f2 drainage of golf course features

Drainage of Features

GREENS

USGA specification

Step 1: Site assessmentIdentify natural drainage route /low areasIdentify drain outlet(s)Sketch proposed contoursSketch directional flow

Step 2: Determine drainage pattern

Greens component:

Determine tile line pattern

location of collector

Specify lateral line

Step 3: Choose drainage tile

Step 4: Sketch the grid

Step 6: Collectors and lateralsPVC mainlineCorrugated 4”

Step 7: Prepare Specifications

Required for each drainage feature specified

USGA green: Drain LateralsLaterals

4” (100mm) laterals of 45 degrees from main15ft (5m) apart, extend to perimeter of greenFrom first lateral to first lateral

Drainage trenches6” (150mm) wide8” (200mm) depthMinimum slope .5%Rise/run=slope1:100 = 1% slope1:50 = 2% slope1:33 = 3% slopeFill gravel ¼” – 1” for drainage trench

TEE DRAINAGEPipe sizing and laterals

Step 1: Main lineAssume 8” sandy loam (topsoil cap)Hydraulic conductivity of .8”/hrMain line

Maximum diameter of 4” (100mm)Place along route of maximum fall

TeesDrain spacing

6.6ft apart – 16hrs to drain3.3ft apart – 8hrs to drainMaintain slope 1-3%

Interceptor drains4” corrugated to basin, french or collector Slope recommendations 1-3%

Tees: Specifications

Subsoil specifications

DRAINAGE OF FEATURES: BUNKERS

Bunker component:

Specify tile and fillSpecify liner and inner bank stabilization from washoutsUse 6.6ft spacingUse 4” corrugated tile

Specify variation of drain pattern (herringbone, random, etc)Include specifics of discharge:

to collector/ sump

Specify subsoil drainage pattern

Linking trap drainageCombined drainage systemLimited discharge areas

Route to basin or collector4” corrugated to basin4” main line6.6ft (2m) centers/spacing

Drainage AWAY from play

Completed bunker drain specifications

DRAINAGE OF FEATURES: FAIRWAYS

Fairways component: Recommend surface slope min 1-3%4” laterals and mainMainline and laterals 6.6ft apartMax combined length of laterals and mainline1170ft

Technical specifications:

Drain pipe section Interceptor drains

Drainage feature: Fairways

Recognize contour low areasIncorporate catch basinsIncorporate french drains if necessaryJoin laterals to main collector

Drainage features: Fairway

Herringbone grid

Identify the main collectorUtilize natural contours for direction to main collectorMultiple patterns are possibleUtilize french drains where distances are too greatIdentify wetland and other discharge areas.

Completed drainage feature: Fairway

Fairway Component: drainage specifications

Provide current fairway drainage issues

Specify avoidance of subsoil compactionSpecify siltation prevention in trenches and catch basins when re-gradingIdentify catch basinsIdentify laterals and pattern

Additional info:Include drainage specifications

Hand Sketchs, cited web photos acceptable.

Open stone drains identified with specsFrench drains specifiedIntercept drains specifiedCatch basins specified

Drainage Specs. :Roadways/cart paths

Slit Drainage

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What is Slit drainage?

The remedial method of quickly removing surface water

Often done on fairways, or sports fields constructed with heavier soilA means of “fixing” poorly drained sportfields

Slit drainageSeries of narrow vertical trenches backfilled with sandSome have pipes in bottomConnected to larger connectors to stormwater outletsMany work for awhile, but then failA method improving surface drainage

Spacing

The closer spaced, the better they work

Average spacing is 6.6ft

Ensure pipes at bottom of trench can accept the surface water

Design and planning steps

Where is the water coming from

Designate a rainfall event (50mm/hr)

Design across slope trenches to maximize efficiency

Never space more than 6.6ft apart

Typical slit and collector

Lateral direction

Typical installationLaterals across slopeLarger collector drain

Slit Drainage: Greens Should ALWAYS include a

pipe in the trench

Use Geo fabric in the trenches below the pipes

Sand in slits fits USGA specification

Re sodded ONLY by washed turf

Trenching the surface

All trench material removed

Edges must remain sharp and clean

Mound the sand in trench

Perched water table in trenches? unecessary

Grassing trench linesGravel layer installPrevents dryingPerches the table

Summary of Slit drainageNone further than 6.6ft

Pipes in ALL trenches

Design for excessive rainfall event

Trench ACROSS slope

Use only USGA sand

Geofabric only at bottom of trench

Re-sod trench with washed only

Summary continued

Slit drainage is SURFACE drainage

Topdressing must continue with sand

used in the trenches

After time the sod must be stripped off the slits.

(contamination)

Slit drainage on FairwaysWhere surface slope exceeds 76yds

Large areas sloping in one direction

Where regrading/ insufficient funds an issue

In front of a boggy approach

Types of Golf Course Drains

CollectorInterceptorCatch basin

Turf Managers Handbook, Charles "Bud" White, Ann Arbor Press 2000

Natural drainage

Identify the natural drainage of the site

Identify the watershed

Determine offsite drainage basin• Does run-off flow onto

site?

