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7/27/2019 f1b40Module I CAM 2011 Template-1

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Amity School of Business

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BBA, Semester 1

Computer in Management

Ms Bhawana Gupta


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Introduction to Computers

Many people believe that knowing how to use a computer, is

one of the basic skills needed to succeed in the workplace. In

order to use the computer it is necessary to understand how the

computer works


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What is ComputerThe computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs

operations on that data , presents the results, and stores the data or

results as needed. and give you desired result.

It perform four primary operations are:

1. INPUTentering data into the computer

2. PROCESSINGperforming operations on the data

3. OUTPUTpresenting the results

4. STORAGEsaving data, or output for future use.


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Data Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics related to an

object. Data can be processed to create useful information.Data is a valuable asset for an organization.

Data can be used by the managers to perform effective andsuccessful operations of management. It provides a view of

past activities related to the rise and fall of an organization. Italso enables the user to make better decision for future. Data isvery useful for generating reports, graphs and statistics.

ExampleStudents fill an admission form when they get admission incollege. The form consists of raw facts about the students.These raw facts are student's name, father name, address etc.The purpose of collecting this data is to maintain the records of

the students during their study period in the college.


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Information The manipulated and processed form of data is called

information. It is more meaningful than data. It is used for

making decisions. Data is used as input for processing and

information is used as output of this processing.

Example

Data collected from census is used to generate different type of

information. The government can use it to determine theliteracy rate in the country. Government can use the

information in important decision to improve literacy rate.


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Characteristics of a Computer Now-a-days computer is playing a main role in everyday life it

has become the need of people just like television, telephone orother electronic devices at home. It solves the human problemsvery quickly as well as accurately. The important characteristicsof a computer are described below:

The characteristics of a computer are:

1. Speed

2. Spontaneous (Automatic)

3. Storage4. No Feelings

5. Consistency

6. Communications

7. Diligence


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Generations of Computers

The term generation indicates the type of technology used in thecomputer construction. As new technology was emerging, it was

being used in the making of computer. The new technologyimproved the speed, accuracy and storage capacity of the

computers. Different technologies have been used for computersin different times.

Therefore, computers can be divided into five generationsdepending upon the technologies used. These are:

First Generation (1942 - 1955)

Second Generation (1955 - 1964)

Third Generation (1964 - 1975)

Fourth Generation (Since 1975)

Fifth Generation (Since 1980)


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Advantage of Computer Research

On-line game

Information Storage Watch video and listen the music

To send mail messages

To chat with people


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Disadvantage of Computer Un-Employment

Cyber-crime

Computer can perform only what is it programmed to do.

Computer need well defined instructions to perform anyoperation


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Application of Computer1. Education2. Entertainment

3. Science

4. Publishing

5. Agriculture

6. Government

7. Home


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Computer SoftwareA set of instructions given to the computer in machine code that tells

the computer what to do and how to perform the given task of the

user is known as computer software. The software is developed in

computer programming languages. You can not feel, touch or see

software inside the computer memory.

The Computer software is classified into two main categories:

1.Application software.2.System software.


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Computer HardwareThe physical parts of a computer are known as computer hardware

You can touch, see and feel the hardware. The hardware consists of

electronic circuits and mechanical equipment etc. used to perform

various functions in the computer.

The hardware components are:

1.Input devices2.Output devices

3.Central Processing Unit (CPU)

4.Memory unit

5.Storage devices


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Input and Input DevicesInput is any data or instructions entered into the computer in the form

of signals. The input into the computer can be entered:

Through keyboard (by typing characters).

By selecting commands (icons) on the screen and then clicking withmouse.

By pressing finger on a touch screen.

By speaking into a microphone.

By scanning data printed on paper through scanner etc. Therefore, the devices that are used to enter data and instructions or

commands into the computer are called input devices or units. Theinput devices are the eyes and ears of computers. In old computersthe punched card readers, paper tape readers were used as input

devices.


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Input Devices

Now-a-days, the commonly used input devices are:

Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner Microphone

Digital Camera

Optical Bar Code Reader

Optical mark recognition (OMR)

Touch Screen Joystick

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

It must be noted that floppy drives, hard disks and CD drives are

used for both input and output devices.


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Output and Output DevicesThe processed input data into a useful form is called output when input

data is processed, computer generates several types of output,

depending upon the hardware and software used and the requirements

of the user. The user use output on a screen, prints it on the printer or

hear it through speakers or head sets.

Therefore, output is normally classifieds as:

Softcopy Output : The output received on the display screen or inthe audio or video form is called softcopy output. This kind of output

is not tangible and can not the touched. The most popular andcommonly used softcopy output device is display screen

Hardcopy Output : The output printed on the paper is calledhardcopy. The printers and plotters devices are used for this purpose.

