Издатель

Специальное агентство возобновляемых ресурсов (FNR)Район Гюльцов • Хофплатц 118276 Гюльцов-Прюцен ГерманияТел.: +49 38 43 / 69 30 - 0Факс: +49 38 43 / 69 30 - 102info@fnr.de • www.fnr.de

Проект финансируется Федеральным министерствомпродовольствия, сельского хозяйства и защиты правпотребителей (BMELV) Германии.

Номер заказа 471FNR 2012

biogasportal.info

Руководство по биогазу От получения до использования

ŒÚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌˡ —ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓ ·ËÓ„‡ÁÛ

‰Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ìˡ

Èçäàíî Àãåíòñòâîì ïî âîçîáíîâëÿåìûì ðåñóðñàì (FNR).Ïðîåêò ôèíàíñèðóåòñÿ Ôåäåðàëüíûì ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðîäîâîëüñòâèÿ, ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà è çàùèòû ïðàâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé (BMELV) Ãåðìàíèè íà îñíîâàíèè ðåøåíèÿ Áóíäåñòàãà Ãåðìàíèè.

Ýòà ðàáîòà áûëà ïîäãîòîâëåíà â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà “Handreichung Biogasgewinnung und -nutzung“.

Èñïîëíèòåëü ïðîåêòà: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) Èäåíòèôèêàöèîííûé íîìåð ïðîåêòà (FKZ/ÈÍÏ): 22005108

Ïðè ñîäåéñòâèè: Ôåäåðàëüíîãî ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðîäîâîëüñòâèÿ, ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà è çàùèòû ïîòðåáèòåëåé (BMELV)

Èíèöèàòîð ïðîåêòà: DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH (DBFZ)Немецкий центр исследования биомассыTorgauer Straße 116 · 04347 LeipzigÈíòåðíåò: www.dbfz.de

Ïàðòíåð ïî ïðîåêòó: Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft e. V. (KTBL, Совет по технике и строительству в сельском хозяйстве)Bartningstraße 49 · 64289 DarmstadtÈíòåðíåò: www.ktbl.de

Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (vTI)Èíñòèòóò àãðàðíîé òåõíîëîãèè è áèîñèñòåìíîé òåõíèêèBundesallee 50 · 38116 BraunschweigÈíòåðíåò: www.vti.bund.de/de/institute/ab/

Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Schnutenhaus & Kollegen (Юридическая канцелярия Шнутенхаус и партнеры)Reinhardtstraße 29 B · 10117 BerlinÈíòåðíåò: www.schnutenhaus-kollegen.de

Èçäàòåëü: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR)OT Gülzow · Hofplatz 1 · 18276 Gülzow-PrüzenÒåë.: (0 38 43) 69 30 - 0Ôàêñ: (0 38 43) 69 30 - 1 02Ýë. ïî÷òà: info@fnr.deÈíòåðíåò: www.fnr.de

Ðåäàêöèÿ: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V., îòäåë ðàáîòû ñ îáùåñòâåííîñòüþ

Èëëþñòðàöèè(òèòóëüíàÿ ñòðàíèöà): Mark Paterson / FNR; Werner Kuhn / LWG; FNR / iStockphoto

Îðèãèíàë-ìàêåò è ðåàëèçàöèÿ: www.tangram.de, Rostock

Ïå÷àòü: www.stadtdruckerei-weidner.de, Rostock

5-å ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåðàáîòàííîå èçäàíèå, Ãþëüöîâ, 2010 ã.

Âñå ïðàâà ñîõðàíåíû.Íèêàêàÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé ðàáîòû íå ìîæåò áûòü âîñïðîèçâåäåíà èëè îáðàáîòàíà, ðàçìíîæåíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà èëè çààðõèâèðîâàíà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýëåêòðîííûõ ñèñòåì áåç ðàçðåøåíèÿ èçäàòåëÿ, ïîëó÷åííîãî â ïèñüìåííîé ôîðìå.Çà ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âûâîäîâ, êîíöåïöèé è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé, à òàêæå çà ñîáëþäåíèå âñåõ àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ îòâå÷àåò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñîñòàâèòåëü.

http://www.tangram.dehttp://www.stadtdruckerei-weidner.de

1ÃÓд¯Ï≈Í˝Ê¯

–ÊÁÈ˝ˆÊ...................................................................................................................... 9◊ͬÔÊ˚˜................................................................................................................... 12—ϯдÊÁÔÓËʯ ........................................................................................................... 15

1 ‡¯ÔÊ ÏȈÓËÓдÁÚËÍ.................................................................................................. 16M. KALTSCHMITT, F. SCHOLWIN1.1 Çàäà÷à............................................................................................................................................. 16

1.2 Ïîäõîä ê ðåøåíèþ ......................................................................................................................... 17

1.3 Ñîäåðæàíèå.................................................................................................................................... 17

1.4 Öåëåâûå ãðóïïû ............................................................................................................................. 18

1.5 Ðàçãðàíè÷åíèå................................................................................................................................ 18

1.5.1 Òåõíèêà ...............................................................................................................................18

1.5.2 Ñóáñòðàòû...........................................................................................................................19

1.5.3 Àêòóàëüíîñòü ......................................................................................................................19

1.5.4 Îáúåì äàííûõ....................................................................................................................19

2 ”Á˝Ó˘ Í˝ÍùÏÓ¬˝Óı ¯Ï˙¯˝ÚÍ˚ÊÊ ................................................................... 20J. FRIEHE, P. WEILAND, A. SCHATTAUER2.1 Îáðàçîâàíèå áèîãàçà .................................................................................................................... 20

2.2 Óñëîâèÿ ñðåäû ............................................................................................................................... 21

2.2.1 Êèñëîðîä.............................................................................................................................21

2.2.2 Òåìïåðàòóðà.......................................................................................................................22

2.2.3 Ïîêàçàòåëü pH ....................................................................................................................232.2.4 Ñíàáæåíèå ïèòàòåëüíûìè âåùåñòâàìè...........................................................................23

2.2.5 Èíãèáèòîðû.........................................................................................................................25

2.3 Ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûå ïàðàìåòðû ..................................................................................................... 26

2.3.1 Îáúåìíàÿ íàãðóçêà è âðåìÿ ïðåáûâàíèÿ â ðåàêòîðå .....................................................26

2.3.2 Ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü, îáúåì ïîëó÷àåìîãî ãàçà è ñòåïåíü ðàçëîæåíèÿ ........................27

2.3.3 Ïåðåìåøèâàíèå .................................................................................................................28

2.3.4 Ïîòåíöèàë îáðàçîâàíèÿ ãàçà è ìåòàíîãåííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü .............................................29

2.3.4.1 Âîçìîæíûé îáúåì ïîëó÷åíèÿ ãàçà ......................................................................29

2.3.4.2 Êà÷åñòâî ãàçà.........................................................................................................30

2.4 Ëèòåðàòóðà ..................................................................................................................................... 31

3

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî áèîãàçó – Îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ äî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

3 Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîå îáîðóäîâàíèå äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áèîãàçà............................ 32J. POSTEL, U. JUNG, EL. FISCHER, F. SCHOLWIN, T. WEIDELE, H. GATTERMANN, A. SCHATTAUER, P. WEILAND3.1 Ïðèçíàêè è îòëè÷èÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âàðèàíòîâ òåõíîëîãèè.............................................................. 32

3.1.1 Ñîäåðæàíèå ñóõîãî âåùåñòâà â ñóáñòðàòàõ.................................................................... 33

3.1.2 Âèä çàãðóçêè....................................................................................................................... 33

3.1.2.1 Íåïðåðûâíàÿ è êâàçèíåïðåðûâíàÿ çàãðóçêà ...................................................... 33

3.1.2.2 Ïîðöèîííàÿ çàãðóçêà ............................................................................................ 34

3.1.3 Êîëè÷åñòâî ôàç è êàñêàäîâ ïðîöåññà.............................................................................. 34

3.2 Òåõíîëîãèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ............................................................................................................. 35

3.2.1 Ìåíåäæìåíò ñóáñòðàòà ..................................................................................................... 36

3.2.1.1 Ïîñòàâêà ................................................................................................................ 36

3.2.1.2 Õðàíåíèå ............................................................................................................... 37

3.2.1.3 Ïîäãîòîâêà ............................................................................................................ 37

3.2.1.4 Òðàíñïîðòèðîâêà è ïîäà÷à â ðåàêòîð ................................................................. 44

3.2.2 Ïîëó÷åíèå áèîãàçà ............................................................................................................ 54

