



ijftrj` jd @jvb Deb`l. Ef hel-17;<, Yjutcwbst rbkicbl kf knrbbhbft tj sua`bksb

Rfetbl―s twj nktbs tcrjunc 1713, wceic wju`l nevb Yjutcwbst ijftrj` jvbr ;3 jd

tcb 17 nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l. MKZ(Rfetbl-YjutcwbstZYua`bksbZ§1). \cb sua`bksb,

cjwbvbr, iju`l fjt tkob bddbit wetcjut tcb Iety―s ijfsbft.

MKZ(@bksbZKnrbbhbftZ§;9.7;). Bvbf tcjunc Yjutcwbst―s d`encts k`rbkly

kiijuftbl djr hjrb tckf 54% jd k`` pkssbfnbr bfp`kfbhbfts kt @jvb Deb`l,

MKZ(Lbi.Z;;Z17;<[email protected][ueff), kfl bvbf tcjunc Lb`tk―s rbqubst djr

kiijhhjlktejf rbhkefbl ef `ehaj, tcb Iety kpprjvbl Yjutcwbst―s sua`bksb jd

Rfetbl―s nktbs jf Mkfukry 13, 17;2. MKZ-Z(Ijfsbft tj Yua`bksb).

Hbkfwce`b, Lb`tk ijftefubl tj prbss tcb Iety tj cjfjr ets rbpbktbl prjhesbs

djr kiijhhjlktejf. Kfl, bvbf tcjunc LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< `bttbr ckl dke bl

tj prjhpt tcb Iety tj kitejf, jf Dbarukry ;9, 17;2, Yjutcwbst pbtetejfbl tces Ijurt

djr rbvebw jd tckt `bttbr jf tcb tcbjry tckt et ijfstetutbl defk` knbfiy kitejf.

9.

LJ\―s Mufb ;2, 17;2 @bttbr

\crjuncjut tcb sprefn jd 17;2, tcb Iety ijftefubl tj lb`ky kfy kitejf jf

Lb`tk―s rbqubst ay efsestefn tckt et fbblbl ste`` hjrb nuelkfib drjh LJ\ abdjrb et

iju`l lbielb cjw tj prjibbl. Jf Mufb ;2, 17;2, LJ\ rbspjflbl tj tcb Iety―s

rbqubst ay sbflefn kfjtcbr bttbr. MKZ-Z(YbijflZLJ\Z@bttbr). \cjunc LJ\ stktbl

tckt ets derst bttbr ‐prjvelbl suddeiebft nuelkfib tj pbrhet tcb Iety tj kssbss kfl hkob

k lbtbrhefktejf rbnkrlefn Lb`tk―s rbqubsts,‘ LJ\ rbetbrktbl ets pjsetejf rbnkrlefn






tcb `bfntc jd kiijhhjlktejfs. MKZ( El.). LJ\ jddbrbl tcb ijhhjf-sbfsb

jasbrvktejf tckt kiijhhjlktejf wju`l ab bijfjheik``y hbkfefn`bss ed k senfktjry

kerèfb iju`l ‐a`jio k rbqubstefn ikrrebr drjh kiibssefn @jvb Deb`l ay kffjufiefn

duturb p`kfs tj bxpkfl sbrveib _X kdtbr kf kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst es hklb.‘

MKZ( El. Z9). LJ\ ijfiùlbl ets `bttbr wetc k rbheflbr tckt ‐et es tcb Iety―s

rbspjfseaeèty tj lbielb cjw tj kit jf Lb`tk―s rbqubst‘ ef tcb derst efstkfib.

MKZ( El. Z<).

D.

\cb Iety De`bs Yuet ef tcb Fjrtcbrf Lestreit jd \bxks

Qktcbr tckf cbblefn LJ\―s klveib kfl defk``y hkoefn k lbiesejf jf Lb`tk―s

ybkr-j`l rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf, tcb Iety de`bl k rbhkroka`b `kwsuet knkefst

LJ\, DKK, Lb`tk, Yjutcwbst, Ternef, Khbreikf, Rfetbl, kfl Ybkpjrt Kerèfbs ef

dblbrk` lestreit ijurt ef Lk``ks. Ybb Ijhp`keft, Iety jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs,

Efi., bt. k` , Fj. ;2-1745 (F.L. \bx. de`bl Mufb ;>, 17;2). Bvbf tcjunc tcb Iety wks

tcb jwfbr kfl jpbrktjr jd tcb kerpjrt kfl wks i`bkr`y rbspjfsea`b djr hkoefn

kiijhhjlktejf lbiesejfs ef tcb derst efstkfib, tcb Iety tcrbw up ets ckfls, i`kehbl

tckt et wks dkiefn ‐ijfdèitefn lbhkfls,‘ kfl de`bl wckt bddbitevb`y khjufts tj kf

‐eftbrp`bklbr‘ ijfibrfefn ets rbspjfseaeèty jvbr @jvb Deb`l ay ksoefn tcb lestreit

ijurt tj ‐lbi`krb tcb rencts kfl `bnk` jaènktejfs‘ jd k`` pkrtebs tj tcb lesputb. Must

twj lkys ktbr, Yjutcwbst de`bl k 2>-pknb kfswbr wetc hu`tep`b irjss-i`kehs knkefst



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 1> jd ;11 WknbEL <>2;



Lb`tk kfl k du``y arebdbl hjtejf djr k tbhpjrkry rbstrkefefn jrlbr sbboefn tj bveit

Lb`tk drjh @jvb Deb`l.

Kdtbr Lb`tk de`bl ets jwf hjtejf djr k tbhpjrkry rbstrkefefn jrlbr ksoefn tcb

ijurt tj bfmjef Yjutcwbst drjh eftbrdbrefn wetc Lb`tk―s dènct sicblu`b, Yjutcwbst

knrbbl tj k``jw Lb`tk tj ijftefub jpbrktefn kt @jvb Deb`l ufte` Ybptbhabr 97tc.

\cjunc Yjutcwbst ckl prbvejus`y sunnbstbl tckt et wju`l ab ehpjssea`b djr et tj

bxpkfl tj ;37 dèncts pbr lky uf`bss Lb`tk ibksbl ets devb dèncts, sbb Yjutcwbst

Ar. 92 (;37 dèncts ‐es du`` uteèzktejf uflbr kfy pjssea`b sibfkrej‘), Yjutcwbst es

fjw jpbrktefn ;37 dèncts pbr lky k`jfnselb Lb`tk―s devb dèncts, tcbrbay ijfderhefn

tckt tcbrb es rjjh kt @jvb Deb`l tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk.

\cb Iety―s suet rbhkefs pbflefn ef tcb Fjrtcbrf Lestreit jd \bxks, kfl es

iurrbft`y prjibblefn tjwkrls k prbèhefkry efmufitejf cbkrefn kfl u`tehktb`y

mulnhbft jf tcb Iety―s ijhp`keft kfl Lb`tk―s kfl Yjutcwbst―s irjss-i`kehs kfl

ijuftbr-i`kehs.

N.

LJ\―s Djrhk` Efvbstenktejf eftj tcb Iety―s Ijhpèkfib wetc ets

Nrkft Kssurkfibs kfl Dblbrk` Jaènktejfs

Jf Kunust >, 17;2, LJ\ ijhhbfibl k djrhk` klhefestrktevb kitejf knkefst

tcb Iety. Ef tckt prjibblefn, LJ\ we`` efvbstenktb wcbtcbr tcb Iety―s prj`jfnbl

dkeùrb tj nrkft Lb`tk kf kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l vej`ktbl tcb Iety―s jaènktejfs

uflbr dblbrk` kw tj rbdrkef drjh ufmust lesirehefktejf kfl bfsurb tckt fj kerèfb wks

nevbf kf bxiùsevb renct tj jpbrktb kt tcb kerpjrt. Ybb Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf kt ;1.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 1> jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. 1>




\ckt prjibblefn we`` ijhprbcbfsevb`y kllrbss k`` jd tcb rb`bvkft `bnk` kfl dkituk`

essubs kresefn jut jd Lb`tk―s rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf. LJ\ k`sj stktbl tckt ets

prbvejus bttbrs wbrb jf`y ‐nuelkfib‘ tj tcb Iety, kfl tckt tcb Iety ‐we`` ab kddjrlbl

k du`` jppjrtufety‘ tj ick``bfnb LJ\―s ijfiùsejfs ef tcjsb `bttbrs. Defk``y, LJ\

‐strjfn`y rbijhhbfl_blX tckt tcb Iety bfsurb tcb hkeftbfkfib jd tcb stktus quj kt

_@jvb Deb`lX ufte` tces hkttbr ikf ab rbsj`vbl,‘ aut fjtbl tckt, ed fbibsskry, LJ\

wju`l ijfselbr essuefn kf eftbreh jrlbr ‐tj rbquerb tcb Iety tj hkeftkef kiibss tj

_@jvb Deb`lX djr Lb`tk.‘ El.

KQNRHBF\

E.

Yjutcwbst―s Wbtetejf Djr Qbvebw Ycju`l Ab Leshessbl Ef @enct Jd LJ\―s

Efetektejf Jd K Djrhk` Efvbstenktejf Eftj \cb Iety―s Ijhpèkfib êtc Ets

Jaènktejfs Rflbr Dblbrk` @kw.

K. \j bstkaèsc tckt k ick``bfnbl knbfiy kitejf es ‐defk`,‘ tcb pbtetejfbr

hust scjw tckt tcb kitejf ‐hkro_sX tcb –ijfsuhhktejf― jd tcb knbfiy―s

lbiesejfhkoefn prjibss“et hust fjt ab jd k hbrb`y tbftktevb jr eftbr`jiutjry

fkturb,‘ kfl tckt tcb kitejf es ‐jfb ay wceic rencts jr jaènktejfs ckvb abbf

lbtbrhefbl, jr drjh wceic `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs we`` d`jw.‘ Abffbtt v. Ypbkr , 217

R.Y. ;2<, ;>>->3 (;55>).

Ed LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr stjjl k`jfb, tcbrb wju`l ab p`kusea`b

krnuhbfts tckt et ijfstetutbs defk` knbfiy kitejf. \cb `bttbr wks essubl ef rbspjfsb

tj k spbiedei rbqubst drjh tcb Iety kajut ets jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw. Kfl,






k`tcjunc LJ\ lel fjt wbenc ef jf tcb spbiedei lesputb abtwbbf Lb`tk kfl Yjutcwbst,

et lel lesiuss tcb nbfbrk` prefiep`bs jd kw tckt et abèbvbl wju`l njvbrf tces lesputb.

Djr bxkhp`b, LJ\ fjtbl tckt kiijhhjlktejf rbqubsts scju`l ab bvkùktbl aksbl

jf nktb ikpkiety kt tcb tehb jd tcb rbqubst, kfl tckt k fbw bftrkft scju`l ab ka`b tj

hkeftkef ets kiijhhjlktejf ks `jfn ks et ijftefubs tj jpbrktb ets bxestefn sicblu`b

jd dèncts. MKZ(LJ\Z@bttbrZ1). Kfl LJ\ bhpcksezbl tckt kerpjrt jpbrktjrs ckvb

kf jaènktejf tj bfsurb tckt kiijhhjlktejf es prjvelbl kt rbksjfka`b rktbs.

MKZ( El. Z9).

K`tcjunc LJ\ kiofjw`blnbl tckt tcb Iety cks ‐lesirbtejf‘ ef kpp`yefn tcjsb

prefiep`bs tj tcb jfnjefn ijftrjvbrsy kt @jvb Deb`l, sbb MKZ(el.), et lel fjt sunnbst

ef tcb bttbr tckt tcb `bnk` ijfiùsejfs sbt djrtc tcbrbef wbrb tbftktevb jr prbèhefkry.

Eflbbl, ef tcb wkob jd tckt `bttbr, Lb`tk krnubl tckt tcb Iety scju`l ijfselbr etsb`d

ajufl ay LJ\―s stktbhbfts ef tcb `bttbr, kfl tcb Iety rbprbsbftbl tckt et wju`l trbkt

LJ\―s nuelkfib ks aeflefn (k`tcjunc tcb Iety suasbqubft`y rbfbnbl jf tckt

prjhesb). Ybb, b.n., MKZZ(DbaZ19Z[ueffZ@bttbr) (Lb`tk rbqubstefn kiijhhjlktejf

‐_iXjfsestbft wetc tcb stkflkrls rbd`bitbl ef _LJ\―sX Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< `bttbr‘)?

MKZ(IetyZIjfsbftZ\jZYua`bksb) (Iety stktefn tckt et es ‐trbktefn tcb 17;< @bttbr ks

prjhu`nktefn defk` kfl aeflefn lerbitevbs‘).

A. K`tcjunc et es lbaktka`b wcbtcbr LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr wju`l

ijfstetutb defk` knbfiy kitejf ed et stjjl k`jfb, et ljbs fjt. Yuasbqubft lbvb`jphbfts



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 97 jd ;11 WknbEL <>2<



ckvb hklb i`bkr abyjfl ljuat tckt tcb Lbibhabr `bttbr wks fjt LJ\―s `kst wjrl

kfl ljbs fjt ijfstetutb defk` knbfiy kitejf. Ybb, b.n., ^cethkf v. Kh. \ruioefn

Kss―f, 29; R.Y. <2>, <>>->5 (177;) (bxkhefefn suasbqubft knbfiy kitejfs tj

lbtbrhefb wcbtcbr BWK―s ‐eftbreh ehp`bhbftktejf pjèiy‘ wks defk` knbfiy kitejf)?

Fkt―` Hef. Kss―f v. HiIkrtcy, >23 D.9l 1<9, 129 (L.I. Ier. 17;<) (ijurt ‐`jjo_sX tj

pjst-nuelkfib bvbfts tj lbtbrhefb wcbtcbr tcb knbfiy cks kppèbl tcb nuelkfib ks

ed et wbrb aeflefn jf rbnu`ktbl pkrtebs‘).

Cbrb, fjt jf`y lel LJ\ sbfl k dj``jw-up bttbr ef Mufb, aut ets rbibft lbiesejf

tj jpbf k djrhk` efvbstenktejf eftj wcbtcbr tcb Iety cks vej`ktbl ets nrkft kssurkfibs

jr jtcbr dblbrk`-`kw jaènktejfs hkobs i`bkr tckt fbetcbr bttbr ijfstetutbs rbvebwka`b

defk` knbfiy kitejf. LJ\―s ijhprbcbfsevb klhefestrktevb prjibblefn we`` kllrbss

tcb `bnk` essubs rkesbl ef ets Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr ks wb`` ks tcb efcbrbft`y dkituk`

qubstejf jd wcbtcbr tcb Iety kituk``y vej`ktbl ets nrkft kssurkfibs jr jtcbr dblbrk`

`kw jaènktejfs ay rbdusefn tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk jf rbksjfka`b tbrhs.

Yjutcwbst we`` tcus efiur fj ijfirbtb ckrh jr ijfsbqubfibs ks k rbsu`t jd tcb

Lbibhabr ;>tc bttbr uf`bss kfl ufte` tcb prefiep`bs sbt djrtc ef tckt bttbr krb kituk``y

kppèbl tj tcb Iety ef tcb pbflefn klhefestrktevb prjibblefn kfl usbl tj ijhpb` k

djribl kiijhhjlktejf. Kt tcb hjhbft, ‐_fXj `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs d`jw‘ drjh tcb

Lbibhabr ;>tc bttbr abikusb ‐tcbrb cks abbf fj jrlbr ijhpb`èfn _Yjutcwbst jr tcb

IetyX tj lj kfytcefn.‘ Qbèka`b Kutjhktei Yprefo`br Ij. v. IWYI , 91< D.9l >14, >91



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 9; jd ;11 WknbEL <>22



(L.I. Ier. 1779)? sbb k`sj Te``. jd Abfsbfve``b v. DKK, <2> D.9l 21, 45 (L.I. Ier.

1774) (knbfiy kitejf ‐fjf-defk` abikusb et ljbs fjt etsb`d klvbrsb`y kddbit _tcb

pbtetejfbrsX aut jf`y kddbits _tcberX rencts klvbrsb`y jf tcb ijftefnbfiy jd duturb

klhefestrktevb kitejf‘)? Eflbp. Bquep. Lbk`brs Kss―f v. BWK, 9>1 D.9l <17, <1> (L.I.

Ier. 177<) (Qjabrts, M.) (fj defk` knbfiy kitejf wcbrb ick``bfnbl `bttbr wks ‐purb`y

efdjrhktejfk` ef fkturb‘ kfl ‐ehpjsbl fj jaènktejfs kfl lbfebl fj rbèbd‘).9

Hjrbjvbr, LJ\ cks fjw hklb i`bkr tckt tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr ‐wks fjt

eftbflbl ks tcb `kst wjrl jf tcb suambit jd‘ tcb Iety―s kiijhhjlktejf jaènktejfs.

Kh. Wjrt`kfl Ibhbft K`èkfib v. BWK, ;7; D.9l >>1, >>> (L.I. Ier. ;554). Ef ets

Fjteib jd Efvbstenktejf efetektefn tcb klhefestrktevb prjibblefn, LJ\ bxpèiet`y

stktbl tckt ‐_aXbikusb tcb `bttbr jf`y jddbrbl nuelkfib, et wks fjt eftbflbl tj

ijfstetutb k lbdefetevb rbsjùtejf jd tcb lesputb abtwbbf Lb`tk kfl tcb Iety.‘ Fjteib

jd Efvbstenktejf kt ;7 f.;1? sbb Kh. Wbtrj`buh Efst. v. BWK, 1;4 D.9l 27, 43 (L.I.

Ier. 1777) (‐Ef lbtbrhefefn wcbtcbr kf knbfiy cks tkobf defk` kitejf,‘ jfb dkitjr tj

ijfselbr es ‐tcb knbfiy―s jwf ickrkitbrezktejf jd ets kitejf.‘).

9 Eflbbl, Yjutcwbst etsb`d krnubl ef tcb Fjrtcbrf Lestreit jd \bxks iksb tckttckt tcbrb hust ab ‐k du`` klhefestrktevb prjiblurb tj lbtbrhefb wcbtcbr Lb`tk cks k

renct tj ab kiijhhjlktbl prejr tj djriefn k senfktjry kerèfb tj kiijhhjlktb

Lb`tk,‘ kfl tckt ‐suic k du`` prjiblurb cks fjt ybt jiiurrbl. Yjutcwbst―s Kh.

Ijhaefbl Qbsp. tj Lb`tk―s Hjt. Djr \QJ kt 2-4, Iety jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., Fj. ;2-iv-1745 (F.L. \bx.), Lji. Fj. 34 (de`bl Kun. ;;, 17;2).

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 9; jd <;





Eflbbl, ed tcb Iety, Yjutcwbst, jr kfy jtcbr pkrty lesknrbbs wetc tcb

ijfiùsejfs sbt djrtc ef tcb `bttbr, LJ\ kdderhktevb`y efvetbl tcjsb pkrtebs tj rkesb

kfy suic essubs ef tcb klhefestrktevb prjibblefn.< \cb Fjteib hkobs i`bkr tckt ‐_tXcb

Iety we`` ab kddjrlbl k du`` jppjrtufety tj rkesb krnuhbfts ef tces prjibblefn jf …

kfy _X rb`bvkft tjpei efiùlefn tcb nuelkfib prjvelbl ay tcb LJ\ `bttbrs jd

Lbibhabr 17;< kfl Mufb 17;2.‘ El. kt ;1 (bhpckses kllbl). Kfl kfjtcbr essub tckt

LJ\ we`` ijfselbr ef tcb klhefestrktevb prjibblefn es wcbtcbr ‐kiijhhjlktejf jd

Lb`tk wju`l ab uf`kwdu` ef ènct jd … ^KQK,‘ el., wceic es tcb bxkit essub tckt

Yjutcwbst sbbos tj rkesb cbrb. Ef ènct jd tcbsb stktbhbfts ef tcb Fjteib jd

Efvbstenktejf, tcbrb es fj qubstejf tckt tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr es fjt LJ\―s defk`

wjrl jf betcbr tcb lesputb kt @jvb Deb`l jr tcb ‐rbksjfka`b kiijhhjlktejf‘

jaènktejf hjrb nbfbrk``y. Ybb Fkt―` Hef. Kss―f, >23 D.9l kt 129 (leshessefn

ick``bfnb tj knbfiy nuelkfib wcbrb pjst-nuelkfib bvbfts ‐l_elX fjt sunnbst tckt tcb

knbfiy … kppèbl tcb Defk` Nuelkfib ks ed et wbrb aeflefn jf rbnu`ktbl pkrtebs‘).

Defk``y, lbdbrrefn muleiek` rbvebw ufte` tcb ijhp`btejf jd tcb klhefestrktevb

prjibblefn abdjrb LJ\ wju`l fjt kddbit tces Ijurt―s u`tehktb kutcjrety tj kllrbss

< \cb Iety es iurrbft`y tcb jf`y pkrty tj tcb klhefestrktevb prjibblefn, aut

Yjutcwbst kfl jtcbr eftbrbstbl pkrtebs hky sbbo eftbrvbftejf jfib tcb hkttbr cks

abbf sbt djr cbkrefn. Ybb ;< I.D.Q. §;4.17>. Kfl, ef k`` bvbfts, Yjutcwbst cks fj

nrbktbr rb`ktejfscep tj tcb Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< `bttbr tj tcb Iety tckf et ljbs tj tcbklhefestrktevb prjibblefn.






tcb bnk` essubs rkesbl ay Yjutcwbst. LJ\―s efvbstenktejf we`` ijfi`ulb wetc k defk`,

kppbk`ka`b jrlbr tckt du``y kllrbssbs tcb rb`bvkft essubs kfl es suambit tj rbvebw ef

tces Ijurt uflbr <5 R.Y.I. §<4;;7.

* * *

Ef suh, tcb bnk` bddbit jd LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>tc bttbr hky ckvb abbf suambit

tj rbksjfka`b lbaktb wcbf tcb `bttbr wks derst essubl, aut LJ\―s suasbqubft kitejfs

hkob irystk` i`bkr tckt tcb vebws sbt djrtc ef tcb `bttbr krb fjt tcb knbfiy―s defk` wjrl

jf tcb suambit. Et tcus ‐hkobs fj sbfsb djr k ijurt tj eftbrvbfb‘ fjw abikusb ajtc

Yjutcwbst kfl tcb Iety ‐ste`` bfmjy_X kf jppjrtufety tj ijfvefib tcb knbfiy tj

ickfnb ets hefl.‘ Qb`eka`b Kutjhktei Yprefo`br , 91< D.9l kt >91-99. Qbvebw ay tces

Ijurt kt tces bkr`y stknb“abdjrb LJ\ cks du``y ‐kpp`_eblX ets bxpbrtesb‘ tj tcb

lesputb ef qubstejf“tcrbktbfs tj ‐`bkl_X tj pebibhbk` rbvebw wceic kt tcb `bkst es

efbddeiebft kfl upjf ijhp`btejf jd tcb knbfiy prjibss henct prjvb tj ckvb abbf

uffbibsskry.‘ D\I v. Ytkflkrl Je` Ij., <<5 R.Y. 191, 1<1 (;537). \cb pbtetejf djr

rbvebw scju`l kiijrlefn`y ab leshessbl.

EE.

Yjutcwbst―s Yuastkftevb Ick``bfnbs \j LJ\―s @bttbr Dke` Jf \cb Hbrets.

Ef enct jd ets krnuhbft tckt tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr es fjt defk` knbfiy kitejf,

LJ\ ljbs fjt rbspjfl tj Yjutcwbst―s krnuhbfts tckt tcb nuelkfib sbt djrtc ef tcb

`bttbr bxibbls LJ\―s stktutjry kutcjrety kfl es ijftrkry tj ^KQK. Ybb Yjutcwbst



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 9< jd ;11 WknbEL <>23



Ar. <4-22. Ef tcb eftbrbsts jd ijhp`btbfbss, Lb`tk arebd`y bxp`kefs cbrb wcy

Yjutcwbst―s suastkftevb ick``bfnbs tj tcb `bttbr krb wcj``y wetcjut hbret.

K.

LJ\―s Nuelkfib ef tcb Lbibhabr ;>tc @bttbr Es Nrjuflbl ef I`bkr

Ytktutjry Kutcjrety.

Yjutcwbst kssbrts tckt LJ\ ckl fj stktutjry suppjrt djr ets stktbhbfts ef tcb

Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr tckt= (;) k rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf scju`l ab bvkùktbl

aksbl jf kerpjrt ikpkiety jf tcb lktb tcb rbqubstefn pkrty derst sbbos kiijhhjlktejf?

kfl (1) tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr scju`l ab ka`b tj ijftefub ets pkttbrf jd sbrveib ks

`jfn ks et hkeftkefs ets bxestefn dènct sicblu`b, wetcjut abefn suambit tj bveitejf

wcbfbvbr tcb efiuhabft ikrrebr lbielbs tj bxpkfl ets dènct sicblu`b. Ybb Yjutcwbst

Ar. <4-<3. \ckt krnuhbft es aksbl jf k sb`bitevb qujtktejf jd LJ\―s `bttbr kfl

sehp`y lesrbnkrls tcb oby stktutjry tbxt.

Kiijrlefn tj Yjutcwbst, LJ\ ietbl jf`y <5 R.Y.I. §<7;;>(o) wcbf

lesiussefn tcb Iety―s jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw.2 Abikusb tckt suasbitejf ljbs

fjt rbquerb k ‐djribl kiijhhjlktejf … tckt jvbrrelbs tcb `bksbcj`l rencts jd k

senfktjry kerèfb,‘ Yjutcwbst kssbrts tckt LJ\ ikffjt elbftedy kfy ‐stktutjry

prjvesejf tckt nevbs tcb knbfiy tcb kutcjrety‘ djr ets pjsetejfs. Yjutcwbst Ar. <3.

Aut tckt krnuhbft es d`kt`y rbdutbl ay tcb derst pknb jd tcb `bttbr, wceic stktbs tckt

2 ^ce`b tcb LJ\ @bttbr ietbl <5 R.Y.I. §<>;7>(o), k`` pkrtebs rbijnfezb tckt

tces wks k typjnrkpceik` brrjr, kfl tckt tcb `bttbr hbkft tj rbdbrbfib efstbkl sbitejf<7;;>(o). Ybb Yjutcwbst Ar. <>? LJ\ Ar. ;7 f.4.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 9< jd <;





LJ\ es eftbrprbtefn fjt jf`y suasbitejf <7;;>(o), aut k`sj tcb Iety―s ‐nrkft

kssurkfibs‘ kfl ‐`bnk` jaènktejfs uflbr Dblbrk` `kw tj rbksjfka`y kiijhhjlktb

k`` ker ikrrebrs sbboefn tj prjvelb sbrveib kt tcb kerpjrt.‘ MKZ(LJ\Z@bttbrZ;).

\cjsb dblbrk` `kw jaènktejfs efiùlb rbquerbhbfts tj hkob tcb kerpjrt

‐kvke`ka`b djr puaèi usb jf rbksjfka`b ijfletejfs kfl wetcjut ufmust

lesirehefktejf,‘ <5 R.Y.I. §<>;7>(k)(;), kfl tj bfsurb tckt fj ikrrebr es nevbf ‐kf

bxiùsevb renct tj usb tcb kerpjrt,‘ el. §§<>;7>(k)(<). Aksbl jf tces arjkl stktutjry

tbxt, LJ\ wks wb`` wetcef tcb sijpb jd ets lesirbtejf tj ijfiùlb tckt tcb spbiedei

pjèiebs hbftejfbl ef ets Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr wbrb fbblbl tj bfsurb ‐rbksjfka`b‘

kiibss tj fbw bftrkfts. Ed kf kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst wbrb fjt bvkùktbl aksbl jf

kerpjrt ikpkiety jf tcb lktb jd tcb rbqubst, tcbf kf efiuhabft ikrrebr iju`l

bddbitevb`y vbtj kfy fbw bftry ay bxpkflefn ets dènct sicblu`b wcbfbvbr k fbw

ikrrebr sjunct kiibss tj tcb kerpjrt (ks Yjutcwbst es kttbhptefn tj lj cbrb). Yehe`kr`y,

et wks ckrl`y ufrbksjfka`b djr LJ\ tj ijfiùlb tckt kf kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr

scju`l ab ka`b tj ijftefub ets bxestefn dènct sicblu`b wetcjut abefn suambit tj

bveitejf hbrb`y abikusb kf efiuhabft ikrrebr icjsb tj bxpkfl ets sbrveib.

