f. general

646 OLR (1982) 29 (10)

and shellfish toxicity in the Bay of Fundy have been more intense than at any time in the preceding 30-yr period. In addition to dangerously high shellfish toxicity levels in summer, there has been a recent trend to persistence throughout the year, probably

caused by prolonged depuration and by recon- tamination upon ingestion of overwintering Gonyaulax cysts. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Bio- logical Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E0G 2X0, Canada.

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

82:5115 Bernstein, R.L. (ed.), 1982. [Seasat.] Special Issue I.

J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3173-3438; 24 papers.

This first special issue on Seasat addresses the 'development and validation of algorithms for converting sensor data into geophysically useful information.' Papers are grouped by sensor: radar altimeter, SASS, SAR, SMMR and radiometer. The second volume will cover 'scientific results.' (isz)

82:5116 Born, G.H., M.A. Richards and G.W. Rosborough,

1982. An empirical determination of the effects of sea state bias on Seasat altimetry. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3221-3226.

Sea state bias effects cause Seasat's high altimeter altitude readings. An electromagnetic bias is introduced due to the non-Gaussian ocean surface--more energy is reflected from wave troughs than from crests. An instrument-related bias in the same direction is introduced via simplifying assumptions in the satellite and ground-station processing algorithms. Here, a simple linear empirical correction model is developed for the user of Seasat altimetry data; when 7% of the value of significant wave height was subtracted from Seasat height measurements, bias was reduced by ~50% in the 36 examined cases. Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91103, USA. (fcs)

82:5117 Diamante, J.M., B.C. Douglas, D.L. Porter and R.P.

Masterson Jr., 1982. Tidal and geodetic oimer- vations for the Seasat altimeter calibration ex- periment. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3199-3206.

A tide gage at an open coastal location on Bermuda (to provide instantaneous sea surface height during Seasat overflights) was geodetically tied to the laser tracking station on Bermuda so that Seasat's position relative to the sea surface could be determined independently and compared with the altimeter value. The root sum square error of the laser value was estimated to be 4.0 cm, exclusive of possible errors arising from the present lack of precise geoid information. NOAA, Natl. Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA.

82:5118 Giacomo, P., 1982. The Sl, a universal language.

Mar. Geod., 5(4):313-321.

SI is governed by the metric system's goals: sim- plicity, universality and coherence. SI's 45-word vocabulary (7 base units, 2 supplementary units, 16 prefixes and 20 'special names of derived units') is sufficient to communicate in any scientific or technical field and it 'ensures clarity and continuity.' Caveats are: (1) 'coherence must be taken seriously, (2) never introduce an incoherent unit where it is not already (traditionally) in use, and (3) never expect the unit to specify the quantity.' Bureau Interna- tional des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, Sevres, France. (isz)

82:5119 Graedel, T.E. and R. McGill, 1982. Grapiakal

presentation of results from scientific computer models. Science, 215(4537): 1191-1198.

Models involving the simultaneous solution of several hundred partial differential equations can be handled by high speed computers; the dimensions of such model experiments may number five or more. Graphical presentations (rather than tables) seem required for the human assimilation of such complex

OLR (1982) 29 (10) F. General 647

relationships. Here, using a single data set, standard graphical techniques are surveyed and new techniques introduced. Comparisons suggest that (1) displays utilizing all (or as many as possible) dimensions simultaneously are most useful, (2) plotting such graphs should be automated, and (3) color graphics are an extremely useful addition to the dense packing of information. Bell Lab., Murray Hill, N.J. 07974, USA. (fcs)

82:5120 Hayne, G.S. and D.W. Hancock III, 1982. Sea-

state-related altitude errors in the Seasat radar altimeter. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3227-3231. NASA Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island, Va. 23337, USA.

82:5121 Holister, G.S. (contributing ed.), 1981. Models: tools

for shaping reality. Impact Sci. Soc, 31(4):361- 466; 14 papers.

Models, however disliked, must and will be used. Unfortunately, even the words we use are models of something else, and, like all models, are simplified and fuzzy. This issue is a sort of modelling primer. It concentrates on the social and political sciences, while simultaneously discussing modelling principles; the limits of understanding; axioms, theorems, paradox, proof and form; operations research; policy design; individuality in society; and linguis- tics. Applications include science education, global modelling and economic development. (fcs)

82:5122 Khorram, Siamak, 1982. Remote sensing of salinity

in the San Francisco Bay Delta. Remote Sens. Environ, 12(1): 15-22.

Coincident surface measurements, Landsat MSS data and aircraft photographs were used to produce a salinity map; however, it was impossible to quantitate salinity values by visual interpretation of the imagery. Space Sci. Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA. (smf)

82:5123 Kolenkiewicz, Ronald and C.F. Martin, 1982. Seasat

altimeter height calibration. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3189-3197. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 20771, USA.

82:5124 Lipes, R.G., 1982. Descrtptioa of Seasat radiometer

status and results. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3385- 3395.

Improved geophysical algorithms are capable of determining SST to 1C ° (I o) under favorable conditions over the SST range 10-30°C. Under similar conditions the radiometer wind retrievals track scatterometer winds within a scatter of 2 m/s (1 o) over the range 0-25 m/s. These conditions require that contamination from land, sun glint, rain, and radio frequency interference be avoided. Water vapor determinations in the mid-latitudes and tropical Pacific agree to within 10% with precipitable water estimates from radiosondes. Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif. 91109, USA.