3.2.2.1 Êîíñòðóêöèè ðåàêòîðîâ ........................................................................................ 54

3.2.2.2 Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ðåàêòîðîâ ........................................................................................ 59

3.2.2.3 Ïåðåìåøèâàíèå è ìåøàëêè................................................................................. 61

3.2.2.4 Äðóãèå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ .......................................................... 67

3.2.2.5 Îòîïëåíèå è òåïëîèçîëÿöèÿ................................................................................ 68

3.2.3 Õðàíåíèå ïåðåáðîäèâøåãî ñóáñòðàòà ............................................................................. 70

3.2.3.1 Æèäêèå îñòàòêè áðîæåíèÿ ................................................................................... 70

3.2.3.2 Òâåðäûå îñòàòêè áðîæåíèÿ.................................................................................. 73

3.2.4 Íàêîïëåíèå ïîëó÷åííîãî áèîãàçà .................................................................................... 73

3.2.4.1 Âñòðîåííûå íàêîïèòåëè....................................................................................... 74

3.2.4.2 Íàðóæíûå íàêîïèòåëè.......................................................................................... 74

3.2.4.3 Ôàêåë ..................................................................................................................... 74

3.3 Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå òåõíè÷åñêèå ïðåäïèñàíèÿ ............................................................................. 76

3.4 Ëèòåðàòóðà..................................................................................................................................... 76

4 Îïèñàíèå íåêîòîðûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ...................................................................... 78J. FRIEHE, P. WEILAND, A. SCHATTAUER4.1 Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå ñóáñòðàòû................................................................................................ 78

4.1.1 Óäîáðåíèÿ .......................................................................................................................... 78

4.1.2 Âîçîáíîâèìîå ñûðüå......................................................................................................... 79

4.1.2.1 Êóêóðóçà................................................................................................................. 79

4.1.2.2 Ñèëîñ èç öåëüíûõ çåðíîâûõ êóëüòóð (ÑÖÇÊ) ..................................................... 80

4.1.2.3 Òðàâÿíîé ñèëîñ..................................................................................................... 80

4.1.2.4 Çåðíî õëåáíûõ çëàêîâ.......................................................................................... 81

4.1.2.5 Ñâåêëà ................................................................................................................... 81

4.2 Ñóáñòðàòû èç ïåðåðàáàòûâàþùåé àãðîïðîìûøëåííîñòè.......................................................... 82

4.2.1 Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ïèâà............................................................................................................ 82

4.2.2 Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ñïèðòà ........................................................................................................ 83

4.2.3 Ïðîèçâîäñòâî áèîäèçåëÿ.................................................................................................. 83

4.2.4 Ïåðåðàáîòêà êàðòîôåëÿ (èçãîòîâëåíèå êðàõìàëà) ........................................................ 83

4.2.5 Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ñàõàðà ........................................................................................................ 84

4.2.6 Ïîáî÷íûå ïðîäóêòû ïåðåðàáîòêè ôðóêòîâ...................................................................... 85

4.3 ×èñòî ðàñòèòåëüíûå ïîáî÷íûå ïðîäóêòû ïî EEG ....................................................................... 854.4 Äàííûå ïî ñîñòàâó è âûõîä ãàçà ÷èñòî ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ïîáî÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ............................. 86

4.5 Ñðåçàííûå è ñêîøåííûå ÷àñòè ðàñòåíèé..................................................................................... 86

4

Ñîäåðæàíèå

4.6 Ìàòåðèàëû îò óõîäà çà ëàíäøàôòîì ...........................................................................................87

4.7 Ëèòåðàòóðà ......................................................................................................................................87

4.8 Ïðèëîæåíèå.....................................................................................................................................89

5 úˆÁÎÔÈÍÚÍ˚Ê˛ ¬ÊÓ˘ÍÙÓ˘‰ ÈÁÚÍ˝ÓËÓˆ .............................................................. 90J. LIEBETRAU, J. FRIEHE, P. WEILAND, A. SCHREIBER5.1 Ïîêàçàòåëè äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà ...................................................................90

5.1.1 Äåáèò áèîãàçà.....................................................................................................................91

5.1.2 Ñîñòàâ ãàçà .........................................................................................................................91

5.1.2.1 Ìåòàí .....................................................................................................................91

5.1.2.2 Óãëåêèñëûé ãàç ......................................................................................................91

5.1.2.3 Êèñëîðîä ................................................................................................................92

5.1.2.4 Ñåðîâîäîðîä .........................................................................................................92

5.1.2.5 Âîäîðîä .................................................................................................................92

5.1.3 Òåìïåðàòóðà.......................................................................................................................92

5.1.4 Ïîäàâàåìûé îáúåì ñóáñòðàòà è óðîâíè çàïîëíåíèÿ .....................................................92

5.1.5 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñóáñòðàòà.................................................................................................93

5.1.6 Îïðåäåëåíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè îðãàíè÷åñêèõ êèñëîò ..........................................................94

5.1.7 Ïîêàçàòåëü pH ....................................................................................................................965.1.8 Êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ ........................................................................................96

5.1.9 Àçîò, àììîíèé, àììèàê......................................................................................................96

5.1.10 Ïëàâàþùèå êîðêè...............................................................................................................98

5.1.11 Îáðàçîâàíèå ïåíû .............................................................................................................98

5.1.12 Îöåíêà ïðîöåññà................................................................................................................99

5.2 Êîíòðîëü óñòàíîâêè è àâòîìàòèçàöèÿ .........................................................................................100

5.2.1 Ñèñòåìà øèí.....................................................................................................................101

5.2.2 Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ...............................................................................................................101

5.2.3 Ïðèìåíåíèå/âèçóàëèçàöèÿ..............................................................................................101

5.2.4 Ñáîð è íàêîïëåíèå äàííûõ .............................................................................................103

5.2.5 Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ïðîöåññà.................................................................................................103

5.2.5.1 Ñòàíäàðòíûå òåõíîëîãèè ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ..........................................................103

5.2.5.2 Äðóãèå ïîäõîäû...................................................................................................104

5.3 Êîíòðîëü ïðîöåññà â ïóñêîâîì è íîðìàëüíîì ðåæèìå ýêñïëóàòàöèè......................................105

5.3.1 Íîðìàëüíûé ðåæèì ýêñïëóàòàöèè..................................................................................105

5.3.2 Ïðîöåññ çàïóñêà ...............................................................................................................106

5.4 Óïðàâëåíèå íåïîëàäêàìè ............................................................................................................110

5.4.1 Ïðè÷èíû òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ íåïîëàäîê ............................................................................110

5.4.2 Óñòðàíåíèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ íåïîëàäîê........................................................................112

5.4.2.1 Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ñòàáèëèçàöèè ïðîöåññà..........................................................112

5.4.2.2 Íåõâàòêà ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ..................................................................................113

5.4.2.3 Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â ñëó÷àå òåìïåðàòóðíîãî èíãèáèðîâàíèÿ ..................................113

5.4.2.4 Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â ñëó÷àå àììèà÷íîãî èíãèáèðîâàíèÿ.........................................113

5.4.2.5 Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â ñëó÷àå ñåðîâîäîðîäíîãî èíãèáèðîâàíèÿ................................113

5.4.3 Óñòðàíåíèå òåõíè÷åñêèõ íåïîëàäîê è ïðîáëåì ............................................................114

5.5 Ýêñïëóàòàöèîííàÿ íàäåæíîñòü....................................................................................................114

5.5.1 Òåõíèêà áåçîïàñíîñòè è çàùèòà óñòàíîâêè ...................................................................114

5.5.1.1 Âçðûâî- è ïîæàðîîïàñíîñòü...............................................................................115

5.5.1.2 Îïàñíîñòü îòðàâëåíèÿ è óäóøüÿ .......................................................................116

5.5.1.3 Òåõíè÷åñêîå îáñëóæèâàíèå è ðåìîíò................................................................117

5.5.1.4 Îáðàùåíèå ñ õèìèêàòàìè ..................................................................................117

5.5.1.5 Ïðî÷èå ïîòåíöèàëüíûå îïàñíîñòè íåñ÷àñòíûõ ñëó÷àåâ .................................117

5

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî áèîãàçó – Îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ äî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

5.5.2 Çàùèòà îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû............................................................................................ 117

5.5.2.1 Òðåáîâàíèÿ ãèãèåíèçàöèè.................................................................................. 117

5.5.2.2 Ïîääåðæàíèå ÷èñòîòû âîçäóõà ......................................................................... 118

5.5.2.3 Çàùèòà âîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ................................................................................... 118

