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TRANSCRIPT
ن ـالمساك تصميم وبناء بالمكـونـات المعيــاريـة
تأليف امباهم ي بن سالمعل. د .أ إدريسمحمد محمود . د. أ علي باحبيلد بنــــمحم. د
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אא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١
אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦
١KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨ ٢KאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩ ٣KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩ ٤KאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٢
אאWאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٢
١KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٣٢KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٤٣KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٤٤KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٥
ـو
אאWאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٥
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٧
אאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٧
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٨
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٩
אאWאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٩
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٠אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٠
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢١אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٢
אאWאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٦
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٦
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٧
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٨
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٩
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٩
אאWאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣١
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٣
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٣
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٤
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٥
١KאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٥٢KאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٦
WאאאאFאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٧
ـز
WאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٧WאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٧
אאאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٨
אאאWאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٥
אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٦
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٧
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٨
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٨
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩
אאאאאאא٥١
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٤
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٤
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٥אאאFאאEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٧
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٨אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٩
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦١
אאWאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٢
א א W א א א א אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٦٣
אאאWאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٦٤
ـح
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٤אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٤אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٤
אאWאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٨
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٩
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٩ אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٩ אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٩
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٩
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٢
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٣
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٤
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٧
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٩
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٢
ط
אא אF١EWאFאEאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣٩
אF٢EWאFאאEאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤١
אF٣EWאFאEאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٢
אF٤EWאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥١
אF٥EWאאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٣
אF٦EWאאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٦٦
ي
א אF١WEאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥
אF٢WEאאאאאאאאאאKKK٧
אF٣WEאWאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٨
אF٤WEאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠
אF٥WEאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١١
אF٦WEאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ١٦
אF٧WEאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٨
אF٨WEאאאאאאFאKEKKKKKKKK٢٤
אF٩WEאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٥
אF١٠WEאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٢
אF١١WEאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٨
אF١٢WEאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٧
אF١٣WEאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٨
אF١٤EWאאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩
א F١٥E W א א א א א אא אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٥٠
א F١٦ WEא אא אאאאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٥٢
אF١٧WEאאאאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٥٣
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אF٢٠WEאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٦
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אF٢٣WEאאאאא٥٨
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אאאא،אאאאאK
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١K אאאאאW אאאאא،אK אאאא؛אאאK א א אא ،א
אאאK אאK אאFא٦EK
אF٦WEאאK
אא
)الفصل األول( ١٧
٢K אאאאאW אאK אאאאאK K אK אאאאK
אאW
אאW אאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאאא،אאWאאא
א[CIB1972] ،אאאאאKאאאאאא
،אאאא،אאא،
אK
אאאאאאW
אאאאאאאאאאFא٧KEאא
אאאאאKאאאאא؛אאאא
אאאאאK
)ل األولالفص( ١٨
אF٧WEאאא
אאW
אאאאאאא؛אאא،אאא
אאאKאאא،אאאא؛
،אאאאFאאאEאא،אאא
אאאKאאא،אאאאא؛א
אא،אאאא،אאK
)الفصل األول( ١٩
אאW
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא،אאאא
،אאאKאאאאאאאא،א،אאא،אא
אאאאאאא؛אאאאאK
אאWא אאאאאאא
א،אאאא،אאאאKאאא
אאאאא،א[Dole and Oakland 1994]Kא،
אא،א،אWאא؛אאאא
אKאאאאאא،א(ISO/
STACO)z٢٠٠٣אx؛אא،אאאא،W
١K אאאאאאאאK ٢K אאאאK ٣K אאאאK
)الفصل األول( ٢٠
אאאאאאאW
אW
אא،אאא،אאKאא،Wא،
א،א،אאא،אאאKאאאאא
؛אאאא،אאאא،א
אאאאא،אאאאא،א
אאאKאאאאאאא،א
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא،
אFאE،אאאא،אאFEאא
אאא،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא
אK
אאW
K אWאאאאא،אאKאאא
אאאאאאא،אא،
אא،אאK
)الفصل األول( ٢١
K אאאWאאאא אאK אאאאאאא؛א
אאאאאאאא،אאאא،
אאאאאאאא،،אאא،
א،אאאאאאא،،אאאאאא،
אאא،אא،Wאאא،K
אאאW אאא،WFא،א،א،אEK אאא،FWא،א،אא،אEK אאא،WFא،א،א،אEK
אאאW אאאאא،
،אKא،אאאא
אאאאאא[Covington 1982]Kאאאאא،
א،אאאא،אאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא؛אאאאא،אא
אאאא،אאאאאא،אאא
)الفصل األول( ٢٢
אאא،אאאאא،אאא
FאאאEאאK
אאW אאאא
אאאאאאKאאאF،،KEאאא،א
אאא،אאאא،אאאאא،אKאאאKאאאא
א،אאאא،אא،אאאאאאK
אאאKא،אאKאא
אW אאאK אאאK אאאאK
אא ،، W א، אKאאאWאאאא אאאK
אא Wא א א א אאK
لثانياالفصل
אא
٢٤ )الثانيالفصل (
אאאא אאא،אאא
א؛אאאאא،FאאאE،אא
،אאאאKאא
א،אאאאKאאא
،אאאא،אאK
אF٨EWאאאאאאFאKE
אא
٢٥ )الثانيالفصل (
אאאא،WFאאאאEא،،א
אאאא،אאאאאאא،א،
אא،א Jא JKאאאאא،א،אא
אK
אF٩EWאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא[CIB 1982]،אאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאKאאא
אא
٢٦ )الثانيالفصل (
אאאאאאKא،،א
אאא،אאKאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،א،אאא،
KאאאאFאE،אFאEא،FאEא،FאKE
אאאW אאאאאאא
א،אאא[Griffth 1990]،אא(BRE)אאאא
א،אאאא،אאאאאFאאא،אא،
א،Eאאאא[Covington 1980]Kאאאאא،א
א،אאאאFWאאא،אאא،،אא،
אאאK
אאא،אאא،אא،א،אאא
אא،אאאאאאא،אאא
אא[Dole and Oakland 1994]KאאאאאKא
W
אא
٢٧ )الثانيالفصل (
١ Jאא،אאאאאK
٢–אא،אK
٣–،،אאאאK
אאאא،אא،אאא
אאא،אאאא،אא
،אאאאK
אאאW אאאאאאאא
אFאאE(Imperial Units)،אאא(Metric Units)،אא(Sl Units)؛אאאאאאאא
אאz٢٠٠٣אxKאאאאא،אאאאא؛א
א،אאאKאאאאא،
אאאKאאא،אאא
،אKאאאאאאאאאאאK
אא
٢٨ )الثانيالفصل (
אאאאא؛אא
،א،אאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאFEא،אFEא؛،אאא
אאאאאאK
א،،אאאא،אא
א،א،אאאאאאK
אW אאאא
א،אאאא،א،אאאאא،אאאאא אא Kאא
אא א א אא אא ، א א Kא
،א א Wא אא אאא،אאאא
אאאאK
אאאאא אא(Rational Use)א ،
FאאאEאאאאאKאאאא
Fא Eא،א אא א؛אKאא
אאאא،אאא
אא
٢٩ )الثانيالفصل (
א אא،אא א א א ،אאאא
א אא ،WFא א א א אאEאאא،אא،אא
אK
אW אא אאא
א א ،אא،،K
אאאW אאא،אאאא
אאאא،אאאאא،،אאא؛אK
אא אא אאאאאW
אK אFאאאאKE א א א א
אK אאאאאא
אאאאK
لثالثاالفصل
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣١
אאאאא אאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאא،אא،
אאאא،،،
،א؛אאאאFאZero-BaseE[Anderson 2003]KאאאאWF
אאאאאEא؟
FאEFאEאאא؛
א،אאאK،א،אאא،אאאא
אאKאאאאאאא
אאא؛אאא،אאאKאאאא
אא،א،אא،אאאאK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٢
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא[Dietz and Cutler 1971]K
אאאאאא،אWאא،א،אא
אא،אKFאEאFאאאE
Fא١٠KE
אF١٠WEאאאאאK
אאאאאאאא،אאאKא،
א،K،אאאאא،אאא،אא
אאאאאאאא،אאK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٣
אא אאאאא،
אאאKאאאא،אW،،،
،،Kאאאאאאא،אאK
אאאאאא،א،אKא
אאאאאאאאK
אאWאאא،אאאאאא،
אאאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאא،،אאאאא،،אא
אא،،K
אאא؛אאאאא،אאאאא
אאאKאאאא،א،א،א
אאא،א،אאאאK
אא אאאאאא،
Kאאאא
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٤
א،א،אאאאאאאא،؛אאאאאא،א
אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא،
،אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא؛אא،אאא،א،א،،אאא
،אאאאKאאא
אאאאK
אאאאאא،אאאאאא
אKאאאאא،אאאאאאא،אאאא
א،א؛אאאאאאא،א،אא،א
FאאאEאK
אא אאאא،אאא،א
אאאKאאW
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٥
WאWאאאאאאאK
WאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאא،אאא،אאK
WאאWאאאא،אא،אא،אא،
אא،אא،אFאאאE،אא
אא؛אאאאא؛אא،
،אאאK
אאW ١K אאW
אאאאאאאא،א
אאאא،אFאEאאאאא،אא
אאא،אאא،אא،Kאאאא
א،אאא،אא،،אאאא
אK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٦
אאא،א،א،אא،א
אאאא،،אאאאאאאא؛
אאא،אאFאEאא،אא
א،אאאאאא،אאאאא،
אאא،אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאאא،אאאא،אא
אאא،אא،אא(Texture)،אאאא،אא
אא،،אאאאאאא،אאאאאK
٢K אאאאW אאאאאאאאאא
אאאא،אא،אאאאא،אאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאW
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٧
WאאאאFאEW אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא،אאאאא،
אאאFאאE،אאא[Thompson 1972]K
אאא،אאאאאאא؛א[International Labour
Office1972]،אאאאאאאאאאK
WאאאW אאא،אאאא
א،א،אא،אאאאא،אא،אאא،אאאK
אאא،אאאאא،אאK
אאאא،אאא،אאא،،א،א
،אאא،אאא،אאKאאאאא؛א
אאK
WאאאW אאאאאא
אאא،אאא؛א،אאאא
אא،،אאא،אאאאא،אאא
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٨
אאאאאא،אאא،אאא،אא،
אאא،אא،אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא،Kאאאאא
אאאאאאא אאW
١K אאאK ٢K אאאאאא
אא،אאK ٣K אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאFא١١EFאא١٢٣KE
אF١١WEאאאאאK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٣٩
אF١EWאFאEאאK
אא א א F١E
אאא אא
אאאK
F٢E א
אאF،א،،
KKE
אאאאאאא
אK F٣E
א אאF،א
א،אKE אאאא
Kאאא
F٤E א
אאאאאK
אאאאאאK
F٥E א
،،אאאK
אאאאאאא
אאK
F٦E א
،،אK
אאאאאאא
אאK F٧E
אאאא
א،אאא
K
אאE٪Fאאאאאאאאאאא
K F٨E
א ،א
אאאאK
אאאאאאאא
אK
F٩E א
אאאאאא
،אאK
אאאאאאאא
אK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٤٠
FEF١EWאFאEאאK אא א א
F١٠E א
FאאאE
אאא،אא
אK
אאאאאאאא
אK
F١١E א
אF،א،،،،
KE
אאאאא
אאאKאאאאK
F١٢E א
אא،א
K
אאאאאאאאא
אK F١٣E
א א
FאKE
אאאאאא
אאאKKK
F١٤E אא
אאאK
אאאאאאא
אאאK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٤١
אF٢EWאFאאEאאK אא א א
F١E א
אא
אאאאאאאא
FאאאKE
אאא
،אאאאאK
F٢E א
אאא،אא
אא،אK
אאאאאא
אK F٣E אא
אא
אאאאאא
אאאK
אאאא(U-value)א( F )
אאאאאK
F٤E אא
א
אאאK
אאאא"dB"אא
אK
F٥E אאא
،אאא
K
אא"Lux"אאא
אאאK
F٦E א
א
אאא،אאא
אK
אאאאאאאאK
F٧E אא
אאא،א
אK
אאאאאאאאK
F٨E א
אאא،א
אאאK
،אאאFאאאEא
אאאאא
אK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٤٢
אF٣EWאFאEאאK אא א א
F١E א
אאאאא
אK
F٢E א
،אא،אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
F٣E א
FאE
אאאאאK
אאא
אאאK
F٤E א
אאאאאאא
K
אאאאאאא
אK F٥E
אא אא
،Kאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאK F٦E
א אא
K אאאאאא
K F٧E
אא אא
K אא
אK
א
F٨E א
אאאאאאאא
אK
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
אא
)الثالثالفصل (
٤٣
FEF٣EWאFאEאאK אא א א
F٩E א
אאאאא
אאK
אאא
אאאK
F١٠E א
אא،אאא
K
אאאאאא
אאK
F١١E א
אאאא،א
K
אאאאא
אK
F١٢E א
אאא،אאאאא
K
אאאאא
אאK
لرابعاالفصل
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٤٥
אאא אאFאEאא
אאFאEאz٢٠٠٣xKאאאאא،
אKאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
KאאאאאKאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא
אאאא،א،א،אאא،אאא،
אאאא،אאא؛אאאאאאאK
אאFאE،אאאאא
אאאא،אאאא،אאאא
א،אאאאאאאK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٤٦
אאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאא،WFא،א،אא،אא،אE،
אאאא،אאאאאאאאאא،אאK
אא؛אאאאאא،אאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאא،אאאא
אאאאK
אאWאאאאאW אאאאאאFא١٢EW
א א،WF ،א ،אא ،א،אאאKE
אאא،WF،א،אאאKE א א، WFאא،א،אא،אאאא،
אאKE א א ،WFא א ،א א
،אא،א،KE
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٤٧
אF١٢WEאאאK
אאאאW אא،א
אא؛،אא،אאא،אאאא،
אאאאאאאK
אאאא،אא،א
אאאאא،אאא،א،א،א
אאא،אאאאאאאKאא Jאא
אאא Jאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٤٨
אאאW אאאאאאא
אאאFא١٣WE אFW،אא،אאאKE אאF W א،אא،אאא
אKE אK אK אאאK אאאאאאK אאאאK
אF١٣WEאאאאאK
אאאאW אאאא
،אא،،
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٤٩
Kאאאא؛אאא،אאא،אא
אFא١٤KE
אF١٤EWאאאאאאK
אא א(Box System): א א،א،א،א
א ،א א אאאz١٩٨٤Kx
א אא (Framed System): א، ،אא א אא א
א،א،WFאאאE،אאאאאאz١٩٨٤xK
אאא(Panels System) W אאאאא،א،
א א אK א א א א K א
אאאא א Kא אא אאאא،
אא J Jא، אאאאz ١٩٨٤x K
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٠
א א אא א אאאא، אא א א
א ، א א אאאאאאאא،אFא
١٥KE
אאאאאאאאF١٥EWא
אאאאK אאאאא
אאא،אאאאאא،אאאאאא JFאאאא
אאאE Jא[Berkoz etal 1989]Fא٤KE
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥١
אF٤EWאאאאאK א א
אא א
K אאK
K א א
אK
אא א
אK א
WאאאK
אWאאאK
K
אא א
J J א
אאאK אא א
א
אK
K
אאאאאאאW אאאאאא
א،אאאאאאאא،אK
אא W FWא،אא،אאא،אאאאEK
אWאאFWא،אא،א ،א ،אאאאאא،אא،EK
אWא א א א אא א[Diamant 1968] K אא
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٢
אא،WFא אאE ، אאאאK
אW א אאאאאK
אW אFא١٧ KE
אאאאאאאאא א אאK
אF٥EאאאאאאאאאאK
אF١٦WEאאאאאאאאאאK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٣
אF١٧WEאאאאאאאא
K אW)35963=id_page?cfm.default/pages/au.com.glassblockshop.www://http(
אF٥EWאאאאאאK אא
אאא א
א
א
א
א
א
א
א
א
א
א G G אא G G G G
א G G G אאא G G G G
אא G G G G G אא G G G G
א G G G א G G
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٤
אאאא: אאאאאאאא؛אאאא،
אKא،אא،،א
אאאאאאאK
א،אאאאאאאאFאאE،
אאא،אאאא،אKאא
אאאאא،אאא،א،אאאאz١٩٨٩Kx
אאא،،אאאאאאא
אאא،،אאאא،אאאאאK
אאאאW אאאאאאK
Jא Jאאאאא،WFא،אאאא،אE،אא
אאא،WFאאאאKE
،אאאאאאאW
אאK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٥
אאK אאא،WFאאאKE אאK אאאFא١٨EK
אF١٨WEאאאאK
אאאאW אאאאאאאא
א،אFא١٩٢٠KEאאא
אא؛אאאאאאאא،،א
אאאאאאאאאאא،אא
אאz٢٥xKאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
אz٢٠٠٤xK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٦
אF١٩WEאאK
אWFhttp://www.marvin.comEK
אF٢٠WEאאK
אWFhttp://www.marvin.comEK
אאאאאK،אאאאאא
FEא،אא،،א
אאא،אאאאאאz٢٠٠٣xKאאאא
؛א،אאא،אאא،אאאאאאא،אאאאFא
٢١KE
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٧
אF٢١WEאאאאK
אאאFאאEW אאאאא،
؛אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאאKאא Jא Jאאא
אאאאFא٢٢KE
אF٢٢WEאאאאאאאK
אWFhttp://www.yamamabricks.comKE
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٨
אאאאאאאאאאא،
KאאאאאאאאFא٢٣EK
אאאאF٢٠C٢٠EF٣٠C٣٠EF٤٠C٤٠EF٥٠C٥٠E،אאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאF٣٠C٦٠EF٤٠C٤٠EKאא
אאאאאאאK
אF٢٣WEאאאאאK
אW אאא،Wאא
،אאאאK،אאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא،
אאאאאאאאKאא
א،א،אאאאא،אKאא
،אאאאאאאFא٢٤KE
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٥٩
אF٢٤WEאאאאאאK
אWF?FAKTUM?- EK
אW אא،אא
אאא،אא،אאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאFא٢٥EK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦٠
אF٢٥WEאאאאK
אWFhttp://www.deecoor.comEK
אא Jא Jאאא،אאאא
Fא٢٦KE J JאאאאאאFאאאE،
אאאא،אאא،אאאאא،אא
אKאאאאאא،
אאאאאאz٢٠٠٢אxK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦١
אF٢٦WEאאאאאFאEאK
אאW אאFא،א،א،א
EWא(Plants)،אא(Runs)،א(Appliances)KאאאאאFא
،א،אאאאE،א،WF،אאא،אאאE،
אאאFא٢٧KE
אאא،WFאאאאKE،WFאאא
אEאאאאאאאאאKאאא
א،אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא،א،אאאאאא
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦٢
אא،אאאFאEאאKאאאא
א،אאאאא،אא
אאאאאK
אאאא؛אאאא؛א
אא،אאא،،א
אאאאאאK
אF٢٧WEאאאאאאK
אאWאאאW אאאאא
אאאאKא
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦٣
אאאאKאאאא،א،
אאאא،אאאא،א
אאאא،،אאK
אאWאאאאאW אאא
א(Open System)אאאא،،אאא
אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאא،אאאאKאא
אאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאאא
אאK
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
א،WFאאאEKאאאאאאאאאא،
،אאא،אאאאא،
אאאאאא،א
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦٤
אאz١٩٨٤xאאא،אאאאK
אאאWאאאאאW אאאא،
אאאאאאאFא٦Eא،אאאא
אאW א אא W א
אא،אאאא،אאא
،WFא א ،אא ،א،א ،א אאE ،אא א א K א א א
אאאאאאא،אאא Kאאאאא
א אאאאאא אאאאאאK
א אW אא ،א אא אא א
א ،WFאא ،אא ،א KE א א א א
א ،א א א א א א א
،אאאK אא אא(Self-Help) Wא
אאאאאא،א
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦٥
א א א Kא א א
؛אאא، א א א א
، א א Jא Jאא،אאאא
، א א Kאאאא א
אאאאK
אאא،אאא،
אאאאאאאFא٦EK
אא
)الرابعالفصل (
٦٦
אF٦EWאאאאאאK
אאא אאאא
א אא
אא
אא
אאא
א G G
אא G G G
אאא G G G
אאא G G G G
אאאא G G G
אא G G G
א G G
אאא
א G G
א G G G G
אאא G G G G אא
אא אא G G G G
אא G G G G
אא G G G G
אאא G G G G
א G G G G
אאא
א G G G G
אא G G G G
אא G G G G אא
אאא G G G G
الخامسالفصل
אא
٦٨ )الفصل الخامس(
אאא אא אאFא E אא א אא Kא א א
א، א אא א אא، א ؛אאאאאא،א
Kאא،،אאא א אא אא
א، אא Kאא אאאאאKאאאא
،אאאKאאא،אא J Jאא،אאאאK
א،،،אאאאא
אKא א א אא א א א א א ،א א،א
אא،אאאא،א،אא א،א
אK אא אK
אא
٦٩ )الفصل الخامس(
אאאW א Wא א א אאF E
Kאאאאא،אאאא
אאאאWאאאאאאאK
א א W F E א א א א אא K א
F E א א Fא E א Kא א
א،אאאאא ، ?אא ? K
אאFEאאאאK
א א W א אא،אאK
א אא א א א א אא،א אא
א ،אא ، אאא א א א א א
K
אאW אאאא
אאא אא א
אא
٧٠ )الفصل الخامس(
FאE א ، ، אא אא Fא א Eא K א
،،אאאאא،אא،אא ،א،א
אא،אאאאKאFאE א א א א א
א ،א אאאK
אאFאEאא،אKא
אאאא،אאא א א א א א א،
אאא א א א ، א א א ،אא
،אאאאא،א،אא،אאאאאz٢٠٠٥xK
אאא ، א אא
א א א ،א א ،אאא ،K אאאא، אאא
אFאאאאEאאKאא
א א،WFא א،אאא،אא אא،א א،אא،אא،א
א،אאEאK
אא
٧١ )الفصل الخامس(
אF٢٨WEאאz٢٠٠٤Kx
א،אאK אא א ،א א א א
אאKאא אא א א א אא K
אאאאאאאא א א א א א،
א אא ، אאאאאאאאאאK
אא
٧٢ )الفصل الخامس(
אאאאW ،א א אא
،אאאאא א K א אא אא א
אא א א א Fאא אא KE א א
א ،א א א א Fא א א E ،
אא אא א Kאא؛ אאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאא ،א א אא אא אא K
אאאא Jא J؛אאאאאאאKא
א א אאא א؛א א ،אא א
אאא،אאאאא،אא
א א א א ،א אאאאK
אא
٧٣ )الفصل الخامس(
אF٢٩WEאא
אz٢٠٠٤Kx
אאאאW ،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאא
،אFCCאEאאK אא
א ،א א ، א א א א z
٢٠٠٥xK
א א אFא אEא א א א א א
،א ،אא KאאאFאאאאEא
אK אא א א א אKאא
،אאאא،א
אא
٧٤ )الفصل الخامس(
אKאאא،אא،אאא
אא א ،אא א אא ،אא ،א אא א א
א،אא،אאאאאאאאFאEאאא
א ،אאWFאאא אא،א،אאא،אא،א،א،אאאאEK
אאאW א א א א א
،אאאאא، א א א א K
א א א א אא א ،א א א א ،א א
אא א א ،א ،א ،Kאא
אאאאא،אאא ،א א א
א א א א ،א אאאאKאאאאW
א אW א א ، אא،אK
אא
٧٥ )الفصل الخامس(
א W א א א אא אא ، א
אאא ،א א ،א
אאאאK
אF٣٠WEאאאאאא
אאz٢٠٠٤Kx
אא Wא אא א א אא ،אאאא
א א K א א אא אאאאאאא
אא
٧٦ )الفصل الخامس(
אאאאאא،אאאאK
אWאאאאאאאא א ، א א
אאאאK
אא Wאאאאאאאא ،א א א א אא א
א،K
אא W אא ،א א א אא אא א ، א
אא א א א אK
א א Wא א א אא،
אK
א א W א אא א ، א א א אא،אא
אאאאאK
א W א א אאא א ، א אא א א
אאאאK
אא
٧٧ )الفصل الخامس(
א א Wא אא אא א אא،אאאאאאאאאK
אאWאאאFאE،
א א א ،WFא אאאEאK
אא אאאאאאא
אאאא אאאKאאאFEFאE، א אא א
א א א א א א א ،אKא א א א ،א א
א FאE ،א א ، א
א א אא א א אאK א א א א א
אאW
١K אא Wאאא אא אא אא K
،א א א אא אא אא א
אאאאאאאאאK
אא
٧٨ )الفصل الخامس(
٢K ، א Wא ،א Wאא א K א
אאאאאKאאאאאF
א،אא،אKKKEאאא Kא א
א א אאאא א א Kא א א
א ،א א א אא אא א א א ،אא א
אאאאאKא،אאאא
، א א אאא אאאא،אא
א א K א א א אא אא א
אא،אאאאאאאK
אא
٧٩ )الفصل الخامس(
אF٣١WEאאאz٢٠٠٦Kx
אאאאW א
، אאא א ؛אאאאאא K
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
،א א ؛א
א אK
אא
٨٠ )الفصل الخامس(
אF٣٢WEאאz٢٠٠٤Kx
א א א א Fא אEא א אא ،Fא א Eא א
א،WFא א،א א א ،אאאEKאאאא؛
א،אאאאאאK א א א אא ،
אאאאKאאאאאW אאאאK א א א א א ،א
אאאאאאאאK
אא
٨١ )الفصل الخامس(
אא،אאאאא، א א אא א
אK
א א אאא אאW
אאאאK א אא אא א א א א
אאK אאאFאאאKE
٨٢
אא א
א،F١٩٨٩E،אאא،א،אא،،K
א،אF٢٠٠٢E،?אאא אא א،א ?،א
FאאE،א١٤،F١٩–٥٠KE
א،אF٢٠٠٣Eאאא،K
،F٢٠٠٤E،?אאאאאWאא?،אF٢E،،אאא٢٨ J٣١
F٨٣٥ J٨٥٢KE
، F٢٠٠٣Eא א ، W א ،א א א א Fא אE א ،١٥،
F١ J٤١KE
،F٢٠٠٤E ،א א אא א ،א،אK
،F٢٠٠٥E ،? א א ?KFEא אא ،
١٤٢٦K
،F٢٠٠٥E،?אאא ?KאFEאאאא،אא
،א،אא١٤٢٦K
٨٣
، F٢٠٠٦Eא א ، J א א Kא א א א א ،א
١٤٢٧K
،F١٩٨٤E،אאא،אאא،K
א Anderson, D. (2003): Standardization, www.design4manufactoability.com
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Covington, S.A. (1982), Ergonomic Requirements for Buildings Associated Operations Devices.
Diamant, R.M.E. (1968), Industrialized Building 3, 70 International Methods, Third Series, Lliffe Books Ltd, London.
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Handler A.B. (1970), System Approwh to Architecture, Elseiver Architectural Science.
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