82:5125 Lorell, Jack, Elodie Colquitt and R.J. Anderle, 1982.

Ionospheric correction for Seasat altimeter height measurement. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3207-3212. Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif. 91103, USA.

82:5126 Marsh, J.G. and R.G. Williamson, 1982. Seasat

altimeter timing bias estimation. J. geophys. Res, 87(C5):3232-3238. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., USA.

82:5127 Menach~, Maurice et al., 1979/82. IAPSO sympo-

sium on symbols, units and nomenclature in physical oceanography. Canberra, Australia, De- cember 7, 1979. Mar. Geod., 5(4):307-370; 8 papers.

This special issue is devoted to the papers presented at the symposium's 2 sessions, the first devoted to SI (Syst~me International d'Unit6s; its uses, units and nomenclature in physical and optical oceanography, and some attendant problems); the second to nearly 2 decades of work by the Joint Panel on Ocean- ographic Tables and Standards (fundamental defi- nitions/qualities of standard seawater and salinity, conductivity and density, and the establishment 'between them [of] more precise relationships in terms of temperature and pressure'). (sir)

82:5128 Montgomery, R.B., 1982. SI units in oceanography:

some of the problems. Mar. Geod., 5(4):325-334.

The 7 base units of SI (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela) are briefly reviewed along with their symbols and certain derived units. Examples of recommended forms for certain com-

648 F. General OLR (1982) 29 (10)

mon oceanographic quantities are presented; al- though the value of such standardization is stressed, problems still exist re putting SI into practice. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., USA. (sir)

82:5129 Noltingk, B.E., 1982. Creative instrument design. J.

Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 15(4):404-409.

Creative design should continue through all stages from the concept of a new way of making measurements to the emergence of a piece of operational equipment. The most significant phase is an early one--recognition of the possibilities inherent in a new idea; ways of encouraging such creativity are considered. Illustrations and some advice for in- novators are included. Windwhistle, Nutcombe Lane, Dorking, Surrey RH4 3DZ, UK.

82:5130 Richardson, J.M. Jr., 1981. Global modelling in the

1980's. Impact Sci. Soc., 31(4):401-412.

Global modelling is distinguishable by the questions it attempts to answer, questions having to do with world population, natural and capital resources, food supply and other basic human needs; strategies are sought for coping with economic and political strains and stresses associated with change. The field's beginnings may date from the publication of The Limits to Growth in 1972, but today there are at least 20 global modelling projects. They are reviewed here for the non-specialist, as are certain philo- sophical principles regarding their use. E.g., ultimately 'we rely on our own judgment, hoping that the judgment has become a little more in- formed.' One problem with most models today is that they 'focus on the short term where the problems are and fail to recognize that it is in the long term where the opportunities are....There is a need for clear and powerful visions of a global society which is more humane, sustainable and equitable....Global modelling could play an important role in creating these visions.' Sch. of Inter- national Serv., American Univ., Washington, D.C., USA. (fcs)

To determine the accuracy of altitude, wave height and wind speed measurements a significant calibration, validation, and model development effort was required. This summary describes the instrument, atmospheric, and geophysical effects which influence radar altimeter measurement accuracies as well as the attendant correction models adopted. An accuracy assessment is made for the various altimeter measurement corrections which are included on the altimeter geophysical data record. Dept. of Aerospace Engng., Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712, USA.

82:5133 Tapley, B.D., J.B. Lundberg and G.H. Born, 1982.

The Seasat altimeter wet tropospheric range correction. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3213-3220. Dept. of Aerospace Engrg., Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712, USA.

82:5134 Vesecky, J.F. and R.H. Stewart, 1982. The obser-

vation of ocean surface phenomena using imagery from the Seasat synthetic aperture radar: an assessment. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3397-3430.

Seasat SAR was fully operational ~100 days gathering '23 cm wavelength radar images...at 25-40 m resolution.' The sensor is evaluated 'in terms of oceanographic and ocean monitoring objectives' with a view to its ultimate role. Two major roles are identified: exploratory observations of large-scale phenomena (Gulf Stream; internal waves) and quantitative measurements of surface features. Dis- cussed are the modulation of wave scattering properties by winds, currents, long gravity waves and surface films; wave detection criteria for SAR images; SAR response to the 'moving ocean surface'; quantitative measurements from GOASEX, JASIN, etc.; slicks; and observations of ships and their wakes. Stanford Center for Radar Astronomy, Stanford, Calif. 94305, USA. (isz)

82:5131 Schutz, B.E., B.D. Tapley and C. Shum, 1982.

Evaluation of the Seasat altimeter time tag bias. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3239-3245. Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712, USA.

82:5132 Tapley, B.D., G.H. Born and M.E. Parke, 1982. The

Seasat altimeter data and its accuracy assessment. J. geophys. Res., 87(C5):3179-3188.

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisciplinary)

82:5135 Barbaroux, L., 1981. [Hydrological and sedimento.

logical evolution of the Loire Estuary since the bel~nnin£ of the industrial era.] J. Rech. oci'anogr., 6(2):1-21. (In French, English abstract.) Univ. de Nantes, 2, rue de la Hous- siniere, 44072 Nantes Cedex, France.

OLR (1982) 29 (10) F. General 649

82:5136 Griffiths, C.L. (convener), 1981. Upwelling processes

in the southern Benguela region. Proceedings of a symposium held at University of Cape Town, 13 February 1981. Trans. R. Soc. S. A f t , 44(3):299- 400; 13 papers.

Current knowledge of southern Benguela upwelling systems--processes, plumes, fronts, coastal winds, and modelling--was summarized at a symposium organized by the Royal Society of South Africa. Primary producers, decomposers, grazers and filter feeders, and carnivores in the inshore region were given individual treatment, as were pelagic phyto- plankton, zooplankton, fish, birds and mammals, and the ecology of rock lobsters. (hbf)

82:5137 Herman, A.W., 1982. Spatial and temporal variability

of chlorophyll distributions and geostrophic current estimates on the Peru Shelf at 9°S. J. mar. Res., 40(1): 185-207.

Geostrophic estimates of the alongshore velocity field on the shelf were made. Observations of spatial and temporal variability showed that geostrophic estimates obtained by conventional sampling may be grossly misleading. Variability in measured chlorophyll distributions was high and appeared related to variability in the geostrophic field estimates. Chlorophyll maxima appeared highly correlated with salinity maxima (though vertical salinity changes were extremely small, t 0 . 1 ppt). Static and dynamic vertical stabilities were estimated for possible vertical mixing mechanisms in the euphoric zone. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada.

82:5138 Phillips, B.F., 1981. The circulation of the south-

eastern Indian Ocean and the planktonic life of the western rock lobster. (Review.) Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 19:11-39.

Panulirus cygnus larvae are initially transported offshore in wind-driven surface currents passing over and moving contrary to major circulation patterns off western Australia. After behavioral changes, larvae are transported back in subsurface currents, and the postlarvae (puerulus stage) then swim to shallow coastal areas. If these observations mean that circulation in the southeastern Indian Ocean is more or less closed, then the pattern is 'both more complex and on a larger scale than any circulation confined to continental shelf waters.' Includes more than 100 references. CSIRO Mar. Lab., Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia. (mwf)

82:5139 Rutherford, G.K. (ed.), 1982. The physical envi-

ronment of the Faeroe Islands. Monographiae biol., 46:148pp.

The origin and spatial distribution of soils are discussed in terms of their relationships to the geology and topography. Geomorphology, vegeta- tion and land use are considered; 3 chapters are devoted to flora, fauna, and carabid coleopterans. Includes an index and a glossary of Faeroese geomorphic terminology. Dept. of Geogr., Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada. (has)

82:5140 UNESCO, 1979/81. The coastal ecosystems of West

Africa: coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves. A workshop report, Dakar, 11-15 June 1979. UNESCO Repts mar. Sci., 17:60pp.

Present knowledge of the West African coast was examined to determine future needs and lines of action. Included are a proposal and recommenda- tions for regional research and training programs on coastal lagoons, estuaries, and mangrove swamps. Div. of Mar. Sci., Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France. (smf)

82:5141 Wafar, Mohideen, 1981. [Nutrients, primary pro-

duction, DOC and POC in Bale de Morlaix, western English Channel.] J. Rech. oc~anogr., 6(3/4):7-12. (In French.) Station Biologique, 29211 Roscoff, France.

FIO0. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

82:5142 Flinn, E.A., 1982. The International Lithosphere

Program. Eos, 63(13):209-210.

The International Lithosphere Program, a new international interdisciplinary research program in the solid earth sciences, has been established by the International Council of Scientific Unions. Major objectives include 'elucidation of the nature, dynamics, origin and evolution of the lithosphere, with special attention to the continents and their mar- gins,' and the direct determination of the present relative motions of the Earth's surface. Adminis- trative and organizing details of the program are described, including the names of working groups, coordinating committees and their chairpersons, and a general schedule of symposia, conferences and

650 F. General OLR(1982)29(10)

meetings from 1982 to 1984. Geodynamics Program, NASA, Washington, D.C., USA. (smf)

82:5143 Monin, A.S. et al., 1982. Red Sea sulnnersible

research expedition. Deep-Sea Res., 29(3A):361- 373.

A 3~/rmonth survey of the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden Rift using submersible and towed vehicles was aimed at elucidating processes of seafloor spreading and the formation of new oceanic crust. Acad. of Sci., PP Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., 23 Krasikova, 117218 Moscow, USSR.

82:5144 Sierra Club International Earthcare Center, 1981.

UNEP's Regional Seas Programme. Environ. Conserv., 8(4):p.328.

The U.N. Environmental Programme's Regional Seas Programme has been very successful in its efforts to coordinate pollution control and clean-up among nations 'with different political philosophies and at different stages of development.' Described briefly are programs in the Caribbean, Mediter- ranean, Red Sea, west central Africa and Kuwait. 228 East 45th St., New York, N.Y. 10017, USA. (dgs)

exchanger systems are discussed. Mechanical clean- ing results in plaque deposits over time and chemical control methods involve questions of environmental safety. Many questions on biofilm formation still require answers. Div. of Appl. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA. (isz)

82:5147 Niedoroda, A.W. and Charles Dalton, 1982. A

review of the fluid mechanics of ocean scour [around platforms]. Ocean Engng, 9(2):159-170.

Descriptive physics of ocean boundary layer flow and sediment dynamics are used to detail similarities and differences between the processes of scour hole formation in wave and current environments. The various combinations of processes which develop when waves and currents act together are also covered. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Houston, Tex., USA.