5.5.2.4 Çàùèòà îò øóìà.................................................................................................. 118

5.6 Èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî îïòèìèçàöèè óñòàíîâêè.................................................................................... 119

5.6.1 Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ îïòèìèçàöèÿ .............................................................................................. 120

5.6.2 Àíàëèç ýôôåêòèâíîñòè âñåé óñòàíîâêè (èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñóáñòðàòà

íà îñíîâàíèè ýíåðãîïîòîêîâ) ......................................................................................... 120

5.6.3 Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ îïòèìèçàöèÿ.......................................................................................... 121

5.6.4 Ìèíèìèçàöèÿ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó....................................................... 121

5.7 Ëèòåðàòóðà.................................................................................................................................... 122

6 —Óд˘ÓÚÓËˆÍ ˘ÍÙÍ Ê ËÓÙ˙Ó≈˝ÓÁÚÊ ¯˘Ó ÊÁÎÓÔÒÙÓËÍ˝Ê˛................................ 124M. WEITHÄUSER, F. SCHOLWIN, ER. FISCHER, J. GROPE, T. WEIDELE, H. GATTERMANN6.1 Î÷èñòêà è ïîäãîòîâêà ãàçà .......................................................................................................... 124

6.1.1 Îáåññåðèâàíèå ................................................................................................................ 124

6.1.1.1 Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå îáåññåðèâàíèå â ðåàêòîðå....................................................... 126

6.1.1.2 Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå îáåññåðèâàíèå â íàðóæíûõ ðåàêòîðàõ – î÷èñòêà íà

áèîôèëüòðàõ ....................................................................................................... 126

6.1.1.3 Áèîõèìè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûâêà ãàçà – áèîãàçîïðîìûâàòåëü................................... 126

6.1.1.4 Îñàæäåíèå ñóëüôèäà......................................................................................... 127

6.1.1.5 Àäñîðáöèÿ àêòèâèðîâàííûì óãëåì ................................................................... 127

6.1.2 Ïðîñóøèâàíèå ................................................................................................................. 128

6.1.2.1 Êîíäåíñàöèîííîå ïðîñóøèâàíèå ...................................................................... 128

6.1.2.2 Àäñîðáöèîííîå ïðîñóøèâàíèå.......................................................................... 130

6.1.2.3 Àáñîðáöèîííîå ïðîñóøèâàíèå.......................................................................... 130

6.1.3 Ñåïàðàöèÿ äâóîêèñè óãëåðîäà ....................................................................................... 131

6.1.3.1 Êîðîòêîöèêëîâàÿ áåçíàãðåâíàÿ àäñîðáöèÿ (ÊÁÀ/PSA) ................................... 1316.1.3.2 Ïðîìûâêà âîäîé ïîä äàâëåíèåì (ÏÂÄ)............................................................ 131

6.1.3.3 Õèìè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûâêà (àìèí) ............................................................................ 132

6.1.3.4 Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûâêà (Selexol, Genosorb) ....................................................... 1336.1.3.5 Ìåìáðàííûå òåõíîëîãèè ................................................................................... 133

6.1.3.6 Êðèîãåííîå ðàçäåëåíèå ..................................................................................... 133

6.1.4 Óäàëåíèå êèñëîðîäà ....................................................................................................... 133

6.1.5 Óäàëåíèå äðóãèõ îñòàòî÷íûõ ãàçîâ................................................................................ 133

6.1.6 Ïîäãîòîâêà äî êà÷åñòâà ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà ...................................................................... 133

6.1.6.1 Îäîðèðîâàíèå..................................................................................................... 134

6.1.6.2 Àäàïòàöèÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé öåííîñòè................................................................ 134

6.1.6.3 Àäàïòàöèÿ äàâëåíèÿ .......................................................................................... 134

6.2 Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ýíåðãèè â ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ è òåïëîâóþ........................................................... 134

6.2.1 Áëî÷íûå òåïëîâûå ýëåêòðîñòàíöèè ñ äâèãàòåëÿìè âíóòðåííåãî ñãîðàíèÿ................ 135

6.2.1.1 Ãàçîâûå äâèãàòåëè Îòòî .................................................................................... 135

6.2.1.2 Ãàçîæèäêîñòíûå äâèãàòåëè................................................................................ 135

6.2.1.3 Óìåíüøåíèå âûáðîñîâ âðåäíûõ âåùåñòâ è î÷èñòêà âûõëîïíûõ ãàçîâ.......... 136

6.2.1.4 Ãåíåðàòîðû ......................................................................................................... 137

6.2.1.5 Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå êïä è ìîùíîñòü......................................................................... 138

6.2.1.6 Îòáîð òåïëà ........................................................................................................ 139

6.2.1.7 Ëèíèÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ïîäà÷è ãàçà .................................................................... 140

6.2.1.8 Ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ, òåõíè÷åñêîå îáñëóæèâàíèå è ïîìåùåíèÿ äëÿ ìîíòàæà ........ 140

6.2.2 Äâèãàòåëè Ñòèðëèíãà ...................................................................................................... 142

6

Ñîäåðæàíèå

6.2.3 Ãàçîâûå ìèêðîòóðáèíû....................................................................................................143

6.2.4 Òîïëèâíûå ýëåìåíòû.......................................................................................................145

6.2.5 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòõîäÿùåãî òåïëà òîêîóïðàâëÿåìûõ ÒÝÖ ..........................................146

6.2.5.1 Ïîäãîòîâêà/ðàñïðåäåëåíèå òåïëà (ëîêàëüíûå òåïëîñåòè)..............................146

6.2.5.2 Ïðîèçâîäñòâî õîëîäà .........................................................................................147

6.2.5.3 Êîíöåïöèè âûðàáîòêè ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè èç îòõîäÿùåãî òåïëà..........................148

6.3 Ïîäà÷à ãàçà â ñåòè ....................................................................................................................... 148

6.3.1 Ïîäà÷à â ñåòü ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà.......................................................................................148

6.3.2 Ïîäà÷à â ãàçîâûå ìèêðîñåòè...........................................................................................149

6.4 Ãîðþ÷åå äëÿ àâòîìîáèëåé .......................................................................................................... 150

6.5 Òåðìè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå áèîãàçà......................................................................................... 150

6.6 Ëèòåðàòóðà ....................................................................................................................................151

7 ¤Í¸¯ÁÚËÓ Ê Î¯Ï¯ÏͬÓÚˆÍ ÓÁÚÍÚˆÓË ÓÚ ¬ÏÓ≈¯˝Ê˛ ........................................ 153H. DÖHLER, S. WULF, S. GREBE, U. ROTH, S. KLAGES, T. AMON7.1 Ñâîéñòâà îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ..................................................................................................153

7.1.1 Ñâîéñòâà, ïèòàòåëüíûå âåùåñòâà è öåííûå êîìïîíåíòû ............................................153

7.1.2 Âðåäíûå âåùåñòâà...........................................................................................................154

7.1.3 Ãèãèåíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ..................................................................................................155

7.2 Õðàíåíèå îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ..................................................................................................156

7.2.1 Âûäåëåíèå àììèàêà ........................................................................................................156

7.2.2 Âëèÿþùèå íà êëèìàò âûáðîñû .......................................................................................157

7.3 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ íà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïëîùàäÿõ ..........................160

7.3.1 Äîñòóïíîñòü è âîçäåéñòâèå àçîòà â êà÷åñòâå ïèòàòåëüíîãî âåùåñòâà .......................161

7.3.2 Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî óìåíüøåíèþ ïîòåðü àììèàêà ïîñëå

âíåñåíèÿ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ......................................................................................161

7.3.2.1 Âûäåëåíèå àììèàêà ...........................................................................................161

7.3.2.2 Òåõíèêà âíåñåíèÿ................................................................................................161

7.3.3 Áëàãîïðèÿòíûå ñðîêè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ äëÿ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ................................163

7.3.4 Âîçäåéñòâèå ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ è ðåïðîäóêöèÿ ãóìóñà äëÿ ïðèìåðà óñòàíîâêè..164

7.3.4.1 Áàëàíñ ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ ............................................................................164

7.3.4.2 Áàëàíñ ãóìóñà......................................................................................................165

7.3.5 Çàêîíîäàòåëüíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ – òðåáîâàíèÿ è ãðàíèöû....168

7.3.5.1 Íîðìàòèâíûå àêòû ïî óäîáðåíèÿì....................................................................168

7.3.5.2 Íîðìàòèâíûå àêòû ïî ãèãèåíå ...........................................................................170

