extremism and suicide bombing history
TRANSCRIPT
SEQUENCEIntroduction to Religious ExtremismReligious Extremism in History, in Focus, and in PakistanEffect of Religious Extremism on our Relations with the WestEffect of Religious Extremism on the economy of PakistanViability of adopting the concept of Enlightened ModerationRecommendationsConclusion
is a rigid adherence to the most basic and traditional principles and beliefs of that religion.
Fairly a recent phenomenon linked with the historical and cultural contexts of 1920s U.S. Protestantism.
Then the term has been ‘exported’ abroad and applied to a wide variety of religions including Bhudhism, Jainism and Islam.
FORMS OF RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM
• Non Violent Forms
• Violent Forms
NON VIOLENT FORMS
VIOLENT FORMS• CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE.• TARGET KILLINGS.• SECTARIAN KILLINGS• VIOLENT PROCESSIONS.• OPEN AND DECLARED WARS.
ISLAMIC VIEW POINT OF EXTREMISM.• No place for Extremism. “There is no compulsion and coercion in
Religion”(2,256)• Islam strongest upholder of freedom of religion and
faith. “Proclaim, this is Truth from your Lord: now
whosoever will may accept it and whosoever will may reject it”(18,29)
• Good relations with non Muslims even if they are making joke of Islamic teachings,
“And o Muhammad, when you see people finding fault with our revelations, withdraw from them till they get engaged in other talk”.
CAUSES OF
IN THE MUSLIM WORLD
CAUSES OF
IN PAKISTANInfluence of External Forces during Afghan Jihad and patronage and promotion of Jihadi culture by the West.• The first-grade language books introduced the Alphabet: Alf
means for Allah (Allah is One), Bae is for Baba (Baba goes to mosque) Jim for Jihad (Jihad is an obligation), (My mom went to Jihad), (Our brother gave water to Mujahid).
• The speed of a Kalashnikov bullet is 800 meters per Sec. If a Russian is at a distance of 3200meters from a Mujahid, and that Mujahid aims at the Russian’s head, calculate how many seconds it will take for the bullet to strike the Russian in the forehead?
• Sectarianism• Islamization in the 80’s• Proliferation of Madrassahs• ILL Conceived War on terror• Social factors (Poverty, illiteracy,
unemployment)• Spread of jihadi outfits• Weakening of state writ
CAUSES OF
IN PAKISTAN
ROAD TO EXTREMISM
IN CHRISTIAN WORLD
• Army of God• National Liberation Front of Tripura• Lord's Resistance Army• Freedomites• Christian Patriot
CHRISTIAN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS
IN JUDAISM
IN HINDUISM
WRIT OF USA WAS CHALLENGED BY A NON STATE ACTOR MYTH OR REALITY?
IN PAKISTAN
TalibanizationSectarianism Madaris Rule of ClergyPraetorianism Unstable Western BordersWeapon Supply War on Terror
PAKISTAN SOME EXTREME FACTS
No of Sects NumerousNo of Madrassas >12,000
(both Registered and Unregistered)
No of Students in Madris
>1.5 Million
No of Foreigner Students
>35,000
SECTARIAN VIOLENCE IN PAKISTANSECTARIAN VIOLENCE IN PAKISTAN1989-20041989-2004
SECTARIAN VIOLENCE IN PAKISTANSECTARIAN VIOLENCE IN PAKISTAN
*Data till July 2, 2007
http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/database/sect-killing.htm
http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/database/sect-killing.htm
*Data till July 12, 2007