FI90. Navigation, cartography, etc.

F130. Institutions and services 82:5145

Richman, B.T., 1982. Information report. Problems and promises of NODC. Eos, 63(14):218-219.

Among the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center's improvements allowing better access to its information are 5 regional liaison offices and the Distributed Access System that will enable re- searchers to request and receive information within 24 hours via their own desktop microcomputers. Problems facing the NODC include getting scientists to submit their data more quickly, quality control, and processing delays associated with the conversion of computer systems. (isz)

FI70. Engineering and industry 82:5146

Mitchell, Ralph and Peter Benson, 1981. Control of marine biofonling in heat exchanger systems. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 15(4):11-21.

The nature of, problems due to, and countermea- sures for micro- and macrofouling of marine heat

82:5148 Ciani, J.B. and H.D. Palmer, 1982. Acoustic

techiques for offshore positioning. J. Surv. Map. Div., Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 108(SU1):34-45.

Acoustic positioning systems for accurately determining the offshore location of a site, structure, or vessel are described; advantages over electromagnetic and satellite techniques are identified. Acoustic systems are reliable, portable and precise at any water depth. Naval Civ. Engrg. Lab., U.S. Navy, Port Hueneme, Calif., USA.

82:5149 Palmer, H.D., 1982. Research needs in marine

surveying. J. Surv. Map. Div., Am. Soc. civ, Engrs, 108(SU1): 10-17.

The most crucial elements affecting all measurements in hydrography and oceanography are rates and scales. Understanding the effect of coupling two or more environmental factors is also essential. Improved data collection and analysis systems are necessary for better comprehension and prediction of marine processes. Interstate Electronics Corp., 1745 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, Va. 22202, USA.

OLR(1982) 29(10) F. General 651

F200. Diving, underwater habitats, etc.

82:5150 Brook, Itzhak, J.C. Coolbaugh and R.G. Williscroft,

1982. Effect of diving and diving hoods on the bacterial flora of the external ear canal and skin. J. clin. Microbiol., 15(5):855-859. Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, Md. 20814, USA.

F220. Medicine 82:5151

Bagnis, R., 1981. Ciguatera-type ichthyosarcotoxism: a complicated phenomenon of marine and human biology. Oceanologica Acta, 4(3):375-387. (In French, English summary.)

Ciguatera fish poisoning results from the consump- tion of tropical reef fish which have ingested large amounts of the recently discovered benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (family Heteraulacaceae). Causes of toxic outbreaks, and the molecular configuration and metabolic interrela- tionships of the three primary toxic agents, are discussed. Includes tables of Caribbean and Indo- Pacific ciguateric fishes. Inst. de Recherches Med., B .P .N. 30, Papeete, Tahiti. (mjj)

82:5152 Bagnis, Raymond, 1981. Ichthyosarcotoxism of the

ciguatera type: biological processes and prospects in the 1980's. Annls Inst. ocdanogr., Paris, 57(I):5-23. (In French, English summary.)

Gambierdiscus toxicus, the benthic dinoflagellate responsible for the production of ciguatoxins, 'flour- ishes in masses of dead coral.' Normally edible fish, grazing on filamentous or calcareous algae which also grow on the coral substrate, ingest the toxic dinoflagellates with no apparent harm to themselves, thus introducing ciguatoxins into the food web. The cyclicity of ciguatera's occurrence and the chemical nature of its toxins are considered. Inst. de Re- cherches Medicales, B.P.N. 30, Papeete, Tahiti. (slr)

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmosphe r i c pollut ion, C210- Wate r pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

Results of a decade of research by the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project in the Southern California Bight are summarized. Physical settings and waste water inputs of 5 metropolitan areas are described; impacts are reviewed. It is concluded that deleterious effects of areal municipal waste disposal are localized; pollutant discharges have been reduced during the decade with notable recovery in, e.g., penguin and kelp populations. ' In some coastal regions, the ocean is probably the most ecologically satisfactory place to dispose of municipal wastes.' Southern California Coastal Water Res. Project, Long Beach, Calif. 90806, USA. (bwt)

82:5154 Della Croce, N. (ed.), 1980/82. [International semi-

nars on marine pollution. 16 May-27 June 1980 in Genoa.] Gruppo Ricera Oceanologica-Ge- nova, Genoa; 151pp; 10 papers. (English with some French and Italian.)

Italy's interest in marine pollution is evident in its support for the Oceanography and Marine Bottoms project. These 10 papers reflect the scope and focus of a series of seminars on marine pollution held at the University of Genoa as part of the project. Specific topics include: waves on beaches, sus- pended matter distribution and dispersion, heavy metals and transition elements in the NW Medi- terranean, metal complexation measurement, heavy metals in the food chain, urban effluents, and nuclear power plant impacts. (isz)

82:5155 Hamilton, E.I., 1982. Strategies and tactics in marine

pollution monitoring. Editorial. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(4):109-110.

In this editorial recent ICES laboratory intercali- bration exercises are criticized with emphasis on weaknesses in current pollution monitoring systems and practices. The perfection of analytical methods has been overemphasized; little consideration has been given to the ultimate use of accumulated data. The current trend toward increased analytical sophistication (and expense) should be reversed with consideration of rapid, cheaper, less precise but still specific methods (e.g. microcoulometry, TLC, fluo- rescence analysis, subtiometry, isotope dilution, etc.). (bwt)

82:5153 Bascom, Willard, 1982. The effects of waste disposal

on the coastal waters of southern California. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(4):226A-236A.

82:5156 Smith, R.A., J.R. Slack, Timothy Wyant and K.J.

Lanfear, 1982. The oil spill risk analysis model of the U.S. Geological Survey. Prof. Pap. U.S. geol. Surv. 1227:40pp.

652 F. General OLR (1982) 29 (10)

As a part of the oil spill risk assessment required prior to the U.S. government's holding an OCS lease sale, the USGS developed a model to quantitatively estimate the overall risk of a particular development. This technical report discusses model operation and assumptions. Assessment includes (1) the probability of spill occurrence as a function of quantity handled, (2) probable spill trajectories (based on wind and current data) and (3) the location of vulnerable resources. (bwt)

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

82:5157 Bijleveld, Maarten, 1981. Importance and status of

mangroves. Environ. Conserv., 8(4):p.284.

Mangrove destruction seriously impacts shrimp and fish supplies. Preservation of mangroves, once viewed only as mosquito-infested swamps, could not only save important fish-breeding grounds but could also fulfill a range of global needs including firewood, termite-proof building materials, land reclamation from the sea, flood protection, wildlife habitats, and erosion barriers. IUCN Commission on Ecology, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland. (dgs)

82:5158 Brocksen, R.W., I.P. Murarka, Myra Fraser and

S.G. Hildebrand, 1982. The effects of selected hydraulic structures on fisheries and limnology. CRC critical Rev. environ. Control, 12(1):69-89.

'Effects are reviewed by classes of structure and water body types. Ecological effects and mitigative measures which have been applied to lakes, reser- voirs, rivers, estuaries and marine ecosystems are evaluated. State-of-the-art methodologies for as- sessing the potential for perturbation from hydraulic structures to the physical, chemical, and biological components of aquatic systems are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on structures that have generic application to water bodies.' Includes 84 references. Ecological Studies Program, Electric Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, Calif., USA.

82:5159 Burgess, J.S. and Eric Woolmington, 1981. Threat

and stress in the Clarence River Estuary of northern New South Wales [Australia]. Human Ecol., 9(4):419-432.

Aspects of human-induced stress on the lower regions of the Clarence River are examined; natural

ecological 'stress' is differentiated from perceived 'threat' which implies human cognition. It is suggested that 'threats' in this case are the result of particular local environmental conditions, that ac- tual stress is largely independent of human use, and that 'the Clarence Estuary appears to be alive and well.' Univ. of New South Wales, Royal Military Coll., Duntroon, Australia. (smf)

82:5160 Cendrero, A., J.R. Diaz de TerAn and J.M. Salinas,

1981. Environmental-economic evaluation of the filling and reclamation process in the Bay of Santander, Spain. Environ. Geol., 3(6):325-336. Dept. de Geologia, Univ. de Santander, Spain.

82:5161 Farnworth, E.G., T.H. Tidrick, C.F. Jordan and

W.M. Smathers Jr., 1981. The value of natural ecosystems: an economic and ecological framework. Environ. Conserv., 8(4):275-282.

Problems of assigning values to natural ecosystems are discussed in an attempt to construct a value framework that both economists and ecologists can use in determining public policy. Using the example of a tropical moist forest, the authors established three types of values: market, non-market assignable and non-market non-assignable. Inst. of Ecol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (dgs)

82:5162 Rocque, A.J. Jr., 1982. Can [U.S.] coastal programs

survive? A case for revenue sharing. Oceans, ! 5(2) :67-68.

With the Reagan administration's plans to cut funding for the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Sea Grant Program and to increase outer continental shelf oil drilling, the author fears that coastal zone management will suffer greatly 'if some measure of revenue sharing' from oil drilling profits is not agreed upon. Connecticut Dept. of Envi- ronmental Protection., Conn., USA. (dgs)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)

82:5163 Dott, R.H. Jr., 1982. The challenge of scientific

creationism. Editorial. J. Paleont., 56(2):267-270.

'Much of the rhetoric from the conventional scientific community about creationism has been so dogmatic---even hysterical--as to be counterproduc- tive.' But the 'scientific creationists' are scientifically

OL R (1982) 29 (10) F. General 653

and legally sophisticated, at least in terms of semantics, and it is possible that the challenge they present is underestimated: there is pending legislation for 'equal time' in at least a dozen states. Here the arguments against creationism are briefly re- capped; e.g., to the question of whether 'scientific creationism' is scientific: real scientific hypotheses are open-ended and self-correcting, but it is considered inconceivable that the creation hypothesis can be improved. SEPM, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc. 53706, USA. (fcs)

82:5164 Ferry, Georgina, 1982. How women figure in science.

New Scient., 94(1299): 10-13.

Reasons why fewer British women than men hold scientific/technical positions are elusive, but lack of appropriate early education and low expectations for educational achievements appear influential. Britain can no longer afford this waste; problems of getting women into this portion of the workforce and keeping them there throughout their childbearing years are considered. (smf)

82:5165 Unger, S.H., 1982. The growing threat of [U.S.I

government secrecy. Technol. Rev., 85(2):30-39, 84-85.