7.3.5.3 Íîðìàòèâíûå àêòû ïî îòõîäàì ..........................................................................171

7.4 Ïîäãîòîâêà îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ...............................................................................................171

7.4.1 Òåõíîëîãèè ïîäãîòîâêè ....................................................................................................171

7.4.1.1 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ áåç ïîäãîòîâêè (õðàíåíèå

íåîáðàáîòàííûõ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ è âíåñåíèå) ......................................172

7.4.1.2 Îòäåëåíèå òâåðäûõ ôðàêöèé.............................................................................172

7.4.1.3 Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ïåðåðàáîòêà òâåðäîé ôðàêöèè..............................................173

7.4.1.4 Äàëüíåéøàÿ ïåðåðàáîòêà æèäêîé ôàçû ...........................................................173

7.4.2 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ...............................................174

7.4.3 Ñðàâíåíèå òåõíîëîãèé ïîäãîòîâêè îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ...........................................175

7.5 Ëèòåðàòóðà ....................................................................................................................................177

7

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî áèîãàçó – Îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ äî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

8 Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðîåêòà ........................................................................................... 178ER. FISCHER, F. SCHOLWIN, A. NIEBAUM, A. SCHATTAUER8.1 Èäåÿ è ýñêèç ïðîåêòà.................................................................................................................... 178

8.2 Àíàëèç îñóùåñòâèìîñòè .............................................................................................................. 180

8.2.1 Íàëè÷èå ñóáñòðàòà .......................................................................................................... 180

8.2.2 Âûáîð ìåñòà äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ óñòàíîâêè...................................................................... 180

8.2.2.1 Àñïåêòû, çàâèñÿùèå îò êîíêðåòíîãî ìåñòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ óñòàíîâêè............ 180

8.2.2.2 Àñïåêòû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ íîðìàòèâíûìè ïîëîæåíèÿìè ïî ñòðîèòåëüñòâó......... 181

8.2.2.3 Îáùåñòâåííûå/ñîöèàëüíûå àñïåêòû................................................................ 182

8.2.3 Ëîãèñòèêà ìàòåðèàëîïîòîêîâ ......................................................................................... 182

8.2.4 Âûáîð òåõíîëîãèè ........................................................................................................... 183

8.2.5 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãàçà......................................................................................................... 185

8.2.6 Îöåíêà è ïîèñê ðåøåíèÿ................................................................................................. 185

8.3 Ïîäãîòîâêà èíâåñòèðîâàíèÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ðàáîòû ñ îáùåñòâåííîñòüþ ................................... 186

8.4 Øàãè ïî ïëàíèðîâàíèþ ................................................................................................................ 187

8.4.1 Ïëàíèðîâàíèå ïîëó÷åíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèé.......................................................................... 187

8.4.2 Ïëàíèðîâàíèå ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà............................................................................... 188

8.5 Ïëàíèðîâàíèå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî óñòàíîâêè ....................................................... 191

8.6 Ïðèåìêà âûïîëíåííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò.............................................................................. 192

8.7 Ââîä óñòàíîâêè â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ.................................................................................................. 193

8.8 Íåîáõîäèìûå äîãîâîðà ............................................................................................................... 193

8.8.1 Äîãîâîð íà ïîñòàâêó áèîìàññû ...................................................................................... 194

8.9 Ëèòåðàòóðà è íîðìàòèâû ............................................................................................................. 195

9 Ïîçèöèÿ è çíà÷åíèå áèîãàçà êàê ðåãåíåðàòèâíîãî ýíåðãîíîñèòåëÿ â Ãåðìàíèè ............................................................................ 196M. KALTSCHMITT, F. SCHOLWIN, J. DANIEL-GROMKE, B. SCHUMACHER, A. SCHEUERMANN, R. WILFERT9.1 Ïðîèçâîäñòâî áèîãàçà, êàê îäèí èç ñïîñîáîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ýíåðãèè èç áèîìàññû................ 196

9.2 Äîëãîñðî÷íîñòü è ñòàáèëüíîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâà áèîãàçà è åãî ýêîëîãè÷íîñòü ......................... 197

9.3 Óðîâåíü äîáû÷è è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ áèîãàçà â Ãåðìàíèè ............................................................ 198

9.3.1 Íàëè÷èå óñòàíîâîê è èõ ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü............................................................... 199

9.3.2 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå áèîãàçà è òåíäåíöèè............................................................................. 201

9.3.3 Èñïîëüçóåìûå ñóáñòðàòû ............................................................................................... 202

9.4 Ïîòåíöèàëû .................................................................................................................................. 203

9.4.1 Òåõíè÷åñêèå ïîòåíöèàëû ïåðâè÷íîé ýíåðãèè............................................................... 203

9.4.2 Òåõíè÷åñêèå êîíå÷íûå ïîòåíöèàëû ýíåðãèè................................................................. 204

9.5 Ïåðñïåêòèâû ................................................................................................................................. 205

9.6 Ëèòåðàòóðà ................................................................................................................................... 206

Ãëîññàðèé ............................................................................................................. 207Ñîêðàùåíèÿ.......................................................................................................... 210Àâòîðû................................................................................................................... 212Àäðåñà îðãàíèçàöèé........................................................................................... 213

8

–ÊÁÈ˝ˆÊ

Ðèñ. 2.1: Ñõåìàòè÷åñêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ïðîöåññà àíàýðîáíîãî ðàçëîæåíèÿ.............................................20

Ðèñ. 2.2: Âçàèìîñâÿçü ìåæäó îáúåìíîé íàãðóçêîé è ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèì âðåìåíåì ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïðè

ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ ñóáñòðàòà ...............................................................................................27

Ðèñ. 3.1: Ñõåìà ïðîòî÷íîé òåõíîëîãèè............................................................................................................33

Ðèñ. 3.2: Ñõåìà êîìáèíèðîâàííîé ïðîòî÷íîé òåõíîëîãèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íàêîïèòåëÿ .........................34

Ðèñ. 3.3: Îáùàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ýòàïîâ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áèîãàçà....................................35

Ðèñ. 3.4: Ñõåìà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé áèîãàçîâîé óñòàíîâêè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êîñóáñòðàòîâ...............36

Ðèñ. 3.5: Ñåïàðàòîðà òÿæåëûõ âåùåñòâ â òðóáîïðîâîäå...............................................................................37

Ðèñ. 3.6: Ïðèåìíàÿ åìêîñòü ñ ðàçðûõëèòåëåì ...............................................................................................38

Ðèñ. 3.7: Ìîëîòêîâàÿ è âàëüöîâàÿ äðîáèëêà äëÿ èçìåëü÷åíèÿ òâåðäûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ ................................40

Ðèñ. 3.8: Èçìåëü÷åíèå ñóáñòðàòà â ïîäàþùåì òðóáîïðîâîäå (èçìåëü÷èòåëü ñ ðåøåòêàìè) ....................41

Ðèñ. 3.9: Ïîãðóæíîé íàñîñ ñ ðåæóùèìè êðîìêàìè

íà ðîòîðå â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ìîäóëÿ èç èçìåëü÷àþùåãî è ïîäàþùåãî àãðåãàòîâ ....................43Ðèñ. 3.10: Ãèãèåíèçàöèÿ ñ îõëàæäåíèåì ïðîòèâîòîêîì ..................................................................................43

Ðèñ. 3.11: Íàñîñû íà áèîãàçîâîé óñòàíîâêå......................................................................................................44Ðèñ. 3.12: Ýêñöåíòðèêîâûé øíåêîâûé íàñîñ ....................................................................................................46

Ðèñ. 3.13: Ðîòîðíî-ïîðøíåâîé íàñîñ (ñëåâà), ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ ðîòîðíî-ïîðøíåâîãî íàñîñà (ñïðàâà) ..47

Ðèñ. 3.14: Ïðèåìíàÿ åìêîñòü äëÿ ñóáñòðàòà ....................................................................................................49Ðèñ. 3.15: Íåïðÿìàÿ ïîäà÷à òâåðäûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ (ñõåìà) .............................................................................49

Ðèñ. 3.16: Ïðÿìàÿ ïîäà÷à òâåðäûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ (ñõåìà)..................................................................................49

Ðèñ. 3.17: Âèíòîâûå íàñîñû ñ ðåçèíîâûì ñòàòîðîì, ñ âìîíòèðîâàííûì ðîòîðíî-ïîðøíåâûì íàñîñîì

(ñëåâà) è ýêñöåíòðèêîâûì øíåêîâûì íàñîñîì (ñïðàâà).................................................................50