Existing slope will determine effective

drainage basin/discharge

locations

Rule of thumb: 3% slope, 150ft run to

basin


Collection and TransportArtificial drainage

systems comprise of:

collector lines to gather the water

a transport system to carry the water

away

Relatively flat sites (<1% slope) require larger diameter pipe

• Smaller pipe is prone to plugging with sediment


Golf Course Drainage

All turf area drains, should be designed to reach a collector line

Collector lines transfer surface and subsurface water to a discharge point

Discharge points are the lowest areas on the golf course

Good course design will incorporate these low area(s) to the irrigation source

Topographic maps will determine location of irrigation source/drainage discharge


Collector drainsLateral drain lines

intersect collectors

Multiple lateral lines into collector should be calculated by an

engineer

Multiple collection drain sites are

common

Transfer by pump to irrigation source


Collector drains

Maintain a grade of at least .5%; 1% is

preferable.

If the PVC transport system terminates in

a stream or pond, flooding may reach

the height of the exit pipe

a check valve must be installed to

prevent back flow through the drainage

system


Collector discharge

Multi-Flow collectors6-inch ..................17 gpm12-inch.................29 gpm18-inch.................45 gpm

PVC transport pipe3-inch..................52 gpm4-inch..................119 gpm6-inch..................349 gpm8-inch..................718 gpm


Collector Basin

Half inch stone is generally a good choice for back fill

Facilitating greater volume drainage


Catch Basin


Open Stone drains

Removes surface water

effectively

Not conductive to

playability

Not to be used in areas

subject to play

Damage to mowers in in maintainable

areas


French drains


Flat tile green drainage

Multi-flow system Hybrid drainage pattern

Flat tile a useful technique to preserve sub

grade

Inexpensive trenching and

clean-up


Multiple laterals meet collector

Drainage will reach larger lateral or main collector Main collectors often

alongside each hole


Head Wall

Concrete wall surrounding a pipe

end

Important for storm

water intake

Capture surface water and channel it

Reduces erosion at

intake


Sump wells

For low areas that need surface drainage assistance.

Vertical hole bored as deeply as possible, filled with drainage stone.

Provide surface drainage that cannot be French drained due to topography or location

Installed with tractor/auger, 6-12” diameter

4-5’ depth

Inexpensive, relieve surface water rapidly


Mole Drains

Effective relief of impermeable baseTemporaryRisks

irrigation lines/wire cutCan tear through other drains not mappedRaises the soilRequires an open channel to subsoil


Mowable swale

Fairways are graded to a collector Slopes are between 1-3%, unnoticed by golfersMowable with cutting units


Commonly used drains

Interceptor ditch Sump style drain

Sump drainageDrill of dig past impermeable layer Facilitates drainage through to porus layer May need to be very deep


Intercept drains

Intercept drain specs Intercept drain detail

Drainage Routes

Irrigation source siteCollectors, laterals and catch basins

MAIN COLLECTORSImpounding water and discharge areas

Main Drainage Collectors8”-24” in diameterOften smooth PVC pipeSubsurface drain, deep installBelow all irrigation pipingDug into subsoil existing grade to water feature/pondUtilizes original grade, natural slope.

Collector DrainsStep 1: Determine lowest areas on mapDesignate impounded water siteUtilize natural drain routesTypically becomes irrigation source site

Main Drainage collectorsMains route along or across each fairwayConnects all lateral and basinsMain collectors consolidate to deliver to pond, irrigation source or discharge

Main drainage collectorsStorm water collectionUnderground tanks (often used for storm water) to existing facilitiesMay discharge to pond system

Pond construction-sub and surfaceSupplies valuable topsoilCreates fillProvides additional storage of runoff, storm waterPotential to transfer to other pondsBecomes design feature

Pond construction – Sub and surfaceFunctional and aestheticLocated for alternative outlets of discharge

Catch Basins – Surface drainageCollects surface waterConnects to a lateral or main collectorInstalled and graded into low areas, non traffic routesEffective for low areas on fairways, tees, and combined features of greens complex’s

Catch basins – Surface drainageMultiple used prfwyspaced 76ft, at 1% Connect to laterals

LATERALSFairway, tee, catch basins

Laterals

Drainage LateralsConnect features to the main collectorLaterals include

FairwaysTeesCatch basinsBunkersGreen complex’s

Laterals to Main collectorDrainage contractors specify pipe sizing and laterals to collectorMeasure of combined friction loss, to combined gpm Fairway lateral sizing 4” corrugated

Lateral to collector drainNumber of laterals connected determine collector sizingUtilizing natural drainage to a single lateral herringbone will save costs

Fairway drainageRead contours to determine natural drainage routeDesign surface catchment at lowest pointDesign pattern drains to connect to main collector

Tee sitesOutlets may connect to basinsOften connect to lateralsElevated sites often graded towards catchment

Green sitesDetermine lowest area off greenAway from trafficOften combines with other complex drains

Bunkers, approach

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