Concerned about governmental secrecy restrictions that could jeopardize U.S. technological development as well as basic constitutional freedoms, the author describes the regulations affecting technology. He protests strongly against censorship, vol- untary or otherwise, and recommends that scientists and professionals carefully watch restrictions in- voked for national security. Columbia Univ., New York, N.Y., USA. (dgs)

F330. History of science (especially oceanography)

82:5166 Yochelson, E.L. (ed.), 1980. The scientific ideas of

G.K. Gilbert. An assessment on the occasion of the centennial of the United States Geological Survey (1879-1979). Spec. Pap. geol. Soc. A m., 183:148pp i 15 papers.

Grove Karl Gilbert was the 'best known scientist on the Survey's original staff.' He may have been 'the best scientist that the Survey ever employed.' But in his 39 years there he was asked to oversee so much research, serve on so many committees, and initiate so many new projects that his own opportunities for

research dried up: 'nearly all his studies were done on his own time and at his own expense.' Thirteen essays consider different aspects of Gilbert's work with fluvial geomorphology, orogenic processes, hydraulics, glaciology, philosophy and more. USGS, Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. (fcs)

F360. Science education

82:5167 Gray, P.E., 1982. Support of graduate education.

Editorial. Science, 216(4542):p.129.

President Reagan's budget proposals that would eliminate or reduce government student loan programs could have 'devastating' effects on potential graduate students and impair both basic research conducted at universities and the U.S.'s 'capacity to innovate, to lead in science and technology, to compete successfully in international markets, and to secure our defenses.' The author recommends modifications instead of elimination or reduction of the Guaranteed Student Loan Program which this year financed about half of the country's graduate students. MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA. (dgs)

82:5168 May, R.M., 1982. Creation, evolution and high school

texts. Nature, Lond., 296(5853):109-110.

The notion that the Scopes trial firmly established the teaching of evolution over creation in U.S. schools is quickly dismissed in this discussion of high school biology texts. An 'upsurge of anti-intellectual conservatism and biblical literalism' in the decade following the trial removed most mention of evolution in books published then and, for a variety of reasons, many texts published in the past few years have noticeably decreased the number of references to evolution; some even include the Genesis account of creation. Prescribed textbook selection in 19 of the 50 states may also play a role in the controversy. Dept. of Zoology, Princeton Univ., N.J. 08544, USA. (dgs)

82:5169 Picker, Les, 1982. Britain's underwater educators.

Oceans, 15(I):56-57.

The Underwater Conservation Society (UCS) of the United Kingdom is concerned with the creation of marine parks, passage of protective legislation and education. Efforts are under way to establish cooperative ventures in aquatic education with American groups. For information: UCS, c/o Dr. B.

654 F. General O L R (1982) 29 (10)

Earll, Candle Cottage, Kemply, Gloucestershire, U.K. (dgs)

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

82:5170 Canuto, V.M., J.S. Levine, T.R. Augustsson and C.L.

Imhoff, 1982. UV radiation from the young Sun and oxygen and ozone levels in the prebiological palaeoatmosphere. Nature, Lond., 296(5860): 8 i 6-820.

Measurements indicate that young T-Tauri stars emit up to 104 more UV than does the older Sun; implications for the origin and evolution of O z and 03 in the prebiological palaeoatmosphere are considered. Photochemical calculations indicate that the 02 surface mixing ratio was a factor 104-106 times greater than the standard value of 10 -~5. This new value reconciles the simultaneous existence of oxidized iron and reduced uranium. NASA Goddard Inst. for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA.

82:5171 Fisher, J.B., Gerald Matisoff and W.J. Lick, 1982.

Downcore variation in sediment organic nitrogen. Nature, Lond., 296(5855):345-347.

Previous work has assumed that the vertical distribution of substances in sediments is unaffected by post-depositional migration, chemical reaction or porosity variations. A procedure for calculating the historical depositional flux (loading record) of a substance which undergoes post-depositional chemical reaction in a compacting sediment column is demonstrated by calculating the loading record of organic nitrogen at one locality in Lake Erie. Amoco Production Co., P.O. Box 591, Tulsa, Okla. 74102, USA.

82:5172 Harden Jones, F.R. and R.B. Mitson, 1982. The

movement of noisy sandwaves in the Strait of Dover. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 40(1):53- 61.

Echo-sounder surveys over a 3-year period showed that 2 large sandwaves moved west at 0.18 m/d and were noisy when the tide was running. Noise from these and other bottom features observed on sector- scanning sonar increased with current speed, occurred over a wide frequency band, was probably generated by bottom sediment motion, and could act as an acoustic beacon or indicate tidal flow to fish.

Fisheries Lab., Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK. (mwf)

82:5173 HOhnerfuss, Heinrich, Philipp Lange and Wolfgang

Walter, 1982. Wave damping by monomolecular surface films and their chemical structure. I. Variation of the hydrophobic part of carboxylic acid esters. J. mar. Res., 40(1):209-225.

Surface films of lower alkyl chain derivatives contributed to dissipation of plunger-generated waves by an E-/Z-isomerization mechanism whereas longer alcohol alkyl chains were preferably oriented in the E-form. Wave damping was decreased by introducing a branched rather than straight chain alcohol component or by using 1 to 3 C = C groups rather than saturated compounds. Maximum wave damping occurred at C~6 carboxyl acid alkyl chain length. Univ. Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG. (mwf)

82:5174 Lovelock, J.E. and M. Whitfield, t982. Life span of

the biosphere. Nature, Lond., 296(5857):561-563.

There has been life on Earth for at least 3,500 Myr; the assumption that a comparable future lies ahead may not be justified. Main sequence stars appear to increase in their burning rate as they age, thus the Sun can be predicted to have increased its output by 30% since the Earth's origin 4,500 Myr ago. Main- taining an equable climate since life began probably required some means of planetary thermostasis. Biological and abiological means for climate control have been suggested. Possible links between biological and geological control mechanisms are discussed. It is clear that whatever the mechanism, atmospheric CO 2 is now close to its lower limit of partial pressure, so the biosphere may soon, in geological terms, be exposed without protection to the predicted progressive increase of solar luminos- ity. Coombe Mill, St. Giles on the Heath, Launceston, Cornwall PLI5 9EY, UK.

82:5175 Marcucci, M. and P. Passerini, 1981. Ophiolites and

biological evolution. Ofioliti, 6(1):101-117.

Periods characterized by clusters of ophiolite datings (e.g., Ordovician, Jurassic) exhibit peaks in taxonomic frequency rates. It is suggested that biological evolution was influenced to some extent by a synergy of factors connected in some way with ophiolite occurrence, for instance environmental differentiation due to continental drift, CO 2 supply related to tectonic activity and possibly geophysical factors such as geomagnetic reversal patterns.

OLR (1982) 29 (10) F. General 655

Ophiolite periods would thus represent peculiar junctures in Earth history from both tectonic and biological standpoints. Ist. di Geologia e Paleontologia, Firenze, Italy.

82:5176 Mitchell, J.G. and M.W. Silver, 1982. Modern

archaeomonads indicate sea-ice environments. Nature, Lond., 296(5856):437-439.

Archaeomonads are a poorly known group of siliceous nannofossils in Cretaceous to Upper Ter- tiary marine sediments. The first report from any modern oceanic environment of pelagic cysts that conform to descriptions for Archaeomonadaceae is presented. The cysts occurred in seawater, sea ice and marine-surface sediments and were abundant only in polar or near-polar water where sea ice was present. Few microorganisms have such a close and exclusive association with sea ice, thus archaeomonads deserve increased attention as ice condition indicators for deep-water marine environments. Mar. Sci. Program, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA.

82:5177 Prell, W.L. and H.F. Streeter, 1982. Teraporal and

spatial patterns of monsoonal upwelling along Arabia: a modern analogue for the interpretation of Quaternary SST anomalies. J. mar. Res., 40(1): 143-155.

Upwelling in the western Arabian Sea, described as 'the best example of large-scale atmospheric forcing of the ocean,' is intimately associated with the Southwest Monsoon. Empirically derived space- time relationships of resultant winds, mass transport and SST's are used to define temporal and spatial upwelling patterns. Upwelling intensity can be successfully 'characterized as a direct response to climate as reflected by the prevailing windfield,' so that correlable microfossil and sedimentological proxies may be used to reconstruct the Quaternary wind field history. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912, USA. (fcs)

82:5178 Shulenberger, Eric, 1982. Biological evidence for a

split in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Deep-Sea Res., 29(3A):403-410.

Species lists and relative abundances were determined for the hyperiid amphipod assemblage along 28°N in the western half of the gyre. The 11 samples examined share a common species list, but fall into 2 distinct groups (east and west of ~180 °) when species' rank orders of numerical abundances are

compared. There were no intermediate samples. All comparisons from the groups showed significant differences. Division of the gyre into 2 regions based on the hyperiid results parallels similar indications by the mesopelagic fish fauna and physical oceanographic parameters. San Diego Natl. Hist. Mu- seum, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, Calif. 92112, USA.

82:5179 Williams, D.F., M.A. Arthur, D.S. Jones and Nancy

Healy-WiUiams, 1982. Seasonality and mean annual sea surface tempetatores from isotopic and selernchronoiogical records. Nature, Lond., 296(5856):432-434.

The close match between NsO amplitudes in the annual growth bands of the clam Spisula solidissima and seasonal temperature contrast during the first years of growth, and the negative correlation between growth increment (sclerochronologica]) sizes and yearly mean water temperatures, show the potential of mollusc shells to reveal information about past environmental changes, especially needed along temperate continental shelves. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. 29208, USA. (mwf)

F380. Advances in science, reviews (general interest)

82:5180 Dawkins, Richard, Brian Charlesworth, S.J. Gould,

Leslie Orgel, Chris Stringer and M.T. Ghiselin, 1982. [Some perspectives on Darwin on the 100th anniversary of his death 19 April 1882.1 New Scient., 94(1301):130-141, 149-159; 6 papers.

To honor Darwin, 6 papers are offered: The necessity of Darwinism, i.e. the failure of creationism and Lamarckianism on conceptual grounds alone; Neo- Darwinism--the plain truth, a re-cap of the 'modern synthesis'; Punctuated equilibrium--a different way of seeing, new arguments on temporal and modal factors in speciation; Darwinism at the very beginning of life, a look at prebiotic natural selection; The evolution of man, concerning where Darwin appears to have been right--and wrong; and finally, The intellectual path to natural selection, a discussion of Darwin's 'academic salesmanship,' and a recon- struction of the evolution in his own thinking. (fcs)

82:5181 Gould, S.J., 1982. Darwinism and the expansion of

evolutionary theory. Science, 216(4544):380-387.