Ðèñ. 3.18: ïîäà÷à øòàáåëèðóåìîé áèîìàññû ñïåöèàëüíûì ïîðøíåì ...........................................................51

Ðèñ. 3.19: Ïîäà÷à øòàáåëèðóåìîé áèîìàññû â ðåàêòîð øíåêîâûìè òðàíñïîðòåðàìè ................................52

Ðèñ. 3.20: Òðóáîïðîâîäû è àðìàòóðû íà íàñîñíîé ñòàíöèè, çàïîðíûé øèáåð..............................................54

Ðèñ. 3.21: Ðàáî÷àÿ ïëàòôîðìà ìåæäó äâóìÿ åìêîñòÿìè ñ òðóáîïðîâîäàìè è îãðàíè÷èòåëÿìè

äàâëåíèÿ (ñëåâà); ãàçîïðîâîä ñ êîìïðåññîðîì (ñïðàâà) ...............................................................54

Ðèñ. 3.22: Ðåàêòîð ñ ïîëíûì ïåðåìåøèâàíèåì, ìåøàëêà ñ äëèííîé îñüþ è äðóãèå àãðåãàòû ...................56

Ðèñ. 3.23: Ðåàêòîð ñ ïîòîêîì âûòåñíåíèÿ (ìîêðîå ñáðàæèâàíèå) .................................................................57

Ðèñ. 3.24: Ðåàêòîð ñ ïîòîêîì âûòåñíåíèÿ (ñáðàæèâàíèå òâåðäûõ âåùåñòâ) .................................................57

Ðèñ. 3.25: Ðåàêòîðû ñ ïîòîêîì âûòåñíåíèÿ; ïðèìåðû èç ïðàêòèêè, öèëèíäðè÷åñêèé (ñëåâà),

ïðÿìîóãîëüíûé, ñ ãàçîâûì íàêîïèòåëåì íàâåðõó (ñïðàâà) ............................................................58

Ðèñ. 3.26: Ïðèìåð áîêñ-ðåàêòîðà; ðåàêòîðíàÿ áàòàðåÿ è âîðîòà ðåàêòîðà ...................................................58

Ðèñ. 3.27: Ðåàêòîð ñî ñäâîåííîé êàìåðîé ........................................................................................................58

Ðèñ. 3.28: Ïðèìåðû ñïåöèàëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé â ñáðàæèâàíèè òâåðäûõ âåùåñòâ; ïîäïîðíàÿ ñèñòåìà

(ñëåâà), áîêñ-ðåàêòîðû ñ ïåðåìåøèâàíèåì (â öåíòðå), ìåòàíîâûé ýòàï ñóõîãî è ìîêðîãî

ñáðàæèâàíèÿ è âíåøíèé íàêîïèòåëü ãàçà (ñïðàâà) ........................................................................60

Ðèñ. 3.29: Ñîîðóæåíèå áåòîííîãî ðåàêòîðà .....................................................................................................60

9

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî áèîãàçó – Îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ äî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

Ðèñ. 3.30: Ñòðîÿùèéñÿ ðåàêòîð èç íåðæàâåþùåé ñòàëè ................................................................................. 61

Ðèñ. 3.31: Ïðîïåëëåðíàÿ ìåøàëêà ñ ïîãðóæíûì äâèãàòåëÿì (ÌÏÄ) (ñëåâà), ñèñòåìà

íàïðàâëÿþùèõ òðóá (â öåíòðå), ÌÏÄ ñ êðóïíûìè ëîïàñòÿìè (ñïðàâà) ....................................... 63

Ðèñ. 3.32: Ìåøàëêè ñ äëèííîé îñüþ ñ äâóìÿ ïåðåìåøèâàþùèìè ìåõàíèçìàìè ñ îïîðîé è áåç îïîðû

íà äíå ðåàêòîðà ................................................................................................................................ 64

Ðèñ. 3.33: Îñåâàÿ ìåøàëêà ............................................................................................................................... 65

Ðèñ. 3.34: Ëîïàñòíàÿ ìåøàëêà .......................................................................................................................... 66

Ðèñ. 3.35: Øíåêîâûé ñåïàðàòîð......................................................................................................................... 67

Ðèñ. 3.36: Ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ äëÿ íàäåæíîãî îòâîäà ãàçà; ãàçîçàáîðíèê ñ îòâåðñòèåì ââåðõ

(ñëåâà ïîäà÷à ñóáñòðàòà) ................................................................................................................. 68

Ðèñ. 3.37: Ïðîëîæåííûå â ðåàêòîðå òðóáû èç íåðæàâåþùåé ñòàëè (ðàñïîëîæåíû âíóòðè) (ñëåâà);

ìîíòàæ îòîïèòåëüíûõ øëàíãîâ â ñòåíå ðåàêòîðà (ñïðàâà) ........................................................... 71

Ðèñ. 3.38: Ïëåíî÷íûé íàêîïèòåëü .................................................................................................................... 74

Ðèñ. 3.39: Íåñóùàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ íàäóâíîé êðûøè (ñëåâà); áèîãàçîâàÿ óñòàíîâêà

ñ íàäóâíûìè êðûøàìè ..................................................................................................................... 75

Ðèñ. 3.40: Ïðèìåð íàðóæíîãî äâóõìåìáðàííîãî ãàçîâîãî íàêîïèòåëÿ .......................................................... 75

Ðèñ. 3.41: Ôàêåë áèîãàçîâîé óñòàíîâêè ........................................................................................................... 76

Ðèñ. 5.1: Èíãèáèðîâàíèå îáðàçîâàíèÿ ìåòàíà èç óêñóñíîé êèñëîòû ïîñðåäñòâîì NH3 ............................. 97Ðèñ. 5.2: Ñõåìà êîíòðîëÿ óñòàíîâêè.............................................................................................................. 102

Ðèñ. 5.3: Ðåæèì çàãðóçêè ïðè çàïóñêå ........................................................................................................... 108

Ðèñ. 5.4: Õîä ýòàïà çàïóñêà ðåàêòîðà 1......................................................................................................... 109

Ðèñ. 5.5: Õîä ýòàïà çàïóñêà ðåàêòîðà 2......................................................................................................... 109

Ðèñ. 5.6: Õîä ýòàïà çàïóñêà ðåàêòîðà 3......................................................................................................... 110

Ðèñ. 5.7: Õîä ýòàïà çàïóñêà ðåàêòîðà 1 â óñëîâèÿõ íåõâàòêè ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ ........................................ 111

Ðèñ. 5.8: Âîçìîæíîñòè îïòèìèçàöèè ............................................................................................................. 120

Ðèñ. 6.1: Ñèñòåìà ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ãàçà â ãàçîâîé êàìåðå ðåàêòîðà............................................................ 126

Ðèñ. 6.2: Íàðóæíûå êîëîííû áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáåññåðèâàíèÿ, ñïðàâà îò ãàçãîëüäåðà ............................ 127

Ðèñ. 6.3: Óñòàíîâêà ïîäãîòîâêè áèîãàçà (ïðîìûâêà ñ Genosorb) â Ðîííåíáåðãå....................................... 132Ðèñ. 6.4: Ñõåìàòè÷åñêîå ñòðîåíèå ÁÒÝÖ .................................................................................................... 134

Ðèñ. 6.5: Áèîãàçîâàÿ ÒÝÖ, êîìïàêòíûé êîìïëåêñíûé ìîäóëü ñ ôàêåëîì ................................................. 135

Ðèñ. 6.6: Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé êïä áèîãàçîâûõ ÁÒÝÖ ........................................................................................... 138

Ðèñ. 6.7: Äèñïåò÷åð òåïëîâîé ñåòè ............................................................................................................... 139

Ðèñ. 6.8: Áëî÷íàÿ ÒÝÖ ñ ëèíèåé ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ïîäà÷è ãàçà .................................................................... 140

Ðèñ. 6.9: Ìîíòàæ ÁÒÝÖ â çäàíèè èëè â êîíòåéíåðå ÁÒÝÖ ......................................................................... 143

Ðèñ. 6.10: Ïðèíöèï ðàáîòû äâèãàòåëÿ Ñòèðëèíãà èç [6-14] ïî [6-21] ............................................................ 143

Ðèñ. 6.11: Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ãàçîâîé ìèêðîòóðáèíû ............................................................................................. 144

Ðèñ. 6.12: Ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ òîïëèâíîãî ýëåìåíòà ..................................................................................... 145

Ðèñ. 6.13: Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñõåìà àáñîðáöèîííîé õîëîäèëüíîé ìàøèíû.................................................. 147

Ðèñ. 6.14: Ïðèìåð àáñîðáöèîííîé õîëîäèëüíîé ìàøèíû íà áèîãàçîâîé óñòàíîâêå ................................. 147

Ðèñ. 7.1: Çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó îòíîñèòåëüíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì ïî îñòàòî÷íîìó ãàçó ïðè 20-22 °C è ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèì âðåìåíåì ïðåáûâàíèÿ .................................................................................... 158

Ðèñ. 7.2: Ðàñïðåäåëèòåëü ñ âîëî÷àùèìèñÿ øëàíãàìè................................................................................ 162

Ðèñ. 7.3: Ïîëîçêîâûå ðàñïðåäåëèòåëè ñ âîëî÷àùèìèñÿ øëàíãàìè........................................................... 162

Ðèñ. 7.4: Ùåëåâûå ðàñïðåäåëèòåëè.............................................................................................................. 162

Ðèñ. 7.5: Êóëüòèâàòîðû äëÿ âíåñåíèÿ æèäêîãî íàâîçà ................................................................................ 163

Ðèñ. 7.6: Âðåìÿ âíåñåíèÿ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ......................................................................................... 164

Ðèñ. 7.7: Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ òåõíîëîãèé ïîäãîòîâêè ïî ïðèíöèïèàëüíûì òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèì ïðîöåññàì ..... 172

10

Ðèñóíêè

Ðèñ. 8.1: Ýòàïû ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà ïî ïîëó÷åíèþ è èñïîëüçîâàíèþ áèîãàçà.........................................178

Ðèñ. 8.2: Îáùàÿ ñèñòåìà ïðîåêòà áèîãàçîâîé óñòàíîâêè.............................................................................179

Ðèñ. 8.3: Êðèòåðèè àíàëèçà îñóùåñòâèìîñòè äëÿ áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâîê...................................................180

Ðèñ. 8.4: Êðèòåðèè âûáîðà ìåñòà ðàçìåùåíèÿ.............................................................................................182

Ðèñ. 9.1: Âîçìîæíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ áèîìàññû äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êîíå÷íîé è ïîëåçíîé ýíåðãèè .......197

Ðèñ. 9.2: Ýìèññèè ïàðíèêîâîãî ãàçà (êèëîãðàìì CO2 ýêâ. /êÂò) ìîäåëåé óñòàíîâîê, ðàáîòàþùèõ íà áèîãàçå, â ñðàâíåíèè ñ óñòàíîâêàìè, ðàáîòàþùèìè íà íåìåöêîé ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ñìåñè

(ÎÁ – îòñòàâàíèå áðîæåíèÿ) ..........................................................................................................199

Ðèñ. 9.3: Ðàçâèòèå áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâîê â Ãåðìàíèè äî 2009 (÷èñëî óñòàíîâîê äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíî

îòíîñèòåëüíî êëàññà ìîùíîñòè è ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè óñòàíîâêè ÌÂò) .........200

Ðèñ. 9.4: Ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé ïëîùàäè

[êÂò / 1000 ãà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé ïëîùàäè] â ôåäåðàëüíûõ çåìëÿõ ....................................202

Ðèñ. 9.5: Ìàññà èñïîëüçîâàííîãî ñóáñòðàòà â áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâêàõ

(îïðîñ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé â 2009 ã.) ..............................................................................................203

Ðèñ. 9.6: Ìàññà èñïîëüçóåìîãî ñóáñòðàòà âçîáíîâëÿåìûõ âèäîâ ñûðüÿ â áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâêàõ

(îïðîñ îïåðàòîðîâ áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâîê â 2009 ãîäó) ................................................................203

Ðèñ. 9.7: Òåõíè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë ïåðâè÷íîé ýíåðãèè äëÿ áèîãàçà â Ãåðìàíèè ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ

íà 2007 èëè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íà 2020 ã. .........................................................................................204

11

12

◊ͬÔÊ˚˜

Òàáë. 2.1: Áëàãîïðèÿòíûå êîíöåíòðàöèè ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ èç ðàçëè÷íûõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ......... 24

Òàáë. 2.2: Èíãèáèòîðû àíàýðîáíûõ ïðîöåññîâ ðàçëîæåíèÿ è èõ âðåäíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ........................... 26

Òàáë. 2.3: Óäåëüíûé âûõîä ãàçà è ñîäåðæàíèå ìåòàíà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãðóïï âåùåñòâ .......................... 29

Òàáë. 2.4: Ïîêàçàòåëè òðàâÿíîãî ñèëîñà .......................................................................................................... 29

Òàáë. 2.5: Ïîëó÷àåìûå èç òðàâÿíîãî ñèëîñà îáúåìû áèîãàçà è ìåòàíà ....................................................... 30

Òàáë. 2.6: Ñðåäíèé ñîñòàâ áèîãàçà ................................................................................................................... 31

Òàáë. 3.1: Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ òåõíîëîãèé ïîëó÷åíèÿ áèîãàçà ïî ðàçíûì êðèòåðèÿì ........................................ 32

Òàáë. 3.2: Õðàíåíèå ñóáñòðàòà äî ñáðàæèâàíèÿ .............................................................................................. 37

Òàáë. 3.3: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû èçìåëü÷àþùèõ àãðåãàòîâ íà êîìáèíèðîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ

ïðèåìà è äîçèðîâàíèÿ ...................................................................................................................... 39

Òàáë. 3.4: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû âíåøíèõ èçìåëü÷àþùèõ àãðåãàòîâ................................................ 39

Òàáë. 3.5: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû èçìåëü÷àþùèõ ìåøàëîê â ïðèåìíîé åìêîñòè.............................. 40

Òàáë. 3.6: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû èçìåëü÷àþùèõ àãðåãàòîâ â ïîäàþùåì òðóáîïðîâîäå................. 41

Òàáë. 3.7: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû èçìåëü÷àþùèõ àãðåãàòîâ, êîòîðûå îáðàçóþò åäèíûé

ìîäóëü ñ òåõíèêîé ïîäà÷è ................................................................................................................ 42

Òàáë. 3.8: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû åìêîñòåé äëÿ ãèãèåíèçàöèè ............................................................ 42

Òàáë. 3.9: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû öåíòðîáåæíûõ íàñîñîâ ................................................................... 45

Òàáë. 3.10: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ýêñöåíòðèêîâûõ øíåêîâûõ íàñîñîâ ............................................... 46

Òàáë. 3.11: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ðîòîðíî-ïîðøíåâûõ íàñîñîâ.......................................................... 47

Òàáë. 3.12: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ïðèåìíûõ åìêîñòåé......................................................................... 47

Òàáë. 3.13: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè âèíòîâûõ íàñîñîâ ñ ðåçèíîâûì ñòàòîðîì äëÿ ïîäà÷è

òâåðäûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â ïîòîê æèäêîñòè............................................................................................ 50

Òàáë. 3.14: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ïîäàþùèõ ïîðøíåé......................................................................... 51

Òàáë. 3.15: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ïîäàþùèõ øíåêîâ ........................................................................... 52

Òàáë. 3.16: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè àðìàòóð è òðóá äëÿ òðóáîïðîâîäîâ ïîäà÷è æèäêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ....................... 53

Òàáë. 3.17: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè àðìàòóð è òðóá äëÿ ãàçîïðîâîäîâ ........................................................................ 53

Òàáë. 3.18: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè áèîãàçîâûõ ðåàêòîðîâ ñ ïîëíûì ïåðåìåøèâàíèåì............................................ 55

Òàáë. 3.19: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè áèîãàçîâûõ ðåàêòîðîâ ñ ïîðøíåâûì ïîòîêîì ..................................................... 56

Òàáë. 3.20: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû áåòîíà äëÿ åìêîñòåé íà áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâêàõ .......................... 59

Òàáë. 3.21: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ñòàëè äëÿ åìêîñòåé íà áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâêàõ ............................ 62

Òàáë. 3.22: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ïðîïåëëåðíûõ ìåøàëîê ñ ïîãðóæíûì äâèãàòåëåì....................... 62

Òàáë. 3.23: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ìåøàëîê ñ ïðîäîëüíîé îñüþ.......................................................... 63

Òàáë. 3.24: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû îñåâûõ ìåøàëîê äëÿ áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâîê................................. 64

Òàáë. 3.25: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ëîïàñòíûõ ìåøàëîê è ìåøàëîê ñ êðûëü÷àòêîé

íà ðåàêòîðàõ âåðòèêàëüíîãî è ãîðèçîíòàëüíîãî ðàçìåùåíèÿ ....................................................... 65

Òàáë. 3.26: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ïíåâìàòè÷åñêîãî ïåðåìåøèâàíèÿ ñîäåðæèìîãî ðåàêòîðà .......... 66

Òàáë. 3.27: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîãî ïåðåìåøèâàíèÿ ñîäåðæèìîãî ðåàêòîðà........... 67

Òàáë. 3.28: Ñèñòåìû óäàëåíèÿ îñàäêà ................................................................................................................ 69

Òàáëèöû

Òàáë. 3.29: Òåõíèêà øíåêîâûõ ñåïàðàòîðîâ .......................................................................................................69

Òàáë. 3.30: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè èçîëÿöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ...................................................................................70

Òàáë. 3.31: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè èçîëÿöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ – ïðèìåðû .................................................................70

Òàáë. 3.32: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû âñòðîåííûõ îòîïèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ...........................................71

Òàáë. 3.33: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû âíåøíèõ òåïëîîáìåííèêîâ .............................................................72

Òàáë. 3.34: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ïëåíî÷íûõ ãàçãîëüäåðîâ, äàííûå ÷àñòè÷íî .................................72

Òàáë. 3.35: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû íàðóæíûõ íàêîïèòåëåé áèîãàçà, äàííûå ÷àñòè÷íî ......................73

Òàáë. 3.36: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ôàêåëîâ ............................................................................................75

Òàáë. 4.1: Ñîäåðæàíèå ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ â ìåñòíûõ óäîáðåíèÿõ ...........................................................79

Òàáë. 4.2: Âûõîä áèîãàçà â öåëîì è ìåòàíà èç õîçÿéñòâåííûõ óäîáðåíèé....................................................79

Òàáë. 4.3: Äàííûå ïî ñîñòàâó íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ âîçîáíîâèìîãî ñûðüÿ ..........................................................81

Òàáë. 4.4: Âûõîä áèîãàçà íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ âîçîáíîâèìîãî ñûðüÿ .................................................................82

Òàáë. 4.5: Ñòàíäàðòíûé âûõîä áèîãàçà ÷èñòî ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ïîáî÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïî ñïèñêó (Positivliste) Çàêîíà î âîçîáíîâëÿåìûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ ýíåðãèè 2012 ãîäà (EEG 2012)..........................................84

Òàáë. 4.6: Äàííûå ïî ñîñòàâó ÷èñòî ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ïîáî÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ .......................................................85

Òàáë. 4.7: Âûõîä áèîãàçà íåêîòîðûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ èç àãðîïðîìûøëåííîñòè ...................................................86

Òàáë. 4.8: Ñâîéñòâà ñðåçàííûõ ÷àñòåé ðàñòåíèé .............................................................................................87

Òàáë. 4.9: Îáçîð ñâîéñòâ ñóáñòðàòîâ.................................................................................................................89

Òàáë. 5.1: Ãðàíè÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ ìàêñ. äîïóñòèìîé êîíöåíòðàöèè êèñëîòû.....................................................95

Òàáë. 5.2: Îðèåíòèðîâî÷íûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïî ìèêðîýëåìåíòàì........................................................................96

Òàáë. 5.3: Äàííûå èç ëèòåðàòóðû ïî èíãèáèðóþùèì êîíöåíòðàöèÿì àììèàêà .............................................98

Òàáë. 5.4: Ïàðàìåòðû è èõ äîñòóïíîñòü ............................................................................................................99

Òàáë. 5.5: Ìåòîäû ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ....................................................................................................................104

Òàáë. 5.6: Èçìåðèòåëüíàÿ ïðîãðàììà äëÿ áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâîê ïî êîíòðîëþ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî

ïðîöåññà (íîðìàëüíûé ðåæèì ýêñïëóàòàöèè) ...............................................................................105

Òàáë. 5.7: Ñâîéñòâà ãàçîâ .................................................................................................................................115

Òàáë. 5.8: Ñâîéñòâà êîìïîíåíòîâ áèîãàçà.......................................................................................................115

Òàáë. 5.9: Òîêñè÷íîå âîçäåéñòâèå ñåðîâîäîðîäà ..........................................................................................116

Òàáë. 6.1: Îáçîð òåõíîëîãèé îáåññåðèâàíèÿ .................................................................................................125

Òàáë. 6.2: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáåññåðèâàíèÿ â ðåàêòîðå .................................125

Òàáë. 6.3: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû íàðóæíûõ óñòàíîâîê áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáåññåðèâàíèÿ.................127

Òàáë. 6.4: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû íàðóæíûõ áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ áèîãàçîïðîìûâàòåëåé .......................128

Òàáë. 6.5: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðè âíóòðåííåì õèìè÷åñêîì îáåññåðèâàíèè .....................................................129

Òàáë. 6.6: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îáåññåðèâàíèÿ àêòèâèðîâàííûì óãëåì ..............................................................129

Òàáë. 6.7: Ñðàâíåíèå òåõíîëîãèé îáîãàùåíèÿ ìåòàíà ..................................................................................130

Òàáë. 6.8: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ãàçîâûõ äâèãàòåëåé Îòòî ..............................................................136

Òàáë. 6.9: Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïàðàìåòðû ãàçîæèäêîñòíûõ äâèãàòåëåé..........................................................136

Òàáë. 6.10: Ïðåäåëüíî äîïóñòèìûå âûáðîñû ïî TA-Luft îò 30.07.2002 ã. äëÿ óñòàíîâîê ñ äâèãàòåëÿìè âíóòðåííåãî ñãîðàíèÿ ïî № 1.4 (âêë. 1.1 è 1.2) 4. BImSchV ................................137

Òàáë. 7.1: Ïîêàçàòåëè è âàæíûå ñâîéñòâà îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ è ìåñòíûõ óäîáðåíèé â ñðàâíåíèè .....154

Òàáë. 7.2: Ñîäåðæàíèå òÿæåëûõ ìåòàëëîâ â îñòàòêàõ îò áðîæåíèÿ è ìåñòíûõ óäîáðåíèÿõ â ñðàâíåíèè ...... 155

Òàáë. 7.3: Âîçáóäèòåëè èíôåêöèé â æèäêîì íàâîçå è îðãàíè÷åñêèõ îòõîäàõ .............................................155

Òàáë. 7.4: Íàëè÷èå ñàëüìîíåëë â ñóáñòðàòàõ è îñòàòêàõ îò áðîæåíèÿ íà áèîãàçîâûõ óñòàíîâêàõ ...........156

Òàáë. 7.5: Íàêðûâàíèå ìåñò õðàíåíèÿ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ âûäåëåíèÿ àììèàêà ......157

Òàáë. 7.6: Ïîòåíöèàë ïî îñòàòî÷íîìó ãàçó îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ áèîãàçîâûõ óñòà-

íîâîê, îòíåñåííûé ê ïîëó÷åííîìó îáúåìó ìåòàíà íà òîííó ïîäàâàåìîãî â ðåàêòîð ñóáñòðàòà;

ñðåäíèå çíà÷åíèÿ, à òàêæå ìèíèìàëüíîå è ìàêñèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ïî 64 ïðàêòè÷åñêè ðàáîòà-

þùèì óñòàíîâêàì, îáñëåäîâàííûì â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû èçìåðåíèé áèîãàçà II ............................. 158

13

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî áèîãàçó – Îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ äî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

Òàáë. 7.7: Êðèòè÷åñêèå óðîâíè ïîòåðü äîîáîðóäîâàíèÿ êðóãëûõ ðåçåðâóàðîâ äëÿ õðàíåíèÿ

îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ãàçîíåïðîíèöàåìîñòè: Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ

óñòàíîâëåííàÿ ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ìîùíîñòü, ïðè êîòîðîé äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ îáúåìîâ

èíâåñòèöèé íà äîîáîðóäîâàíèå äîñòèãàåòñÿ êàê ìèíèìóì ñàìîîêóïàåìîñòü. .......................... 160

Òàáë. 7.8: Íàêîïèòåëüíûå ïîòåðè àììèàêà ïîñëå âíåñåíèÿ ìåñòíûõ óäîáðåíèé ïðè ïîìîùè

ðàñïðåäåëèòåëÿ áåç ïðèðàáîòêè ïðè ðàçëè÷íûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ â òå÷åíèå 48 ÷àñîâ................. 161

Òàáë. 7.9: Óìåíüøåíèå ïîòåðü àììèàêà ïîñëå âíåñåíèÿ æèäêèõ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ......................... 163

Òàáë. 7.10: Ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà áàëàíñîâ ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ ................................................... 164

Òàáë. 7.11: Ðàññ÷èòàííûå ñâîéñòâà òèïîâ îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ

ìîäåëüíûõ óñòàíîâîê...................................................................................................................... 165

Òàáë. 7.12: Áàëàíñ ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ íà ïðèìåðå êóêóðóçû ïðè îáúåìå îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ

(ìîäåëüíûå óñòàíîâêè I / II) èç 30 ì³/ãà · a (âíåñåíèå ïåðåä âûñåâàíèåì ñ íåìåäëåííîé

ïðèðàáîòêîé) .................................................................................................................................... 165

Òàáë. 7.13: Ñðåäíèå ãîäîâûå áàëàíñû ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ 4-çâåííîãî ñåâîîáîðîòà äëÿ ðàçíûõ

òåõíîëîãèé âíåñåíèÿ (ñðåäíÿÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü â óäîáðåíèÿõ ñåâîîáîðîòà â ãîä 174 êã/ãà N, 114 êã/ãà P2O5 è 188 êã/ãà K20).......................................................................................................... 166

Òàáë. 7.14: Áàëàíñ ãóìóñà ñåâîîáîðîòà ïðè îáúåìå îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ (ìîäåëüíûå óñòàíîâêè I/II)

â 64 ì³/ãà çà 4 ãîäà .......................................................................................................................... 167

Òàáë. 7.15: Îöåíêà ñàëüäî ãóìóñà ïî VDLUFA 2004 ........................................................................................ 167Òàáë. 7.16: Ãðàíè÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ âðåäíûõ âåùåñòâ äëÿ óäîáðåíèé, à òàêæå ïðèðîäíûõ

è âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ........................................................................................................... 168

Òàáë. 7.17: Ãèãèåíè÷åñêèå ïðåäïèñàíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ íîðìàòèâíûõ àêòîâ....................................................... 169

Òàáë. 7.18: Ñîäåðæàíèå ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ âî ôðàêöèÿõ, â êà÷åñòâå îáðàçöà ðàññ÷èòàííîå

äëÿ òåõíîëîãèé ïîäãîòîâêè ............................................................................................................. 176

Òàáë. 7.19: Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà òåõíîëîãèé ïîäãîòîâêè îñòàòêîâ îò áðîæåíèÿ....................................... 176

1-é ýòàï: Ðàçðàáîòêà ýñêèçà ïðîåêòà .................................................................................................................... 179

2-é ýòàï: Ïîäãîòîâêà àíàëèçà îñóùåñòâèìîñòè................................................................................................... 181

3-é ýòàï: Íàëè÷èå ñóáñòðàòà ................................................................................................................................. 182

4-é ýòàï: Âûáîð ìåñòà äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ óñòàíîâêè............................................................................................. 183

5-é ýòàï: Ëîãèñòèêà ìàòåðèàëîïîòîêîâ ................................................................................................................ 184

6-é ýòàï: Âûáîð òåõíîëîãèè .................................................................................................................................. 184

7-é ýòàï: Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãàçà................................................................................................................................ 185

8-é ýòàï: Îöåíêà è ïîèñê ðåøåíèÿ........................................................................................................................ 185

9-é ýòàï: Ïîäãîòîâêà èíâåñòèöèé è âîçìîæíîñòè ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ .................................................................. 186

10-é ýòàï: Ïîäãîòîâêà ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèé ........................................................................... 187

11-é ýòàï: Ðàçãðàíè÷åíèå ïðîöåäóð ïîëó÷åíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ ïî ñòðîèòåëüíîìó ïðàâó / BImSchG................. 18812-é ýòàï: Ïîäãîòîâêà äîêóìåíòàöèè äëÿ ïîäà÷è çàÿâêè íà ðàçðåøåíèå......................................................... 189

13-é ýòàï: Ïëàíèðîâàíèå ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà.................................................................................................... 190

14-é ýòàï: Ïëàíèðîâàíèå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî óñòàíîâêè ............................................................... 191

15-é ýòàï: Ïðèåìêà âûïîëíåííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò...................................................................................... 192

16-é ýòàï: Ââîä â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ............................................................................................................................ 193

Òàáë. 8.1: Àñïåêòû äîãîâîðà íà ïîñòàâêó áèîìàññû ..................................................................................... 194

Òàáë. 9.1: Äàííûå î ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ïî ðåãèîíàì íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â ýêñïëóàòàöèè áèîãàçîâûõ

óñòàíîâîê è ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè â Ãåðìàíèè çà 2009 ãîä (îïðîñ

çåìåëüíûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé â 2010 ãîäó) ............................................................................................ 201

14

1—ϯдÊÁÔÓËʯ

Çàùèòà êëèìàòà è ðåñóðñîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðîáëåìàìè

ìèðîâîãî ìàñøòàáà, òðåáóþùèìè óñèëèé ïî èõ ðå-

øåíèþ íà ãëîáàëüíîì óðîâíå. Âàæíóþ ðîëü ïðè

ýòîì ìîãóò ñûãðàòü èíäóñòðèàëüíî ðàçâèòûå

ñòðàíû, êîòîðûå èìåþò âûñîêóþ ïîòðåáíîñòü â èñ-

êîïàåìûõ ðåñóðñàõ.

Ïðè óñëîâèè îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ïðèîðèòåòíîñòè ïðî-

èçâîäñòâà ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ, ñóùåñòâåííûé

âêëàä â ðåøåíèè ýòèõ ïðîáëåì ìîæåò áûòü îñó-

ùåñòâëåí ñî ñòîðîíû ñåëüñêîãî è ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñ-

òâà, ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðåäîñòàâëåíèÿ âîçîáíîâëÿå-

ìûõ ðåñóðñîâ äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ïðîèçâîäñòâå

ýíåðãèè è ìàòåðèàëîâ. Ïðè ýòîì îòêðûâàåòñÿ

îãðîìíîå ìíîãîîáðàçèå âàðèàíòîâ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

äàííîãî ñûðüÿ. Ïðîäóêòû è èçäåëèÿ, èçãîòîâëåí-

íûå èç âîçîáíîâëÿåìîãî ñûðüÿ, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ âî

ìíîãèõ ñôåðàõ ïîâñåäíåâíîé æèçíè.

Çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíèëèñü

ïóòè è òåõíîëîãèè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âîçîáíîâëÿå

ìîãî ñûðüÿ. Ãëóáîêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ è ðàçðàáîòêè

ïîçâîëèëè äîñòè÷ü ýôôåêòèâíîãî è ðàçóìíîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âîçîáíîâëÿåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ. Äîñòóï-

íûìè ñòàëè ïåðåäîâûå òåõíîëîãèè ýíåðãåòè÷åñ

êîãî è ïðîìûøëåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñûðüÿ.

Áèîãàç è òåõíîëîãèè åãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÿâëÿ-

þòñÿ âàæíîé ÷àñòüþ óñòîé÷èâîãî ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèÿ

íàðÿäó ñ áèîýíåðãîíîñèòåëÿìè. Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ

äåöåíòðàëèçîâàííîãî ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèÿ, îõðàíû

îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà ïðåèìó-

ùåñòâà áèîãàçà áåññïîðíû. Â 2011 ãîäó â Ãåðìà-

íèè áûëî ïîñòðîåíî áîëåå 7000 áèîãàçîâûõ óñòà-

íîâîê è èõ êîëè÷åñòâî ïðîäîëæàåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ.

Èç áèîãàçà ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ íå òîëüêî ýëåêòðîýíåð

ãèÿ è òåïëî, íî è áèîìåòàí, îáëàäàþùèé êà÷åñò-

âàìè ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà.

Ïðîåêò „Ñîäåéñòâèå èñïîëüçîâàíèþ âîçîáíîâ-

ëÿåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ ñ àêöåíòîì íà èõ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîå

èñïîëüçîâàíèå â Ðîññèè è Óêðàèíå“ áûë îäîáðåí â

ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû äâóñòîðîííåãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà

Ôåäåðàëüíûì ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðîäîâîëüñòâèÿ,

ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà è çàùèòû ïðàâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé

(BMELV). Îñíîâíîé öåëüþ äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïðîåêòàÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäîñòàâëåíèå êîíñóëüòàöèîííûõ óñëóã

â ñôåðå âîçîáíîâëÿåìûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ýíåðãèè è

áèîýíåðãåòèêè.

Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðîåêòà âîçëîæåíà BMELV íàÀãåíòñòâî âîçîáíîâëÿåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ (