Extrasolar Giant Planet Extrasolar Giant Planet Theory and AtmospheresTheory and Atmospheres

An Emerging Synthesis of An Emerging Synthesis of Planetary Science and Planetary Science and

AstronomyAstronomy

Theory ProgramTheory Programfor Modeling EGPsfor Modeling EGPs

Evolution, SpectraEvolution, Spectra, and Colors of isolated and irradiated , and Colors of isolated and irradiated substellar-mass objects (SMOs) and planetary structure studiessubstellar-mass objects (SMOs) and planetary structure studies

Theory of Theory of T and LT and L dwarfs dwarfs Atmospheric Chemistry and Abundances: Atmospheric Chemistry and Abundances: MoleculesMolecules and atoms and atoms ReflectionReflection Spectra and Spectra and AlbedosAlbedos of EGPs of EGPs CloudCloud modeling (silicates, Fe, H modeling (silicates, Fe, H22O, NHO, NH33)) TransitTransit, eclipse, and , eclipse, and secondary eclipsesecondary eclipse studies studies Evolution of Jupiter and SaturnEvolution of Jupiter and Saturn Opacity and molecular spectrum calculations (Opacity and molecular spectrum calculations (Quantum chemistryQuantum chemistry)) Ab-initio calculations for Na-D, K I, FeH, CrH, TiH …Ab-initio calculations for Na-D, K I, FeH, CrH, TiH … Predictions in support of ground-based and space-based programs Predictions in support of ground-based and space-based programs

of of direct extrasolar planet detectiondirect extrasolar planet detection Radiative transfer techniquesRadiative transfer techniques (Collaborators: Burrows, Hubbard, Hubeny, Sudarsky, Sharp, (Collaborators: Burrows, Hubbard, Hubeny, Sudarsky, Sharp,

Milsom, Lunine, Li, Fortney, Cooper, Volobuyev)Milsom, Lunine, Li, Fortney, Cooper, Volobuyev)

The Evolution and Measurement of EGPs:

Remote Sensing of Extrasolar Planets

Theory of EGPs

Scientific Themes: Physics, Atmospheres, Chemistry, Structure, Spectra, Composition, Clouds, Evolution, Remote Sensing

General EGP properties

Transit Theory

Irradiated EGPs and Direct Detection

Burrows, Sudarsky, and Lunine 2003

JWST

Extrasolar Giant Planet ExoticaExtrasolar Giant Planet Exotica

Orbits from 0.02 AU to ~5 AUOrbits from 0.02 AU to ~5 AU Orbital eccentricities can be Orbital eccentricities can be

very high (0 to ~0.8)very high (0 to ~0.8) Periods from 1.2 daysPeriods from 1.2 days Masses from below Saturn’s Masses from below Saturn’s

mass to >10 Mmass to >10 MJJ

Many multi-EGP systemsMany multi-EGP systems 4 “Neptunes” discovered4 “Neptunes” discovered 7 transiting EGPs7 transiting EGPs Secondary eclipses seen in twoSecondary eclipses seen in two Correlation with metallicityCorrelation with metallicity Found around M, K, G, and F Found around M, K, G, and F

starsstars

Stellar irradiation effects (on Stellar irradiation effects (on spectra and radii)spectra and radii)

Migration in protostellar disks in Migration in protostellar disks in first millions of years first millions of years

Planetary Winds and mass loss Planetary Winds and mass loss (evaporation?)(evaporation?)

Jet Streams and Day/night Jet Streams and Day/night contrasts for close-in EGPscontrasts for close-in EGPs

Complicated Albedo behavior with Complicated Albedo behavior with orbital distanceorbital distance

Planetary Phases and extreme light Planetary Phases and extreme light curvescurves

Ammonia, Water, and silicate Ammonia, Water, and silicate clouds (variation during orbit!)clouds (variation during orbit!)

General circulation models (GCMs) General circulation models (GCMs) neededneeded

Orbital Properties of a Few Extrasolar Giant Planets

Colors:Metallicity

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(T. Guillot)

51 Peg b, 1995:

R vs. M vs. composition

(H, He, H2O, silicates …)

Zapolsky and Salpeter 1969

Guillot, Burrows et al. 1996

1.0 Mj

51 Peg b

Olivine

Hayashi Forbidden Zone

Tidal

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Giant Planet Transits and Phase Curves

Transit Radius vs. Planet Mass

Charbonneau, Brown et al. 2001, 2002, 2003

Transit by HD209458b

Burrows et al. 2004

OGLE-TR-56b

HD209458b

Burrows, Sudarsky, and Hubbard 2003

Fortney et al. 2003

Na detection: Charbonneau et al. 2003

HD209458b:

Lyman Alpha: Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003; 15%!

~4.3 Rj: PlanetaryWind!

cf. Burrows & Lunine (1995)

15% dip!