Sound Output : The output received into the form of sound is called

sound output. The speakers are most commonly used to receive thesound output.


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Output Devices An output device is a hardware component used to get output fromthe computer. A number of output devices are available. The

commonly used output devices include display device (Monitor),

printer, speaker and headset, fax machine etc.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Monitors

Plotters

Speaker

Printers


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MemoryMemory refers to chip-based storage. When the term memory

is used alone , it refers to chipbased storage used by the

computer-usually the amount of the computers main memory

(called RAM), which is located inside the system unit. In

contrast, storage refers to the amount of long-term storage

available to a PC- usually in the form of the PCs hard drive or

removal storage media such as CDs, DVDs, and USB flash

drives.


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Random Access Memory (RAM)

When the computer is powered on, certain operating system files load

into RAM from the storage device such as a hard disk. Then operating

system remains in RAM as long as the computer has continuous power.

holds its data as long as the computer is switched on

All data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched offDescribed as being volatile

It is direct access as it can be both written to or read from in any

order

There are two types of main memory, Random Access Memory

(RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)

Types of Main Memory


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Random Access Memory (RAM)

The RAM is further divided into:

1. DRAM 2.SRAM

DRAM : DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.DRAM is the most common type of RAM used to store data &instructions. In order to maintain data in DRAM chip, the chip isrefreshed frequently (hundreds of time a second), otherwise datamay be lost. During the refreshing process the CPU has to wait toread & write data in DRAM. It is because DRAM decreases the

processing speed of the computer.

SRAM SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is faster than

DRAM because it does not have to be refreshed frequently and theCPU has not to wait to read & write data. SRAM chips howeverare more expensive than DRAM chips. Special applications such

as cache use SRAM chips.


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ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The ROM contains

instructions that are permanently stored by the manufacturers

when they manufacture the chips.

In fact recording data and instructions permanently into this kind

of memory is called "burning in the data". The instructions stored

in ROM can only be read but cannot be modified. This is the

reason why it is called Read Only Memory.

ROM is a semiconductor chip programmed at the time of its

manufacture and is not re-programmable by the user. Theprograms stored in ROM are called firmware.

It is a non-volatile memory. The contents of ROM are not lost

when the computer is turned off.

Read Only Memory (ROM)


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The ROM contains the Basic Input / Output System (BIOS) which is a

set of instructions that are automatically activated when the computer

is turned on. It means that computer uses the instructions of ROM at

the time of booting for the following purposes.

To check different units of computer system.

To load the operating system into computer memory etc.

Data can be read by the CPU in any order so ROM is also direct

access

The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of manufacture

Read Only Memory (ROM)


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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY

Many other devices also contain ROM chips. For example aprinter has a ROM chip that contains data or information forfonts. You can say that each electronic device has ROM chipthat contains information about that device.

The ROM is further divided into:

PROM

EPROM

EEPROM


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PROM

PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. PROM is a

blank ROM chip on which the user can write his own programinstructions and data but only once. However once the program ordata is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. The

programmer uses micro-code instructions to write information in aPROM chip. Once the programmer writes the micro-code on thePROM chip, it functions like a normal ROM chip.


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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY EPROM

Once ROM or PROM is programmed, its contents cannot be

changed. However there is another type of memory chip called

EPROM that overcomes this problem.

EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

It is another important form of read only memory. Like PROM, it

is initially blank and the user or manufacture can writes his own

program or data by using special devices. Unlike PROM the data

written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special purpose

devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM

chip can be changed and new data can also be added on this form of

ROM. When EPROM is in use, its contents can only be read.


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EEPROM

EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable ReadOnly Memory. This kind of ROM can be re-written by using

electrical devices and so data stored on this ROM chip can be

easily modified.


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Cache memory Data and program instructions are moved from RAM to CPU's

registers during data processing. It is most time consuming method

and CPU has to waste a lot of time to access data from memory.

Cache memory is similar to RAM but it is extremely fast than

RAM. It is normally used between RAM and CPU. Cache speeds

up processing speed of computer because CPU stores frequently

used instructions and data in it. When the program is running and

the CPU needs a specific data or program instructions, the CPUfirst checks it in cache memory. If the data is not there, the CPU

reads the data from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy

of the same data or instruction in cache memory. The next time the

CPU uses it if required again and saves the time needed to load itfrom RAM.


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Types of Computers Computers can also be divided into three categories

depending upon their instruction and form of input data that

they accept and process. These are:

Analog Computers

Digital Computers

Hybrid Computers


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Analog Computers

The word "Analog" means continuously varying in quantity. The

analog computers accept input data in continuous form and output

is obtained in the form of graphs.

It means that these computers accept input and give output in theform of analog signals. The output is measured on a scale. The

voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. values are

examples of analog data. These values continuously increase and

decrease.

The analog computers are used to measure the continuous values.

The thermometer is an example of analog device because it

measures continuously the length of a mercury column.


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Digital Computers The word "Digital" means discrete. It refers to binary system,

which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consistsof binary data represented by OFF (low) and ON (high) electrical

pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuousform rather than in continuous form.

In digital computers, quantities are counted rather than measured. Adigital computer operates by counting numbers or digits and givesoutput in digital form. A digital computer represents the data indigital signals 0 and 1 and then processes it using arithmetic and

logical operations. Examples of digital devices are calculators,personal computers, digital watches, digital thermometers etc.Today most of the computers used in offices and homes are digitalcomputers.Or A computer that performs calculations and logical operationswith quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number

system.


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Hybrid Computers

The hybrid computers have best features of both analog and

digital computers. These computers contain both the digital

and analog components. In hybrid computers, the users can

process both the continuous (analog) and discrete (digital)data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast

and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. In hospitals,

these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU

(Intensive Care Unit). These are also used in spaceships,missiles etc.


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On the Basis of Processing Speed

and Storage CapacityComputers are classified according to their data processing speed,

amount of data that they can hold and price. Generally, a computer

with high processing speed and large internal storage is called a bigcomputer. Due to rapidly improving technology, we are always

confused among the categories of computers.

Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers are

classified into following four main groups.

Supercomputer

Mainframe computer

Mini computer

Microcomputer


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Super ComputerSupercomputer is the most powerful and fastest, and also very

expensive. It was developed in 1980s. It is used to process large

amount of data and to solve the complicated scientific problems. It

can perform more than one trillions calculations per second. It has

large number of processors connected parallel. So parallel processingis done in this computer. In a single supercomputer thousands of users

can be connected at the same time and the supercomputer handles the

work of each user separately. Supercomputer are mainly used for:

Weather forecasting.

Nuclear energy research.

Aircraft design.

Online banking.

To control industrial units.


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Super Computer

The supercomputers are used in large organizations, researchlaboratories, aerospace centers, large industrial units etc.

Nuclear scientists use supercomputers to create and analyzemodels of nuclear fission and fusions, predicting the actions

and reactions of millions of atoms as they interact. Theexamples of supercomputers are CRAY-1, CRAY-2, ControlData CYBER 205 and ETA A-10 etc.


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Mainframe ComputersMainframe computers are also large-scale computers but

supercomputers are larger than mainframe. These are also very

expensive. The mainframe computer specially requires a very large

clean room with air-conditioner. This makes it very expensive to buy

and operate. It can support a large number of various equipments. It

also has multiple processors. Large mainframe systems can handle the

input and output requirements of several thousand of users. For

example, IBM, S/390 mainframe can support 50,000 users

simultaneously. There are basically two types of terminals usedwith mainframe systems. These are:

1. Drum Terminal

2. Intelligent Terminal


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Mainframe Computersi) Dumb Terminal

Dumb terminal does not have its own CPU and storage devices.This type of terminal uses the CPU and storage devices ofmainframe system. Typically, a dumb terminal consists of monitorand a keyboard (or mouse).

ii) Intelligent TerminalIntelligent terminal has its own processor and can perform some

processing operations. Usually, this type of terminal does not haveits own storage.

The mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World

Wide Web. The mainframe computers are used in large organizations

such as Banks, Airlines and Universities etc. where many people

(users) need frequent access to the same data, which is usually

organized into one or more huge databases. IBM is the major

manufacturer of mainframe computers.


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MinicomputersThese are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also havelower cost than mainframe. These computers are known as

minicomputers because of their small size as compared to other

computers at that time. The capabilities of a minicomputer are

between mainframe and personal computer. These computers are alsoknown as midrange computers

The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other

government departments. Although some minicomputers are designed

for a single user but most are designed to handle multiple terminals.Minicomputers are commonly used as servers in network environment

and hundreds of personal computers can be connected to the network

with a minicomputer acting as server like mainframes, minicomputers

are used as web servers. Single user minicomputers are used for

sophisticated design tasks.


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Microcomputer

The microcomputers are also known as personal computers or

simply PCs. Microprocessor is used in this type of computer.

These are very small in size and cost.

The IBMs first microcomputer was designed in 1981 and was

named as IBM-PC. After this many computer hardware

companies copied the design of IBM-PC. The term PC-compatible

refers any personal computer based on the original IBM personalcomputer design.

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