656 F. General OLR(1982)29(10)

The term Darwinism is not to be confused with the theory of evolution, which by now embraces more than Darwinism, and, in some forms, is in conflict with certain Darwinian tenets. The idea that selection may act upon higher level groupings than the individual raises the possibility of a hierarchical theory of evolution which captures Darwin's vision 'in abstract form,' but goes beyond it as strictly defined. Mus. of Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA. (fcs)

82:5182 Kerr, R.A., 1982. U.S. weather and the equatorial

connection. Science, 216(4546):608-610.

A global network of atmospheric/oceanic teleconnections is gradually being decoded. El Nifio, an anomalous warming of the eastern Pacific sea surface near Ecuador and Peru, appears to cause abnormal air temperature extremes in various parts of North America a season later (lag correlation), perhaps via an upper tropospheric Rossby wave link. E1 Nifio itself is theorized to be caused by a Kelvin wave originating in the far western Pacific. Despite the inconsistent behavior of the teleconnections, it is hoped that increased understanding of this system will improve long-range weather prediction. (jch)

82:5183 Smith, P.J., 1982. Was Precambrian seawater dif-

ferent? Nature, Lond., 296(5855):309-310.

Recent work on 900-1200 m.y.-old Beck Spring (California) dolomite, a simple carbonate of Ca and Mg, suggests that it might have been precipitated directly from seawater. The dominant carbonate precipitate of recent seawater is limestone (CaCO3). It is possible that Precambrian seawater had 'a higher than usual Mg/Ca ratio, a higher CO 2 partial pressure, a higher temperature and a lower SO42 content' than modern seawater; mysteries remain. Dept. of Ear. Sci., Open Univ., Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. (mwf)

F390. Educational literature

82:5184 de Sylva, D.P., J.N. Hill, D.F. Dunn, H.D. Baldridge

and Valerie Taylor, 1982. Dangerous marine creatures. Barracuda, medusae, hydroids, cnidarians, and sharks. Oceans, 15(2):3-35; 5 papers.

82:5185 Hyman, Randall, 1982. Iceland's harvest of plenty.

Seabirds have been a source of food and feathers

since the days of the Vikings. Int. Wildl., 12(3):4-11.

82:5186 Marquis, R.E., 1982. Microbial barobiology. (Over-

view.) Bioscience, 32(4):267-271. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. 14642, USA.

82:5187 Moir, Rob, 1982. Shearwaters in the northwest

Atlantic. Aquasphere, 16(1):28-31. Pike Sch., Andover, Mass., USA.

82:5188 Policansky, David, 1982. The asymmetry of floun-

ders. Some flatfishes have both eyes on their left side; others have both eyes on their right side. Why? Scient. Am., 246(5):116-122.

82:5189 Simon, Cheryl, 1982. Living fossils. (Stromatolites.)

Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 121(17):284-286.

82:5190 Ward, Darrell, 1982. Natural seepage: where the

Earth leaks oil. Oceans, 15(2):42-48.

Human use of natural petroleum seeps goes back about 12,000 years. Ancient seeps and their historic uses (mostly of tar and asphalt) on several continents are described. Modern focus on seeps is 2-fold: as a clue to new oil and gas deposits, and as natural laboratories in which to study the effects of oil on marine ecosystems. Ongoing research projects and some of the more spectacular seeps in and around North America are described. (sir)

82:5191 Wells, N., 1982. The ocean and climate: an intro-

dnetion. Weather, 37(4): 116-121.

F420. Miscellaneous

82:5192 Brown, R.G.B., 1982. The moving volcano and

Drake's 'Elizabeth Island.' Polar Rec., 21(130): 65-66.

Farman (1980) recently reported that the position of a temporary volcanic island discovered by the Lutterfeld in 1877 was incorrectly recorded. Here, it is suggested that one of the most probable 'corrections' to what is thought to be a typographical error would locate the island on Pactolus Bank, a shoal covered with black sand. This is interesting, in that

OLR(1982) 29(10) F. General 657

Francis Drake, in passing the west end of the Magellan Straits in 1577, was driven south by gales to anchor briefly on what he called 'Elizabeth Is land ' - -an island no geographer has been able to identify, but which quite possibly was in the area of Pactolus Bank. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S., B2Y 4A2, Canada. (fcs)

82:5193 Canuto, V.M. and I. Goldman, 1982. Atomic and

gravitational clocks. Nature, Lond., 296(5859): 709-713.

Atomic and gravitational clocks are governed by the laws of electrodynamics and gravity respectively. While the strong equivalence principle (SEP) as- sumes that the two clocks have been synchronous at all times, recent planetary data suggest a violation of

the SEP. Past analysis of the implications of an SEP violation on different physical phenomena revealed no disagreement, assuming that the two clocks can be consistently constructed within the framework. The concept of scale invariance and the physical meaning of different systems of units are reviewed; construction of two clocks that do not remain synchronous--whose rates are related by a non- constant function fl~--is demonstrated. The cos- mological character of ~a is discussed. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, New York, NY 10025, USA.

82:5194 Simmons, J.V. Jr., 1981. Project 'Sea Hunt.' [Pigeons

trained to aid crew of an aircraft on daylight search missions.[ Mar. TechnoL Soc. J., 15(4): 35-40. Kaneohe, Hawaii.

f. general

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