“The rise of religious extremism in Pakistan will result in weakening of her relations with the west”
The rise of religious extremism will bring the west closer to Pakistan (Regime or People?) in order to contain it
• WAR ON TERROR– CENTRE TO CENTRE RELATIONS
• COMPARISON WITH EGYPT AND JORDON– CHANGE IN PUBLIC OPNION– BUREAUCRACY, MILITARY & POLITICAL
PARTIES• LAL MASJID INCIDENT
– ROLE OF NON STATE ACTORS• INTEREST OF SUPERPOWERS• BACK FIRE LIKE IN IRAN
EFFECTS OF
ON THE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
• ECONOMY DEFINED• ECONOMICS OF EXTREMISM• RE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH• INVESTMENTS AND SAVINGS• FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT• STOCK EXCHANGE • LOSS TO BUSINESSES• COST OF ADMINISTRATION
EXTREMISM IS VERY DIFFICULT TO BE REDUCED TO QUANTITATIVE LEVEL AS A PHENOMENON
IT CAN BE STUDIED ONLY AS CHAIN OF EVENTS
ECONOMIC VARIABLES HAVE COMPLEX DYNAMICS AND OVERALL IMPACT COMES FROM A NUMBER OF FACTORS
MOST OF THE STUDIES ARE BEHAVIORAL IN NATURE AND ADDRESS THE ECONOMIC CAUSES
NO STUDY IN PAKISTAN AS SUCH ON THE TOPIC
• MODEL HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM BARO AND MCCLERY (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) FOR NBER
• DATA FOR RELIGIOSITY AND RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM HAS BEEN TAKEN “WORLD VALUE SURVEY” AND REPORTS ON RELIGIONS FROM “ INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SURVEY PROGRAMME”
are
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSISRESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
Economic Growth
Economic Growth
Economic Growth
INVESTMENT IS DETERMINED BY OPTIMISM OR PESSIMISM OF ENTREPRENEURS (J.M. KEYNES)
ACCORDING TO US CENTCOM PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY SUFFERED LOSS OF OVER 10 BILLION US $ IN YEARS 2001-2002 DUE TO FALL IN INVESTMENTS AND TOURISM AN RISE IN INSURANCE
AREAS MOST AFFECTED BY EXTREMISM HAVE NO INVESTMENT COMING IN( CASE STUDIES OF TRIBAL AREAS, TANK, ETC)
GEOGRAPHICAL SKEWDNESS OF INVESTMENT HIGH COST OF GOVT INVESTMENT (ICOR) RELUCTANCE OF BANKS TO FINANCE PROJECTS
IN AFFECTED AREAS
SAVINGS; FUEL OF GROWTH ENGINE
SAVING RATE LOWEST IN THE REGIONS
EVIDENCE OF RELIGIOUS FACTORS ON THE SAVING RATE. RESEARCH BY ASHAFAQ H. KHAN AND Z.M.NASIR
CHANNELIZATION OF FUNDS: 60 BN ANNUALLY
REJECTION OF BANKING SECTOR BY ORTHODOX RELIGIOUS ELEMENTS
• FDI IS AT GREATER THREAT– KIDNAPPING AND KILLING OF FOREIGNERS– DESTRUCTION OF MNC OUTLETS
• FDI HAS SHOWN TREMENDOUS INCREASE FOR SOME YEARS FAR BELOW THE POTENTIAL.
• ONLY FRACTION OF WHAT OTHER SOUTH ASIAN STATES ARE GETTING
• INCREASE IN THE COST OF DOING BUSINESS (SECURITY ISSUES)
• THREAT OF BOYCOTT AND FALL IN SALES OF FOREIGN GOODS
May 3, 2004 Chinese nationals working on a sea-port project in Gwadar
Three Chinese engineers were killed and 11 persons, including 9 Chinese nationals, sustain injuries in a car bomb attack.
May 26, 2004 Pakistan-American Cultural Centre and residence of the US Consul-General in Karachi
Two persons are killed and at least 33 others, mostly police and media personnel, are wounded when two car bombs explode in succession.
November 15, 2005
KFC restaurant in Karachi At least three people are killed and 20 others, including two South African women, sustain injuries in a powerful car bomb explosion in front of the KFC restaurant.