Irradiated EGPs vs. Angular Separation

Burrows 2005; Sudarsky, Burrows, and Hubeny 2003

Burrows, Sudarsky, and Hubeny 2004

Geometric Albedos

(T. Guillot)

Sudarsky, Burrows 2000

Effects of Clouds

Phase Function at 0.55 microns vs. Orbital Distance

Eccentricity and Peak Shift

Phase Dependence of the EGP’s Color

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Giant Planet Transits and Secondary Eclipses

Spitzer ? MOST?

Spitzer ST:

Data: Deming et al. 2005; Charbonneau et al. 2005

Secondary Eclipses of Transiting EGPs

Burrows, Hubeny, & Sudarsky 2005, Ap.J. Letters, in press.

CO, H2O, and CH4 Opacities

Future of Direct Detection of Extrasolar Future of Direct Detection of Extrasolar PlanetsPlanets

Precision Radial VelocityPrecision Radial Velocity Precision photometry ?Precision photometry ? Transit searches (many)Transit searches (many) Interferometry (LBT, Interferometry (LBT,

VLTI, Keck, PTI): VLTI, Keck, PTI): Imaging (Fizeau) and Imaging (Fizeau) and Astrometry (Michelson)Astrometry (Michelson)

Extreme Adaptive Optics Extreme Adaptive Optics MicrolensingMicrolensing Spectral SeparationSpectral Separation Differential imagingDifferential imaging Antarctica (30-m, 100-Antarctica (30-m, 100-

m?)m?)

HST astrometry ?HST astrometry ? NICMOS upgrade ?NICMOS upgrade ? Spitzer (IRAC, IRS, Spitzer (IRAC, IRS,

MIPS)MIPS) JWST (MIRI, NIRCam)JWST (MIRI, NIRCam) SIM/GAIASIM/GAIA Eclipse (coronagraph)?Eclipse (coronagraph)? Kepler/COROTKepler/COROT MOST, MONSMOST, MONS TPF-C; TPF-I/DarwinTPF-C; TPF-I/Darwin Planet Finder/Life FinderPlanet Finder/Life Finder

From the Ground: From Space:

Planet/Star Contrast: Theory (dashed) versus Capability

Red: H band (1.6 microns); Purple: Mid-IR; Green: Optical

ScheduleSchedule

2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

Gaia

TPF/Darwin

Very large telescopes(GMT,TMT,OWL)

Very large spacearrays

KeplerCOROT

SIM

TPF/Darwin precursor?

Amex

(M. Perryman)

NASA’s Origins developmentNASA’s Origins development

First Generation

Second Generation

Visions

(as summarized by M. Perryman)

SIM:

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Cho et al. 2003

Albedos

Irradiated Brown Dwarfs

Unapproved TPF ‘precursors’: Unapproved TPF ‘precursors’: missions/conceptsmissions/concepts

EclipseEclipse:: (Trauger et al. 2003) – 2004 Discovery?(Trauger et al. 2003) – 2004 Discovery? 1.8 m + coronograph + wavefront correction – Jupiters to 5 AU for stars 1.8 m + coronograph + wavefront correction – Jupiters to 5 AU for stars

to 15 pcto 15 pc JPFJPF:: Jovian planet finder (Clampin et al. 2002) – 2004 Discovery?Jovian planet finder (Clampin et al. 2002) – 2004 Discovery?

1.5 m + coronograph, originally on ISS – Jupiters to 2-20 AU1.5 m + coronograph, originally on ISS – Jupiters to 2-20 AU ESPIESPI:: Extrasolar planet imager, Midex, (Lyon et al. 2003)Extrasolar planet imager, Midex, (Lyon et al. 2003)

1.51.51.5 m apodized square aperture – Jupiters around 160 stars to 16 pc1.5 m apodized square aperture – Jupiters around 160 stars to 16 pc ExPOExPO:: Extrasolar planet observatory (Gezari et al. 2003)Extrasolar planet observatory (Gezari et al. 2003)

similar concept to ESPI proposed as Discovery class missionsimilar concept to ESPI proposed as Discovery class mission SPFSPF:: Self-luminous planet finder (Woolf et al. 2001)Self-luminous planet finder (Woolf et al. 2001)

search for younger/more massive Jupiters in Jupiter orbitssearch for younger/more massive Jupiters in Jupiter orbits FKSIFKSI:: Fourier-Kelvin stellar interferometer (Danchi et al. 2003, Fourier-Kelvin stellar interferometer (Danchi et al. 2003,

poster 8.06)poster 8.06) mid-infrared nulling interferometer: detection of 25 EGPs within 10 pcmid-infrared nulling interferometer: detection of 25 EGPs within 10 pc

OPDOPD:: Optical planet discoverer (Mennesson et al. 2003) Optical planet discoverer (Mennesson et al. 2003) midway between coronography and Bracewell nulling midway between coronography and Bracewell nulling

PIAAPIAA:: Phase-induced amplitude apodization (Guyon 2003) Phase-induced amplitude apodization (Guyon 2003) reflection of an unapodized flat wavefront on two shaped mirrorsreflection of an unapodized flat wavefront on two shaped mirrors

EPIC

(M. Perryman)

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MIPS: Secondary Eclipse of HD209458b!

Spitzer/IRAC Photometry of T Dwarfs

Molecular Opacities