LJ\―s eftbrprbtktejf jd ‐rbksjfka`b‘ kiijhhjlktejf uflbr tcb njvbrfefn

stktutbs wks bhefbft`y rbksjfka`b ef ets jwf renct kfl es bftet`bl tj lbdbrbfib. Ybb

[ubbfs Ijfibrfbl Fbencajrs v. DKK, 115 D.9l 93>, 95< (1l Ier. 1777) (DKK―s

eftbrprbtktejf jd stktutjry rbquerbhbfts bftet`bl tj Icbvrjf lbdbrbfib)? Wbfjasijt






Ker Ybrv. v. DKK, ;4< D.9l >;9, >12 f.;1 (;st Ier. ;555) (DKK―s eftbrprbtktejf jd wckt

ijfstetutbl nrkft jd bxi`usevb renct wks bftet`bl tj Icbvrjf lbdbrbfib)? Iety & Ifty.

jd Ykf Drkfiesij v. DKK, 5<1 D.1l ;95;, ;954 (5tc Ier. ;55;) (‐\cb DKK―s

eftbrprbtktejf jd wckt ijfstetutbs ufmust lesirehefktejf wetcef tcb hbkfefn jd _tcb

KKEKX we`` ab upcb`l uf`bss et es ufrbksjfka`b.‘).

Ef k`` bvbfts, Yjutcwbst―s krnuhbft tckt sbitejf <7;;>(o) es efsuddeiebft tj

suppjrt LJ\―s `bttbr dke`s jf ets jwf tbrhs, ks suasbitejf <7;;>(o)(1) bxprbss`y

prjvelbs tckt LJ\ sck`` rbvebw kf kerpjrt―s ijhpbtetejf p`kf ‐tj bfsurb tckt et hbbts

tcb rbquerbhbfts jd tces sbitejf, kfl sck`` rbvebw ets ehp`bhbftktejf drjh tehb-tj-

tehb tj bfsurb tckt bkic ijvbrbl kerpjrt suiibssdu``y ehp`bhbfts ets p`kf.‘ \cb

Iety―s uplktbl ijhpbtetejf p`kf rbkdderhs tcb Iety―s ijhhethbft ‐tj

kiijhhjlktefn fbw bftrkfts‘ kfl bxp`kefs tckt ‐_eXf tcb duturb, tcb Iety eftbfls tj

kiijhhjlktb rbqubsts djr kiibss ay kpp`yefn tcb nktb sckrefn prjvesejfs ijftkefbl

ef tcb iurrbft `bksb“prjvesejfs wceic ckvb abbf efijrpjrktbl ef Ybitejf <.74D jd

tcb fbw Qbstktbl @bksb.‘ MKZ(MufbZ9Z1775Z babrZ@bttbr). Et wks p`kef`y wetcef

LJ\―s pjwbr tj eftbrprbt tcb ieriuhstkfibs uflbr wceic tcb ijhpbtetejf p`kf

rbquerbs tckt kiijhhjlktejf tj tkob p`kib.

A. ^KQK Qbquerbs, Qktcbr \ckf Wrbi`ulbs, Kiijhhjlktejf djr

Lb`tk kt @jvb Deb`l.

\j prjtbit ijhpbtetejf kt @jvb Deb`l, ^KQK bxprbss`y rbquerbs tcb Iety ‐tj

kiijhhjlktb fbw bftrkft ker ikrrebrs‘ ay ‐cjfjr_efnX tcb sikrib rbsjurib prjvesejf






jd tcb bxestefn @jvb Deb`l `bksbs.‘ KQK §2(k) (bhpckses kllbl). \cb sikrib

rbsjurib prjvesejf es djufl ef Ybitejf <.74 jd tcb Iety―s nktb `bksb knrbbhbft, wceic

prjvelbs tckt ed efiuhabft kerèfbs ‐krb fjt ka`b jr krb fjt we`èfn tj kiijhhjlktb

tcb fbw bftrkft sbrveib, tcbf tcb Iety knrbbs tj rbquerb tcb sckrefn jd Kerèfbs―

Wrbdbrbftek` Rsb Ypkib kfl Nktbs.‘ MKZ(@bksbZKnrbbhbftZ§<.74.L.<). Jfib tcb

Iety cks sb`bitbl kf efiuhabft kerèfb djr djribl kiijhhjlktejf, tckt kerèfb ‐we``

kiijhhjlktb tcb Qbqubstefn Kerèfb,‘ suambit tj èhetbl ijfletejfs. MKZ( El. ZD.<).

Lbspetb tces sbbhefn`y i`bkr `kfnuknb prbsbrvefn tcb Iety―s kiijhhjlktejf

jaènktejf, Yjutcwbst kssbrts tckt sbitejf 2(b)(1)(A)(ee) jd ^KQK èhets LJ\―s

kutcjrety tj rbquerb tcb Iety tj ijhp`y wetc ets dblbrk` jaènktejfs. Ybb Yjutcwbst

Ar. <5-27. \ckt sbitejf stktbs tckt tcb prjvesejf jd ^KQK prbsbrvefn LJ\―s

kutcjrety tj prjhjtb ijhpbtetejf ‐sck`` fjt ab ijfstrubl tj rbquerb tcb iety jd Lk``ks

… tj hjledy jr bèhefktb‘ bxestefn `bksbs ‐ef jrlbr tj k``jiktb nktb ikpkiety tj fbw

bftrkfts jr tj irbktb ijhhjf usb nktbs, uf`bss suic hjledeiktejf jr bèhefktejf es

ehp`bhbftbl jf k fktejfwelb akses.‘ ^KQK §2(b)(1)(A)(ee) (bhpckses kllbl).

Drjh tces, Yjutcwbst ijfiùlbs tckt LJ\―s vebw jd kiijhhjlktejf ijfdèits wetc

^KQK abikusb LJ\ cks fjt ‐ehp`bhbftbl k pjèiy jd hjledyefn jr bèhefktefn

ker ikrrebr prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts –jf k fktejfwelb akses.―‘ Yjutcwbst Ar. 27.

Yjutcwbst―s pjsetejf es aksbl jf kf ehprjpbr ijfd`ktejf jd ‐kiijhhjlktejf‘

kfl ‐hjledeiktejf.‘ Ef dkit, ajtc KQK kfl tcb @bksb Knrbbhbft hkob i`bkr tckt

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb 9> jd <;





tcbsb krb twj sbpkrktb prjibssbs, efvjobl ay leddbrbft hbkfs, wetc leddbrbft

ijfsbqubfibs. \crjunc ‐kiijhhjlktejf,‘ k senfktjry kerèfb betcbr knrbbs jr es

djribl tj sua`bksb nktb spkib tj k fbw bftrkft. ^ce`b uflbr tcb kiijhhjlktejf tcb

senfktjry kerèfb ikffjt jpbrktb dèncts drjh ets nktb kt ibrtkef tehbs, aut et rbtkefs ets

uflbr`yefn renct ef tcb `bksb kfl ijftefubs tj lbrevb rbvbfub drjh tcb `bksb tckt et

wju`l fjt ckvb rbibevbl ed tcb nktb wbrb kssenfbl tj k fbw kerèfb jr lbsenfktbl djr

ijhhjf usb. Ybb MKZ(@bksbZKnrbbhbftZ§<.74.D.<.i). ‐Hjledeiktejf,‘ ef ijftrkst,

es k hjrb lrkstei hbksurb k``jwbl uflbr tcb @bksb Knrbbhbft jf`y ed tcb dblbrk`

njvbrfhbft tcrbktbfs tj wetccj`l kerpjrt duflefn. MKZ( El .Z§;<.71). Rfèob kf

kiijhhjlktejf, k hjledeiktejf ikf rbhjvb kf kerèfb―s uflbr`yefn renct tj ets bksb.

\cus, ay usefn tcb tbrhs ‐hjledeiktejf‘ jr ‐bèhefktejf‘ ef sbitejf

2(b)(1)(A)(ee) jd ^KQK “ efstbkl jd ‐kiijhhjlktejf,‘ wceic sbitejf 2(k)

bxprbss`y rbquerbs “ Ijfnrbss hklb i`bkr tckt tces èhetktejf wju`l ckvb fj bddbit

wcktsjbvbr jf tcb Iety―s kiijhhjlktejf jaènktejf kfl LJ\―s kutcjrety tj bfdjrib

tckt jaènktejf. Ybb Yjsk v. K`vkrbz-Hkickef, 2<1 R.Y. 451, >;; f.5 (177<) (‐wcbf

tcb bnes`kturb usbs ibrtkef kfnuknb ef jfb pkrt jd tcb stktutb kfl leddbrbft kfnuknb

ef kfjtcbr, tcb ijurt kssuhbs leddbrbft hbkfefns wbrb eftbflbl‘)? D`jrelk Wua.

\b`bijhhs. Kss'f v. DII , 2< D.9l 32>, 347 (L.I. Ier. ;552) (dj``jwefn ‐tcb usuk`

ikfjf tckt wcbf Ijfnrbss usbs leddbrbft `kfnuknb ef leddbrbft sbitejfs jd k stktutb,

et ljbs sj eftbftejfk``y‘). LJ\―s Lbibhabr ;>tc `bttbr ikffjt ruf kdju` jd sbitejf






2(b)(1)(A)(ee) abikusb et sehp`y ljbs fjt kllrbss k ‐hjledeiktejf‘ jr ‐bèhefktejf‘

jd rencts uflbr tcb `bksb.

IJFI@RYEJF

Ef ènct jd tcb pbflefn klhefestrktevb prjibblefn abdjrb LJ\, Yjutcwbst―s

pbtetejf djr rbvebw es prbhkturb kfl scju`l ab leshessbl. K`tbrfktevb`y, tcb pbtetejf

scju`l ab lbfebl jf tcb hbrets.

Qbspbitdu``y suahettbl,

O BFFB\C W. [REFF MBFFEDBQ \QJIO

WE@@YARQU ÊF\CQJW YCK^

WE\\HKF

;177 Ybvbftbbftc Ytrbbt, F^ ^kscefntjf, LI 17794

171-449-3353

s/Wku` L. I`bhbft WKR@ L. I@BHBF\ Ijufsb` jd Qbijrl

MBDDQBU H. CKQQEY BLHRFL N. @KIJRQ MQ .

AKFIQJD\ W@@I 277 Fbw Mbrsby Kvbfub, F^

Ybvbftc D`jjr ^kscefntjf, LI 1777;

171-19<-7757 pi`bhbftGakfirjdtp` i.ijh

Ijufsb` djr Eftbrvbfjr

Ybptbhabr 3, 17;2



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <7 jd ;11 WknbEL <>4<




E cbrbay ibrtedy tckt=

;. \ces arebd ijhpèbs wetc tcb typb-vjùhb èhetktejf jd Ieriuet Qu`b

91(b)(1)(A) abikusb et ijftkefs 4,4;7 wjrls, bxiùlefn tcb pkrts jd tcb arebd

bxbhptbl ay Dbl. Q. Kpp. W. 91(k)(>)(A)(eee).

1. \ces Arebd ijhpèbs wetc tcb typbdkib rbquerbhbfts jd Dbl. Q. Kpp. W.

91(k)(2) kfl tcb typbsty`b rbquerbhbfts jd Dbl. Q. Kpp. W. 91(k)(4) abikusb et cks

abbf prbpkrbl ef k prjpjrtejfk``y spkibl typbdkib usefn Heirjsjdt jrl 17;9 ef ;<-

pjeft djft.

Lktbl= Ybptbhabr 3, 17;2

s/Wku` L. I`bhbft Wku` L. I`bhbft

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb <7 jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. <7

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <; jd ;11 WknbEL <>42




E cbrbay ibrtedy tckt jf Ybptbhabr 3, 17;2, E b`bitrjfeik``y de`bl tcb djrbnjefn

wetc tcb I`bro jd tcb Ijurt djr tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs Ijurt jd Kppbk`s djr tcb Lestreit jd

Ij`uhaek Ieriuet ay usefn tcb IH/BID systbh. E ibrtedy tckt k`` pkrteiepkfts ef tces

iksb krb rbnestbrbl IH/BID usbrs kfl tckt sbrveib we`` ab kiijhp`escbl ay tcb

IH/BID systbh.

s/Wku` L. I`bhbft

Wku` L. I`bhbft

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;2>;5<; De`bl= 75/73/17;2 Wknb <; jd <;

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. <;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <1 jd ;11 WknbEL <>44



JQK@ KQNRHBF\ FJ\ UB\ YICBLR@BL

Fj. ;2-;794

RFE\BL Y\K\BY IJRQ\ JD KWWBK@Y

DJQ \CB LEY\QEI\ JD IJ@RHAEK IEQIRE\

YJR\C^BY\ KEQ@EFBY IJ.,

Wbtetejfbr,

v.

RFE\BL Y\K\BY LBWKQ\HBF\ JD \QKFYWJQ\K\EJF,

Qbspjflbft.

JWBFEFN AQEBD JD WB\E\EJFBQ

Lktbl= Mufb 11, 17;2

H. Qjy Nj`labrn (L.I. Akr Fj. <;4529)

Ytbptjb & Mjcfsjf @@W

;997 Ijffbiteiut Kvb., F.^.^kscefntjf, LI 17794

(171) <15-9777 (pcjfb)

(171) <15-9571 (dkx)

rnj`labrnGstbptjb.ijh

Qjabrt ^. Ofbes`by (L.I. Akr Fj. 944525)

Yjutcwbst Ker`efbs Ij.

Kssjiektb Nbfbrk` Ijufsb`

5;5 ;3tc

Yt., F.^.

Yuetb 477

^kscefntjf, LI 17774

(171) 149-413< (pcjfb)

(171) 149-415; (dkx)

aja.ofbes`byGwfij.ijh

Kttjrfbys djr Wbtetejfbr Yjutcwbst Ker`efbs

Ij.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb ; jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <9 jd ;11 WknbEL <>4>



-e-

IEQIRE\ QR@B 14.; LEYI@JYRQB Y\K\BHBF\

Wursukft tj Dblbrk` Qu`b jd Kppb``ktb Wrjiblurb 14.;(k) kfl 14.; jd tcb

Ieriuet Qu`bs jd tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs Ijurt jd Kppbk`s djr tcb Lestreit jd Ijùhaek

Ieriuet, pbtetejfbr Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij. (‐Yjutcwbst‘) cbrbay lesi`jsbs tcb

dj``jwefn= Yjutcwbst es k puaèi`y-trklbl ijhhbriek` kerèfb jpbrktjr, kfl ibrtedebs

tckt et cks fj pkrbft ijhpkfy, kfl tckt fj puaèi`y cb`l ijrpjrktejf jwfs ;7% jr

hjrb jd ets stjio.

WB\E\EJFBQ―Y IBQ\EDEIK\B KY \J

WKQ\EBY, QR@EFNY KFL QB@K\BL IKYBY

Wursukft tj Ieriuet Qu`b 13(k)(;), pbtetejfbr Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij.

(‐Yjutcwbst‘) suahets tces Ibrtedeiktb ks tj Wkrtebs, Quèfns kfl Qb`ktbl Iksbs.

K. Wkrtebs.

\cb dj``jwefn es k èst jd k`` pkrtebs ef tces iksb=

;. Wbtetejfbr es Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij.

1. Qbspjflbft es tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf

(‐LJ\‘).

9. Eftbrvbfjr es Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi.

A. Quèfn Rflbr Qbvebw.

\cb Wbtetejf djr Qbvebw ick``bfnbs tcb defk` jrlbr jd tcb LJ\ ef tcb djrh jd

k `bttbr lktbl Lbibhabr ;>, 17;< drjh Oktcryf A. \cjhsjf, Bsq., LJ\ Nbfbrk`

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb 1 jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb << jd ;11 WknbEL <>43



-ee-

Ijufsb`, tj ^krrbf H.Y. Brfst, Bsq., Iety Kttjrfby djr tcb Iety jd Lk``ks, \bxks

(‐Iety‘), rb`ktefn tj tcb rbqubst jd Lb`tk djr ‐`jfn-tbrh kiijhhjlktejf jd ets devb

lke`y lbpkrturbs kt Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l‘ Kerpjrt (‐@jvb Deb`l‘) (tcb ‐LJ\ @bttbr‘).;

\cb LJ\ @bttbr stktbl tcb LJ\―s defk` kfl aeflefn ‐pjsetejf‘ tckt, ‐_wXetc rbspbit

tj tcb `bfntc jd tcb kiijhhjlktejf‘ jd kf ker ikrrebr rbqubstefn kerpjrt spkib drjh

k senfktjry ikrrebr kt @jvb Deb`l, ‐tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr es bftet`bl tj kf

jfnjefn sehe`kr pkttbrf jd sbrveib ks `jfn ks tcb ikrrebr ijftefubs tj jpbrktb tcb

kiijhhjlktbl d`encts.‘1

\cb LJ\ @bttbr durtcbr stktbl tckt ‐tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr scju`l fjt ab

puscbl jut ay efiuhabft ikrrebrs kt k `ktbr lktb,‘ kfl tckt et ‐es tcb Iety―s

rbspjfseae`ety tj ijftefub tcb kiijhhjlktejf kfl bfsurb tckt spkib es kvke`ka`b sj

tckt tcb rbqubstefn ikrrebr es ka`b tj hkeftkef ets pkttbrf jd sbrveib jf kf jfnjefn

akses, aksbl jf tcb kvke`ka`b spkib jf tcb sfkpscjt lktb jd tcb jrenefk`

kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst, bvbf kdtbr tcb bxperktejf jr tbrhefktejf jd kfy knrbbhbft

abtwbbf tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr kfl senfktjry ikrrebrs.‘9

\cb LJ\ @bttbr irbktbs ckrh tj Yjutcwbst tckt es ajtc i`bkr kfl ehhefbft.

Abikusb Yjutcwbst `bksbs 57% jd tcb lbpkrturb nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l, k lbiesejf ay

;@bttbr drjh Oktcryf A. \cjhsjf, Bsq., LJ\ Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` (Lbibhabr ;>,

17;<), Qbi. 3>, MK ZZ-ZZ.

1 El . kt 1, MKZZ.

9 El .


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. <<

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <2 jd ;11 WknbEL <>45



-eee-

tcb Iety djriefn kf kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk (jr kfy jtcbr fjf-tbfkft kerèfb) kt tcb

kerpjrt we`` k`hjst ibrtkef`y ab ehpjsbl jf Yjutcwbst. Durtcbr, uflbr tcb tbrhs jd

tcb LJ\ @bttbr, k djribl kiijhhjlktejf jf Yjutcwbst―s `bksbl spkib wju`l fjt

ab tbhpjrkry, ks es iustjhkry ef tcb eflustry, aut pbrhkfbft. \ces wju`l fjt jf`y

vej`ktb Yjutcwbst―s @bksb rencts ay prbvbftefn et drjh du``y uteèzefn ets `bksbl nktb

spkib, aut wju`l k`sj brkleiktb tcb `jfn-bstkaèscbl LJ\ kfl DKK prkiteib jd

rbijnfezefn prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts kt kerpjrts kfl k``jwefn senfktjry tbfkft

kerèfbs tj bxpkfl upjf kfl du``y uteèzb tcber `bksbl spkib.

I. Qb`ktbl Iksbs.

\ces iksb cks fjt prbvejus`y abbf abdjrb tces Ijurt. Jf Mufb ;>, 17;2, tcb

Iety jd Lk``ks de`bl k ijhp`keft ef tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs Lestreit Ijurt djr tcb Fjrtcbrf

Lestreit jd \bxks, Lk``ks Levesejf, sbboefn lbi`krktjry mulnhbft pursukft tj 13

R.Y.I. § 117; knkefst Lb`tk, Yjutcwbst, Ternef Khbreik, Efi., Rfetbl Kerèfbs,

Efi., Ybkpjrt Kerèfbs, Efi., LJ\ kfl DKK rb`ktefn ef pkrt tj tcb LJ\ @bttbr. Iety

jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., bt k`., Iksb Fj. 9=;2-iv-71745-O. \cb Iety

ijftbfls, eftbr kèk, tckt ay ‐lerbitefn tcb Iety tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk jf kf

eflbdefetb kfl jfnjefn akses, LJ\ cks vej`ktbl ^KQK _tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774, Wua. @. ;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;; (Jitjabr ;9, 1774)X ay

bddbitevb`y djriefn tcb Iety tj karjnktb prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksbs prjtbitbl ay tcb

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb < jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <4 jd ;11 WknbEL <>>7



-ev-

Devb Wkrty Knrbbhbft<,‘ kfl tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr es ‐tcbrbdjrb uf`kwdu`, kraetrkry

kfl ikpreiejus, kfl ef vej`ktejf jd ^KQK kfl tcb _Klhefestrktevb Wrjiblurb KitX,

kfl tcb Ijurt scju`l essub mulnhbft sj lbi`krefn.‘2 Kt tces tehb, tj tcb ofjw`blnb

jd uflbrsenfbl ijufsb` tcbrb krb fj jtcbr rb`ktbl iksbs wetcef tcb hbkfefn jd

Ieriuet Qu`b 13(k)(;)(I).

<‐Ijftrkit Khjfn tcb Iety jd Lk``ks, tcb Iety jd Djrt ^jrtc, Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs

Ij., Khbreikf Kerèfbs, Efi. kfl LD^ Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt Ajkrl Efijrpjrktefntcb Yuastkfib jd tcb \brhs jd tcb Mufb ;2, 11774 Mjeft Ytktbhbft Abtwbbf tcb

Wkrtebs tj Qbsj`vb tcb –^renct Khbflhbft― Essubs‘ (Mu`y ;;, 1774), Qbi. ;2, MK

ZZ-ZZ.

2Ijhp`keft ´ ;;7. \cb Ijhp`keft rkesbs klletejfk` krnuhbfts knkefst tcb LJ\

@bttbr kfl jtcbr ijfluit ay LJ\ rb`ktefn tj kerèfb kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb <> jd ;11 WknbEL <>>;



-v-

\KA@B JD IJF\BF\Y

IEQIRE\ QR@B 14.; LEYI@JYRQB Y\K\BHBF\ ............................................. e

WB\E\EJFBQ―Y IBQ\EDEIK\B KY \J WKQ\EBY, QR@EFNY KFL QB@K\BL

IKYBY ............................................................................................................. e

K. Wkrtebs. ................................................................................................... e

A. Qu`efn Rflbr Qbvebw. ........................................................................... e

I. Qb`ktbl Iksbs. ..................................................................................... eee

\KA@B JD KR\CJQE\EBY .................................................................................. vee

N@JYYKQU ............................................................................................................ xee

Y\K\BHBF\ JD MRQEYLEI\EJF..........................................................................;

Y\K\BHBF\ JD EYYRBY ....................................................................................... 2

Y\K\BHBF\ QBNKQLEFN KLLBFLRH ........................................................... 4

Y\K\BHBF\ JD \CB IKYB ..................................................................................4

YRHHKQU JD KQNRHBF\ ...............................................................................15

Y\KFLEFN JD YJR\C^BY\ KEQ@EFBY ..........................................................99

K. Yjutcwbst cks Ijfstetutejfk` Ytkflefn tj Ick``bfnb tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

.............................................................................................................99

A. Yjutcwbst Cks Wrulbftek` Ytkflefn tj Ick``bfnb tcb LJ\ @bttbr. ....93

KQNRHBF\ ...........................................................................................................<;

E. \CB LJ\ @B\\BQ IJFY\E\R\BY K @BNEY@K\ETB QR@B DJQ

^CEIC WQEJQ FJ\EIB KFL \CB JWWJQ\RFE\U DJQ IJHHBF\

^BQB QB[REQBL. ...................................................................................... <;

EE. \CB @B\\BQ BSIBBLY \CB LJ\―Y Y\K\R\JQU KR\CJQE\U KFL

TEJ@K\BY \CB ^QENC\ KHBFLHBF\ QBDJQH KI\. ................... <4

K. Fbetcbr tcb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf Ytktutb Fjr Kfy Jtcbr Ytktutb

Kutcjrezbs LJ\ tj Hkflktb tckt kf Kerpjrt \rbkt Djribl

Kiijhhjlktejf ks Wbrhkfbft ks @jfn ks tcb ‐Wkttbrf jd Ybrveib‘

Ijftefubs. ............................................................................................<4

A. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Tej`ktbs tcb renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit. ........ <3


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. <>




-ve-

EEE. \CB LJ\ @B\\BQ EY KQAE\QKQU KFL IKWQEIEJRY ABIKRYB E\

EY FJ\ \CB WQJLRI\ JD QBKYJFBL LBIEYEJF-HKOEFN KFL

ENFJQBY RFLEYWR\BL BTELBFIB \CK\ WBQHKFBF\ DJQIBL

KIIJHHJLK\EJF K\ @JTB DEB@L EY RF@K^DR@, CKQHDR@

KFL RFFBIBYYKQU. ...............................................................................2<

K. \cb LJ\ @bttbr es Fjt tcb Wrjluit jd Qbksjfbl Lbiesejf-Hkoefn. ............. 2<

A. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Dke`s tj Ijfselbr Rflesputbl Bvelbfib tckt Djriefn

Yjutcwbst tj Kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk Jf k Wbrhkfbft Akses Es Rf`kwdu`,

Ckrhdu` kfl Rffbibsskry. .................................................................. 24

;. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Dke`s tj Kiofjw`blnb tcb Bvelbfib tckt

Qbquerefn Yjutcwbst tj Kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk jf k Wbrhkfbft

Akses es Ijftrkry tj Ajtc tcb @bksb kfl LJ\―s Wrejr Nuelkfib....................................................................................................24

1. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Enfjrbs tcb Ybvbrb Ckrh Yjutcwbst ^ju`l

Yuddbr ed Et es Qbquerbl tj Kiijhhjlktb Kfjtcbr Kerèfb kt

@jvb Deb`l jf k Wbrhkfbft Akses.............................................. 25

9. LJ\ Dke`bl tj Ijfselbr tcb Rflesputbl Bvelbfib tckt Djribl

Kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l es Rffbibsskry tj Kiijhpèsc

Kfy @bnetehktb Jambitevb Nevbf tckt @jvb Deb`l es Wkrt jd tcb

@krnbr Lk``ks Hkrobt tckt Efiùlbs LD^ Kerpjrt. ................... 4;

IJFI@RYEJF ........................................................................................................49

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb > jd 37





-vee-

\KA@B JD KR\CJQE\EBY4

Wknb(s)

IKYBY

K`ksok Wrjd―` Cuftbrs Kss―f, Efi., v. DKK,

;>> D.9l ;797 (;555) .......................................................................................... <2

Kh. Kerèfbs, Efi. v. LJ\ ,

171 D.9l >33 (2tc Ier. 1777) ................................................................................ 3

Kh. @earkry Kss―f v. DII ,

<74 D.9l 435 (L.I. Ier. 1772) ............................................................................ <3

*Kss―f jd Dènct Kttbflkfts-I^K, KD@-IEJ v. Cubrtk,>32 D.9l >;7, Fj. ;9-;9;4, 17;2 ^@ 1;<2>>4 (Hky 3, 17;2) .................. <9, <<

Kt`. Iety B`bi. Ij. v. DBQI ,

152 D.9l ; (L.I. Ier. 1771) ................................................................................ <>

Akrfckrt v. ^k`tjf,

292 R.Y. 1;1 (1771) ............................................................................................ 29

Ajwbf v. Nbjrnbtjwf Rfev. Cjsp.,

<33 R.Y. 17< (;533) ............................................................................................ <>

Auttb Ifty., Ik`. v. Cjnbf,

4;9 D.9l ;57 (L.I Ier. 17;7) ............................................................................. 24

Ikèdkfj v. Ykflbrs,

<97 R.Y. 55 (;5>>) .............................................................................................. <7

Icbvrjf RYK, Efi. v. Fkturk` Qbsjuribs Lbdbfsb Ijufie` Efi.,

<4> R.Y. 39> (;53<) ................................................................................ 2;, 21, 29

Icrestbfsbf v. Ckrres Ifty.,215 R.Y. 2>4 (1777) ...................................................................................... 2;, 29

Icrys`br Ijrp. v. Arjwf,

<<; R.Y. 13; (;5>5) ............................................................................................ <1

4 Kutcjretebs upjf wceic wb icebd`y rb`y krb hkrobl wetc kstbresos.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 27 jd ;11 WknbEL <>><



-veee-

Ietezbfs tj Wrbs. Jvbrtjf Wkrob v. Tj`pb,

<7; R.Y. <71 (;5>;) ............................................................................................ <7

Iety jd Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., bt k`.,

Iksb Fj. 9=;2-iv-71745-O ................................................................................. 9>

Iety jd Lk``ks v. Yw. Kerèfbs Ij.,

9>; D. Yupp. ;7;2 (F.L. \bx. ;5>9), kdd―l <5< D.1l >>9 (2tc Ier. ;5><) ........... >

*Iety jd Lkfek Abkic. v. DKK,

<32 D.9l ;;3; (L.I. Ier. 177>) .............................................................. ;, 1, <, 93

Ijfdbrbfib Nrjup, @@I v. DII ,

>17 D.9l 52> (L.I. Ier. 17;9) ............................................................................ 99

Ijftefbftk` Ker @efbs, Efi. v. LJ\ ,3<9 D.1l ;<<< (L.I. Ier. ;533) ............................................................................ 5

IYE Kvektejf Ybrvs., Efi. v. LJ\ ,

49> D.9l <73 (L.I. Ier. 17;;) .............................................................................. 1

Djx v. Ièftjf,

43< D.9l 4> (L.I. Ier. 17;1) .............................................................................. <7

Njjl Ykhkretkf Cjsp. v. Yck`k`k,

273 R.Y. <71 (;559) ............................................................................................ 21

EFY v. Ikrljzk-Djfsbik,

<37 R.Y. <1; (;53>) ............................................................................................ 2;

Eft―` Al. jd \bkhstbrs v. \YK,

<15 D.9l ;;97 (L.I. Ier. 1772) .......................................................................... 95

@jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 5> Dbl. I`. 922 (17;;) .................................................................................. 4, >, 5

*@umkf v. Lbdbflbrs jd ê`lèdb,27< R.Y. 222 (;551) ................................................................................ 99, 9<, 93

Hbfljzk v. Wbrbz ,

>2< D.9l ;771 (L.I. Ier. 17;<) .................................................................... <1, <9



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 2; jd ;11 WknbEL <>>2



-ex-

Heicenkf v. BWK,

143 D.9l ;7>2 (L.I. Ier. 177;) .......................................................................... <>

Hjtjr Tbcei`b Hdrs. Kss―f v. Yt. Dkrh Hut. Kutj Efs. Ij.,

<49 R.Y. 15 (;539) ........................................................................................ <;, 24

*Fkt―` Hefefn Kss―f v. HiIkrtcy,

>23 D.9l 1<9 (L.I. Ier. 17;<) ................................................................ <1, <9, <<

FQLI v. BWK,

4<9 D.9l 9;; (L.I. Ier. 17;;) ........................................................................ <, <2

Wkrk`yzbl Tbtbrkfs jd Kh. v. L.I. Krbfk, @.W.,

;;> D.9l 2>5 (;55>) ............................................................................................ <<

Wku`by v. Abtcbfbrny Hefbs, @@I ,27; R.Y. 437 (;55;) ............................................................................................ 2;

*Wbrbz v. Hjrtn. Akfobrs Kss―f,

ZZ R.Y. ZZ, ;92 Y. It. ;;55 (17;2)................................................... <;, <1, <<, <2

*Ykdb Bxtbfsejfs, Efi. v. DKK,

275 D.9l 259 (L.I. Ier. 177>) .......................................................... ;, 1, <, 93, 95

*YbiuretyWjeft Cj`lefns, Efi. v. \YK,

>45 D.9l ;;3< (L.I. Ier. 17;<) ............................................................ 1, <, 2<, 24

Yck`k`k v. Nubrfsby Hbh―` Cjsp.,

2;< R.Y. 3> (;552) .............................................................................................. <1

Ycbr`by v. Ybabèus,

4;7 D.9l 45 (L.I. Ier. 17;7) .............................................................................. 93

Yoelhjrb v. Ywedt & Ij.,

919 R.Y. ;9< (;5<<) ............................................................................................ 29

Yt Mjcf―s Rfetbl Icuric jd Icrest v. DKK,217 D.9l <47 (L.I. Ier. 1773) ............................................................................ 99

Yw. Kerèfbs Ij. v. \bx. Eft―` Kerèfbs, Efi.,

954 D. Yupp. 4>3 (F.L. \bx. ;5>2), kdd―l , 2<4 D.1l 3< (2tc Ier. ;5>>) .............. 3

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb ;7 jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 21 jd ;11 WknbEL <>>4



-x-

Yyfijr Eft―` Ijrp. v. Yck`k`k,

;1> D.9l 57 (L.I. Ier. ;55>) .............................................................................. <2

\jurus Qbijrl, Efi. v. LBK,

125 D.9l >9; (L.I. Ier. 177;) ................................................................ 24, 23, 41

\repj`e Qjiobtry Kss―f v. AK\D ,

<9> D.9l >2 (L.I. Ier. 177>) .............................................................................. <7

Rfetbl Ytktbs v. Hbkl Ijrp.,

299 R.Y. 1;3 (177;) ............................................................................................ 29

Te``knb jd Akrrefntjf v. Yurdkib \rkfsp. Al .,

494 D.9l 427 (L.I. Ier. 17;;) ............................................................................ 21

*^. Lbptdjrl Bfbrny, @@I v. DBQI ,>44 D.9l ;7 (L.I. Ier. 17;<) .............................................................................. 21

Y\K\R\BY

2 R.Y.I. § 22;(4) ....................................................................................................... ;

2 R.Y.I. § 229 .......................................................................................................... <;

2 R.Y.I. § 229(a) ..................................................................................... 2, 15, 9;, <;

2 R.Y.I. § 229(a)(K) ................................................................................................ <1

2 R.Y.I. § >74(1)(K) .......................................................................................... <7, 2<

2 R.Y.I. § >74(1)(I) .................................................................................... <7, <4, 2<

<5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o) .......................................................................;3, 1>, <>, <3, 2<

<5 R.Y.I. § <;>;9 .................................................................................................... ;>

<5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7 ........................................................................................ ;, 1, <, 95

<5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7(k) ........................................................................................... ;, 95

<5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(k) ............................................................................. ;<, ;2, ;4, ;>

<5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(o) ............................................................................... <, 14, 1>, <>

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb ;; jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 29 jd ;11 WknbEL <>>>



-xe-

Wua. @. ;74-;3;, ;;< Ytkt. 4; (Kpre` 1777) ............................................................. ;>

Wua. @. Fj. 54-;51, § 15, 5< Ytkt. 92, <3-<5 (;537) ................................................. 5

^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774, Wua. @. ;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;;

(Jitjabr ;9, 1774) (‐^KQK‘) ...................................................................pksseh

^KQK § 2(k) ..................................................................................................... ;;, <3

^KQK § 2(b) ..................................................................................................... 91, <3

^KQK § 2(b)(1)(A)(ee) .......................................................................... ;1, ;9, <5, 27

KQ\EI@BY

\ehb djr Ijfnrbss tj Yprbkl @jvb ef tcb Ker= ^cy tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

wks ^rjfn Abdjrb, kfl wcy et Lbsbrvbs Qbpbk` \jlky, >7 M. Ker @. &

Ijh. 929, 92> (Yprefn 1772) ............................................................................... 5



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 2< jd ;11 WknbEL <>>3



-xee-

N@JYYKQU

\BQH LBDEFE\EJF

Kerpjrt Nuelb ‐Kerpjrt Ausefbss Wrkiteibs kfl tcber Ehpkit jf Kerèfb

Ijhpbtetejf,‘ DKK/JY\ \kso Djrib Ytuly (Jitjabr;555) (‐Kerpjrt Nuelb‘), Qbi. 1, MK ZZ-ZZ.

Kiijhhjlktejf \cb prjibss wcbrbay k senfktjry kerèfb es rbquerbl ay

kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr tj prjvelb k pjrtejf jd ets `bksbl nktb

spkib wceic es fjt tcbf abefn usbl tj k fjf-tbfkft

kerèfb.

KEQ-1; \cb ^bflb`` C. Djrl Kvektejf Efvbsthbft kfl Qbdjrh

Kit djr tcb 1;st Ibftury.>

Iety \cb Iety jd Lk``ks, \bxks, wceic jwfs kfl jpbrktbs

@jvb Deb`l.

Ijhpbtetejf p`kfs W`kfs lbvb`jpbl ay kerpjrt jpbrktjrs kfl kpprjvbl ay

DKK pursukft tj tcb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb, <5

R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o)

Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb <5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o) (pkrt jd Ker-1;), Kllbfluh, KL-

77> ’ KL-7;5.

LK@ Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kerpjrt

LD^ Kerpjrt Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt

LJ\ R.Y. Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf

LJ\ @bttbr @bttbr drjh LJ\ Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` Oktcryf A. \cjhsjf

tj ^krrbf H.Y. Brfst, Iety Kttjrfby djr Iety jd Lk``ks(Lbibhabr ;>, 17;<), Qbi. 3>, MK ZZ-ZZ.

DKK R.Y. Dblbrk` Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf

>Wua. @. ;74-;3;, ;;< Ytkt. 4; (Kpre` 1777).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 22 jd ;11 WknbEL <>>5



-xeee-

Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft ‐Ijftrkit Khjfn tcb Iety jd Lk``ks, tcb Iety jd Djrt

^jrtc, Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij., Khbreikf Kerèfbs, Efi.

kfl LD^ Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt Ajkrl Efijrpjrktefn tcb

Yuastkfib jd tcb \brhs jd tcb Mufb ;2, 11774 Mjeft

Ytktbhbft Abtwbbf tcb Wkrtebs tj Qbsj`vb tcb –^renct

Khbflhbft― Essubs‘ (Mu`y ;;, 1774), Qbi. ;2, MK ZZ-ZZ.

Nrkft kssurkfibs Jaènktejfs rb`ktefn tj tcb jpbrktejf jd tcb kerpjrt

bftbrbl eftj ay kerpjrt jwfbrs jr spjfsjrs ef rbturf djr

rbibevefn dblbrk` kerpjrt lbvb`jphbft dufls. DKK Jrlbr

2;77.93L (Ybpt. 97, 17;<), Qbi. <<, § 1-2, MK ZZ? sbb

k`sj ‐DKK Kerpjrt Ijhpèkfib Hkfuk`,‘ Qbi. 17, kt <-

;, MK ZZ. K ijpy jd tcb nrkft kssurkfibs es sbt djrtc ef

Qbi. 94, MK ZZ-ZZ.

@jvb Deb`l @bksb ‐Khbflbl kfl Qbstktbl @bksb jd \brhefk` Aue`lefn

Wrbhesbs (Kerpjrt Rsb kfl @bksb Knrbbhbft) ay kfl

abtwbbf Iety jd Lk``ks kfl Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij.‘ djr

tcb `bksb jd dkieètebs kt Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l, bddbitevb

Jitjabr ;, 1773 (Dbarukry 5, 1775), Qbi. ;>, MK ZZ-ZZ.

@jvb Deb`l Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kerpjrt (k`sj ofjwf ks ‐LK@‘).

WDI Wkssbfnbr dkieèty ickrnb ’ k dbb tckt kerpjrts ehpjsb jf

pkssbfnbrs usefn tcb kerpjrt.

Fjf-tbfkft kerèfb Kf kerèfb tckt cks fjt bftbrbl eftj k `bksb wetc kf

kerpjrt jpbrktjr djr usb jd nktb spkib jr jtcbr kerpjrt

dkieètebs.

Wrbdbrbftek` `bksb K `bksb djr usb jd kerpjrt nktb spkib jr jtcbr dkieètebs

wcbrbay tcb senfktjry kerèfb cks prejrety tj usb suic

spkib jvbr fjf-senfktjry kerèfbs, efiùlefn fjf-tbfkftkerèfbs rbqubstefn kiijhhjlktejf.

Yenfktjry kerèfb Kf kerèfb tckt cks bftbrbl eftj k `bksb wetc kf kerpjrt

jpbrktjr djr usb jd nktb spkib jr jtcbr kerpjrt dkieètebs.

(K`sj rbdbrrbl tj ks k tbfkft kerèfb.)

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb ;< jd 37





-xev-

^KQK \cb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774, Wua. @.

;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;; (Jitjabr ;9, 1774).

^renct Khbflhbft Wua. @. Fj. 54-;51, § 15, 5< Ytkt. 92, <3-<5 (;537).






-;-

Y\K\BHBF\ JD MRQEYLEI\EJF

Wursukft tj <5 R.Y.I. § <4;;7(k), ‐k pbrsjf lesi`jsefn k suastkftek` eftbrbst

ef kf jrlbr essubl ay tcb Ybirbtkry jd \rkfspjrtktejf . . . ef wcj`b jr ef pkrt uflbr

tces pkrt _KX, _jrX pkrt A . . . hky kpp`y djr rbvebw jd tcb jrlbr ay deèfn k pbtetejf

djr rbvebw ef tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs Ijurt jd Kppbk`s djr tcb Lestreit jd Ijùhaek

Ieriuet‘ wetcef 47 lkys jd tcb jrlbr.3 Jf Lbibhabr ;>, 17;<, tcb Lbpkrthbft jd

\rkfspjrtktejf (‐LJ\‘) essubl k `bttbr (tcb ‐LJ\ @bttbr‘), wceic ijfstetutbs k

defk` jrlbr.5 Wbtetejfbr Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij. (‐Yjutcwbst‘) tehb`y de`bl k

Wbtetejf djr Qbvebw jd tckt jrlbr 23 lkys `ktbr, jf Dbarukry ;9, 17;2.

\cb Klhefestrktevb Wrjiblurb Kit (‐KWK‘) prjvelbs tckt kf ‐jrlbr‘ es ‐tcb

wcj`b jr k pkrt jd k defk` lespjsetejf . . . jd kf knbfiy ef k hkttbr jtcbr tckf ru`b

hkoefn.‘;7

‐\j ab lbbhbl –defk`― kfl tcus rbvebwka`b ks kf jrlbr uflbr <5 R.Y.I.

§ <4;;7, kf knbfiy lespjsetejf –hust hkro tcb ijfsuhhktejf jd tcb knbfiy―s

lbiesejfhkoefn prjibss, kfl et –hust lbtbrhefb rencts jr jaènktejfs― jr nevb resb

tj `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs.‘ Ykdb Bxtbfsejfs, Efi. v. DKK, 275 D.9l 259, 253 (L.I. Ier.

177>) (qujtefn Iety jd Lkfek Abkic. v. DKK, <32 D.9l ;;3;, ;;3> (L.I. Ier.

3Kllbfluh, KL-711.

5Qbi. 3>, MK ZZ-ZZ.

;72 R.Y.I. § 22;(4), Kllbfluh, KL-771.






-1-

177>))? sbb k`sj YbiuretyWjeft Cj`lefns, Efi. v. \YK, >45 D.9l ;;3<, ;;3> (L.I.

Ier. 17;<).

Ef klletejf, ‐–tcb tbrh jrlbr ef _sbitejf <4;;7X scju`l ab rbkl

bxpkfsevb`y.―‘ Ykdb Bxtbfsejfs, suprk, kt 253 (qujtefn Iety jd Lkfek Abkic, <32

D.9l kt ;;3>)). ‐_KXf knbfiy hky fjt kvjel muleiek` rbvebw hbrb`y ay icjjsefn

tcb djrh jd k `bttbr‘ djr ets lbiesejf. IYE Kvektejf Ybrvs., Efi. v. LJ\ , 49> D.9l

<73, <;1 (L.I. Ier. 17;;).

\cb LJ\ @bttbr es k defk` jrlbr. \cb Iety jd Lk``ks (‐Iety‘) rbqubstbl

lerbitejf drjh LJ\ wetc rbspbit tj k rbqubst drjh Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi. (‐Lb`tk‘)

djr k ‐`jfn-tbrh kiijhhjlktejf‘ jf nktb spkib kt Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kerpjrt

(‐@jvb Deb`l‘). Ef rbspjfsb, LJ\―s @bttbr stktbl tckt kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf

jd Lb`tk hust ab, ef bddbit, pbrhkfbft. LJ\ stktbl=

;. ‐_JXfib kiijhhjlktbl, tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr es bftet`bl tj kf

jfnjefn sehe`kr pkttbrf jd sbrveib ks `jfn ks tcb ikrrebr ijftefubs tj

jpbrktb tcb kiijhhjlktbl d`encts‘?

1. ‐_\Xcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr scju`l fjt ab puscbl jut ay efiuhabft

ikrrebrs kt k `ktbr lktb‘? kfl

9. ‐Et es tcb Iety―s rbspjfseae`ety tj ijftefub tcb kiijhhjlktejf kfl

bfsurb tckt spkib es kvke`ka`b sj tckt tcb rbqubstefn ikrrebr es ka`b tj

hkeftkef ets pkttbrf jd sbrveib jf kf jfnjefn akses, aksbl jf tcbkvke`ka`b spkib jf tcb sfkpscjt lktb jd tcb jrenefk` kiijhhjlktejf

rbqubst, bvbf kdtbr tcb bxperktejf jr tbrhefktejf jd kfy knrbbhbft

abtwbbf tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr kfl senfktjry ikrrebrs.‘;;

;;Qbi. 3>, kt 1, MK ZZ.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb ;> jd 37





-9-

\cb @bttbr ufhestkoka`y hkrobl tcb ijfsuhhktejf jd LJ\―s lbiesejf-hkoefn

prjibss wetc rbnkrl tj lurktejf jd k djribl kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l.

Nevbf tckt Yjutcwbst `bksbs ;3 jd tcb 17 nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l, et hky ab

prbsuhbl tckt k djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk wju`l ab ehpjsbl jf Yjutcwbst.

Cjwbvbr, ks jd Kunust 5, 17;2, Yjutcwbst we`` ab jpbrktefn kf bxpkflbl sicblu`b

jd dèncts tckt du``y jiiupy k`` jd ets ;3 nktbs, ks et `kwdu``y hky lj uflbr ets @jvb

Deb`l @bksb.;1

K djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk we`` tcbrbdjrb rbquerb Yjutcwbst tj djrbnj

jpbrktefn tcb skhb fuhabr jd ets jwf dèncts tckt krb tj ab jpbrktbl ay Lb`tk jf

Yjutcwbst―s spkib. \ces es bspbiek``y ckrhdu` tj Yjutcwbst abikusb et ikffjt

jpbrktb kt kfy jtcbr kerpjrt ef tcb Lk``ks krbk, efiùlefn tcb hkef kerpjrt sbrvefn

Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc, tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc Eftbrfktejfk` Kerpjrt (‐LD^ Kerpjrt‘),

djr rbksjfs sbt djrtc ab`jw. Ks k rbsu t jd tcb LJ\ @bttbr, ed tcb Iety jrlbrs

Yjutcwbst tj kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk dèncts kt @jvb Deb`l, tcb Iety we`` rbquerb tckt

tcb djribl kiijhhjlktejf rbhkef ef p`kib djr ks `jfn ks Lb`tk ijftefubs tj jpbrktb

tcb kiijhhjlktbl dèncts. \cb LJ\ @bttbr we`` lbprevb Yjutcwbst, wceic `bksbs

`bss tckf ;7% jd tcb ;32 kerpjrt nktbs sbrvefn tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hbtrjpjètkf

krbk, jd ets ijftrkitbl-djr renct tj du``y uteèzb ets `bksbl nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l.

;1‐Khbflbl kfl Qbstktbl @bksb jd \brhefk` Aue`lefn Wrbhesbs‘ bddbitevb Jitjabr

;, 1773, Qbi. ;>, MK ZZ-ZZ.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 47 jd ;11 WknbEL <>3<



-<-

\cb Iety cks puaèi`y stktbl tckt et ijfselbrs tcb LJ\ @bttbr tj ijftkef

‐defk` kfl aeflefn lerbitevbs‘ wceic tcb Iety we`` dj``jw ufte` LJ\ jr k ijurt cks

‐k`tbrbl LJ\ nuelkfib‘ ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr. Ybb ‐Ytkflefn jd Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs,‘

efdrk. \cb LJ\ @bttbr nevbs resb tj sbrejus `bnk` ijfsbqubfibs ’ fkhb`y, tcb

karjnktejf jd Yjutcwbst―s `bksbcj`l rencts tj bxpkfl upjf kfl du``y uteèzb ets

`bksbl kerpjrt spkib. Ybb YbiuretyWjeft Cj`lefns, suprk, >45 D.9l kt ;;3> (\YK

Icebd Ijufsb`―s `bttbr wks k defk` jrlbr abikusb et kddbitbl pbtetejfbr―s kaeèty tj

ijftrkit wetc kerpjrts)? Ykdb Bxtbfsejfs, suprk, 275 D.9l kt 253 (DKK ‐klvesjry

ieriu`kr‘ wks k defk` jrlbr abikusb et akrrbl pbtetejfbr ‐drjh sb`èfn . . . prjluits tj

kerpjrts‘)? Lkfek Abkic, suprk, <32 D.9l kt ;;3>-33 (DKK `bttbr wks k defk` jrlbr

‐abikusb et kutcjrezbs tcb usb jd . . . sbijflkry rufwkys tj k``bvektb trkddei

ijfnbstejf‘)? FQLI v. BWK, 4<9 D.9l 9;;, 917 (L.I. Ier. 17;;) (‐abikusb tcb

Nuelkfib es defk`, kfl abikusb tcb essub rkesbl ay _pbtetejfbrX es purb`y `bnk`, tcb

qubstejf abdjrb _tcb IjurtX es det djr muleiek` rbvebw‘).;9

;9Ef ets Ijhp`keft de`bl jf Mufb ;>, 17;2 ef tcb Iety jd Lk``ks @etenktejf, tcb Iety

krnubs tckt sbitejf <4;;7 ljbs fjt kpp`y tj tcb LJ\ @bttbr abikusb ‐LJ\ kitbl

pursukft tj ^KQK kfl fjt pursukft tj tcb pkrts jd tet`b <5 sbt jut ef <5 R.Y.I. §<4;;7.‘ Ijhp`keft ´ ;1. Yjutcwbst knrbbs tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr vej`ktbs ^KQK.

Cjwbvbr, tcb LJ\ @bttbr ljbs rbdbr tj pkrt A jd \et`b <5 (<5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(o))

kfl djr tcb rbksjfs sbt djrtc cbrbef, Yjutcwbst hkeftkefs tckt LJ\ kituk``y

eftbflbl tj ietb tj pkrt K jd \et`b <5 (<5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o)). Muresleitejf bxests ef

tces Ijurt ks `jfn ks LJ\ hkeftkefs tckt ets @bttbr wks essubl uflbr pkrts K jr A

jd \et`b <5.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 4; jd ;11 WknbEL <>32



-2-

Y\K\BHBF\ JD EYYRBY

;. ^cbtcbr tcb LJ\ @bttbr―s ufprbiblbftbl kfl lesruptevb rbquerbhbft

tckt k djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd k fjf-tbfkft kerèfb hust ab aksbl jf k akiowkrl-

`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb,‘ kfl rbhkef ef p`kib ‐ks `jfn ks tcb ikrrebr ijftefubs tj

jpbrktb tcb kiijhhjlktbl dèncts‘ ’ wetc fj ijfselbrktejf djr tcb prbdbrbftek`

`bksb rencts jd tcb senfktjry tbfkft kerèfb ’ es k ‐`bnes`ktevb ru`b,‘ djr wceic prejr

fjteib kfl kf jppjrtufety tj ijhhbft wbrb rbquerbl uflbr tcb Klhefestrktevb

Wrjiblurb Kit, 2 R.Y.I. § 229(a), aut wceic LJ\ dke`bl tj prjvelb.

1. ^cbtcbr tcb LJ\ @bttbr (k) bxibbls LJ\―s stktutjry kutcjrety

abikusb fj dblbrk` `kw kutcjrezbs LJ\ tj rbquerb kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr tj enfjrb tcb

prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts jd k senfktjry kerèfb ay trbktefn k djribl kiijhhjlktejf

ks ‐pbrhkfbft‘? kfl (a) vej`ktbs tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit (‐^KQK‘)

abikusb et fu`èdebs suic prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts.

9. ^cbtcbr tcb LJ\ @bttbr es kraetrkry kfl ikpreiejus abikusb et es fjt

tcb prjluit jd rbksjfbl lbiesejf-hkoefn, enfjrbs uflesputbl bvelbfib tckt

pbrhkfbft djribl kiijhhjlktejf wju`l rbpulektb tcb prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts jd

@jvb Deb`l kerèfbs ef spetb jd prejr LJ\ nuelkfib, lesrbnkrls tcb ckrh tj

Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs wceic we`` bfsub, kfl es uffbibsskry tj bfsurb ijhpbtetejf ef

tcb nrbktbr Lk``ks krbk ker sbrveibs hkrobt.






-4-

Y\K\BHBF\ QBNKQLEFN KLLBFLRH

Wursukft tj Ieriuet Qu`b 13(k)(2), kf Kllbfluh ijftkefefn pbrtefbft stktutbs

kfl rbnu`ktejfs es suahettbl cbrbwetc ef k sbpkrktb`y ajufl vjùhb. Ietktejfs

cbrbef krb hkrobl ‐KL.‘ K`sj efiùlbl ef tcb Kllbfluh es tcb ‐Lbi`krktejf jd

Aja Hjftnjhbry‘ (‐Hjftnjhbry Lbi`.‘), kfl rbdbrbfibl bxceaets, ef suppjrt jd

Yjutcwbst―s stkflefn tj ick``bfnb tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

Y\K\BHBF\ JD \CB IKYB

Cestjry jd Yjutcwbst kfl @jvb Deb`l Kerpjrt

@jvb Deb`l es jfb jd twj prehkry ijhhbriek` pkssbfnbr kerpjrts tckt sbrvb

tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hbtrjpjètkf krbk, tcb jtcbr (kfl huic `krnbr) abefn LD^

Kerpjrt. Ef ;51>, tcb Iety kiquerbl @jvb Deb`l ks ets hufeiepk` kerpjrt.;<

Ef tcb

;547―s, Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc knrbbl tj ijfstruit LD^ Kerpjrt, tj ab `jiktbl

ck`dwky abtwbbf tcb twj ietebs. Ef ;5>7, tcb benct ikrrebrs sbrvefn tcb nrbktbr

Lk``ks hkrobt prjhesbl tj trkfsdbr tcber jpbrktejfs tj LD^ Kerpjrt.;2

Ef tcb <7 ybkrs dj``jwefn tcb lbiesejf tj aue`l LD^ Kerpjrt, tcb stjry jd

@jvb Deb`l kfl LD^ cks abbf hkrobl ay bxtbfsevb `bnes`ktejf, ètenktejf,

klhefestrktevb prjibblefns, kfl, u`tehktb`y, ijhprjhesb. Lurefn tces tehb,

Yjutcwbst cks prjvelbl ijfsuhbrs ef tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc krbk wetc cuflrbls jd

;< @jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs v. Rfetbl Ytktbs, 5> Dbl. I`. 922, 941 (17;;).

;2 El .

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb 1; jd 37





->-

he`èjfs, ed fjt ae``jfs, jd lj``krs ef skvefns drjh `jw-dkrb ker sbrveibs tj kfl drjh

@jvb Deb`l. \crjunc Yjutcwbst―s suiibssdu` bddjrts tj obbp @jvb Deb`l jpbf, kfl

tcbrbay prjvelb ijhpbtetejf ef ker dkrbs wetc tcb kerèfbs jpbrktefn kt fbkray LD^,

Yjutcwbst cks ijfsestbft`y prjtbitbl tcb eftbrbsts jd Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc krbk

ijfsuhbrs djr `jw-ijst trkvb` jptejfs.

Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs stkrtbl ets jpbrktejfs kt @jvb Deb`l ef ;5>;, ks k shk``

eftrk-\bxks ijhhutbr kerèfb.;4

Rfèob tcb jtcbr kerèfbs kt @jvb Deb`l, Yjutcwbst

wks fjt rbquerbl tj kfl lel fjt knrbb tj trkfsdbr ets jpbrktejfs tj LD^ Kerpjrt.;>

Yjutcwbst―s bddjrt tj uteèzb @jvb Deb`l ks ets aksb jd jpbrktejfs spkwfbl ybkrs jd

ètenktejf ef wceic tcb ietebs jd Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc krnubl tckt Yjutcwbst―s

prbsbfib kt @jvb Deb`l wju`l defkfiek``y tcrbktbf tcb vekaeèty jd LD^ Kerpjrt.;3

Jfb ybkr abdjrb LD^ Kerpjrt jpbfbl, Lk``ks, Djrt ^jrtc kfl tcb Lk``ks-

Djrt ^jrtc Qbnejfk` Kerpjrt Ajkrl subl Yjutcwbst sbboefn k ijurt jrlbr akrrefn et

drjh @jvb Deb`l. Ef ;5>9, k dblbrk` lestreit ijurt ru`bl tckt Lk``ks kfl Djrt ^jrtc

iju`l ‐fjt `kwdu``y bxiùlb‘ Yjutcwbst drjh @jvb Deb`l ‐sj `jfn ks @jvb Deb`l

rbhkefs jpbf ks kf kerpjrt.‘;5

;4Qbi. 9, kt 1, MK ZZ.

;> El .? sbb k`sj @jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs, suprk, kt 941.

;3 El. kt 941-49.

;5Iety jd Lk``ks v. Yw. Kerèfbs Ij., 9>; D. Yupp. ;7;2, ;792 (F.L. \bx. ;5>9),



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 4< jd ;11 WknbEL <>33



-3-

Rfdjrtufktb`y, tcb njvbrfhbftk` bddjrts tj akr Yjutcwbst drjh @jvb Deb`l,

suppjrtbl ay Yjutcwbst―s kerèfb ijhpbtetjrs, ijftefubl. Ef ;5>2, tcb Iety jd

Lk``ks ehpjsbl k irehefk` defb djr jpbrktefn kt @jvb Deb`l. Yjutcwbst subl kfl

suiibssdu``y bfmjefbl tcb Iety drjh bfdjriefn tcb jrlefkfib, wceic ‐d`bw squkrb`y

ef tcb dkib‘ jd tcb Fjrtcbrf Lestreit―s prejr jrlbr.17

Ef kdderhefn, tcb Dedtc Ieriuet

stktbl=

\ces es tcb benctc tehb ef tcrbb ybkrs tckt k dblbrk` ijurt cks rbdusbl tj

suppjrt tcb bveitejf jd Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs drjh @jvb Deb`l. Wrbiesb`ywjrlbl cj`lefns kfl lbdbrbfib tj stktb kutcjretebs ay tcb dblbrk`

muleiekry ckvb jf`y nbfbrktbl hjrb suets, kppbk`s, kfl pbtetejfs djr

rbcbkrefn. Jfib knkef, wb rbpbkt, Yjutcwbst . . . cks k dblbrk` y

lbi`krbl renct tj tcb ijftefubl usb jd kfl kiibss tj @jvb Deb`l, sj

`jfn ks @jvb Deb`l rbhkefs jpbf.1;

\cb ‐^renct Khbflhbft‘ kfl Ets Qbpbk`

Yjutcwbst―s bddjrts tj jpbrktb kt @jvb Deb`l ijftefubl tj dkib ybt hjrb

ick``bfnbs. Ef ;5>3, Ijfnrbss bfkitbl tcb Kerèfb Lbrbnu`ktejf Kit, kehbl kt

rbhjvefn njvbrfhbft ijftrj` kfl djstbrefn ijhpbtetejf ef tcb kerèfb eflustry.

\ces ickfnb ef tcb `kw bfka`bl Yjutcwbst tj stkrt d`yefn abtwbbf @jvb Deb`l kfl

kdd―l <5< D.1l >>9 (2tc Ier. ;5><)? sbb k`sj Kh. Kerèfbs, Efi. v. LJ\ , 171 D.9l>33, >59 (2tc Ier. 1777).

17 El . (ietefn Yw. Kerèfbs Ij. v. \bx. Eft―` Kerèfbs, Efi., 954 D. Yupp. 4>3, 437 (F.L.

\bx. ;5>2), kdd―l , 2<4 D.1l 3< (2tc Ier. ;5>>)).

1;2<4 D.1l kt ;71-79.






-5-

Fbw Jr`bkfs.11

Ef rbspjfsb tj tcb efirbksefn ijhpbtetejf drjh Yjutcwbst, \bxks

Ijfnrbsshkf kfl tcbf Hkmjrety @bklbr Meh ^renct jd Djrt ^jrtc quebt`y kttkicbl

tcb khbflhbft fkhbl kdtbr ceh tj tcb bfl jd tcb Eftbrfktejfk` Ker \rkfspjrtktejf

Ijhpbtetejf Kit jd ;5>5.19

Rflbr tcb ‐^renct Khbflhbft,‘ Yjutcwbst―s fjfstjp dèncts tj kfl drjh

@jvb Deb`l wbrb èhetbl tj k devb stktb sbrveib krbk (`ktbr bxpkflbl tj fefb stktbs).1<

Ks k rbsu`t, Yjutcwbst―s sbrveib wks krtedeiek``y supprbssbl dkr ab`jw tcb ikpkiety

jd ets `bksbl nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l. Ks tces Ijurt stktbl ef ;533= ‐Ef tcb ajwb`s jd

tckt eftbrfktejfk``y jrebftbl hbksurb es k prjvesejf jd k lestefit`y pkrjicek`,

ljhbstei fkturb,‘ lbsenfbl ‐tj bxibpt @jvb Deb`l drjh tcb èabrkèzbl bftry

prjvesejfs jd tcb Kerèfb Lbrbnu`ktejf Kit‘ tj ‐bfsurb tcb vekaeèty jd fbw

Lk``ks/Dt. ^jrtc Qbnejfk` Kerpjrt.‘12

11Ybb ‐\ehb djr Ijfnrbss tj Yprbkl @jvb ef tcb Ker= ^cy tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

wks ^rjfn Abdjrb, kfl wcy et Lbsbrvbs Qbpbk` \jlky,‘ >7 M. Ker @. & Ijh. 929,

92> (Yprefn 1772).

19 El . kt 92>.

1<

Wua. @. Fj. 54-;51, § 15, 5< Ytkt. 92, <3-<5 (;537)? @jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs, kt94<.

12Ijftefbftk` Ker @efbs, Efi. v. LJ\ , 3<9 D.1l ;<<<, ;<<4 (L.I. Ier. ;533)

(ietktejf kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl)? sbb k`sj @jvb \brhefk` Wkrtfbrs,

kt 94<.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb 1< jd 37





-;7-

Ay tcb hel-1777s, et ckl abijhb kppkrbft tckt tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

jrenefk``y bfkitbl ef ;5>5 djr tcb purpjsb jd prjtbitefn k jfib-d`blnèfn LD^

Kerpjrt, wks kf jutlktbl, kfte-ijhpbtetevb rbèi tckt uffkturk``y rbstreitbl

ijhhbriek` ker dèncts kt @jvb Deb`l. \cb rbstreitejfs jd tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

sbvbrb`y efceaetbl Yjutcwbst―s trub nrjwtc pjtbftek`, bspbiek``y ef tcb Lk``ks

hkrobt, kfl Yjutcwbst djunct venjrjus`y djr ets rbpbk`.

Ef 1774, Yjutcwbst rbkicbl knrbbhbft wetc tcb Ietebs jd Lk``ks kfl Djrt

^jrtc, LD^ Kerpjrt, kfl Khbreikf Kerèfbs, tj sbbo dblbrk` `bnes`ktejf tj rbpbk`

tcb ^renct Khbflhbft, kfl tcbrbay bfka`b Yjutcwbst tj hkxehezb ets uteèzktejf

jd @jvb Deb`l. Jf Mu`y ;;, 1774, tcb pkrtebs bxbiutbl k ‐Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft‘ tj

prjvelb djr rbpbk` jd tcb ^renct Khbflhbft ‐benct ybkrs drjh tcb bfkithbft jd

_tcbX `bnes`ktejf.‘14

\j rbkic tcb ijhprjhesb bhajlebl ef tcb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft, tcb pkrtebs

knrbbl tj rbluib tcb fuhabr jd nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l drjh 91 tj 17 kfl prbiùlb

`ktbr bxpkfsejf jd tcb kerpjrt.1>

\cb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft stktbs tckt, ‐Yjutcwbst

sck`` ckvb tcb prbdbrbftek` usb jd ;4 nktbs uflbr ets bxestefn `bksb tj ab usbl djr

pkssbfnbr jpbrktejfs,‘ wetc twj nktbs k``jiktbl tj Khbreikf Kerèfbs kfl tcb

rbhkefefn twj tj ab usbl ay BxprbssMbt Kerèfbs, Efi., k prblbibssjr tj Rfetbl

14Qbi. ;2, Krt. E, § ;, MK ZZ-ZZ.

1> El . § 9, MK ZZ.






-;;-

Kerèfbs (‐Rfetbl‘).13

Cjwbvbr, tcbrb wks fj rbquerbhbft tckt Yjutcwbst ab

èhetbl tj ;4 nktbs.

Djr k`` prkiteik` purpjsbs, Ybitejf ;7 jd tcb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft rbstreits

Yjutcwbst―s sbrveib ef tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hkrobt tj @jvb Deb`l. Ed Yjutcwbst

wbrb tj `bksb nktbs kt LD^ Kerpjrt, Ybitejf ;7 rbquerbs tckt Yjutcwbst rbèfquesc

kf bquevk`bft fuhabr jd nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l.15

\ces rbstreitejf es ehpjsbl ufequb`y

jf Yjutcwbst. K`` jtcbr kerèfbs wescefn tj sbrvb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc krb drbb tj usb

LD^ Kerpjrt, wcbrb nktbs krb rbkle`y kvke`ka`b, wetcjut pbfk`ty.

Ibrtkef tbrhs jd tcb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft wbrb ijledebl ks tcb ^renct

Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit jd 1774, Wua. @. ;75-921, ;17 Ytkt. 17;; (Jitjabr ;9,

1774) (‐^KQK‘), rbd`bitefn Ijfnrbss― kiibptkfib jd tcb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft.

^KQK hkobs i`bkr tckt tcb Iety ‐sck`` cjfjr tcb sikrib rbsjurib prjvesejf jd tcb

bxestefn @jvb Deb`l `bksbs.‘97

^KQK durtcbr prjvelbs=

Fjtwetcstkflefn kfy jtcbr prjvesejf jd `kw, tcb Ybirbtkry jd

\rkfspjrtktejf kfl tcb Klhefestrktjr jd tcb Dblbrk` Kvektejf

Klhefestrktejf hky fjt hkob deflefns jr lbtbrhefktejfs, essub jrlbrs

jr ru`bs, wetccj`l kerpjrt ehprjvbhbft nrkfts jr kpprjvk`s tcbrbjd,

lbfy pkssbfnbr dkieèty kppèiktejfs, jr tkob kfy jtcbr kitejfs, betcbr

13 El . § 9(a), MK ZZ.

15 El . § ;7, MK ZZ.

97^KQK § 2(k), KL-7<>.






-;1-

sb`d-efetektbl jr jf abck`d jd tcerl pkrtebs . . . tckt krb efijfsestbft wetc

tcb _Devb-Wkrty KnrbbhbftX . . . .9;

Durtcbrhjrb, k`tcjunc sbitejf 2(b)(;)(B) jd ^KQK stktbs tckt ^KQK ljbs fjt

‐èhet tcb kutcjrety jd tcb Dblbrk` Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf _–DKK―X jr kfy jtcbr

Dblbrk` knbfiy tj bfdjrib rbquerbhbfts jd `kw kfl nrkft kssurkfibs,‘ tcb stktutb

k`sj prjvelbs tckt tces pkrknrkpc ‐sck`` fjt ab ijfstrubl tj rbquerb tcb iety jd

Lk``ks, \bxks . . . tj hjledy jr bèhefktb prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksbs wetc ker ikrrebrs ef

jrlbr tj k``jiktb nktb ikpkiety tj fbw bftrkfts jr tj irbktb ijhhjf usb nktbs,

uf`bss suic hjledeiktejf jr bèhefktejf es ehp`bhbftbl jf k fktejfwelb akses.‘91

Ef jtcbr wjrls, ^KQK hkobs i`bkr tckt dblbrk` `kw kfl tcb nrkft kssurkfibs

rbnkrlefn tcb Iety―s jpbrktejf kt @jvb Deb`l lj fjt rbquerb tcb Iety tj hjledy

bxestefn ikrrebrs― `bksbs ef jrlbr tj kiijhhjlktb k rbqubstefn kerèfb.

\cb @jvb Deb`l @bksb

Jf Dbarukry ;9, 1775, tcb Iety kfl Yjutcwbst bftbrbl eftj k 17-ybkr `bksb

djr Yjutcwbst―s usb jd nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l (‐@bksb‘).99

Wursukft tj tcb @bksb,

Yjutcwbst ‐es nrkftbl tcb prbdbrbftek` usb jd ets kssenfbl Nktb(s).‘9<

Ybitejf <.74

jd tcb @bksb stktbs tckt Yjutcwbst, ks tcb ‐Yenfktjry Kerèfb,‘ hky ab rbquerbl ef

9;

^KQK §2(l)(;)(K), KL-7<3.91

^KQK § 2(b)(1)(A)(ee) (bhpckses kllbl), KL-727.

99@jvb Deb`l @bksb, Qbi. ;>, MK ZZ-ZZ.

9< El . § <.74.I, MK ZZ.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb 1> jd 37





-;9-

ibrtkef spbiek` ieriuhstkfibs tj ‐kiijhhjlktb‘ k fjf-tbfkft kerèfb sbboefn nktb

spkib kt @jvb Deb`l aut jf`y ed Yjutcwbst es fjt usefn tcb spkib=

Kt tcjsb tehbs tckt _tcb YenfktjryX Kerèfb cks fj sicblu`bl usb djr

jfb jr hjrb jd ets kssenfbl Nktb(s), Kerèfb we`` k``jw jtcbr sicblu`bl

jr fjfsicblu`bl kerèfbs kutcjrezbl ay Iety tj usb Kerpjrt dkieètebs tj

usb suic Nktb(s), ks ieriuhstkfibs kfl tcb puaèi eftbrbst hky rbquerb,

djr `jklefn kfl uf`jklefn kfy, aut ef fj bvbft sck`` skel usb ay jtcbrs

tkob prbiblbfib jd Kerèfb―s sicblu`bl usb.92

Kfl, sbitejf <.74.D jd tcb @bksb hkobs i`bkr tckt suic kiijhhjlktejf ikf jf`y

jiiur ‐kt suic tehbs tckt we`` fjt uflu`y eftbrdbrb wetc _Yjutcwbst―sX jpbrktefn

sicblu`b . . . .‘94

Ed k ijfdèit bxestbfib abtwbbf ‐ sicblu`bs jd tcb Yenfktjry

Kerèfb kfl tcb Qbqubstefn Kerèfb, tcb Yenfktjry Kerèfb we`` ckvb prejrety ef usb

jd ets pbrsjffb` kfl ets @bksbl Wrbhesbs.‘ 9>

\cus, uflbr @bksb sbitejfs <.74.I kfl <.74.D, Yjutcwbst cks k ijhp`btb`y

ufrbstreitbl renct tj du``y uteèzb ets `bksbl nktbs, kfl kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd

k fjf-tbfkft kerèfb kt @jvb Deb`l hust ijhp`y wetc tcb dj``jwefn ijfletejfs=

;. \cb senfktjry kerèfb hust ckvb ‐fj sicblu`bl usb‘ djr

tcb nktb spkib?

1. \cb senfktjry kerèfb―s ‐sicblu`bl usb‘ sck`` ‐tkob

prbiblbfib‘?

92 El . (bhpckses kllbl).

94Ybitejf <.74.D, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl).

9> El. § <.74.D.<.k (bhpckses kllbl).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >7 jd ;11 WknbEL <>5<



-;<-

9. \cb kiijhhjlktejf hust ‐fjt uflu`y eftbrdbrb wetc‘ tcb

senfktjry kerèfb―s jpbrktefn sicblu`b? kfl

<. Ef iksb jd k ijfdèit ef sicblu`bs, tcb senfktjry kerèfb ‐we``

ckvb prejrety ef usb jd ets pbrsjffb` kfl ets @bksbl Wrbhesbs.‘

@bksb sbitejfs <.74.I kfl D, MK ZZ-ZZ.

Ajtc tcb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft kfl ^KQK rbquerb tcb Iety tj hkfknb

rbqubsts djr kiijhhjlktejf ef kiijrlkfib wetc tcb Iety―s @jvb Deb`l `bksbs.93

Dblbrk` Kerpjrt ‐Nrkft Kssurkfibs‘

\cb akionrjufl djr efiùlefn tcb kiijhhjlktejf prjvesejfs ef tcb @bksb

rbsts wetc k spbiedei dblbrk` pjèiy ehpjsefn ibrtkef ijfletejfs jf defkfiek` nrkfts

tj kerpjrts jpbrktefn ef eftbrstktb ijhhbrib. Rflbr tces pjèiy, ‐_wXcbf kerpjrt

jwfbrs jr spjfsjrs, p`kffefn knbfiebs, jr jtcbr jrnkfezktejfs kiibpt _Kerpjrt

Ehprjvbhbft KitX dufls, tcby hust knrbb tj ibrtkef jaènktejfs, ik``bl nrkft

kssurkfibs.‘95 ‐\cb nrkft kssurkfibs rbquerb tcb rbiepebfts tj hkeftkef kfl jpbrktb

tcber dkieètebs skdb`y kfl bddeiebft`y kfl ef kiijrlkfib wetc spbiedebl ijfletejfs . .

. .‘<7

Nrkft kssurkfib 11(k) stktbs=

93

Qbi. ;2, Krt. E, ´ 9(a), MK ZZ-ZZ? Kllbfluh, § 2(k), KL-7<>.95

DKK Jrlbr 2;77.93L (Ybpt. 97, 17;<), Qbi. <<, § 1-2, MK ZZ? sbb k`sj ‐DKK

Kerpjrt Ijhpèkfib Hkfuk`,‘ Qbi. 17, kt <-;, MK ZZ? Qbi. 94, MK ZZ-ZZ? <5 R.Y.I.

§ <>;7>(k), KL-71<-KL-71>.

<7 El.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. >7

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >; jd ;11 WknbEL <>52



-;2-

_\cb kerpjrt jpbrktjrX we`` hkob tcb kerpjrt kvke`ka`b ks kf kerpjrt djr

puaèi usb jf rbksjfka`b tbrhs kfl wetcjut ufmust lesirehefktejf tj

k`` typbs, oefls kfl i`kssbs jd kbrjfkuteik` kitevetebs, efiùlefn

ijhhbriek` kbrjfkuteik` kitevetebs jddbrefn sbrveibs tj tcb puaèi kt

tcb kerpjrt.<;

Nrkft kssurkfib 19 prjvelbs tckt tcb kerpjrt jpbrktjr ‐we`` pbrhet fj bxiùsevb

renct djr usb jd tcb kerpjrt ay kfy pbrsjf prjvelefn, jr eftbflefn tj prjvelb,

kbrjfkuteik` sbrveibs tj tcb puaèi.‘<1

\cb ‐nrkft kssurkfibs . . . rbquerb tcb kerpjrt jpbrktjr tj kiijhhjlktb

rbksjfka`b rbqubsts djr kiibss ay k fbw bftrkft ikrrebr jr ay kf efiuhabft ikrrebr

tckt wkfts tj bxpkfl ets jpbrktejfs‘? aut tcby lj fjt rbquerb k senfktjry kerèfb ‐tj

ikfib` dèncts jr djrdbet usb jd ets kerpjrt dkieètebs . . . .‘<9

Ef jtcbr wjrls, tcb nrkft

kssurkfibs krb jf`y stktbhbfts jd nbfbrk` prefiep`bs. \cby lj fjt nukrkftbb tckt k

fjf-tbfkft kerèfb we`` ab kiijhhjlktbl kt k``, huic `bss eflbdefetb`y. Kfl, tcby

ef fj wky prjceaet k `bksb-cj`lefn kerèfb drjh bxpkflefn upjf, kfl du``y uteèzefn,

ets jwf `bksbl spkib djr ets jwf jpbrktejfs.

<;Qbi. 94, kt ;;, MK ZZ.

<1 El . kt ;1, MK ZZ.

<9DKK/LJ\ Kerpjrt Nuelb (Jitjabr ;555), Qbi. 1, kt x, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl)?

efdrk.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. >;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >1 jd ;11 WknbEL <>54



-;4-

\cb DKK/LJ\ Kerpjrt Ausefbss Wrkiteibs Nuelb

Ef ;555, DKK kfl LJ\ essubl tcb ‐Kerpjrt Ausefbss Wrkiteibs kfl tcber

Ehpkit jf Kerèfb Ijhpbtetejf‘ (‐Kerpjrt Nuelb‘) ef pkrt wetc tcb purpjsb jd

i`kredyefn kfl bxp`kefefn kppèiktejf jd tcb nrkft kssurkfibs.<<

Khjfn jtcbr

tcefns, tcb Kerpjrt Nuelb bxp`kefbl tckt kiijhhjlktbl kerèfbs lj fjt ckvb

prejrety jvbr tcb `bksb rencts jd senfktjry kerèfbs.

• ‐Kerpjrt jpbrktjrs . . . hky fjt . . . i`keh `kio jd nktb kvke`kaeèty wcbf, ef

dkit, nktbs krb fjt du``y usbl.‘<2

• ‐^ce`b sjhb krrkfnbhbft djr kiijhhjlktejf jd fbw bftrkfts hust ab

hklb, kf ker ikrrebr tbfkft es fjt rbquerbl tj ikfib` dèncts jr tj djrdbet usb

jd ets kerpjrt dkieètebs.‘<4

• ‐\cb –rbksjfka`b kiibss― prjvesejf jd tcb –bijfjhei fjflesirehefktejf―

kssurkfib rbquerbs kf kerpjrt tj hkob rbksjfka`b bddjrts tj kiijhhjlktb

fbw bftrkfts ay prjvelefn tcb fbibsskry dkieètebs jr tcb jppjrtufety djr tcb

fbw bftrkft tj jatkef tcjsb dkieètebs. \ces ikf ab kiijhpèscbl ay ckvefn

ijhhjf-usb nktbs kvke`ka`b jf k pbr-turf jr jtcbr akses, sckrefn

prbdbrbftek`-usb nktbs kt uflbrusbl tehbs, jr krrkfnefn djr usb jd bxiùsevb-

usb nktbs kt ufusbl pbrejls. Kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr es fjt rbquerbl tj levbst k

tbfkft ikrrebr jd dkieètebs ef usb? cjwbvbr, tcb kerpjrt jpbrktjr ikf wjro

wetc tcb ikrrebr tj bfsurb hjrb bddbitevb uteèzktejf jd sikrib dkieètebs tj

abttbr kiijhhjlktb rbqubstefn kerèfbs.‘<>

<<

Qbi. 1, MK ZZ-ZZ.<2 El . kt ve, MK ZZ.

<4 El . kt ;9, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl).

<> El . kt ;2, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >9 jd ;11 WknbEL <>5>



-;>-

\cb Kerpjrt Nuelb tcus rbd`bits DKK/LJ\ pjèiy kfl prkiteib tckt kf ‐ker

ikrrebr tbfkft es fjt rbquerbl tj ikfib` dèncts jr tj djrdbet usb jd ets kerpjrt

dkieètebs‘ ef jrlbr tj kiijhhjlktb kfjtcbr kerèfb.<3

Et k`sj hkobs i`bkr tckt kf

kerpjrt jpbrktjr sck`` fjt ab ‐rbquerbl tj levbst k tbfkft ikrrebr jd dkieètebs ef

usb.‘<5

Yenfedeikft`y, tcb Kerpjrt Nuelb spbiedeik``y kllrbssbs ijhpbtetejf ‐ef ker

trkfspjrtktejf hkrobts‘? kfl fjt wetcef k sefn`b kerpjrt =

Kitejfs tckt tcwkrt kf ker ikrrebr―s kiibss jr jpbrktejfs k`sj ikf abijftrkry tj tcb prj-ijhpbtetevb ehpèiktejfs efijfsestbft wetc tcb kfte-

lesirehefktejf kssurkfib, kfl uflbrhefb tcb njk`s jd tcb Kerèfb

Lbrbnu`ktejf Kit _<5 R.Y.I. § <;>;9, Kllbfluh, kt KL-717 ’ KL-

71;X tj djstbr ijhpbtetejf kfl bfijurknb fbw bftry eftj ker

trkfspjrtktejf hkrobts.27

\cb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf Ytktutb

Ef 1777 Ijfnrbss pkssbl tcb ^bflb`` C. Djrl Kvektejf Efvbsthbft kfl

Qbdjrh Kit djr tcb 1;st Ibftury (‐KEQ-1;‘).2;

Khjfn jtcbr tcefns, tces stktutb

rbquerbs `krnb kfl hbleuh cua kerpjrts wetc k hefehuh tcrbscj`l kerèfb

ijfibftrktejf tj suahet k ‐ijhpbtetejf p`kf‘ djr DKK kpprjvk` (ijledebl kt <5

<3 El . kt ;9, MK ZZ.

<5 El . kt ;2, MK ZZ.

27 El . kt ;<, MK (bhpckses kllbl).

2;Wua. @. ;74-;3;, ;;< Ytkt. 4; (Kpre` 1777), KL-7<< - KL-7<2? sbb k`sj Qbi. 9,

kt ;, MK ZZ.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >< jd ;11 WknbEL <>53



-;3-

R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o) (tcb ‐Ijhpbtetejf W`kf Ytktutb‘). \cb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf Ytktutb

prjvelbs=

(;) ‐Abneffefn ef desik` ybkr 177;, fj bènea`b knbfiy hky ehpjsb

k pkssbfnbr dkieèty ickrnb uflbr tces sbitejf wetc rbspbit tj k

ijvbrbl kerpjrt (ks suic tbrh es lbdefbl ef sbitejf <>;74(d))

uf`bss tcb knbfiy cks suahettbl tj tcb Ybirbtkry k wrettbf

ijhpbtetejf p`kf ef kiijrlkfib wetc suic sbitejf. . . .‘

(1) ‐\cb Ybirbtkry sck`` rbvebw kfy p`kf suahettbl uflbr

pkrknrkpc (;) tj bfsurb tckt et hbbts tcb rbquerbhbfts jd tces

sbitejf, kfl sck`` rbvebw ets ehp`bhbftktejf drjh tehb-tj-tehb

tj bfsurb tckt bkic ijvbrbl kerpjrt suiibssdu``y ehp`bhbfts ets

p`kf.‘<5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o)(;)-(1), Kllbfluh, KL-7;>. Fjtcefn ef tcb Ijhpbtetejf

W`kf Ytktutb kllrbssbs, lerbit`y jr eflerbit`y, tcb djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd fjf-

tbfkft kerèfbs kt kf kerpjrt, kfl tcb stktutb ijftkefs fjtcefn tckt kutcjrezbs k

djribl kiijhhjlktejf jf tcb tbrhs spbiedebl ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

@jvb Deb`l Ijhpbtetejf W`kfs

Wursukft tj tcb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb, tcb Iety suahettbl ijhpbtetejf

p`kfs tj DKK djr @jvb Deb`l ef 177;, 1779 kfl 1775.21

Ef 1771, DKK fjtedebl tcb

Iety tckt ets efetek` @jvb Deb`l Ijhpbtetejf p`kf sktesdebl tcb rbquerbhbfts jd tcb

Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb.29

DKK stktbl tckt et ‐kiofjw`blnb_lX tckt tcb Iety

uflbrstkfls ets `bnk` jaènktejfs tj prjvelb rbksjfka`b ker ikrrebr kiibss kt @jvb

21Qbi. >, MK ZZ-ZZ? Qbi. 5, MK ZZ-ZZ? kfl Qbi. ;5, MK ZZ-ZZ.

29@bttbr drjh I. @kfn tj O. Nwyff (Dba. ;1, 1771), Qbi. 3, kt ;, MK ZZ.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ><

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >2 jd ;11 WknbEL <>55



-;5-

Deb`l kfl es prbpkrbl tj krrkfnb djr usb jd `jfn-tbrh bxiùsevb-usb nktbs kt ufusbl

pbrejls ay k rbqubstefn ikrrebr.‘2<

Ef Mufb 1775, tcb Iety prjvelbl DKK wetc kf uplktbl @jvb Deb`l

ijhpbtetejf p`kf.22

Kppbflex ; tj tcb ljiuhbft stktbl vbrakteh tcb

‐Kiijhhjlktejf Wrjvesejfs‘ ef sbitejf <.74 jd tcb @jvb Deb`l @bksb.24

DKK

kpprjvbl tcb `kfnuknb jd tcb 1775 @jvb Deb`l ijhpbtetejf p`kf ef Jitjabr 1775.2>

@jvb Deb`l kfl LD^ Kerpjrt

\cb Lk``ks/Djrt ^jrtc hbtrjpjètkf krbk es k sefn`b kvektejf hkrobt tckt es

sbrvbl ay twj kerpjrts, @jvb Deb`l kfl LD^ Kerpjrt, wceic ijhpbtb djr tcb skhb

pkssbfnbrs.23

\cb twj kerpjrts krb jf`y kajut ;4 he`bs (kpprjxehktb`y 17 hefutbs)

kpkrt, kfl 52% jd tcb pjpu`ktejf jd tcb Lk``ks Hbtrjp`bx es wetcef 47 hefutbs jd

ajtc kerpjrts.25

2< El . (bhpckses kllbl).

22@bttbr drjh L. ^babr tj A. Lb@bjf (Mufb 9, 1775), Qbi. ;5, MK ZZ-ZZ.

24MK ZZ-ZZ.

2>@bttbr drjh A. Lb@bjf tj L. ^babr (Jit. ;2, 1775), Qbi. 1;, MK ZZ-ZZ.

23

Qbspjfsb jd Yjutcwbst Kerèfbs Ij. (Fjv. ;>, 17;<), Qbi. 24, kt 3, kfl kt IckrtsK-D, MK ZZ, ZZ-ZZ.

25 El. Ef dkit, DKK rbibft`y kffjufibl tckt et ijfselbrs ajtc @jvb Deb`l kfl LD^

Kerpjrt tj ab pkrt jd k sefn`b Fjrtc \bxks Hbtrjp`bx djr ker trkddei hkfknbhbft

purpjsbs. Ybb DKK ‐FbxtNbf ^jros djr Kerpjrts‘) (kvke`ka`b jf www.DKK.njv)

(ietbl ef Qbi. 3;, kt 4 f. >, MK ZZ).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >4 jd ;11 WknbEL <377



-17-

Ef klletejf tj Yjutcwbst―s ;4 prbdbrbftek` usb nktbs uflbr tcb @jvb Deb`l

@bksb, Yjutcwbst cks sua`bksbl twj klletejfk` nktbs drjh Rfetbl, djr k tjtk` jd ;3

jd tcb 17 @jvb Deb`l nktbs.47

Yefib Rfetbl k`rbkly sbrvbs tcb Lk``ks krbk drjh

LD^ Kerpjrt, et lel fjt fbbl tj usb @jvb Deb`l tj ijhpbtb ef Lk``ks kfl knrbbl tj

sua`bksb ets nktbs tj Yjutcwbst djr hkfy he`èjfs jd lj``krs.

Ks tcb kajvb sua`bksb trkfskitejf e`ùstrktbs, @jvb Deb`l nktbs krb bxtrbhb`y

vkùka`b tj Yjutcwbst, bspbiek``y nevbf tcb rbstreitejfs jd tcb Devb-Wkrty

Knrbbhbft knkefst Yjutcwbst jpbrktefn kt LD^ Kerpjrt. K`tcjunc Yjutcwbst

`bksbs tcb nrbkt hkmjrety jd nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l, et cks jf`y k shk`` sckrb jd kerpjrt

nktbs ef tcb jvbrk`` Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hkrobt. LD^ Kerpjrt cks ;42 nktbs, kfl

@jvb Deb`l cks 17? tcus tcb tjtk` fuhabr jd kerpjrt nktbs ef tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc

hkrobt es ;32. Yjutcwbst―s ;3 nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l kiijuft djr `bss tckf ;7% jd

tckt fuhabr.4;

Djr k`` ikrrebrs jtcbr tckf Yjutcwbst, LD^ Kerpjrt cks khp`b kfl

ehhblektb`y kvke`ka`b nktb spkib tj kiijhhjlktb ajtc fbw kerèfbs kfl bxpkfsejf

ay bxestefn kerèfbs.41

47

Ybb Qbi. <;, MK ZZ-ZZ. Rfetbl―s `bksb wetc tcb Iety (bxbiutbl ay Rfetbl―s prblbibssjr-ef-eftbrbst, Ijftefbftk` Kerèfbs) es sehe`kr tj Yjutcwbst―s @jvb Deb`l

@bksb. Ybb Qbi. 14, MK ZZ-ZZ.

4;Qbi. 3;, Ickrt N, MK ZZ.

41 El . kt 5, MK Z.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb >> jd ;11 WknbEL <37;



-1;-

Lb`tk―s Qbqubst djr @jfn-\brh Kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l

Ks k rbsu`t jd ets hbrnbr wetc RY Kerwkys, Khbreikf Kerèfbs wks rbquerbl

ay tcb R.Y. Musteib Lbpkrthbft tj levbst ets twj `bksbl nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l tj

Ternef Khbreik Kerèfbs (‐Ternef‘) bddbitevb Jitjabr ;9, 17;<. Lb`tk ckl abbf

jpbrktefn dèncts kt @jvb Deb`l uflbr k tbhpjrkry usb knrbbhbft drjh Khbreikf.

Ef Ybptbhabr 17;< Khbreikf fjtedebl Lb`tk tckt Lb`tk―s knrbbhbft djr @jvb Deb`l

nktb kfl teiobt ijuftbr spkib wju`l tbrhefktb Jitjabr ;1, 17;<.49

Lb`tk

rbspjflbl ay rbqubstefn tckt tcb Iety prjvelb ‐lerbitejf ks tj wcbrb Lb`tk we`` ab

kiijhhjlktbl.‘4<

Dj``jwefn Lb`tk―s rbqubst, Yjutcwbst kfl tcb jtcbr @jvb Deb`l ikrrebrs

vjùftkre`y wjrobl wetc Lb`tk, kfl Yjutcwbst knrbbl tj k``jw Lb`tk tj tbhpjrkre`y

usb k Yjutcwbst nktb tckt et wks fjt du``y usefn kt tcb tehb tj bfka`b Lb`tk tj

jpbrktb devb lke`y dèncts abtwbbf @jvb Deb`l kfl Kt`kftk. Yjutcwbst―s vjùftkry

kiijhhjlktejf wks ijfsestbft wetc eflustry prkiteib, wcbrbay k senfktjry kerèfb

we`` pbrhet k fjf-tbfkft ikrrebr tj tbhpjrkre`y uteèzb `bksbl spkib tckt tcb

senfktjry es fjt tcbf du``y usefn. \ces tbhpjrkry krrkfnbhbft rbhkefbl ef bddbit

ufte` tcb knrbbl-upjf tbrhefktejf lktb jd Mkfukry 4, 17;2. Yuasbqubft`y, Rfetbl

49@bttbr drjh Cj`lbf Yckffjf, Lb`tk tj Hkro Lubafbr (Ybpt. ;3, 17;<), Qbi. <1,

kt ;, MK ZZ.

4< El.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. >>




-11-

knrbbl tj vjùftkre`y kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk ufte` Mu`y 4, 17;2, kfl Yjutcwbst es

cjfjrefn tckt ijhhethbft ks sua-`bssbb jd Rfetbl―s nktbs.42

Yjutcwbst Lbhjfstrktbs tckt Djribl Kiijhhjlktejfkt @jvb Deb`l Ikffjt Ab Wbrhkfbft

Bvbf wce`b Lb`tk wks abefn vjùftkre`y kiijhhjlktbl kt @jvb Deb`l ay

Yjutcwbst, Lb`tk ijftefubl tj lbhkfl duturb kiijhhjlktejf jf k ‐`jfn-tbrh‘

akses, hbkfefn, bssbftek``y, pbrhkfbft`y.44

Wursukft tj ets rencts uflbr ets @bksb

kfl ijfsestbft wetc `jfn-stkflefn prkiteib kt kerpjrts tcrjuncjut tcb ijuftry,

Yjutcwbst rbpbktbl`y kfl ijfsestbft`y jambitbl tj kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf

abefn hjrb tckf k tbhpjrkry krrkfnbhbft kfl prjvelbl tckt spkib rbhkefbl

kvke`ka`b.

Eflbbl, jf Jitjabr 1<, 17;<, Yjutcwbst bhke`bl LJ\―s Nbfbrk` Ijufsb`,

efdjrhefn cbr tckt et iju`l fjt kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk―s rbqubst jf k `jfn-tbrh akses

abikusb ‐Yjutcwbst we`` ab kllefn dèncts kt _@jvb Deb`lX pjst-Mkfukry 4, tj kf

kvbrknb uteèzktejf jd 5.4 dèncts pbr nktb pbr lky, wceic wju`l fjt prjvelb ufusbl

ikpkiety djr kiijhhjlktejf bvbf wetc tcb twj Rfetbl nktbs tckt _Yjutcwbst wksX

42Cjwbvbr, Yjutcwbst we`` ab du``y uteèzefn tcb sua-`bksbl Rfetbl nktbs ks jd

Kunust 5, 17;2 kfl cks fjtedebl Lb`tk tckt et we`` fjt ab ka`b tj bxtbfl tcb

vjùftkry krrkfnbhbft abyjfl tckt lktb. Ybb Ytkflefn jd Yjutcwbst, efdrk.

44Ybb @bttbr drjh O. [ueff tj ^. Brfst (Lbi. 4, 17;<), Qbi. 37, kt ;-1, MK ZZ-ZZ.






-19-

prjpjsefn tj sua`bksb.‘4>

\cb bhke` durtcbr bxp`kefbl tckt ‐_tXcb jf`y wky

_YjutcwbstX iju`l kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk uflbr tcjsb ieriuhstkfibs wju`l ab tj

vjùftkre`y djrbnj jpbrktefn sjhb jd _Yjutcwbst―sX jwf dèncts jf _etsX jwf nktbs

’ sjhbtcefn tcb Nrkft Kssurkfibs p`kef`y lj fjt rbquerb, kfl wceic wju`l ehpjsb

kf bfjrhjus defkfiek` pbfk`ty jf Yjutcwbst.‘43

Ybvbrk` lkys `ktbr, jf Jitjabr 15, 17;<, Yjutcwbst hbt wetc LJ\ kfl DKK

jddeiek`s tj bxp`kef durtcbr wcy Lb`tk―s rbqubst djr pbrhkfbft kiijhhjlktejf

scju`l fjt suppjrtbl ay LJ\ jr DKK. \cbf, ef Fjvbhabr kfl tcb derst ck`d jd

Lbibhabr 17;<, Yjutcwbst sbft sbvbrk` `bttbrs tj tcb Iety, ijpyefn LJ\ jf k`` jd

tcbh, hkoefn i`bkr Yjutcwbst―s pjsetejf tckt kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk

iju`l fjt ab pbrhkfbft jr jtcbrwesb eftbrdbrb wetc Yjutcwbst―s `bksb rencts.

Djr bxkhp`b, ef k `bttbr lktbl Fjvbhabr ;>, 17;< jf wceic LJ\ wks

ijpebl,45

Yjutcwbst hklb et i`bkr tckt= ‐Yenfktjry Kerèfbs― bxestefn jpbrktejfs jf

tcber prbdbrbftek`-usb nktbs ckvb prejrety jvbr kfy jpbrktejfs jd kiijhhjlktbl

ikrrebrs, kfl Yenfktjry Kerèfbs k`sj krb pbrhettbl tj bxpkfl tcber jpbrktejfs

wetcjut eftbrdbrbfib ay kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebrs.‘>7

Yjutcwbst durtcbr stktbl=

4>Bhke` drjh A. Ofbes`by tj O. \cjhsjf, Qbi. 21, kt ;, MK ZZ.

43 El .

45Qbi. 22 kfl 24, MK ZZ-ZZ.

>7Qbi. 24, kt 1, MK ZZ.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 37 jd ;11 WknbEL <37<



-1<-

\cb dblbrk` Nrkft Kssurkfibs rbefdjrib tcb prefiep`b tckt sikrib

rbsjurib prjvesejfs _ef k `bksbX hky nevb fbw bftrkfts kiibss jf`y tj

kerpjrt dkie etebs tckt krb ufusbl jr uflbr-usbl. ‐\cb –rbksjfka`b

kiibss― prjvesejf jd tcb –bijfjhei fjflesirehefktejf― kssurkfib

rbquerbs kf kerpjrt tj hkob rbksjfka`b bddjrts tj kiijhhjlktb fbw

bftrkfts ay prjvelefn tcb fbibsskry dkieètebs jr tcb jppjrtufety djr tcb

fbw bftrkft tj jatkef tcjsb dkie etebs. \ces ikf ab kiijhpèscbl ay . .

. sckrefn prbdbrbftek`-usb nktbs kt uflbrusbl tehbs, jr krrkfnefn djr

usb jd bxiùsevb-usb nktbs kt ufusbl pbrejls.‘>;

Yjutcwbst k`sj stktbl tckt ef ‐bvkùktefn k rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf kt

@jvb Deb`l, et es k`sj rb`bvkft wcbtcbr tcb rbqubstefn ikrrebr cks kiibss tj tcb

Lk``ks-Dt. ^jrtc hkrobt vek LD^.‘

>1

Yjutcwbst bxp`kefbl=

\ces es ehpjrtkft abikusb, ks scjwf bkrèbr, tcb purpjsb jd dblbrk`

pjèiy jf _sikribX rbsjurib kiijhhjlktejf es tj bfka`b tcb rbqubstefn

ikrrebr tj ijhpbtb ef tcb hkrobt ef qubstejf. êtc rbspbit tj @jvb

Deb`l, tcb rb`bvkft hkrobt es tcb Lk``ks-Dt. ^jrtc rbnejf, wceic es

sbrvbl ay twj kerpjrts tckt ajtc ijhpbtb djr tcb skhb pkssbfnbrs. . . .

\jlky, k`` kerèfbs (wetc tcb bxibptejf jd Yjutcwbst . . .) tckt wesc tj

sbrvb tcb Lk``ks-Dt. ^jrtc rbnejf hky lj sj vek LD^ Kerpjrt, kfl

khp`b ufusbl ikpkiety es kvke`ka`b kt tckt kerpjrt tj kiijhhjlktb fbwkfl bxpkflefn kerèfbs. \ces fbibsskre`y hbkfs tckt, ed k rbqubstefn

ikrrebr ikffjt ab kiijhhjlktbl kt @jvb Deb`l abikusb fj ufusbl jr

uflbr-usbl dkieètebs krb kvke`ka`b, tckt ikrrebr we`` fjt ab prbiùlbl

drjh ijhpbtefn ef tcb Lk``ks-Dt. ^jrtc hkrobt.>9

Yjutcwbst durtcbr stktbl tckt, ef bvkùktefn rbqubsts djr kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb

Deb`l, et es bssbftek` tj ‐uflbrstkfl tckt @jvb Deb`l es fjt k hkrobt uftj etsb`d, aut

>; El . kt 9, MK ZZ (qujtefn Kerpjrt Nuelb, kt ;2) (bhpckses ef jrenefk`).

>1 El . kt 2, MK ZZ.

>9 El .



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 3; jd ;11 WknbEL <372



-12-

rktcbr es jfb jd twj kerpjrts ’ tcb jtcbr abefn LD^ Kerpjrt ’ tckt ajtc sbrvb tcb

Lk``ks-Dt. ^jrtc ker trkvb` hkrobt . Wuttefn et kfjtcbr wky, tcb Lk``ks Hbtrjp`bx es

k sefn`b kvektejf hkrobt tckt es sbrvbl ay twj kerpjrts tckt ijhpbtb djr tcb skhb

pkssbfnbrs.‘><

Yjutcwbst k`sj kttkicbl k sbt jd ickrts prbpkrbl ay tcb Ikhpab` -

Ce`` Kvektejf Nrjup tckt lbhjfstrktbl tcb ufedebl fkturb jd tcb Lk``ks ker sbrveibs

hkrobt.>2

Jf Lbibhabr 3, 17;<, Yjutcwbst hklb k suahessejf tj tcb Iety, jf wceic

LJ\ wks ijpebl, wceic stktbl i`bkr`y wcy Lb`tk cks fj renct tj k ‐`jfn tbrh

kiijhhjlktejf.‘ Yjutcwbst bhpcksezbl tckt ‐ Lb`tk cks zbrj renct uflbr `kw jr

pjèiy tj k –`jfn tbrh― kiijhhjlktejf ’ jr, djr tckt hkttbr, kfy kiijhhjlktejf

tckt es fjt sbijflkry tj tcb sicbluèfn fbbls jd tcb Yenfktjry Kerèfb tckt es

prjvelefn spkib tj Lb`tk.‘>4

Yjutcwbst k`sj stktbl=

>< El . kt 3, MK ZZ.

>2 El . kt 3-5, MK ZZ-ZZ, kfl Ickrts K-D tcbrbtj, MK ZZ-ZZ. Jf Lbibhabr ;, 17;<,

Yjutcwbst sbft Lb`tk k `bttbr, jf wceic LJ\ wks ijpebl, wceic stktbl ‐et es

Yjutcwbst―s eftbft tj du``y uteèzb k`` ets nktbs kt Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l djr ets jwfjpbrktejfs.‘ @bttbr drjh A. Hjftnjhbry tj C. Yckffjf (Lbi. ;, 17;<), Qbi. >7, kt

;, MK ZZ.

>4Qbspjfsb jd Yjutcwbst tj Iety (Lbi. 3, 17;<), Qbi. 3;, kt 1-9, MK ZZ-ZZ

(bhpckses kllbl).

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb <7 jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 31 jd ;11 WknbEL <374



-14-

Wursukft tj tcb @jvb Deb`l @bksb, Yenfktjry Kerèfbs eflesputka`y

ckvb tcb renct tj bxpkfl sbrveib jf tcber prbdbrbftek``y-`bksbl nktbs kt

kfy tehb, kfl kfy kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebrs hust nevb wky tj k``jw tckt

bxpkfsejf, suambit tj tcb Yenfktjry Kerèfb prjvelefn rbksjfka`b

fjteib tj kfy kiijhhjlktbl kerèfbs.>>

Ybb k`sj @bttbr drjh Yjutcwbst lktbl Lbibhabr ;2, 17;<, Qbi. 34, kt 1, MK ZZ.

(‐\cbrb es fjtcefn ef dblbrk` `kw, jr tcb Iety―s @jvb Deb`l @bksb, tckt bftet`bs k

fjf-Yenfktjry Kerèfb tj k –`jfn-tbrh kiijhhjlktejf― (wceic ef Lb`tk―s vebw

kppkrbft`y hbkfs ef pbrpbtuety)‘)? el . (‐_\Xcb kiijhhjlktejf jd k rbqubstefn

kerèfb es fbibsskre`y k tbhpjrkry krrkfnbhbft tckt es suambit tj pbrejlei rb-

bxkhefktejf tj bfsurb tckt tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr ijftefubs fjt tj eftbrdbrb

wetc tcb Yenfktjry Kerèfb―s ickfnefn sicblu`b fbbls‘).

\cb LJ\ @bttbr

Ef ijffbitejf wetc Lb`tk―s rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l, tcb

Iety sjunct efput drjh LJ\ rbnkrlefn tcb Iety―s jaènktejfs uflbr dblbrk` `kw kfl

tcb nrkft kssurkfibs. LJ\ rbspjflbl wetc tcb ‐LJ\ @bttbr‘ jf Lbibhabr ;>,

17;<. Ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr, LJ\ efleiktbl tckt et wks ‐prjvelefn nuelkfib‘ wetc

rbnkrl tj tcb Iety―s jaènktejfs uflbr ‐tcb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb (<5 R.Y.I. §

<>;7>(o))‘ _seiX kfl ‐tj bfsurb tcb suiibssdu` ehp`bhbftktejf jd ijhpbtetejf p`kfs

>> El . kt <, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl).

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb <; jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 39 jd ;11 WknbEL <37>



-1>-

uflbr <5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(o) _seiX.‘>3

\cb stktutb ietbl ef tcb @bttbr, <5 R.Y.I.

Ybitejf <>;7>(o) stktbs, ef rb`bvkft pkrt=

(1) Qbvbfub levbrsejf. ’ Wjèiebs kfl prjiblurbs tj ab bstkaèscbl

pursukft tj pkrknrkpc (;) jd tces suasbitejf sck`` prjceaet, kt k

hefehuh, tcb levbrsejf jd kerpjrt rbvbfubs . . . .>5

\ces stktutb rb`ktbs tj tcb dblbrk` prjceaetejf knkefst levbrsejf jd kerpjrt rbvbfub,

wceic es errb`bvkft cbrb. Wrbsuhka`y, tcb Nbfbrk` Ijufsb` eftbflbl tj rbdbr tj <5

R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o), rb`ktefn tj ‐Ijhpbtetejf p`kfs.‘

\cb LJ\ @bttbr efstruitbl tcb Iety tckt kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk

hust, ef bddbit, ab pbrhkfbft=

êtc rbspbit tj tcb `bfntc jd tcb kiijhhjlktejf, djr tcb

kiijhhjlktejf tj ab hbkfefndu` kt LK@, et es jur pjsetejf tckt, jfib

kiijhhjlktbl, tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr es bftet`bl tj kf jfnjefn

sehe`kr pkttbrf jd sbrveib ks `jfn ks tcb ikrrebr ijftefubs tj jpbrktb

tcb kiijhhjlktbl dèncts. Ehpjrtkft`y, tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr

scju`l fjt ab puscbl jut ay efiuhabft ikrrebrs kt k `ktbr lktb.37

\cb LJ\ @bttbr efsestbl tckt et wks tcb Iety―s rbspjfseaeèty ‐tj bfsurb tckt spkib

es kvke`ka`b sj tckt tcb rbqubstefn ikrrebr es ka`b tj hkeftkef ets pkttbrf jd sbrveib

jf kf jfnjefn akses, aksbl jf tcb kvke`ka`b spkib jf tcb sfkpscjt lktb jd tcb

jrenefk` kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst , bvbf kdtbr tcb bxperktejf jr tbrhefktejf jd kfy

>3Qbi. 3>, kt ;, MK ZZ.

>5Kllbfluh, kt KL-794.

37@bttbr, kt 1, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 3< jd ;11 WknbEL <373



-13-

knrbbhbft abtwbbf tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr kfl senfktjry ikrrebrs.‘3;

LJ\ lel fjt jddbr kfy stktutjry akses jr jtcbr `bnk` kutcjrety djr tcb

ufprbiblbftbl lbtbrhefktejf tckt kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l hust

ab pbrhkfbft jr aksbl jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn sfkpscjt lktb tckt prbiùlbs tcb

senfktjry kerèfb drjh bxpkflefn ets jwf sbrveib kdtbr tckt lktb. LJ\―s `kio jd

`bnk` akses djr ets lbtbrhefktejf wks ufsurpresefn nevbf tckt tcb lbtbrhefktejf

ijftrkvbfbs dblbrk` `kw kfl `jfnstkflefn LJ\ kfl DKK pjèiebs. LJ\ k`sj lel

fjt ietb kfy prbiblbft djr ets fbw`y-stktbl pjsetejf jf djribl kiijhhjlktejf, fjr

lel et rbdbrbfib k sefn`b kerpjrt tckt cks hkflktbl kf kiijhhjlktejf jd k fjf-

tbfkft ikrrebr ijfsestbft wetc tcb lerbitevbs ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

LJ\ lel fjt bvbf kiofjw`blnb, huic `bss kttbhpt tj rbdutb, tcb

suahessejfs drjh Yjutcwbst tj tcb Iety, jf wceic LJ\ wks ijpebl, wceic hklb et

i`bkr tckt k pbrhkfbft djribl kiijhhjlktejf wju`l vej`ktb Yjutcwbst―s

prbdbrbftek` `bksbcj`l rencts kt @jvb Deb`l. LJ\ k`sj enfjrbl Yjutcwbst―s

krnuhbfts @jvb Deb`l es pkrt jd k `krnbr nrbktbr Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc ker sbrveibs

hkrobt, wceic efiùlbs LD^ Kerpjrt, kfl tckt Yjutcwbst es tcb jf`y kerèfb wcjsb

sbrveib tj Lk``ks es rbstreitbl tj @jvb Deb`l.

Hjrbjvbr, LJ\ lel fjt bstkaèsc kfy puaèi prjibss djr ijfselbrefn tcb

ehpjrtkft essub jd wcbtcbr k djribl kiijhhjlktejf scju`l ab jd eflbdefetb

3; El. (bhpckses kllbl).






-15-

lurktejf, prbhesbl jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb,‘ kfl wetcjut

ijfselbrktejf jd tcb `bksb rencts jd tcb senfktjry kerèfb tckt es rbquerbl tj

kiijhhjlktb tcb fjf-tbfkft ikrrebr. LJ\ lel fjt efvetb ijhhbfts drjh pkrtebs

efvj`vbl ef tcb @jvb Deb`l lesputb, jtcbr kerpjrts jr kerèfbs tckt henct ab kddbitbl,

jr kfy eftbrbstbl pbrsjfs djr tckt hkttbr. Durtcbr, tcb LJ\ @bttbr hkobs fj

hbftejf jd tcb dkit tckt ets prjfjufibhbfts rbnkrlefn djribl kiijhhjlktejf wbrb

ufprbiblbftbl kfl ijftrkry tj lbiklbs jd eflustry prkiteib.

YRHHKQU JD KQNRHBF\

Derst , tcb LJ\ @bttbr es k ‐`bnes`ktevb ru`b,‘ djr wceic prejr fjteib kfl kf

jppjrtufety tj ijhhbft wbrb rbquerbl uflbr tcb Klhefestrktevb Wrjiblurb Kit, 2

R.Y.I. § 229(a), aut wceic LJ\ dke`bl tj prjvelb. êtcjut kfy `bnk` kutcjrety

kfl arbkoefn wetc cestjreik` prbiblbft, tcb fbw pjèiy bstkaèscbl ay tcb LJ\

@bttbr duflkhbftk``y k`tbrs tcb `bnk` rb`ktejfscep abtwbbf tcb kerpjrt kfl ets

senfktjry kerèfbs ay, ef bddbit, karjnktefn tcjsb kerèfbs― `bksb rencts. Ypbiedeik``y,

tcb LJ\―s fbw pjèiy rbquerbs pbrhkfbft djribl kiijhhjlktejf aksbl jf k

akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb,‘ djr ‐ks `jfn ks tcb ikrrebr ijftefubs tj jpbrktb

tcb kiijhhjlktbl dèncts,‘ kfl wetcjut rbnkrl tj tcb prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts jd

tcb kiijhhjlktefn senfktjry kerèfb tj usb ets jwf `bksbl spkib djr ets jwf

jpbrktejfs.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb << jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 34 jd ;11 WknbEL <3;7



-97-

\cbrb es fj qubstejf tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr irbktbs fbw `bnk` rencts kfl

jaènktejfs= (k) et irbktbs fbw rencts djr fjf-tbfkft kerèfbs tj ab djriea`y

kiijhhjlktbl kt @jvb Deb`l jf k pbrhkfbft akses? (a) et ehpjsbs fbw jaènktejfs

jf tcb Iety tj trbkt k djribl kiijhhjlktejf ks pbrhkfbft kfl tj hkfknb tcb

kerpjrt kiijrlefn`y? kfl (i) et ehpjsbs k fbw jaènktejf jf tcb kiijhhjlktefn

tbfkft kerèfb tj k``jw tcb fjf-tbfkft ikrrebr tj jpbrktb jf ets `bksbl spkib

eflbdefetb`y, kfl tcus tj djrbnj tcb kaeèty tj bxpkfl ets jwf jpbrktejfs jf tckt

spkib.

Wrejr tj tcb LJ\ @bttbr, et wks fbvbr tcb pjèiy jd LJ\ jr DKK, jr tcb

prkiteib jd R.Y. kerpjrts, tj hkflktb kiijhhjlktejf jd k fjf-tbfkft kerèfb jf k

senfktjry kerèfb―s `bksbl spkib ks `jfn ks tcb fjf-tbfkft―s ‐pkttbrf jd sbrveib‘

ijftefubs, jr tj prbleiktb kf kiijhhjlktejf jf k ‐sfkpscjt lktb‘ tckt prbiùlbs

tcb senfktjry kerèfb drjh bxpkflefn ets jwf sbrveib kdtbr tckt lktb. LJ\ icjsb tj

lbvb`jp kfl essub ets fbw hkflktjry ru`b wetcjut prejr fjteib kfl tcb jppjrtufety

djr ijhhbft tj kerèfbs kt @jvb Deb`l ’ kfl eflbbl tcrjuncjut tcb Rfetbl Ytktbs ’

tckt we`` ab ehpkitbl ay tcb fbw LJ\ ru`b tckt karjnktbs kerèfb `bksb rencts.

Ybijfl , tcb LJ\ @bttbr bxibbls LJ\―s stktutjry kutcjrety abikusb fj

dblbrk` stktutb kutcjrezbs tcb LJ\ tj rbquerb kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr tj trbkt k djribl

kiijhhjlktejf ks ef bddbit ‐pbrhkfbft,‘ jr tj aksb et jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 3> jd ;11 WknbEL <3;;



-9;-

‐sfkpscjt lktb‘ tckt enfjrbs tcb renct jd tcb senfktjry kerèfb tj bxpkfl sbrveib jf

ets `bksbl spkib njefn djrwkrl.

Fjt jf`y ljbs tcb LJ\ @bttbr `kio kfy elbftedeka`b `bnk` kutcjrety, et k`sj

spbiedeik``y vej`ktbs dblbrk` `kw. Ks lesiussbl kajvb, tcb ^renct Khbflhbft

Qbdjrh Kit rbquerbs tcb Iety tj ‐cjfjr tcb sikrib rbsjurib prjvesejf jd tcb

bxestefn @jvb Deb`l `bksbs‘ kfl hkfknb @jvb Deb`l ef kiijrlkfib wetc tcb kerèfbs―

ijftrkituk` rencts kfl jaènktejfs. Lbspetb tces `kfnuknb, tcb LJ\ @bttbr rbquerbs

pbrhkfbft djribl kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l ijftrkry tj @bksb prjvesejfs ’

suic ks @bksb sbitejf <.74.I, wceic èhets kiijhhjlktejf jd fjf-tbfkft kerèfbs

tj ‐tcjsb tehbs tckt tcb Yenfktjry Kerèfb cks fj sicblu`bl usb djr jfb jr hjrb jd

ets kssenfbl Nktb(s).‘31

\cb @bttbr k`sj vej`ktbs tcb @bksb prjvesejf tckt ‐ef fj

bvbft sck`` skel usb ay jtcbrs tkob prbiblbfib jvbr tcb Yenfktjry Kerèfb―s

sicblu`bl usb.‘39

\cb LJ\―s pjsetejf jf djribl kiijhhjlktejf k`sj ijftrkvbfbs

@bksb `kfnuknb tckt efiuhabft kerèfbs we`` kiijhhjlktb k rbqubstefn kerèfb jf`y

‐kt suic tehbs tckt we`` fjt uflu`y eftbrdbrb wetc _tcb efiuhabft kerèfb―sX

jpbrktefn sicblu`b.‘3<

31Qbi. ;>, MK ZZ.

39 El.

3< El . § <.74.D.






-91-

Ef klletejf, tcb LJ\ @bttbr vej`ktbs ^KQK § 2(b) abikusb et karjnktbs

prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts kt @jvb Deb`l wetcjut derst `kwdu``y kljptefn k pjèiy jd

hjledyefn jr bèhefktefn suic `bksb rencts ‐jf k fktejfwelb akses,‘ wceic § 2(b)

rbquerbs. Hjrbjvbr, ed tcb LJ\ wbrb tj pursub suic k duflkhbftk` pjèiy ickfnb

jf k fktejfwelb akses, prejr fjteib kfl kf jppjrtufety djr puaèi ijhhbft ef

kiijrlkfib wetc tcb KWK javejus`y wju`l ab rbquerbl ’ ybt fjfb wks prjvelbl.

\cerl , tcb LJ\ @bttbr es kraetrkry kfl ikpreiejus abikusb et es fjt tcb

prjluit jd rbksjfbl lbiesejf-hkoefn, kfl dke`s tj kiofjw`blnb tcb prbdbrbftek`

`bksb rencts jd senfktjry kerèfbs kt @jvb Deb`l ks wb`` ks LJ\―s prejr nuelkfib

prjtbitefn prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts. Et k`sj enfjrbs uflesputbl bvelbfib tckt

pbrhkfbft djribl kiijhhjlktejf wju`l (k) ab bxtrbhb`y ckrhdu` tj Yjutcwbst

abikusb et ikf jf`y sbrvb tcb Lk``ks hkrobt vek @jvb Deb`l, kfl (a) es ijhp`btb`y

uffbibsskry nevbf tckt k`` jtcbr kerèfbs, efiùlefn Lb`tk, ikf du``y sbrvb tcb

Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hkrobt vek tcb ufijfstrkefbl LD^ Kerpjrt.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb <> jd 37





-99-

Y\KFLEFN JD YJR\C^BY\ KEQ@EFBY

Yjutcwbst pjssbssbs ajtc Krtei`b EEE kfl prulbftek` stkflefn tj ick``bfnb tcb

LJ\ @bttbr.

K. Yjutcwbst cks Ijfstetutejfk` Ytkflefn tj Ick``bfnb

tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

\cb rbquerbhbft djr ijfstetutejfk` stkflefn uflbr Krtei`b EEE ijftkefs tcrbb

b`bhbfts= ‐Derst, tcb p`keftedd hust ckvb suddbrbl kf –efmury ef dkit― ’ kf efvksejf jd

k `bnk``y prjtbitbl eftbrbst wceic es (k) ijfirbtb kfl pkrteiu`krezbl, kfl (a) kituk`

jr ehhefbft, fjt ijfmbiturk` jr cypjtcbteik`.‘ @umkf v. Lbdbflbrs jd ê`lèdb, 27<

R.Y. 222, 247 (;551) (ietktejfs kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl)? sbb k`sj

Ijfdbrbfib Nrjup, @@I v. DII , >17 D.9l 52>, 541 (L.I. Ier. 17;9). Kf k` bnbl

efmury es suddeiebft`y ehhefbft tj ijfdbr stkflefn ed tcbrb es k ‐suastkftek`

prjakaeèty‘ tckt tcb ick``bfnbl kitejf we`` ckrh tcb pbtetejfbr―s ijfirbtb kfl

pkrteiu`krezbl eftbrbsts. Yt. Mjcf―s Rfetbl Icuric jd Icrest v. DKK, 217 D.9l <47,

<41 (L.I. Ier. 1773).

‐Ybijfl, tcbrb hust ab k ikusk` ijffbitejf abtwbbf tcb efmury kfl tcb

ijfluit ijhp`kefbl jd ’ tcb efmury cks tj ab dker`y trkibka`b tj tcb ick``bfnbl

kitejf jd tcb lbdbflkft, kfl fjt tcb rbsu`t jd tcb eflbpbflbft kitejf jd sjhb tcerl

pkrty fjt abdjrb tcb ijurt.‘ @umkf, kt 247 (ietktejf kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros

kfl pufituktejf jhettbl). ‐\cerl, et hust ab èob`y, ks jppjsbl tj hbrb`y



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 57 jd ;11 WknbEL <3;<



-9<-

spbiu`ktevb, tckt tcb efmury we`` ab rblrbssbl ay k dkvjrka`b lbiesejf.‘ @umkf, kt

247-4; (ietktejf kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl).

^cbf tcb ‐kssbrtbl efmury kresbs drjh tcb njvbrfhbft―s k``bnbl`y uf`kwdu`

rbnu`ktejf (jr `kio jd rbnu`ktejf) jd sjhbjfb b`sb . . . ikusktejf kfl rblrbsskaeèty

jrlefkre`y cefnb jf tcb rbspjfsb jd tcb rbnu`ktbl (jr rbnu`ka`b) tcerl pkrty tj tcb

njvbrfhbft kitejf jr efkitejf ’ kfl pbrckps jf tcb rbspjfsb jd jtcbrs ks wb``.‘

@umkf, suprk, kt 241 (bhpckses ef jrenefk`).

K`` tcrbb b`bhbfts djr Krtei`b EEE stkflefn krb prbsbft cbrb.

;. \cb efmury tj Yjutcwbst drjh tcb LJ\ @bttbr es ijfirbtb kfl

pkrteiu`krezbl, kfl kituk` jr ehhefbft, fjt ijfmbiturk` jr cypjtcbteik`. Ks tcb

prehkry tbfkft kt @jvb Deb`l wetc prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts kt ;3 jd tcb 17 pkssbfnbr

nktbs kt @jvb Deb`l, Yjutcwbst dkibs senfedeikft kfl ehhefbft ckrh tj ets ijfirbtb

kfl pkrteiu`krezbl `bksbcj`l eftbrbsts ed tcb LJ\ @bttbr es fjt vkiktbl ay tces

Ijurt.32

Abikusb jd tcb LJ\ @bttbr, k lbiesejf ay tcb Iety rbquerefn Yjutcwbst tj

kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk wju`l fjt ab jd k tbhpjrkry lurktejf, suic tckt Yjutcwbst

iju`l ste`` bxpkfl upjf kfl du``y uteèzb ets `bksbl nktb spkib kt @jvb Deb`l.

Qktcbr, kf kiijhhjlktejf jrlbr ay tcb Iety ijfsestbft wetc tcb LJ\ @bttbr wju`l

rbquerb Yjutcwbst tj rbèfquesc `bksbl nktb spkib tj Lb`tk jf kf eflbdefetb akses, ks

32‐Lbi`krktejf jd Aja Hjftnjhbry (‐Hjftnjhbry Lbi`.‘) ´ <, Kllbfluh, KL-

721 ’ KL-729.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 5; jd ;11 WknbEL <3;2



-92-

`jfn ks Lb`tk―s ‐pkttbrf jd sbrveib‘ ijftefubs. \ces wju`l vej`ktb Yjutcwbst―s

`bksb rencts ks wb`` ks `jfn-bstkaèscbl LJ\/DKK prkiteib (rbijnfezbl ef tcber

Kerpjrt Nuelb) tckt kiofjw`blnbs tcb vkèlety kfl kppèikaeèty jd prbdbrbftek`

`bksb rencts kfl k``jws senfktjry kerèfbs tj bxpkfl jf kfl du``y uteèzb tcber `bksbl

kerpjrt spkib.34

Abikusb jd sbitejf ;7 jd tcb Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft, Yjutcwbst ljbs fjt

ckvb kf jppjrtufety tj bxpkfl ker sbrveib ef tcb Lk``ks krbk jtcbr tckf kt @jvb

Deb`l.3>

\ces fbibsskre`y hbkfs tckt k rbquerbhbft tckt Yjutcwbst kiijhhjlktb

Lb`tk jr kfjtcbr fjf-tbfkft kerèfb kt @jvb Deb`l we`` prbiùlb Yjutcwbst drjh

jpbrktefn ets jwf dèncts jf spkib et hust hkob kvke`ka`b tj tcb kiijhhjlktbl

kerèfb. Yjutcwbst cks efdjrhbl Lb`tk kfl tcb Iety tckt ks jd Kunust 5, 17;2,

Yjutcwbst we`` jpbrktb ;37 pbko-lky dèncts tj 27 fjfstjp lbstefktejfs jf ets ;3

@jvb Deb`l nktbs, rbsu`tefn ef kf kvbrknb jd ;7 dèncts-pbr-nktb pbr lky - wceic es

du`` uteèzktejf uflbr kfy pjssea`b sibfkrej jr nktb kvke`kaeèty kfk`yses.33

LJ\―s

lerbitevb rbnkrlefn tcb lurktejf jd k djribl kiijhhjlktejf we`` èob`y eftbrdbrb

34 El . ´ 2, KL-729.

3> El . ´ ;9, KL-724 ’ KL-72>? Qbi. ;2, § ;7, MK ZZ.

33 El. ´ ;<, KL-72>-KL-723.






-94-

wetc Yjutcwbst―s uteèzktejf jd ets `bksbl nktb spkib jf kf eflbdefetb akses.35

Klletejfk``y, tcb LJ\ @bttbr cks k`rbkly efdèitbl prjiblurk` ckrh jf Yjutcwbst

abikusb LJ\ essubl ets lerbitevbs wetcjut prejr fjteib kfl kf jppjrtufety djr

puaèi ijhhbft.

1. \cb efmury tj Yjutcwbst drjh tcb LJ\ @bttbr es i`bkr abikusb tcb Iety

cks stktbl rbpbktbl`y tckt et ijfselbrs tcb lerbitevbs ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr ’ tckt tcb

Iety rbquerb k djribl kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l tj ab, ef bddbit, pbrhkfbft, kfl

aksbl jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb‘ ’ tj ab ‐defk` kfl aeflefn‘ jf tcb

Iety. \cb Iety―s ‐Ijfsbft‘ tj tcb nktb sua`bksb abtwbbf Yjutcwbst kfl Rfetbl

stktbs tckt=

\cb Iety es trbktefn tcb _LJ\X @bttbr ks prjhu`nktefn defk` kfl

aeflefn lerbitevbs tj djrbi`jsb kfy k``bnktejf tckt tcb Iety es ef

vej`ktejf jd ets dblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs kfl tj kvjel tcb reso jd `jsefn

dblbrk` nrkfts jr pkssbfnbr dkieèty ickrnbs.57

Ybb k`sj Wrjpjsbl ‐Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kiijhhjlktejf Wrefiep`bs‘ (Kpre` ;4,

17;2) (kljptefn LJ\ @bttbr lerbitevb k`hjst vbrakteh)?5;

el . (‐ufte` tcb R.Y.

35Kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf jf jr kdtbr Kunust 5, 17;2 wju`l prbvbft Yjutcwbst

drjh abefn ka`b tj du``y usb ets `bksbl spkib, ikusefn hkfy he`èjfs jd lj``krs ef

lkhknbs kfl kf efikìu`ka`b `jss jd njjlwe`` khjfn prbvejus`y ajjobl pkssbfnbrs. El .

57Ijfsbft tj Yua`bksb (§ 4), bxbiutbl ay Iety, Yjutcwbst, kfl Rfetbl jf Mkfukry

13, 17;2 (bhpckses kllbl), Bxceaet ; tj Hjftnjhbry Lbi`., Kllbfluh, KL-74<.

5;Bxceaet 1 tj Hjftnjhbry Lbi`., Kllbfluh, KL-7>4.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 59 jd ;11 WknbEL <3;>



-9>-

Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf (–LJ\―) jr k ijurt cks k`tbrbl LJ\ nuelkfib ef tces

rbnkrl, tcb Iety we`` fjt ickfnb tces kpprjkic tj kiijhhjlktejf lurktejf‘).51

Hjrbjvbr, sefib tcb LJ\ @bttbr wks essubl, Lb`tk cks rbqubstbl

kiijhhjlktejf jd benct klletejfk` @jvb Deb`l dèncts (djr k tjtk` jd ;9), kfl

Khbreikf Kerèfbs cks rbqubstbl kiijhhjlktejf djr djur dèncts kt @jvb Deb`l .59

Ed djribl kiijhhjlktejf es jrlbrbl uflbr tcb tbrhs jd tcb LJ\―s @bttbr,

Yjutcwbst we`` `jsb fbkr`y du`` usb jd twj @jvb Deb`l nktbs, bquevk`bft tj tcb `jss

jd tbfs jd he`èjfs jd lj``krs jd efvbsthbft ef tcb kerpjrt.5<

K`tcjunc Yjutcwbst suppjrts tcb pjsetejfs tkobf ay tcb Iety ef Iety jd

Lk``ks v. Lb`tk Ker @efbs, Efi., bt k`., Iksb Fj. 9=;2-iv-71745-O, tcb iksb wks must

de`bl (jf Mufb ;>, 17;2) kfl tcb tehefn kfl jutijhb jd tckt ètenktejf es

ufibrtkef.52

Ef klletejf, tcb Iety cks bxprbss`y stktbl tckt ufte` LJ\ jr k ijurt cks

‐k`tbrbl LJ\ nuelkfib‘ ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr, ‐tcb Iety we`` fjt ickfnb _tcbX

kpprjkic tj kiijhhjlktejf lurktejf‘ sbt djrtc ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr.54

Kiijrlefn`y,

bvbf wetc tcb deèfn jd tcb fbw iksb, tcb LJ\ @bttbr suambits Yjutcwbst tj

51 El .

59

Hjftnjhbry Lbi`. ´´ ;2-;4, Kllbfluh, KL-723 ’ KL-725.

5<Hjftnjhbry Lbi`. ´ ;4, KL-723 ’ KL-725.

52 El . ´ 17, KL-747 ’ KL-74;.

54Bxceaet 1 tj Hjftnjhbry Lbi`, KL-7>>.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 5< jd ;11 WknbEL <3;3



-93-

senfedeikft kfl ehhefbft ckrh rbsu`tefn drjh ckvefn tj djriea`y kiijhhjlktb

Lb`tk ks `jfn ks et hkeftkefs ets iurrbft ‐pkttbrf jd sbrveib‘ kfl aksbl jf k

akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb.‘

9. \cb efmury tj Yjutcwbst ay tcb LJ\ @bttbr wju`l ab rblrbssbl ay k

dkvjrka`b lbiesejf drjh tces Ijurt. Ed tcb LJ\ @bttbr es vkiktbl, tcb ckrh tj

Yjutcwbst prbsbftbl ay tcb Lbibhabr ;> @bttbr wju`l ab rbhjvbl abikusb tcb

Iety wju`l fj `jfnbr ab ijfdrjftbl wetc tcb lerbitevb ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr tj trbkt k

djribl kiijhhjlktejf jf Yjutcwbst―s `bksbl spkib ks pbrhkfbft,5>

Ybb Iety jd

Lkfek Abkic v. DKK, suprk, <32 D.9l kt ;;32? Ycbr`by v. Ybabèus, 4;7 D.9l 45, ><

(L.I. Ier. 17;7).

\cb dkit tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr es kllrbssbl tj tcb Iety rktcbr tckf Yjutcwbst

ljbs fjt fbnktb Yjutcwbst―s stkflefn. Abikusb jd tcb LJ\ @bttbr, tcb Iety hky

sjjf ab rbquerbl tj hkob icjeibs rb`ktefn tj tcb djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd fjf-

tbfkft kerèfb(s) kt @jvb Deb`l tckt we`` efmurb Yjutcwbst kfl tckt tcb nrkftefn jd

Yjutcwbst―s pbtetejf wju`l rblrbss suic efmury. Ybb @umkf, suprk, 27< R.Y. kt 241.

A. Yjutcwbst Cks Wrulbftek` Ytkflefn tj Ick``bfnb tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

‐\j bstkaèsc prulbftek` stkflefn, k pkrty―s nrebvkfib hust krnuka`y dk``

wetcef tcb zjfb jd eftbrbsts prjtbitbl jr rbnu`ktbl ay tcb stktutjry prjvesejf . . .

efvjobl ef tcb suet.‘ Ykdb Bxtbfsejfs, Efi. v. DKK, suprk, 275 D.9l kt 477

5> El . ´ ;3, KL-725.






-95-

(ietktejfs kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl). ‐\cb aksei qubstejf es= wcj hky

kfl wcj hky fjt efvjob tcb pjwbr jd tcb ijurts tj bfdjrib tcb tbrhs jd k stktutb.

El . (ietktejf kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl). ‐Ef tces iksb, Ijfnrbss cks

k`rbkly kfswbrbl tces qubstejf ef sbitejf <4;;7(k)‘ ay spbiedyefn tckt tcb pkrty

lesi`jsb ‐k suastkftek` eftbrbst ef‘ tcb jrlbr abefn ick``bfnbl. El .? sbb k`sj Eft―`

Al. jd \bkhstbrs v. \YK, <15 D.9l ;;97, ;;9< f. 9 (L.I. Ier. 1772) (bquktefn

prulbftek` stkflefn uflbr sbitejf <4;;7 wetc k pkrty―s suastkftek` eftbrbst ef tcb

jrlbr). \j ckvb prulbftek` stkflefn, k pkrty ‐hust scjw jf`y tckt ets eftbrbst es

krnuka`y jfb rbnu`ktbl jr prjtbitbl ay tcb stktutjry prjvesejf kt essub.‘ Ykdb

Bxtbfsejfs, suprk, kt 477.

Yjutcwbst i`bkr`y cks k suastkftek` eftbrbst ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr= ed `bdt ef p`kib

tcb @bttbr we`` èob`y rbsu`t ef k pbrhkfbft, djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd Lb`tk jr

kfjtcbr fjf-tbfkft kerèfb kt @jvb Deb`l jf Yjutcwbst―s `bksbl prbhesbs. Ay

bddbitevb`y ijfdesiktefn k pjrtejf jd Yjutcwbst―s `bksbl spkib ef tces hkffbr, tcb

LJ\ @bttbr we`` tcwkrt tcb purpjsb jd tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit tj

bfka`b Yjutcwbst tj du``y uteèzb ets @jvb Deb`l nktbs.






-<7-

Y\KFLKQL JD QBTEB^

Kf knbfiy lbtbrhefktejf hust ab sbt kselb ed et es ‐ef bxibss jd stktutjry

muresleitejf, kutcjrety, jr èhetktejfs, jr scjrt jd stktutjry renct.‘53

Ef klletejf, kf

knbfiy lbiesejf hust ab sbt kselb ed et es ‐kraetrkry, ikpreiejus, kf kausb jd

lesirbtejf, jr jtcbrwesb fjt ef kiijrlkfib wetc `kw.‘55

\cb ijurt―s ‐efquery eftj

tcb dkits es tj ab sbkricefn kfl ikrbdu`,‘ rbd`bitefn ‐k tcjrjunc, prjaefn, ef-lbptc

rbvebw.‘;77

\cb Ijurt hky fjt ‐sehp`y kiibpt wcktbvbr ijfiùsejf kf knbfiy prjddbrs

hbrb`y abikusb tcb ijfiùsejf rbd`bits tcb knbfiy―s mulnhbft.‘;7;

‐Ef jrlbr tj

survevb muleiek` rbvebw . . . kf knbfiy kitejf hust ab suppjrtbl ay rbksjfbl

lbiesejfhkoefn.‘;71

‐Fjt jf`y hust kf knbfiy―s lbirbbl rbsu`t ab wetcef tcb sijpb

jd ets `kwdu` kutcjrety, aut tcb prjibss ay wceic et rbkicbs tckt rbsu`t hust ab

`jneik` kfl rktejfk`.‘;79

532 R.Y.I. § >74(1)(I), Kllbfluh, KL-774.

552 R.Y.I. § >74(1)(K), Kllbfluh, KL-774.

;77Ietezbfs tj Wrbs. Jvbrtjf Wkrob v. Tj`pb, <7; R.Y. <71, <;2-;4 (;5>;),

karjnktbl jf jtcbr nrjufls ay Ikèdkfj v. Ykflbrs, <97 R.Y. 55, ;72 (;5>>).

;7; Djx v. Ièftjf, 43< D.9l 4>, >2 (L.I. Ier. 17;1) (ietktejfs kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejf

hkros jhettbl).

;71 El .

;79 El . (ietefn \repjè Qjiobtry Kss―f v. AK\D , <9> D.9l >2, >> (L.I. Ier. 177>)).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb 5> jd ;11 WknbEL <31;



-<;-

K lbiesejf es kraetrkry kfl hust ab sbt kselb ed tcb knbfiy cks ‐bfterb`y

dke`bl tj ijfselbr kf ehpjrtkft kspbit jd tcb prja`bh, _jrX jddbrbl kf bxp`kfktejf

djr ets lbiesejf tckt rufs ijuftbr tj tcb bvelbfib abdjrb tcb knbfiy.‘;7<

KQNRHBF\

E. \CB LJ\ @B\\BQ IJFY\E\R\BY K @BNEY@K\ETB QR@B DJQ

^CEIC WQEJQ FJ\EIB KFL \CB JWWJQ\RFE\U DJQ

IJHHBF\ BQB QB[REQBL.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr ijfstetutbs k `bnes`ktevb ru`b, djr wceic prejr fjteib kfl

ijhhbft wbrb rbquerbl uflbr 2 R.Y.I. § 229 (Kllbfluh, KL-77< ’ KL-772)

abikusb et ehpjsbs fbw kfl ufprbiblbftbl `bnk` jaènktejfs jf tcb Iety kfl @jvb

Deb`l senfktjry kerèfbs tj bfsurb tckt kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf es bssbftek``y

‐pbrhkfbft‘ kfl aksbl jf k dexbl, akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb,‘ ijftrkry tj

tcb `bksbcj`l rencts jd tcb kddbitbl senfktjry kerèfb.

Ybitejf < jd tcb KWK, 2 R.Y.I. § 229, prbsireabs k tcrbb-stbp prjiblurb djr

sj-ik``bl ‐fjteib-kfl-ijhhbft ru`bhkoefn.‘ Wbrbz v. Hjrtn. Akfobrs Kss―f, ZZ

R.Y. ZZ, ;92 Y. It. ;;55, ;179 (17;2). Derst, tcb knbfiy hust essub k ‐_nXbfbrk`

fjteib jd prjpjsbl ru`bhkoefn,‘ jrlefkre`y ay puaèiktejf ef tcb Dblbrk` Qbnestbr.

§ 229(a). Ybijfl, ed ‐fjteib _esX rbquerbl,‘ tcb knbfiy hust ‐nevb eftbrbstbl

pbrsjfs kf jppjrtufety tj pkrteiepktb ef tcb ru`b hkoefn tcrjunc suahessejf jd

;7< Hjtjr Tbcei`b Hdrs. Kss―f v. Yt. Dkrh Hut. Kutj Efs. Ij., <49 R.Y. 15, <9

(;539).






-<1-

wrettbf lktk, vebws, jr krnuhbfts.‘ § 229(i). ‐Kf knbfiy hust ijfselbr kfl

rbspjfl tj senfedeikft ijhhbfts rbibevbl lurefn tcb pbrejl djr puaèi ijhhbft.‘

Wbrbz , kt ;179. \cerl, wcbf tcb knbfiy prjhu`nktbs tcb defk` ru`b, et hust efiùlb

ef tcb ru`b―s tbxt ‐k ijfiesb nbfbrk` stktbhbft jd _etsX akses kfl purpjsb.‘ § 229(i).

‐Qu`bs essubl tcrjunc tcb fjteib-kfl-ijhhbft prjibss krb jdtbf rbdbrrbl tj ks

–`bnes`ktevb ru`bs― abikusb tcby ckvb tcb –djrib kfl bddbit jd `kw.‘ Wbrbz, kt ;179

(ietefn Icrys`br Ijrp. v. Arjwf, <<; R.Y. 13;, 971 (;5>5)).

Ybitejf <(a)(K) jd tcb KWK prjvelbs tckt, uf`bss kfjtcbr stktutb stktbs

jtcbrwesb, tcb fjteib-kfl-ijhhbft rbquerbhbft ‐ljbs fjt kpp`y‘ tj ‐eftbrprbtevb

ru`bs, nbfbrk` stktbhbfts jd pjèiy, jr ru`bs jd knbfiy jrnkfezktejf, prjiblurb, jr

prkiteib.‘ 2 R.Y.I. § 229(a)(K). Ybb Fkt―` Hefefn Kss―f v. HiIkrtcy, >23 D.9l

1<9, 12; (L.I. Ier. 17;<) (‐_`Xbnes`ktevb ru`bs nbfbrk``y rbquerb fjteib kfl

ijhhbft, aut eftbrprbtevb ru`bs kfl nbfbrk` stktbhbfts jd pjèiy lj fjt‘)?

Hbfljzk v. Wbrbz , >2< D.9l ;771, ;717 (L.I. Ier. 17;<).

\cb LJ\ @bttbr es fjt kf ‐eftbrprbtevb ru`b.‘ ‐_\Xcb ireteik` dbkturb jd

eftbrprbtevb ru`bs es tckt tcby krb –essubl ay kf knbfiy tj klvesb tcb puaèi jd tcb

knbfiy―s ijfstruitejf jd tcb stktutbs kfl ru`bs wceic et klhefestbrs.―‘ Wbrbz , ;92

Y.It. kt ;17< (ietefn Yck`k`k v. Nubrfsby Hbh―` Cjsp., 2;< R.Y. 3>, 55 (;552)).

\cb LJ\ @bttbr ljbs fjt purpjrt tj ‐ijfstrub‘ kfy `kfnuknb ef k stktutb jr

ru`b klhefestbrbl ay LJ\. Qktcbr, et essubs fbw, aeflefn lerbitevbs jf tcb Iety






-<9-

kfl tcb @jvb Deb`l senfktjry kerèfbs= kfy djribl kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l

hust fjt jf`y ab prbleiktbl jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn sfkpscjt lktb tckt enfjrbs tcb

senfktjry kerèfb―s duturb bxpkfsejf p`kfs, aut k`sj hust ijftefub eflbdefetb`y, ks

`jfn ks tcb kiijhhjlktb kerèfb ijftefubs ets ‐pkttbrf jd sbrveib.‘

‐\cb hjst ehpjrtkft dkitjr ef leddbrbftektefn abtwbbf aeflefn kfl

fjfaeflefn kitejfs es tcb kituk` `bnk` bddbit (jr `kio tcbrbjd) jd tcb knbfiy kitejf

ef qubstejf.‘ Kss―f jd Dènct Kttbflkfts-I^K, KD@-IEJ v. Cubrtk, >32 D.9l >;7,

>;>, Fj. ;9-;9;4, 17;2 ^@ 1;<2>>4, *2 (Hky 3, 17;2) (ietefn Fkt―` Hefefn ,

suprk, >23 D.9l kt 121). ‐Knbfiy kitejf tckt irbktbs fbw rencts jr ehpjsbs fbw

jaènktejfs jf rbnu`ktbl pkrtebs jr fkrrjw`y èhets klhefestrktevb lesirbtejf

ijfstetutbs k fbw `bnes`ktevb ru`b.‘ El . ‐K `bnes`ktevb ru`b . . . bddbits k suastkftevb

ickfnb jd bxestefn `kw jr pjèiy.‘ Hbfljzk, suprk, >2< D.9l kt ;71; (ietktejf kfl

eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros jhettbl).;72

\cb LJ\ @bttbr ijfstetutbs k `bnes`ktevb ru`b abikusb et ijftkefs

ufprbiblbftbl, aeflefn lerbitevbs tj tcb Iety tckt kfy djribl kerèfb

kiijhhjlktejf hust pbrsest ‐ks `jfn ks tcb ikrrebr ijftefubs tj jpbrktb tcb

kiijhhjlktbl dèncts,‘ kfl tckt et es tcb kerpjrt jpbrktjr―s ‐rbspjfseaeèty tj

ijftefub tcb kiijhhjlktejf kfl bfsurb tckt spkib es kvke`ka`b sj tckt tcb

;72Ybb k`sj Hbfljzk, kt ;711 (‐^cbrb Ijfnrbss cks spbiedeik``y lbièfbl tj irbktb

k stkflkrl, tcb Lbpkrthbft ikffjt i`keh ets ehp`bhbftefn ru`b es kf eftbrprbtktejf

jd tcb stktutb‘) (ietktejf kfl eftbrfk` qujtktejfs jhettbl).



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;77 jd ;11 WknbEL <31<



-<<-

rbqubstefn ikrrebr es ka`b tj hkeftkef ets pkttbrf jd sbrveib jf kf jfnjefn akses,

aksbl jf tcb kvke`ka`b spkib jf tcb sfkpscjt lktb jd tcb jrenefk` kiijhhjlktejf

rbqubst.‘;74

\cb LJ\ @bttbr es k`sj duflkhbftk``y ijftrkry tj prejr LJ\/DKK pjèiy

kfl prkiteib. Ef tcb Kerpjrt Nuelb, tcb knbfiebs bxprbss`y rbijnfezbl tckt tcb nrkft

kssurkfibs lj fjt rbquerb kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr tj lbhkfl tckt k senfktjry kerèfb

‐ikfib` dèncts jr djrdbet usb jd ets kerpjrt dkieètebs.‘;7>

Ubt tcb LJ\ @bttbr lerbits

tcb Iety tj bfsurb tckt k djribl kiijhhjlktejf pbrsests bvbf ed et rbquerbs tcb

senfktjry kerèfb tj ikfib` dèncts jr djrdbet ets `bksbl nktb spkib.

‐\cb `kfnuknb bhp`jybl ay tcb knbfiy hky p`ky kf ehpjrtkft rj`b ef tces

kfk`yses= k ljiuhbft tckt rbkls èob kf bleit es èob`y tj ab aeflefn, wce`b jfb

rell`bl wetc ikvbkts es fjt.‘ Kss―f jd Dènct Kttbflkfts kt >;>*2? Fkt―` Hefefn ,

>23 D.9l kt 121-29. Cbrb, tcb `kfnuknb usbl ay LJ\ iju`l ckrl`y ab i`bkrbr= ed

tcb Iety djribs k senfktjry kerèfb suic ks Yjutcwbst tj kiijhhjlktb k fjf-tbfkft

kerèfb (suic ks Lb`tk), tcb kiijhhjlktejf hust ef bddbit ab ‐pbrhkfbft.‘;73

;74Qbi. 3>, kt 1, MK ZZ.

;7>Ybb Qbi. 1, kt x, MK ZZ.

;73\cb Yuprbhb Ijurt―s rbibft lbiesejf ef Wbrbz, suprk, ;92 Y. It. ;;55, es

efkppèika`b cbrb. \cb Ijurt ef Wbrbz cb`l tckt tcb KWK―s rbquerbhbft djr prejr-

fjteib-kfl-ijhhbft ljbs fjt kpp`y wcbrb tcb knbfiy essubs k fbw eftbrprbtktejf

jd k rbnu`ktejf tckt lbvektbs senfedeikft`y drjh tcb knbfiy―s prbvejus

lbtbrhefktejf, karjnktefn Wkrk`yzbl Tbtbrkfs jd Khbreik v. L.I. Krbfk, @.W., ;;>



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;7; jd ;11 WknbEL <312



-<2-

Ytktbhbfts suic ks ‐tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr es bftet`bl tj kf jfnjefn sehe`kr

pkttbrf jd sbrveib,‘ kfl ‐tcb kiijhhjlktbl ikrrebr scju`l fjt ab puscbl jut ay

efiuhabft ikrrebrs‘ `bkvb fj rjjh djr ljuat tckt LJ\ cks rbflbrbl ets bleit. Ybb

Yyfijr Eft―` Ijrp. v. Yck`k`k, ;1> D.9l 57, 5<-52 (L.I. Ier. ;55>) (`bnes`ktevb ru`b

wcbrb DLK stktbl et ‐cks ijfiùlbl tckt rklejpckrhkibuteik`s scju`l ab rbnu`ktbl

uflbr tcb lrun prjvesejfs jd tcb Dblbrk` Djjl, Lrun, kfl Ijshbtei Kit‘) (ijurt―s

bhpckses)? FQLI v. BWK, suprk, 4<9 D.9l kt 91; (knbfiy kitejf tckt aefls BWK

rbnejfk` lerbitjrs ‐ikffjt . . . ab ijfselbrbl k hbrb stktbhbft jd pjèiy‘).

Ef klletejf, tcb Iety cks prjfjufibl tckt et ijfselbrs tcb stktbhbfts ef tcb

LJ\ @bttbr tj ijfstetutb ‐defk` kfl aeflefn lerbitevbs.‘ Ybb ‐Ytkflefn jd

Yjutcwbst,‘ suprk. \cb Iety―s pjsetejf es fjt surpresefn nevbf tcb bfjrhjus

pjwbr tckt LJ\ web`ls jvbr kerpjrt jpbrktjrs abikusb jd tcb dblbrk` nrkft prjibss.

\cb Iety uflbrstkflka`y ljbs fjt wkft tj mbjpkrlezb tcb cuflrbls jd he`èjfs jd

lj``krs ef dblbrk` duflefn drjh LJ\ aksbl jf k deflefn (bvbf kf brrjfbjus jfb)

tckt et cks vej`ktbl ets dblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs.

LJ\ ckl rbksjf tj ofjw tckt ets lerbitevbs ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr wju`l ckvb

sbrejus ijfsbqubfibs djr ajtc tcb Iety kfl kddbitbl senfktjry kerèfbs (prehkre`y

Yjutcwbst), kfl tckt tcb fbw prbiblbft sbt ay tcb @bttbr iju`l kddbit kerèfb-kerpjrt

D.9l 2>5 (;55>)? kfl K`ksok Wrjdbssejfk` Cuftbrs Kssjiektejf, Efi., v. DKK, ;>>

D.9l ;797 (;555). Ybb Wbrbz , kt ;17>-;7. Cjwbvbr, tcb LJ\ @bttbr lel fjt

prjvelb k fbw eftbrprbtktejf jd k LJ\ rbnu`ktejf, huic `bss jfb tckt lbvektbs drjh

k prejr lbtbrhefktejf.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;7;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;71 jd ;11 WknbEL <314



-<4-

rb`ktejfsceps ef nbfbrk`. LJ\ bkse`y iju`l ckvb efvetbl puaèi ijhhbfts ef ènct

jd tcb senfedeikft, ijftrjvbrsek`, kfl ufprbiblbftbl fkturb jd ets kitejfs, aut

lbièfbl tj lj sj.

Ef suh, abikusb tcb LJ\ @bttbr bddbits k suastkftevb ickfnb jd bxestefn

`kw kfl pjèiy, wceic tcb Iety es trbktefn ks defk` kfl aeflefn jf k`` kddbitbl

pkrtebs, essukfib jd tcb @bttbr wetcjut prejr fjteib kfl kf jppjrtufety djr puaèi

ijhhbft vej`ktbs tcb KWK.

EE. \CB @B\\BQ BSIBBLY \CB LJ\―Y Y\K\R\JQU KR\CJQE\U

KFL TEJ@K\BY \CB ^QENC\ KHBFLHBF\ QBDJQH KI\.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr scju`l ab vkiktbl uflbr 2 R.Y.I. § >74(1)(I) abikusb et es

bxibss jd LJ\―s stktutjry kutcjrety kfl vej`ktbs tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh

Kit (‐^KQK‘).

K. Fbetcbr tcb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf Ytktutb Fjr Kfy Jtcbr Ytktutb

Kutcjrezbs LJ\ tj Hkflktb tckt kf Kerpjrt \rbkt Djribl

Kiijhhjlktejf ks Wbrhkfbft ks @jfn ks tcb ‐Wkttbrf jd

Ybrveib‘ Ijftefubs.

Ef lbtbrhefefn tckt k djribl kerèfb kiijhhjlktejf jrlbrbl ay tcb Iety kt

@jvb Deb`l hust ab, ef bddbit, pbrhkfbft (djr tcb lurktejf jd tcb fjf-tbfkft―s

‐pkttbrf jd sbrveib‘), ks wb`` ks prbleiktbl ef k dexbl, akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt

lktb‘ jd kerpjrt sicblu`bs, LJ\ ietbl tj fj stktutjry jr jtcbr `bnk` kutcjrety djr ets

pjsetejf, kfl tcbrb es fjfb.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;79 jd ;11 WknbEL <31>



-<>-

‐Et es kxejhktei tckt kf klhefestrktevb knbfiy―s pjwbr tj prjhu`nktb

`bnes`ktevb rbnu`ktejfs es èhetbl tj tcb kutcjrety lb`bnktbl ay Ijfnrbss.‘ Ajwbf v.

Nbjrnbtjwf Rfev. Cjsp., <33 R.Y. 17<, 173 (;533)? sbb k`sj Kt`. Iety B`bi. Ij. v.

DBQI , 152 D.9l ;, 3 (L.I. Ier. 1771) (‐Ef tcb kasbfib jd stktutjry kutcjrezktejf

djr ets kit, kf knbfiy―s kitejf es p`kef`y ijftrkry tj `kw kfl ikffjt stkfl‘) (eftbrfk`

ietktejf kfl qujtktejfs jhettbl). ‐\j lbtbrhefb wcbtcbr tcb knbfiy―s kitejf es

ijftrkry tj `kw, _tcb Ijurt `jjosX derst tj lbtbrhefb wcbtcbr Ijfnrbss cks

lb`bnktbl tj tcb knbfiy tcb `bnk` kutcjrety tj tkob tcb kitejf tckt es uflbr lesputb.‘

Heicenkf v. BWK, 143 D.9l ;7>2, ;73; (L.I. Ier. 177;)? sbb k`sj el. kt ;731

(‐Knbfiy kutcjrety hky fjt ab ènct`y prbsuhbl‘).

\cb LJ\ @bttbr tweib ietbs tj <5 R.Y.I. § <>;7>(o).;75

\ces hust ab kf

brrjr. Ybitejf <>;7>(o) rb`ktbs tj tcb dblbrk` prjceaetejf knkefst levbrsejf jd

kerpjrt rbvbfub, wceic es errb`bvkft cbrb.

Kssuhefn LJ\ eftbflbl tj ietb efstbkl tj tcb Ijhpbtetejf W`kf stktutb kt <5

R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o), tces ljbs fjt ickfnb tcb jutijhb cbrb. Ybitejf <7;;>(o) ljbs

fjt kutcjrezb LJ\ tj hkflktb tckt kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr trbkt k djribl

kiijhhjlktejf ks pbrhkfbft, jr tj rbquerb tcb usb jd k akiowkrl-`jjoefn

sfkpscjt lktb. \cb stktutb rbquerbs suahessejf kfl kpprjvk` jd k ‐ijhpbtetejf

p`kf‘ djr ibrtkef kerpjrts, efiùlefn @jvb Deb`l. <5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o)(;)-(1),

;75Qbi. 3>, kt ;, MK ZZ.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;7< jd ;11 WknbEL <313



-<3-

Kllbfluh, KL-7;>. Ybitejf <7;;>(o) stktbs tckt ‐fj bènea`b knbfiy hky ehpjsb

k pkssbfnbr dkieèty ickrnb uflbr tces sbitejf wetc rbspbit tj k ijvbrbl kerpjrt . . .

uf`bss tcb knbfiy cks suahettbl tj tcb Ybirbtkry k wrettbf ijhpbtetejf p`kf . . . .‘

\cbrb es fjtcefn ef sbitejf <7;;>(o) wceic rbquerbs k djribl kiijhhjlktejf ’

huic `bss k pbrhkfbft jfb ’ tckt jvbrrelbs tcb `bksbcj`l rencts jd k senfktjry

kerèfb.

LJ\ ikf pjeft tj fj jtcbr stktutjry prjvesejf tckt nevbs tcb knbfiy tcb

kutcjrety tj hkflktb tckt djribl kiijhhjlktejf jd kf kerèfb ab pbrhkfbft, jr ab

prbleiktbl jf dexbl sfkpscjt lktbs tckt enfjrb tcb rencts jd `bksb-cj`lbrs tj bxpkfl

sbrveib jf tcber jwf nktbs jvbr tehb. \cb nbfbrk` kutcjrety jd LJ\ tj rbnu`ktb

kerpjrts es efsuddeiebft tj suppjrt tcb LJ\ lbtbrhefktejf tckt djribl

kiijhhjlktejf hust ijftefub eflbdefetb`y. Ybb Kh. @earkry Kss―f v. DII , <74

D.9l 435, >73 (L.I. Ier. 1772) (‐iktbnjreik``y‘ rbmbitefn tcb DII―s krnuhbft tckt

‐et pjssbssbs p`bfkry kutcjrety tj kit wetcef k nevbf krbk sehp`y abikusb Ijfnrbss

cks bfljwbl et wetc sjhb kutcjrety tj kit ef tckt krbk‘) (bhpckses ef jrenefk`).

A. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Tej`ktbs tcb ^renct Khbflhbft Qbdjrh Kit.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr vej`ktbs ^KQK sbitejfs 2(k) kfl 2(b). Ybitejf 2(k)

rbquerbs tckt tcb Iety ‐cjfjr tcb sikrib rbsjurib prjvesejf jd tcb bxestefn @jvb

Deb`l `bksbs.‘ Qbquerefn k djribl kiijhhjlktejf tj ab pbrhkfbft, rbnkrl`bss jd


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;7<




-<5-

Yjutcwbst―s uteèzktejf jd ets `bksbl nktb spkib, es ijftrkry tj tcb sikrib

rbsjuribs/kiijhhjlktejf `kfnuknb ef sbitejf <.74 jd tcb @bksb.

Ks lesiussbl kajvb, pursukft tj sbitejf <.74, (;) djr k djribl

kiijhhjlktejf tj tkob p`kib, tcb senfktjry kerèfb hust ckvb ‐fj sicblu`bl usb

djr tcb nktb spkib ef qubstejf‘? (1) tcb senfktjry kerèfb―s ‐sicblu`bl usb‘ sck``

‐tkob prbiblbfib‘? (9) tcb kiijhhjlktejf hust ‐fjt uflu`y eftbrdbrb wetc‘ tcb

senfktjry kerèfb―s jpbrktefn sicblu`b? kfl (<) ef iksb jd k ijfdèit ef sicblu`bs, tcb

senfktjry kerèfb ‐we`` ckvb prejrety ef usb jd ets pbrsjffb` kfl ets @bksbl

Wrbhesbs.‘;;7

Qbèkfib jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb‘ djr tcb ehpjsetejf jd k

djribl (kfl pbrhkfbft) kerèfb kiijhhjlktejf vej`ktbs Yjutcwbst―s @bksb rencts

(kfl tcbrbdjrb ^KQK) tj du``y uteèzb ets `bksbl spkib, efiùlefn tcb renct tj

bxpkfl jpbrktejfs jf ets jwf `bksbl spkib kdtbr tcb sfkpscjt lktb. \j ijhp`y wetc

tcb @bksb k djribl kiijhhjlktejf fbibsskre`y hust ab sbijflkry tj tcb rencts jd

tcb senfktjry kerèfb tj bxpkfl sbrveib ks ets sicblu`b fbbls leitktb.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr k`sj vej`ktbs ^KQK § 2(b)(1)(A)(ee). Ybitejf 2(b)(;)(B)

stktbs tckt ^KQK ljbs fjt èhet tcb kutcjrety jd tcb DKK ‐jr kfy jtcbr Dblbrk`

knbfiy tj bfdjrib rbquerbhbfts jd `kw kfl nrkft kssurkfibs . . . tckt ehpjsb

jaènktejfs jf @jvb Deb`l tj hkob ets dkieètebs kvke`ka`b jf k rbksjfka`b kfl

;;7@bksb, Qbi. ;>, §§ <.74.I kfl <.74.D, MK ZZ-ZZ.






-27-

fjflesirehefktjry akses tj ker ikrrebrs sbboefn tj usb suic dkieètebs, jr tj wetccj`l

nrkfts jr lbfy kppèiktejfs tj kppèikfts vej`ktefn suic jaènktejfs wetc rbspbit tj

@jvb Deb`l.‘ Yenfedeikft`y, cjwbvbr, Ybitejf 2(b)(1)(A)(ee) stktbs tckt tcb

djrbnjefn kfnuknb=

sck`` fjt ab ijfstrubl tj rbquerb tcb iety jd Lk``ks . . . tj hjledy jr

bèhefktb prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksbs wetc ker ikrrebrs ef jrlbr tj k``jiktb

nktb ikpkiety tj fbw bftrkfts jr tj irbktb ijhhjf usb nktbs, uf`bss

suic hjledeiktejf jr bèhefktejf es ehp`bhbftbl jf k fktejfwelb

akses.

KL-7<5 ’ KL-727 (bhpckses kllbl). Kiijrlefn`y, kf kiijhhjlktejf jrlbr hky

fjt eftbrdbrb wetc prbdbrbftek` nktb `bksb rencts ‐uf`bss suic hjledeiktejf jr

bèhefktejf es ehp`bhbftbl jf k fktejfwelb akses.‘

Fbetcbr DKK fjr LJ\ cks kljptbl kfl ehp`bhbftbl k pjèiy jd hjledyefn

jr bèhefktefn ker ikrrebr prbdbrbftek` `bksb rencts ‐jf k fktejfwelb akses.‘ \j tcb

bxtbft tckt LJ\ wbrb tj tkob tcb pjsetejf tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr kljptbl suic k

pjèiy ‐jf k fktejfwelb akses,‘ suic kf krnuhbft wju`l enfjrb tcb dkit tckt tcb

LJ\ @bttbr (k) ijftkefs fj suic `kfnuknb? (a) tcb @bttbr stktbs spbiedeik``y tckt et

es abefn prjvelbl ‐ef ènct jd tcb ufequb ieriuhstkfibs kt LK@ _@jvb Deb`lX‘? kfl

(i) LJ\ essubl tcb @bttbr wetcjut dj``jwefn tcb prejr fjteib-kfl-ijhhbft

rbquerbhbfts jd tcb KWK wceic javejus`y wju`l ab rbquerbl tj bddbit suic k

prjdjufl kfl ‐fktejfwelb‘ ickfnb ef tcb `kw.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;7> jd ;11 WknbEL <39;



-2;-

Ed LJ\ jr Lb`tk wbrb tj krnub tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr es bftet`bl tj lbdbrbfib

uflbr Icbvrjf RYK, Efi. v. Fkturk` Qbsjuribs Lbdbfsb Ijufie` Efi., <4> R.Y. 39>

(;53<), tces krnuhbft scju`l ab rbmbitbl. Icbvrjf es efkppèika`b abikusb LJ\

lel fjt elbftedy kfy k``bnbl`y khaenujus stktutjry `kfnuknb. Ybb Icrestbfsbf v.

Ckrres Ifty., 215 R.Y. 2>4, 234-3> (1777) (‐Ef Icbvrjf, wb cb`l tckt k ijurt hust

nevb bddbit tj kf knbfiy―s rbnu`ktejf ijftkefefn k rbksjfka`b eftbrprbtktejf jd kf

khaenujus stktutb‘).

K`sj, tj tcb bxtbft LJ\ wbrb tj ijftbfl tckt tcb @bttbr es fjt k `bnes`ktevb

ru`b aut rktcbr es kf eftbrprbtktejf ef kf jpefejf `bttbr, djr wceic fjteib kfl

ijhhbft wbrb fjt rbquerbl (k pjsetejf Yjutcwbst rbmbits), tces tjj wju`l ab dktk`

tj kfy krnuhbft tckt Icbvrjf lbdbrbfib kppèbs. Ybb Icrestbfsbf, suprk, kt 23>

(‐Eftbrprbtktejfs suic ks tcjsb ef jpefejf `bttbrs ’ èob eftbrprbtktejfs ijftkefbl ef

pjèiy stktbhbfts, knbfiy hkfuk`s, kfl bfdjribhbft nuelbèfbs, k`` jd wceic `kio

tcb djrib jd `kw ’ lj fjt wkrrkft Icbvrjf-sty`b lbdbrbfib‘).

Durtcbrhjrb, ‐tcb iksb djr muleiek` lbdbrbfib es `bss ijhpb`èfn wetc rbspbit

tj knbfiy pjsetejfs tckt krb efijfsestbft wetc prbvejus`y cb`l vebws.‘ Wku`by v.

Abtcbfbrny Hefbs, @@I , 27; R.Y. 437, 453 (;55;)? sbb k`sj EFY v. Ikrljzk-

Djfsbik, <37 R.Y. <1;, <<4 f. 97 (;53>) (‐Kf knbfiy eftbrprbtktejf jd k rb`bvkft

prjvesejf wceic ijfdèits wetc tcb knbfiy―s bkrèbr eftbrprbtktejf es –bftet`bl tj

ijfselbrka`y `bss lbdbrbfib― tckf k ijfsestbft`y cb`l knbfiy vebw‘) (ietktejfs


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;7>




-21-

jhettbl)? Njjl Ykhkretkf Cjsp. v. Yck`k`k, 273 R.Y. <71, <;> (;559) (‐tcb

ijfsestbfiy jd kf knbfiy―s pjsetejf es k dkitjr ef kssbssefn tcb wbenct tckt pjsetejf

es lub‘).

Cbrb, tcb pjsetejf ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr tckt djribl kiijhhjlktejf scju`l ab,

ef bddbit, pbrhkfbft, kfl prbleiktbl jf k akiowkrl-`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb,‘ es

bfterb`y efijfsestbft wetc LJ\―s jwf Kerpjrt Nuelb kfl DKK―s kpprjvk` jd tcb

1775 Ijhpbtetejf W`kf djr @jvb Deb`l, ajtc jd wceic rbijnfezb tcb rencts jd k

`bksb-cj`lefn kerèfb tj bxpkfl sbrveib upjf kfl du``y uteèzb ets `bksbl nktbs. ‐Et

es tbxtajjo klhefestrktevb `kw tckt kf knbfiy hust prjvelb k rbksjfbl bxp`kfktejf

djr lbpkrtefn drjh prbiblbft jr trbktefn sehe`kr setuktejfs leddbrbft`y.‘ ^.

Lbptdjrl Bfbrny, @@I v. DBQI , >44 D.9l ;7, 17 (L.I. Ier. 17;<) (ietktejf kfl

eftbrfk` qujtktejf hkros kfl pufituktejf jhettbl). Cjwbvbr, tcb LJ\ @bttbr dke`s

tj prjvelb k rbksjfbl bxp`kfktejf djr rbquerefn k djribl kiijhhjlktejf tj truhp

tcb rencts jd senfktjry kerèfbs tj du``y uteèzb tcber `bksbl spkib. \cb LJ\ @bttbr es

fjt ‐mustedebl betcbr ks ijfsestbft wetc prbiblbft jr ks k ijfselbrbl lbpkrturb

tcbrbdrjh.‘ El .? sbb k`sj Te``knb jd Akrrefntjf v. Yurdkib \rkfsp. Al ., 494 D.9l

427, 447 (L.I. Ier. 17;;) (uflbr Icbvrjf stbp twj, tcb ijurt we`` ‐lbdbr tj tcb

knbfiy―s pbrhessea`b eftbrprbtktejf, aut jf`y ed tcb knbfiy cks jddbrbl k rbksjfbl

bxp`kfktejf djr wcy et icjsb tckt eftbrprbtktejf‘? ed kf knbfiy dke`s jr rbdusbs tj

lbp`jy ets ‐bxpbrtesb tj prjluib k rbksjfbl lbiesejf . . . et lbsbrvbs fj lbdbrbfib‘).






-29-

Ef klletejf, fj lbdbrbfib tj tcb LJ\ @bttbr es wkrrkftbl uflbr Yoelhjrb v.

Ywedt & Ij., 919 R.Y. ;9<, ;<7 (;5<<). Rflbr Yoelhjrb, tcb wbenct kiijrlbl tj

kf klhefestrktevb mulnhbft ef k pkrteiu`kr iksb ‐we`` lbpbfl upjf tcb tcjrjuncfbss

bvelbft ef ets ijfselbrktejf, tcb vkèlety jd ets rbksjfefn, ets ijfsestbfiy wetc

bkrèbr kfl `ktbr prjfjufibhbfts, kfl k`` tcjsb dkitjrs wceic nevb et pjwbr tj

pbrsuklb . . . .‘ El .? sbb k`sj Rfetbl Ytktbs v. Hbkl Ijrp., 299 R.Y. 1;3, 113

(177;)? Icrestbfsbf, suprk, kt 23> (‐eftbrprbtktejfs ijftkefbl ef djrhkts suic ks

jpefejf `bttbrs krb –bftet`bl tj rbspbit― uflbr jur lbiesejf ef Yoelhjrb . . . aut jf`y

tj tcb bxtbft tckt tcjsb eftbrprbtktejfs ckvb tcb –pjwbr tj pbrsuklb―‘)? Ybb k`sj

Akrfckrt v. ^k`tjf, 292 R.Y. 1;1, 111 (1771) (‐tcb eftbrstetek` fkturb jd tcb `bnk`

qubstejf, tcb rb`ktbl bxpbrtesb jd tcb Knbfiy, tcb ehpjrtkfib jd tcb qubstejf tj

klhefestrktejf jd tcb stktutb, tcb ijhp`bxety jd tckt klhefestrktejf, kfl tcb ikrbdu`

ijfselbrktejf tcb Knbfiy cks nevbf tcb qubstejf jvbr k `jfn pbrejl jd tehb k``

efleiktb tckt Icbvrjf prjvelbs tcb kpprjprektb `bnk` `bfs tcrjunc wceic tj vebw tcb

`bnkèty jd tcb Knbfiy eftbrprbtktejf cbrb kt essub.‘).

Kiijrlefn`y, fj vkèlety scju`l ab nevbf tj tcb LJ\ @bttbr abikusb jd ets

`kio jd kfy rbksjfbl, huic `bss sjufl, lbiesejf-hkoefn, ks wb`` ks tcb @bttbr―s

ufbxp`kefbl efijfsestbfiy wetc prejr prbiblbft kfl LJ\ prkiteib, efiùlefn tcb

Kerpjrt Nuelb.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;7 jd ;11 WknbEL <39<



-2<-

Abikusb tcb LJ\ @bttbr es ufkutcjrezbl ay <5 R.Y.I. § <7;;>(o) jr kfy

jtcbr stktutjry prjvesejf, kfl vej`ktbs ^KQK, et scju`l ab vkiktbl uflbr 2 R.Y.I.

§ >74(1)(I).

EEE. \CB LJ\ @B\\BQ EY KQAE\QKQU KFL IKWQEIEJRY ABIKRYB

E\ EY FJ\ \CB WQJLRI\ JD QBKYJFBL LBIEYEJF-HKOEFN

KFL ENFJQBY RFLEYWR\BL BTELBFIB \CK\ WBQHKFBF\

DJQIBL KIIJHHJLK\EJF K\ @JTB DEB@L EY RF@K^DR@,

CKQHDR@ KFL RFFBIBYYKQU.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr scju`l ab vkiktbl uflbr 2 R.Y.I. § >74(1)(K) ks kraetrkry

kfl ikpreiejus abikusb et es fjt tcb prjluit jd rbksjfbl lbiesejf-hkoefn? et

ijftrkvbfbs k `jfn cestjry jd eflustry prkiteib wetcjut kfy bxp`kfktejf? kfl et dke`s

tj ijfselbr uflesputbl bvelbfib abdjrb LJ\ tckt djriefn Yjutcwbst tj

kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk kt @jvb Deb`l jf k pbrhkfbft akses es uf`kwdu`, bxtrbhb`y

ckrhdu` tj Yjutcwbst, kfl ijhp`btb`y uffbibsskry tj kicebvb kfy `bnk``y vk`el

jambitevb.

K. \cb LJ\ @bttbr es Fjt tcb Wrjluit jd Qbksjfbl Lbiesejf-

Hkoefn.

\cb knbfiy―s stktbhbft ef suppjrt jd kf jrlbr ‐hust ab jfb jd rbksjfefn? et

hky fjt ab must k ijfi`usejf? et hust krteiu`ktb k sktesdkitjry bxp`kfktejf djr ets

kitejf.‘ YbiuretyWjeft , suprk, >45 D.9l kt ;;3>-33 (ietktejfs kfl eftbrfk`

qujtktejf hkros kfl pufituktejf jhettbl)? el . kt ;;33 (‐Abikusb _\YK―sX `bttbr


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;;7

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;; jd ;11 WknbEL <392



-22-

dke`s tj prjvelb kfy –akses upjf wceic wb iju`l ijfiùlb tckt et wks tcb prjluit jd

rbksjfbl lbiesejfhkoefn―‘)(eftbrfk` ietktejf jhettbl).

Ef vej`ktejf jd tces rbquerbhbft, tcb LJ\ @bttbr dke`s tj jddbr kfy rbksjf djr

rbquerefn tckt k djribl kiijhhjlktejf ab pbrhkfbft jr prbleiktbl jf k akiowkrl-

`jjoefn ‐sfkpscjt lktb.‘ Yenfedeikft`y, tcb LJ\ @bttbr ietbs fbetcbr `bnk` kutcjrety

fjr cestjreik` prbiblbft djr ets pjsetejf jf ‐pbrhkfbft‘ djribl kiijhhjlktejfs.

Efbxpèika`y, tcb @bttbr ljbs fjt kiofjw`blnb tcb bxestbfib jd `jfnstkflefn

ijftrkry LJ\ nuelkfib djr kerpjrts, ks wb`` ks lbiklbs jd eflustry prkiteib. Fjr

ljbs et kttbhpt tj mustedy tcb ehpjsetejf jd tcb fbw`y-kffjufibl jaènktejfs jf

@jvb Deb`l kfl ets senfktjry kerèfbs ef ènct jd prb-bxestefn kerèfb `bksb rencts.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr k`sj ljbs fjt elbftedy kfy akses ef `kw djr usefn k

‐sfkpscjt‘ jd prbvejus`y-puaèscbl sicblu`bs kt @jvb Deb`l tckt wju`l k``jw fjf-

tbfkft kerèfbs tj a`jio senfktjry kerèfbs drjh puaèscefn fbw dèncts kdtbr tckt

lktb. \cb @bttbr hkobs fj kttbhpt tj bxp`kef cjw tcb usb jd suic k lktb es

ijfsestbft wetc Yjutcwbst―s rencts uflbr ets @bksb tj bxpkfl sbrveib upjf kfl du``y

uteèzb ets `bksbl nktbs jvbr tehb, efiùlefn kdtbr tcb ‐sfkpscjt lktb.‘

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb >7 jd 37

LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;;;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;1 jd ;11 WknbEL <394



-24-

A. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Dke`s tj Ijfselbr Rflesputbl Bvelbfib tckt

Djriefn Yjutcwbst tj Kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk Jf k Wbrhkfbft Akses

Es Rf`kwdu`, Ckrhdu` kfl Rffbibsskry.

Kf ‐knbfiy―s kitejf es kraetrkry kfl ikpreiejus ed et cks –bfterb`y dke`bl tj

ijfselbr kf ehpjrtkft kspbit jd tcb prja`bh― et dkibs.‘ YbiuretyWjeft Cj`lefns,

suprk, >45 D.9l kt ;;3> (ietefn Hjtjr Tbcei`b Hdrs. Kss―f, suprk, <49 R.Y. kt <9

(;539)), kfl kt ;;35 (‐Abikusb \YK –dke`bl tj ijfselbr kf ehpjrtkft kspbit jd tcb

prja`bh' abdjrb et, ets lbiesejf hust ab sbt kselb ks kraetrkry kfl ikpreiejus‘)? sbb

k`sj Auttb Ifty., Ik`. v. Cjnbf, 4;9 D.9l ;57, ;5< (L.I Ier. 17;7) (‐kf knbfiy―s

rbdusk` tj ijfselbr bvelbfib abkrefn jf tcb essub abdjrb et ijfstetutbs kraetrkry

knbfiy kitejf wetcef tcb hbkfefn jd § >74‘)? \jurus Qbijrl, Efi. v. LBK, 125

D.9l >9;, >9> (L.I. Ier. 177;).

;. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Dke`s tj Kiofjw`blnb tcb Bvelbfib tckt

Qbquerefn Yjutcwbst tj Kiijhhjlktb Lb`tk jf k

Wbrhkfbft Akses es Ijftrkry tj Ajtc tcb @bksb kfl LJ\―s

Wrejr Nuelkfib.

\cbrb es fj efleiktejf wcktsjbvbr tckt LJ\ ijfselbrbl tcb `kfnuknb ef

sbitejf <.74.I kfl <.74.D jd tcb @jvb Deb`l @bksb rbnkrlefn djribl

kiijhhjlktejfs wceic du``y suppjrts tcb renct jd k senfktjry kerèfb tj bxpkfl

upjf kfl du``y uteèzb ets jwf `bksbl nktb spkib. Ypbiedeik``y, LJ\ ljbs fjt

kllrbss tcb dkit tckt tcb @bksb prjvelbs tckt (;) djr k djribl kiijhhjlktejf, tcb

senfktjry kerèfb hust ckvb ‐fj sicblu`bl usb djr tcb nktb spkib? (1) tcb senfktjry

kerèfb―s ‐sicblu`bl usb‘ sck`` ‐tkob prbiblbfib‘ jvbr tcb kiijhhjlktbl kerèfb?

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb >; jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;9 jd ;11 WknbEL <39>



-2>-

(9) tcb kiijhhjlktejf hust ‐fjt uflu`y eftbrdbrb wetc‘ tcb senfktjry kerèfb―s

jpbrktefn sicblu`b? kfl (<) ef iksb jd k ijfdèit ef sicblu`bs, tcb senfktjry kerèfb

‐we`` ckvb prejrety ef usb jd ets pbrsjffb` kfl ets @bksbl Wrbhesbs.‘;;;

\cbrb es k`sj zbrj bvelbfib tckt LJ\ ijfselbrbl tcb ehpèiktejfs kt @jvb

Deb`l, jr kfy jtcbr kerpjrt, tckt wju`l kresb drjh duflkhbftk``y k`tbrefn tcb `bnk`

rb`ktejfscep abtwbbf tcb kerpjrt kfl ets `bksb-cj`lefn kerèfbs ks tcb LJ\ @bttbr

lerbitbl. Djr bxkhp`b, LJ\ fjwcbrb kiofjw`blnbs tcb dkit tckt, ed kerpjrt

jpbrktjrs suic ks tcb Iety krb rbquerbl tj trbkt djribl kiijhhjlktejf ks

pbrhkfbft, tcb rbsu`tefn kiijhhjlktejf lbiesejfs we`` eftbrdbrb wetc kerèfb

prjpbrty rencts kfl rbksjfka`b bxpbitktejfs kt @jvb Deb`l, kfl pjtbftek``y, kt jtcbr

nktb-ijfstrkefbl kerpjrts kirjss tcb ijuftry. ^cbf kf kerèfb senfs k `bksb djr

kerpjrt spkib, et hust ckvb k rbksjfka`b bxpbitktejf tckt et we`` ab ka`b tj du``y usb

ets `bksbl spkib wcbtcbr djr ets iurrbft jpbrktejfs jr djr tcb klletejf jd fbw dèncts

jvbr tehb ef tcb jrlefkry ijursb jd ausefbss. \cb pjsetejf tkobf ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr

lbstrjys tcbsb bxpbitktejfs, lbvkùefn suppjsbl`y ‐prbdbrbftek`‘ `bksb rencts kfl

`jwbrefn `bksb rbvbfub djr kerpjrt jpbrktjrs ef tcb prjibss.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr k`sj enfjrbs LJ\―s jwf `jfn-stkflefn nuelkfib tj kerpjrts,

ks rbd`bitbl ef ets Kerpjrt Nuelb.;;1

K`tcjunc tcb LJ\ @bttbr stktbs tckt tcb

;;;@bksb, Qbi. ;>, §§ <.74.I kfl <.74.D, MK ZZ-ZZ.

;;1Qbi. 1, MK ZZ-ZZ.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;< jd ;11 WknbEL <393



-23-

Kerpjrt Nuelb ‐hky ab cb`pdu` tj‘ tcb Iety ef rbspjflefn tj Lb`tk―s

kiijhhjlktejf rbqubst (@bttbr, kt 1), tcb @bttbr efbxpèika`y enfjrbs tcb dkit tckt

tcb Nuelb ijftrkleits tcb pjsetejfs tkobf ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr. \cb Kerpjrt Nuelb

rbijnfezbs tckt tcb nrkft kssurkfibs lj fjt karjnktb `bksb rencts=

_DXblbrk` nrkft kssurkfibs . . . rbquerb tcb kerpjrt jpbrktjr tj

kiijhhjlktb rbksjfka`b rbqubsts djr kiibss ay k fbw bftrkft ikrrebr

jr ay kf efiuhabft ikrrebr tckt wkfts tj bxpkfl jpbrktejfs. ^ce`b kf

ker ikrrebr es fjt rbquerbl tj ikfib` dèncts jr djrdbet usb jd kerpjrt

dkieètebs, kf kerpjrt jpbrktjr hky fjt lbfy kiibss tj ets dkieètebs

aksbl sj`b`y jf bxestefn `bksb krrkfnbhbfts.;;9

Ef jtcbr wjrls, tcb bxestbfib jd k `bksb es fjt ef kfl jd etsb`d suddeiebft tj rbdusb k

rbqubst djr kiijhhjlktejf. Djr bxkhp`b, et cks `jfn abbf eflustry prkiteib tckt k

fjf-tbfkft ikrrebr ikf ab kiijhhjlktbl tbhpjrkre`y jf `bksbl spkib tckt es fjt

abefn usbl ay tcb senfktjry kerèfb ’ k prkiteib tckt ajtc Rfetbl kfl Yjutcwbst

dj``jwbl ef tbhpjrkre`y kiijhhjlktefn Lb`tk kt @jvb Deb`l. Cjwbvbr, k

senfktjry kerèfb ikffjt ab rbquerbl tj ‐ikfib` dèncts jr djrdbet usb jd kerpjrt

dkieètebs‘ tj kiijhhjlktb k fjf-tbfkft kerèfb. Kfl, tcb senfktjry kerèfb hust ab

drbb tj bxpkfl jpbrktejfs jf ets `bksbl spkib jvbr tehb. Ybb, b.n ., @bksb §§ <.74.I

kfl <.74.D, MK ZZ-ZZ? Kerpjrt Nuelb, Qbi. 1, kt ;9, ;2, MK ZZ, ZZ.

;;9Qbi. 1, kt x, MK ZZ (bhpckses kllbl)? sbb k`sj el . kt ;9, ;2, MK ZZ, ZZ.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;;<

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;2 jd ;11 WknbEL <395



-25-

\cbrb es fjtcefn ef tcb nrkft kssurkfibs tckt kutcjrezbs k djribl

kiijhhjlktejf ef pbrpbtuety, jvbrrelefn tcb senfktjry kerèfb―s duturb p`kfs tj

bxpkfl jpbrktejfs jf ets jwf `bksbl spkib, ybt tckt es wckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr lerbits

tcb Iety jd Lk``ks tj lj. Kfl ef nevefn tckt lerbitejf, tcb LJ\ @bttbr sehp`y

enfjrbs tcb @bksb `kfnuknb, nuelkfib ef ets jwf Kerpjrt Nuelb, kfl lbiklbs jd

cestjreik` prkiteib tckt es ijftrkry tj tcb knbfiy―s fbw prjfjufibhbfts.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr k`sj skys fjtcefn kajut tcb 1775 Ijhpbtetejf W`kf djr @jvb

Deb`l, wceic DKK kpprjvbl. \cb 1775 W`kf efijrpjrktbl ay rbdbrbfib tcb

kiijhhjlktejf prjvesejfs ef sbitejf <.74 jd tcb @bksb, wceic rbijnfezb tckt tcb

senfktjry kerèfb es k``jwbl tj du``y uteèzb ets `bksbl nktb spkib wetcjut

eftbrdbrbfib ay kf kiijhhjlktbl kerèfb.;;<

I`bkr`y, et es ehprjpbr djr DKK tj

kpprjvb k ijhpbtetejf p`kf wetc suic prjvesejfs, jf`y tj ckvb LJ\ suasbqubft`y

enfjrb tcbh.

1. \cb LJ\ @bttbr Enfjrbs tcb Ybvbrb Ckrh Yjutcwbst

^ju`l Yuddbr ed Et es Qbquerbl tj Kiijhhjlktb Kfjtcbr

Kerèfb kt @jvb Deb`l jf k Wbrhkfbft Akses.

\cb LJ\ @bttbr es k`sj kraetrkry kfl ikpreiejus abikusb et dke`s tj prjvelb

kfy efleiktejf tckt LJ\ ijfselbrbl tcb dkit tckt, ks k prkiteik` hkttbr tcb Devb-

;;<Qbi. ;5, MK ZZZ-ZZZ? Qbi. 11, MK ZZ-ZZ.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb >< jd 37


Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;4 jd ;11 WknbEL <3<7



-47-

Wkrty Knrbbhbft prbvbfts Yjutcwbst drjh bxpkflefn ets sbrveib ef tcb Lk``ks krbk

jtcbr tckf ay kllefn dèncts kt @jvb Deb`l.

Ks lesiussbl kajvb, k`` kerèfbs jtcbr tckf Yjutcwbst hky prjvelb ker

sbrveib tj tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hkrobt wetcjut kiibss tj @jvb Deb`l. K`` suic

kerèfbs ikf kiibss tckt hkrobt du``y drjh LD^ Kerpjrt, wceic es fjt nktb-

ijfstrkefbl kfl cks khp`b rjjh djr nrjwtc. Yjutcwbst k`jfb es suambit tj k

ufequb rbstreitejf tckt bddbitevb`y èhets ets sbrveib ef tcb Lk``ks hbtrjpjètkf krbk

tj @jvb Deb`l.;;2 \ces fbibsskre`y hbkfs tckt djriea`y kiijhhjlktefn kfy dèncts

jd jtcbr kerèfbs jf Yjutcwbst―s @jvb Deb`l nktbs we`` fbibsskre`y rbluib tcb

fuhabr jd dèncts tckt Yjutcwbst ikf jddbr tj tcb puaèi, wceic we`` fjt jf`y

sbrejus`y efmurb Yjutcwbst aut k`sj ckrh ijfsuhbrs ay lbfyefn tcbh tcb abfbdets

jd Yjutcwbst―s ijhpbtetejf, kerdkrb skvefns, kfl trkvb` jptejfs ef tcb Lk``ks

hkrobt.

Kf jrlbr rbquerefn djribl kiijhhjlktejf ay Yjutcwbst jd Lb`tk (jr kfy

jtcbr kerèfb) uflbr tcb tbrhs jd tcb LJ\ @bttbr wju`l `bkl tj kf ufdker kfl

ehprjpbr rbsu`t= Yjutcwbst wju`l ab pbrhkfbft`y akrrbl drjh ijftefuefn tj

bxpkfl ets sbrveib tj tcb Lk``ks hkrobt ks `jfn ks tcb kiijhhjlktbl kerèfb

;;2Devb-Wkrty Knrbbhbft, Qbi. ;2, § ;7, MK ZZ? kfl prbvejus lesiussejf jd § ;7,

suprk.



Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;;> jd ;11 WknbEL <3<;



-4;-

ijftefubl ets ‐pkttbrf jd sbrveib‘ jf Yjutcwbst―s nktbs. \cb LJ\ @bttbr enfjrbs

bfterb`y tces javejus ijfsbqubfib jd ets jwf lerbitevb.

9. LJ\ Dke`bl tj Ijfselbr tcb Rflesputbl Bvelbfib tcktDjribl Kiijhhjlktejf kt @jvb Deb`l es Rffbibsskry tj

Kiijhpèsc Kfy @bnetehktb Jambitevb Nevbf tckt @jvb

Deb`l es Wkrt jd tcb @krnbr Lk``ks Hkrobt tckt Efiùlbs

LD^ Kerpjrt.

Kf klletejfk` rbksjf lbhjfstrktefn tckt tcb LJ\ @bttbr es kraetrkry kfl

ikpreiejus es LJ\―s dkeùrb tj ijfselbr tcb uflesputbl bvelbfib tckt djribl

kiijhhjlktejf jd k fjf-tbfkft kerèfb kt @jvb Deb`l ’ jd kfy lurktejf aut

pkrteiu`kr`y jf k pbrhkfbft akses ’ es bfterb`y uffbibsskry tj bfsurb tckt k``

kerèfbs ikf du``y ijhpbtb ef tcb Lk``ks krbk ker sbrveibs hkrobt. Yjutcwbst

bxtbfsevb`y kllrbssbl tcb essub jd tcb kpprjprektb ijhpbtetevb hkrobt djr tcb

ijfselbrktejf jd kiijhhjlktejf rbqubsts ef ets Fjvbhabr ;>, 17;< Qbspjfsb tj

Iety jd Lk``ks Qbqubst djr Efput jf Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kiijhhjlktejf Wjèiy ,;;4

kfl ets Lbibhabr 3, 17;< Qbspjfsb tj Iety jd Lk``ks Lbibhabr ;, 17;< Fjteib

Qbnkrlefn Lk``ks @jvb Deb`l Kiijhhjlktejf Essubs.;;>

\cb LJ\ Nbfbrk`

Ijufsb` wks ijpebl jf tces suahessejf. Ubt tcb knbfiy lel fjt hbftejf, huic

`bss kttbhpt tj rbaut, kfy jd tces bvelbfib ef tcb LJ\ @bttbr.

;;4Qbi. 24, kt >-5, MK ZZ-ZZ, kfl Bxceaets K tcrjunc D, Qbi. ZZ, MK ZZ-ZZ.

;;>Qbi. 3;, kt 2-4, MK ZZ-ZZ.


LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;;>




-41-

LJ\ k`sj enfjrbl tcb dkit tckt, ks stktbl kajvb, wcbf tcb Iety ef 1775

sjunct DKK pbrhessejf tj usb pkssbfnbr dkieèty ickrnb (‐WDI‘) rbvbfubs jf @jvb

Deb`l prjmbits, tcb Iety rbijnfezbl tckt tcb ‐ijhpbtetevb bddbits‘ jd lbiesejfs

kddbitefn @jvb Deb`l ehpkit tcb bfterb ‐rbnejf.‘;;3

\cb Iety pjeftbl tj k`` jd tcb

pkssbfnbrs ef ‐tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc rbnejf" tckt ckvb k`rbkly abfbdettbl drjh tcb

‐ijhpbtetevb icjeib‘ abtwbbf @jvb Deb`l kfl LD^ Kerpjrt.;;5

LJ\―s jwf Kerpjrt Nuelb rbefdjribs tces ijfibpt, ay djiusefn jf tcb ehpkit

jd kerpjrt lbiesejfs jf ijhpbtetejf ‐ef ker trkfspjrtktejf hkrobts‘ rktcbr tckf

wetcef k sefn`b kerpjrt tckt es jf`y k shk``br pkrt jd k arjklbr ijhpbtetevb hkrobt.

Ybb Nuelb, Qbi. 1, kt ;<, MK ZZ (tcb ‐njk`s jd tcb Kerèfb Lbrbnu`ktejf Kit‘ krb

‐tj djstbr ijhpbtetejf kfl bfijurknb fbw bftry eftj ker trkfspjrtktejf hkrobts‘)

(bhpckses kllbl). \cb Kerpjrt Nuelb stktbs tckt ‐tcb –bssbftek` dkieètebs― ljitrefb

jd Ybitejf 1 jd tcb Ycbrhkf Kit iju`l ab kppèbl tj ijhpb` ljhefkft kerèfbs tj

surrbflbr ijftrj` jd kerpjrt nktbs.‘;17

Cjwbvbr, @jvb Deb`l ikffjt qukèdy ks kf

‐bssbftek` dkieèty‘ ’ kt `bkst fjt djr kerèfbs jtcbr tckf Yjutcwbst, k`` jd wceic

ckvb du`` kiibss tj tcb Lk``ks-Djrt ^jrtc hkrobt ay usefn tcb ufijfstrkefbl nktbs

kt LD^ Kerpjrt.

;;3Qbi. 11, kt A-3; tj A-3<, MK ZZ-ZZ.

;;5 El . kt A-39-3<, MK ZZ-ZZ.

;17Qbi. 1, kt 1>, MK ZZ.

RYIK Iksb #;2-;794 Ljiuhbft #;225779 De`bl= 74/11/17;2 Wknb >> jd 37





-49-

IJFI@RYEJF

Djr tcb rbksjfs sbt djrtc kajvb, Yjutcwbst Ker`efbs rbqubsts tckt tcb Ijurt

nrkft tcb Wbtetejf djr Qbvebw kfl vkiktb tcb defk` jrlbr jd LJ\ sbt djrtc ef tcb

LJ\ @bttbr.


/s/ H. Qjy Nj`labrn


Ytbptjb & Mjcfsjf @@W;997 Ijffbiteiut Kvb., F.^.


(171) <15-9777 (pcjfb)

(171) <15-9571 (dkx)


/s/ Qjabrt ^. Ofbes`by



Kssjiektb Nbfbrk` Ijufsb`5;5 ;3

tc Yt., F.^.

Yuetb 477


(171) 149-413< (pcjfb)

(171) 149-415; (dkx)



Ij.




Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;17 jd ;11 WknbEL <3<<




Wursukft tj Qu`b 91(k)(>)(I), Dbl. Q. Kpp. W., Yjutcwbst Ker`efbs ibrtedebs

tckt, aksbl jf tcb wjrl ijuft jd tcb wjrl-prjibssefn systbh usbl tj prbpkrb tcb

arebd, tcb fuhabr jd wjrls ef tcb arebd es ;9,319.


/s/ H. Qjy Nj`labrn


Ytbptjb & Mjcfsjf @@W

;997 Ijffbiteiut Kvb., F.^.^kscefntjf, LI 17794

(171) <15-9777 (pcjfb)

(171) <15-9571 (dkx)


/s/ Qjabrt ^. Ofbes`by



Kssjiektb Nbfbrk` Ijufsb`

5;5 ;3tc

Yt., F.^.

Yuetb 477


(171) 149-413< (pcjfb)

(171) 149-415; (dkx)



Ij.




Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;1; jd ;11 WknbEL <3<2




E cbrbay ibrtedy tckt jf tces 11fl lky jd Mufb, 17;2, E ikusbl k ijpy jd tcb

djrbnjefn Jpbfefn Arebd jd Wbtetejfbr Yjutcwbst Ker`efbs Ij. tj ab sbrvbl

b`bitrjfeik``y tcrjunc tcb Ijurt's IH/BID systbh jf k`` rbnestbrbl ijufsb`.

/s/ Qjy Nj`labrn

Qjy Nj`labrn



LJ\ & DKK Hjtejf tj Leshess Kpp. ;1;

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-1 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ;11 jd ;11 WknbEL <3<4





LK@@KY LETEYEJF

) Fj. 9=;2-iv-71745-O

IE\U JD LK@@KY, )) _WQJWJYBLX JQLBQ

W`keftedd, )

)

v. )

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LB@\K KEQ @EFBY, EFI., bt k` ., )

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Lbdbflkfts. )

)

Rpjf tcb hjtejf jd lbdbflkfts R.Y. Lbpkrthbft jd \rkfspjrtktejf (LJ\) kfl Dblbrk`

Kvektejf Klhefestrktejf (DKK) tj leshess jr trkfsdbr, kfl djr k stky, tcb hktbrek`s suahettbl ef

suppjrt jd tckt hjtejf kfl ef jppjsetejf tcbrbtj, kfl njjl ikusb ckvefn abbf scjwf, et es cbrbay

jrlbrbl ks dj``jws=

; \cb hjtejf jd LJ\ kfl DKK es nrkftbl

Iksb 9=;2-iv-71745-O Ljiuhbft ;42-9 De`bl 75/;</;2 Wknb ; jd ; WknbEL <3<>

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