March 2, 2006
US Consulate in Karachi A US diplomat, identified as David Fyfe, his Pakistani driver and a Rangers official were killed and 54 persons injured in a suicide car bombing near the US Consulate
• STOCK EXCHANGE, BAROMETER OF ECONOMY
• LIMITED FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT BECAUSE OF VOLATILITY IN THE MARKET
• EVIDENCE OF AFFECTS ON STOCK EXCHANGE OF SPECIFIC INCIDENTS– ATTACK ON US CONSULATE: 02 MARCH 2006– NISHTAR PARK BOMB BLAST: 11 APRIL 2006– KILLING OF HASSAN TURABI: 21 JULY 2006
MULTI BILLION DOLLAR INDUSTRY
US AND JAPAN ARE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS
PAKISTAN DECLARED UNSUITABLE TO TRAVEL BY MANY FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS
MAJOR TOURISM SITES IN NWFP WHICH IS MORE IN THE GRIP OF EXTREMISM
MANY POTENTIAL SITES REMAIN UNDEVELOPED
• Loss to Property as a result of extremism– Case Study Cartoon Controversy; Loss of
property worth billions of rupees– Violence in Karachi; Huge loss of Property
• Cost of Administration– Increase in the Costs of LEAs– Maintenance of Armed forces in Tribal Areas
VIABILITY OF ADOPTING THE CONCEPT OF
Enlightened moderation is the quality or state of becoming rational or having reasoning power”
“being able to think clearly and make decisions based on the reason rather than of emotions”
Allah will rise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of you who believe and who have been granted (mystic) Knowledge. (58:11)
A Book which We have revealed unto thee, in order that thou mightiest lead mankind out of the depths of darkness into light (14:1)
Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know? (39:9)
• if any one slew a person it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people..Al Quran(5:33)
• Nor come nigh to adultery: for it is a shameful (deed) and an evil, opening the road (to other evils). (17:32)
• let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety. (5:9)
• If a man kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell, to abide therein (For ever): And the wrath and the curse of Allah are upon him, and a dreadful penalty is prepared for him.
• they enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil(9:71)
• “spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves; and practice regular charity;
• Thus, have We made of you an Ummat justly balanced (2:143)
• “the honest and trustworthy trader will be in the company of the Prophets, the Upright and the Martyrs (on the Day of Judgment)” (Mishkat)
Miss Pakistan
MARIYAH MUTEEN Representing Pakistan in international Pageant
Framework for elimination of ExtremismStrategic Goal: Preserve and promote the way of life of free and open society based on the
rule of law, defeat terrorist extremism as a threat to our way of life, Ends
Means Parliament, CII, LEAs, Civil Society
Reso
urce
s and
Pol
itica
l will Provide for rule of law
Regulate the syllabus and working of Madrrasahs Ways
Deny extremists the resources they need to operate
International cooperation and understanding
Provide enabling environment for human rights
Emphasis on social development and welfare
EnemyFoot soldiers
LeadershipIdeological support
Safe havens
WeaponsFunds
Comms & Movement Access to TargetsExtremism
Personnel
Leadership
Ideology
Safe Havens
Weapons
Finance
Movement Motivation
Political goals
Ends
Means
Solution of disputes on the basis of mutual
coexistence
Start of dialogue among faiths
Discouraging the use of extremist methods
Ways
International forums:UNO, OIC, G-8
Solution of political disputes
Removing Islamophobia
Support for democratic regimes
Aims:•Root out extremism as a threat to our way of life•Create a global environment for slution of causes of extremism
Framework at International level
• Extremism is common to all religions• Imposition of Western values.• Sectarian strife is the base for Religious Extremism • The US-led war on terror• Unilateral use of force • The extremism; potential threat for Society, State, World• Extremism has a detrimental effects on our relations with
West.• Economy is affected by both forms of RE. • Violent form of RE has caused more lawlessness and
insecurity, which is hazardous for economic indicators.
• Classification and Pacification of Troubled Areas
• Effective Monitoring and Intelligence Apparatus
• De-Weaponization
• Madaris Reforms; Registration, Sectarianism, Foreign Elements
• Conflict Resolution through Council of Islamic Ideology
• Not a battle against Islam but battle about Islam
• No option of “ leaving extremists alone”• Exposing them everywhere• Fighting and defeating the ‘ incorrigibles’• Breaking institutional framework of extremists• Empowering and strengthening the
moderates• Consistent Diplomatic strategy• Education sector reforms• Opening the Door of Ijtihad
Suicidal Bombings-History
& Way Forward for Pakistan
SCHEME
Definitions Historical perspective Motivationsi. personalii. organizational Way forward for Pakistan Conclusion
DEFINITION “Suicidal bombings” means PERSON + BOMB = SUICIDE+KILLS
But is too restrictive (cars & jets ) “martyrdom operations” places the
emphasis upon the cause of the perpetrators, implying a connection to the notions of “holy war”
“Predatory martyrdom” is still vague and unclear.
“Suicide attacks,” is more appropriate, means events where the “success” of the operation cannot occur without the death of the perpetrator, and he or she is apparently aware of this in advance.
These attacks are carried out to force invaders out, to fight religious wars, to take revenge, to challenge the government, to fight for ones freedom as one perceives it, and to instill terror and fear and to paralyze.
HISTORY Muslim Assassins (also known as Ismailis-
Nazari) operated from 1090-1275, Muslim communities during the 18th & 19th
centuries, on the Malabar coast of (S.W) India, in Atjeh in N.Sumatra, and in Mindanao (S). Philippines,engaged in suicidal jihads aimed at inflicting punishment to the European colonial powers.
the Russian radicals of the late 19th century,put themselves close to the target to assure success, usually also consciously sought their own demise.
Ironically, with the development of better explosives, suicide attacks became less common in the twentieth century.
remotely detonated explosives, hostage-taking, and attacks on airliners.
many people date the initiation of suicide attacks to the October 1983 destruction of the U.S.Marine barracks in Beirut by a truck bomb, killing 241 off-duty U.S. soldiers and injuring more than 100 others, a similar truck bomb exploded at the French peacekeeping compound nearby, killing 58 soldiers and wounding 15 others.
The most ruthless and bloody suicide campaign
in modern history by the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) in Sri Lanka in May 1987.(R.Gandhi, Premadasa)
Hamas, the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Al-Ansar Mujahidin in Chechnya, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), Hezbollah, Lashkar-e-taiba , the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) of Algeria, Barbar Khalsa International(BKI) of India, the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE or Tamil Tigers) of Sri Lanka, the Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) of Turkey, and Al Qaeda.
1st Suicide Attack in PakistanMay 08th,2002 “A suicide bomber blew up a bus in
Pakistan's port city of Karachi, killing 14 people – most of them French nationals – including himself. The huge morning blast outside the posh Sheraton Hotel also left 24 people wounded. It is a pointed retaliation at Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf's crackdown on Islamic militant groups and for his allowing US troops to cross the Pakistani border to hunt down Al Qaeda fighters.” The News. Karachi
MOTIVATION (personal)
Religious ( 72 virgins, heaven,70 relatives in heaven, marriage to shaheed for women)
Economical (money and hefty benefits for family)
Political( anger and dissatisfaction) Social ( sense of uselessness, no
purpose, no respect)
MOTIVATION (organisational) suicide attacks generally result in a larger
number of casualties than other attacks suicide attacks usually attract more publicity symbolic value of martyrdom for a cause, not
only in Islamic cultures but in other cultures as well.
suicide attackers are sometimes seen by sponsoring organizations as assets whose loss generates a net gain.
suicide attacks are financially inexpensive:
No need to fear capture, interrogation, trial, imprisonment and the accompanying humiliation of the attacker
no need to provide an escape route for the attacker, the complexity of the plan is greatly reduced
Security agencies scared and wary Great and grave problem for the
government.
WAY FORWARD FOR PAKISTAN . Education of the masses
General awareness against this evil No half-hearted measures of the military and
the establishment in dealing with this, The political use of Islam by the state should be
curtailed Military operations to destroy the physical
infrastructure of the groups, efforts to cut off funding, and/or preemptive strikes designed to capture or kill leaders
Vigorous human and technical intelligence gathering, is vital. Good intelligence can provide critical information on a terrorist group’s dynamics.
Efforts to reducing the potential recruitment ability of terrorist groups
Economic disparity, political injustice if possible should be reduced sp in areas where recruitment occurs
War against terror, how far can we go, how far should we go.
CONCLUSION 95%OF ALL SUICIDE ATTACKS IN RECENT
TIMES HAVE HAD ONE GOAL, TO CAUSE AN OCCUPYING FORCE TO WITHDRAW, WE SHOULD TAKE A MINUTE AND THINK WHY TODAY WE FACE THE 2ND HIGHEST RATE OF SUICIDE ATTACKS IN THE WORLD. ARE WE OCCUPIERS OF OUR OWN PEOPLE, OUR OWN LAND, OUR OWN NATION. SOME WHERE SOME PLACE SOME THING IS DEFINITELY AND TERRIBLY WRONG
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE