extended abstract decomposing geographical variation of
TRANSCRIPT
Extended Abstract
Decomposing geographical variation of declining child
sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh
Introduction Sex ratio is measure of population composition. Generally more males are born and
theoretically there are to be equal males and females in a given population. In recent
years it is observed that overall sex ratio of the world population is 101 males per
100 females. As per 2011 Indian Census there are 106 males per 100 females. When
we look for 0-6 years’ population this number is estimated as 109 boys for 100 girls
for India. There is a wide variation in sex ratio and child (0-6 years) sex ratio in states
and districts of India. Typically the sex ratio is imbalanced and more males are
present in more than 90 percent states of India. Uttar Pradesh, most populous state
of India, also has this imbalance and this imbalance is worsening with the time. As a
result, missing girls has come up as a new demographic challenge for countries
experiencing fertility decline. In India, recent Census data suggest despite increase in
overall sex ratio, there is decline in child sex ratio. Same is the case with Uttar
Pradesh. This study aims at mainly analyzing Census data at the three levels viz.
village, development block and district level and identify the geographical areas of
concern. This study through its disaggregated analysis will unmask inequalities in
child sex ratios in Uttar Pradesh. Census as a prime source on count of population
facilitate number of males and females by age. Data released under Primary Census
Abstract (PCA) enables community level representation of this phenomenon. This
study is to look in to the sex ratio for three census years namely 1991, 2001 and
2011.
Objectives Main objective of the study is to find sub-state level variations in child sex ratio and
to find the areas of concern. The specific objectives are listed as-
1. To study the trends in child sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh
2. To study the village level data for three Censuses points and understand the
patterns of child sex ratio over time
3. To identify areas of grave concern by multi-level analysis
Data Source Primary Census Abstract data for 1991, 2001 and 2011 Censuses.
Methods Recasting of PCA data for 1991 and 2001 has been done on the basis of 2011 Census.
Additionally, four newly created districts in Uttar Pradesh have been created in data
and analysis has been performed for 75 districts. Likewise backward recasting (based
on 2011) of distribution of villages for 821 development blocks has also been done.
In rural areas three levels of analysis have been considered namely district,
development block and village.
2
Child (0-6 years) sex ratio (F/1000m) in India and Uttar Pradesh
945
927
919
927
916
902
926
916
903
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
1991 2001 2011
India Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh (Recasted)
0
.001
.002
.003
.004
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600x
kdensity sr91 kdensity sr01 kdensity sr11
Results The sex ratio of child population (0-6 years) have declined over the time in India as
well as in Uttar Pradesh.
Latest Census 2011
reveal that CSR (child
sex ratio) is as low as
902 girls per 1000 boys.
There has been 1.2
percent decline during
1991 to 2001 in CSR.
While as, an accelerated
decline of 1.5 percent
was noted during 2001
to 2011. In present
study recasting on 2011
Jurisdiction has been performed. In the process of backward matching of
villages/towns of 1991 and 2001 some units did not match owing to creation/
deletion of some units. In this study of the total population 97.8 percent, 97.4
percent and 97.9 percent for Census years 1991, 2001 and 2011 have matched. Thus
child sex ratio for recasted population has also been presented here. The recasted
CSR are similar to those reported by Census in respective years.
CSR in 1991, 2001 and 2011
The CSR for each of the villages and town has been computed for 1991, 2001 and
2011 census units. The
distribution of units has
been presented in Table-
1. It is notable that 49
percent units had CSR
below 900, which got
reduced for 44 percent
units in 2001 and further
to 43 percent in 2011.
There has been decline in
percent share of
successive categories of
CSR. The adjoining
density graph of CSR for
three decades also
present the similar
picture. The distribution
is shifting towards the
left side depicting decline
in CSR.
3
CSR in regions of Uttar Pradesh
936 938
923
911
926
914
940
914
892
916
905
919
897
887
903
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
Central Eastern Southern Western UP
CSR 1991 CSR 2001 CSR 2011
69
36
68
65
4440
6739
6638
4335
6364
41
37
42 62
60
27
6134
72 48
3332 59
2557
47
31
30
46
54265845
55
15 2952
5616 1753
51
49
2328
24
1470
5071
13
12
18 22
21
11197510
20
456
749
78
32
73
1 (970,1030](910,970]
(850,910][730,850]
Sex Ratio 0-6 Years 1991
69
36
68
65
4440
6739
6638
4335
6364
41
37
42 62
60
27
6134
72 48
3332 59
2557
47
31
30
46
54265845
55
15 2952
5616 1753
51
49
2328
24
1470
5071
13
1218 22
21
11197510
20
456
749
78
32
73
1 (970,1030](910,970]
(850,910][730,850]
Sex Ratio 0-6 Years 2001
CSR in regions of Uttar Pradesh
There is a wide variation in CSR among four regions of Uttar Pradesh. The highest
CSR was for Eastern
region followed by
Central region and
Southern region leaving
Western region for the
last position. The similar
position remained in
2001 and 2011. The
difference between the
highest and lowest CSR
is 22 points in 2011.
Details of CSR by rural
and urban areas are presented in Table-2.
CSR in districts of Uttar Pradesh
The CSR in 1991 among 75 districts varied from 877 to 975. The top five districts as
per CSR were Sonbhadra (975), Kheri
(964), Pilibhit (957), Mau (955) and
Sitapur (953) and bottom five were
Firozabad (877), Baghpat (885),
Sambhal (886), Mathura (888) and
Etah (889). In 2001 the CSR ranged
between 842 and 966. The top
featuring districts were Sonbhadra
(966), Bahraich (965), Siddharthnagar
(965), Balrampur (961) and Mahrajganj
(957) and the trailing districts were
Ghaziabad (890), Baghpat (850),
Shamli (857), Meerut (857) and
Gautam Buddha Nagar (858). In 2011
the variation in CSR ranged from 841
to 950. The top districts were
Balrampur (950), Sant Kabir Nagar
(942), Bahraich (935), Siddharthnagar
(935) and Amethi (935) and bottom
five were Baghpat (841), Gautam
Buddha Nagar (844), Ghaziabad (845),
Meerut (852) and Bulandshahr (854).
There is a clear demarcation of east
and west when top and bottom five
districts of the state are counted. Map-
1 presents the distribution of 75
districts by CSR for 1991, 2001 and
2011.
4
69
36
68
65
4440
6739
6638
4335
6364
41
37
42 62
60
27
6134
72 48
3332 59
2557
47
31
30
46
54265845
55
15 2952
5616 1753
51
49
2328
24
1470
5071
13
1218 22
21
11197510
20
456
749
78
32
73
1 (970,1030](910,970]
(850,910][730,850]
Sex Ratio 0-6 Years 2011
143
140
150
141139
138
148142
144151
137
145149
146147
114
115116
110
113117
118119
111109
112
108
464
462
467 471473
459
465 469468
458
477476
460
474
463470
472
466
461
475
512
505510
509
507508
511 506
504
348
350
352
351
347346
349
681
679
685684
683
689
680
697
682
695699
691
692
686
700
693
694687
688690
698
696
178
173
175
179
185
171 174
181
172
186183
170
177180
184182
187
176
77
75 76
74
79
78
539
542
545 546
548
547
543
537
538
549
541540
544
550
725
723
721
722716720
717719
714
726
711712
713
715 724
710
718
557
563
559
556
560
564
561
558
562
410409
412
407
411
413
414
408
489
483 487
482
479
492
484
485
493
478
488
481
494490
486
480
491
198
188
200191
201
192
190
202
195
193197
194 199
196
189
607606
605
602
597
599601
608
598
595603
596604
600
31
3329
35
27 3028
26
32
3634
94
101
107
97
96
102103
93
100
106
95
105
104
98
92
99
769
764
770
768
765
772
767766
771
416
417
419
415
418
677672
664
673
671 674678
669
665
663
676
667668
670
675
666
808814 807813
809
810
812
811
340
341
343
345
338
344
339 342
497500499
496
503498502
495
501
327
323
329328
324 326325
430
422
428427
425
420
432
426429
423
421
424
431
159
155
154
156157
160
153
158
152
8889
90
91
81
84
8785
8380
8286
763
760
753
752755
748
756
757
749
754
759
762
750
751
758
761
579
574580
572571
566
568
570
578
569
577
567
573
565
575576
644
648
643
636
640
630
635
646647
631
645641
637
632638
634633 639
642
399
396
402401
400
398 397
272
263
277
262
275
266
269
264
274
273
267268
261
265
276
259
271
270
260
380
377
379381
374375
378376
373
730
732
738
742
747745
741
746
729
735
731
736744
734737
739
728
740743
727
733
389 384
386388
383385
387
382
5756
59
61
60
58
330 333
336
334335332
331
337
357
360
356
355 354
359362
353
361
358
371
368
364
366
372
363
367
370369
365
817819
816
820
818
821
815
456
450
454
453455
457452
451
661
659
657
653
658
649
655
650
652654
662
656660
651
229
234
230
238
239
228235
232
231237
226
225
233
236
227
392
393
391
394
395
390
296
297
300
298295
294
301
299
122123124
125126
120121
623
624
627
619
626
621
618
620
628629
625 622
405
404
406403
164
167161
168
165 169
162
163
166
133
129
128
136
134
131
135
127
130
132
703701
704702
705708
706709 707
6466
70
7368
65
71 677269
6362
787
793
798
788
792
789
794
790 797791
795
796
46
4945
40
44
3938
43
4142
48
47
37
20
21
17
24
13
1625
2319
18
22
15
1412
203
206
207208
205204
209
446
449438448
437
439
435434
443
444445436 442
441433
447
440
309
302
307
321315
316
320
308
317
312
314
304
311
318322
313
310
303305
306
319
51
5354
52
50
55
4
11
7
2
10
6
9
3
8
1
5
612611
617
614
610
615
616609
613
781
784
783
786785
782
210
221220
215
224222219
214
211216
223
218 212
213217
554
552
555
551 553
588
581
591
584
594
592
583
590
593
587
589
585
582
586
245250
253
244
246
257
248
249
243 255
241
242254
247240
256
251252
258
806
802
800
805
799
804
803
801
535520
516
530523
522
524
533527519
514
528517
534
525526
531
529515
532521
518
513289
282279
287
292
280
278
284
291
283
285
290
281
288
286
293
778
773780
775776
779
774
777
(970,1030](910,970](850,910][730,850]
Sex Ratio 0-6 Years 1991
There were no district below 850 CSR in 1991, in 2001 one district fell in the category
while as by 2011 4 districts had CSR
less or equal to 850. Likewise in next
category of ‘850-910’ there were 25
districts in 1991 and it rose to 30 in
2001 and 39 in 2011. In the higher
category of ‘910-970’ there were 48
districts and it declined to 44 in 2001
and 32 in 2011. There were two
districts in 1991 which had CSR more
than 970 and subsequent year none
were left in this category. Patterns
clearly revel that western districts had
low CSRs and Eastern districts had high
CSR. Bundelkhand districts were more
similar to those of Western districts
while Central region districts more or less featured like Eastern districts. There is a
clear East and West divide in as far as CSR in Uttar Pradesh is concerned.
Block level CSR in Uttar Pradesh
There are 821 blocks in Uttar Pradesh for which the recasted data of CSR has been
generated. In 1991
there were seven blocks
with CSR more than
1000; Dhaurehra (Kheri:
1023), Kakwan (Kanpur
Nagar: 1022), Nighasan
(Kheri: 1019), Isanagar
(Kheri: 1011), Bijua
(Kheri) (1006),
Amaniganj (Faizabad:
1004) and Chopan
(Sonbhadra: 1002). The
bottom five blocks were
Islamnagar (Budaun:
842), Madanpur
(Firozabad: 842), Bah
(Agra: 842), Jagner
(Agra: 842) and
Chakarnagar (Etawah:
848). In 2001 the CSRS varied between 799 and 1004. Among top five blocks in 2001
there was only one with CSR value greater than 1000; Mihinpurwa (Bahraich: 1004)
followed by Jamunaha (Shrawasti: 999), Shoharatgarh (Siddharthnagar: 991),
Isanagar (Kheri: 990) and Dudhahi (Kushinagar: 990). The bottom five blocks were
Shamli (Shamli: 799), Nanauta (Saharanpur: 827), Muradnagar (Ghaziabad: 830),
Baghara (Muzaffarnagar: 830) and Janikhurd (Meerut: 835). In 2011 the CSR among
blocks ranged between 731 and 966. Blocks with highest CSR in 2011 may be listed
5
143
140
150
141139
138
148142
144151
137
145149
146147
114
115116
110
113117
118119
111109
112
108
464
462
467 471473
459
465 469468
458
477476
460
474
463470
472
466
461
475
512
505510
509
507508
511 506
504
348
350
352
351
347346
349
681
679
685684
683
689
680
697
682
695699
691
692
686
700
693
694687
688690
698
696
178
173
175
179
185
171 174
181
172
186183
170
177180
184182
187
176
77
75 76
74
79
78
539
542
545 546
548
547
543
537
538
549
541540
544
550
725
723
721
722716720
717719
714
726
711712
713
715 724
710
718
557
563
559
556
560
564
561
558
562
410409
412
407
411
413
414
408
489
483 487
482
479
492
484
485
493
478
488
481
494490
486
480
491
198
188
200191
201
192
190
202
195
193197
194 199
196
189
607606
605
602
597
599601
608
598
595603
596604
600
31
3329
35
27 3028
26
32
3634
94
101
107
97
96
102103
93
100
106
95
105
104
98
92
99
769
764
770
768
765
772
767766
771
416
417
419
415
418
677672
664
673
671 674678
669
665
663
676
667668
670
675
666
808814 807813
809
810
812
811
340
341
343
345
338
344
339 342
497500499
496
503498502
495
501
327
323
329328
324 326325
430
422
428427
425
420
432
426429
423
421
424
431
159
155
154
156157
160
153
158
152
8889
90
91
81
84
8785
8380
8286
763
760
753
752755
748
756
757
749
754
759
762
750
751
758
761
579
574580
572571
566
568
570
578
569
577
567
573
565
575576
644
648
643
636
640
630
635
646647
631
645641
637
632638
634633 639
642
399
396
402401
400
398 397
272
263
277
262
275
266
269
264
274
273
267268
261
265
276
259
271
270
260
380
377
379381
374375
378376
373
730
732
738
742
747745
741
746
729
735
731
736744
734737
739
728
740743
727
733
389 384
386388
383385
387
382
5756
59
61
60
58
330 333
336
334335332
331
337
357
360
356
355 354
359362
353
361
358
371
368
364
366
372
363
367
370369
365
817819
816
820
818
821
815
456
450
454
453455
457452
451
661
659
657
653
658
649
655
650
652654
662
656660
651
229
234
230
238
239
228235
232
231237
226
225
233
236
227
392
393
391
394
395
390
296
297
300
298295
294
301
299
122123124
125126
120121
623
624
627
619
626
621
618
620
628629
625 622
405
404
406403
164
167161
168
165 169
162
163
166
133
129
128
136
134
131
135
127
130
132
703701
704702
705708
706709 707
6466
70
7368
65
71 677269
6362
787
793
798
788
792
789
794
790 797791
795
796
46
4945
40
44
3938
43
4142
48
47
37
20
21
17
24
13
1625
2319
18
22
15
1412
203
206
207208
205204
209
446
449438448
437
439
435434
443
444445436 442
441433
447
440
309
302
307
321315
316
320
308
317
312
314
304
311
318322
313
310
303305
306
319
51
5354
52
50
55
4
11
7
2
10
6
9
3
8
1
5
612611
617
614
610
615
616609
613
781
784
783
786785
782
210
221220
215
224222219
214
211216
223
218 212
213217
554
552
555
551 553
588
581
591
584
594
592
583
590
593
587
589
585
582
586
245250
253
244
246
257
248
249
243 255
241
242254
247240
256
251252
258
806
802
800
805
799
804
803
801
535520
516
530523
522
524
533527519
514
528517
534
525526
531
529515
532521
518
513289
282279
287
292
280
278
284
291
283
285
290
281
288
286
293
778
773780
775776
779
774
777
(970,1030](910,970](850,910][730,850]
Sex Ratio 0-6 Years 2001
143
140
150
141139
138
148142
144151
137
145149
146147
114
115116
110
113117
118119
111109
112
108
464
462
467 471473
459
465 469468
458
477476
460
474
463470
472
466
461
475
512
505510
509
507508
511 506
504
348
350
352
351
347346
349
681
679
685684
683
689
680
697
682
695699
691
692
686
700
693
694687
688690
698
696
178
173
175
179
185
171 174
181
172
186183
170
177180
184182
187
176
77
75 76
74
79
78
539
542
545 546
548
547
543
537
538
549
541540
544
550
725
723
721
722716720
717719
714
726
711712
713
715 724
710
718
557
563
559
556
560
564
561
558
562
410409
412
407
411
413
414
408
489
483 487
482
479
492
484
485
493
478
488
481
494490
486
480
491
198
188
200191
201
192
190
202
195
193197
194 199
196
189
607606
605
602
597
599601
608
598
595603
596604
600
31
3329
35
27 3028
26
32
3634
94
101
107
97
96
102103
93
100
106
95
105
104
98
92
99
769
764
770
768
765
772
767766
771
416
417
419
415
418
677672
664
673
671 674678
669
665
663
676
667668
670
675
666
808814 807813
809
810
812
811
340
341
343
345
338
344
339 342
497500499
496
503498502
495
501
327
323
329328
324 326325
430
422
428427
425
420
432
426429
423
421
424
431
159
155
154
156157
160
153
158
152
8889
90
91
81
84
8785
8380
8286
763
760
753
752755
748
756
757
749
754
759
762
750
751
758
761
579
574580
572571
566
568
570
578
569
577
567
573
565
575576
644
648
643
636
640
630
635
646647
631
645641
637
632638
634633 639
642
399
396
402401
400
398 397
272
263
277
262
275
266
269
264
274
273
267268
261
265
276
259
271
270
260
380
377
379381
374375
378376
373
730
732
738
742
747745
741
746
729
735
731
736744
734737
739
728
740743
727
733
389 384
386388
383385
387
382
5756
59
61
60
58
330 333
336
334335332
331
337
357
360
356
355 354
359362
353
361
358
371
368
364
366
372
363
367
370369
365
817819
816
820
818
821
815
456
450
454
453455
457452
451
661
659
657
653
658
649
655
650
652654
662
656660
651
229
234
230
238
239
228235
232
231237
226
225
233
236
227
392
393
391
394
395
390
296
297
300
298295
294
301
299
122123124
125126
120121
623
624
627
619
626
621
618
620
628629
625 622
405
404
406403
164
167161
168
165 169
162
163
166
133
129
128
136
134
131
135
127
130
132
703701
704702
705708
706709 707
6466
70
7368
65
71 677269
6362
787
793
798
788
792
789
794
790 797791
795
796
46
4945
40
44
3938
43
4142
48
47
37
20
21
17
24
13
1625
2319
18
22
15
1412
203
206
207208
205204
209
446
449438448
437
439
435434
443
444445436 442
441433
447
440
309
302
307
321315
316
320
308
317
312
314
304
311
318322
313
310
303305
306
319
51
5354
52
50
55
4
11
7
2
10
6
9
3
8
1
5
612611
617
614
610
615
616609
613
781
784
783
786785
782
210
221220
215
224222219
214
211216
223
218 212
213217
554
552
555
551 553
588
581
591
584
594
592
583
590
593
587
589
585
582
586
245250
253
244
246
257
248
249
243 255
241
242254
247240
256
251252
258
806
802
800
805
799
804
803
801
535520
516
530523
522
524
533527519
514
528517
534
525526
531
529515
532521
518
513289
282279
287
292
280
278
284
291
283
285
290
281
288
286
293
778
773780
775776
779
774
777
(970,1030](910,970](850,910][730,850]
Sex Ratio 0-6 Years 2011
as Dhani (Mahrajganj: 966), Mavai (Faizabad: 965), Isanagar (Kheri: 964),
Semariyawan (Sant
Kabir Nagar: 964) and
Mihinpurwa (Bahraich:
963) and bottom five
blocks were Sandila
(Hardoi: 731), Shamli
(Shamli: 811), Jewar
(Gautam Buddha Nagar:
818), Rohta (Meerut:
820) and Chhaprauli
(Baghpat: 821). The
maps of block level CSR
present a picture more
or less in tune to the
districts with few
variations. There seems
a clear East and West
demarcation in the
patterns of the CSR
among the blocks in
2001 which is similar to that of 1991. The names of blocks are represented in serial
numbers listed in the appendix-A.
In 1991 there were only six block which had CSR below 850, this rose to 23 blocks in
2001 and 31 in 2011. In
next category ‘850-910’
the number of blocks
increased to 266 in
2001 and 375 in 2011
from 218 in 1991. In
next two higher
categories the number
of block declined from
1991 to 2011. In highest
category of ‘970-1030’
there were 56 blocks in
1991 which got reduced
to 39 in 2001 and none
in 2011 (Table 4). The
worsening of sex ratio is
prevalent in almost all
the regions and districts
of the state.
Noteworthy the phenomenon of low CSR is not limited to Western region of the
state but it has also swept to the blocks falling in eastern region with time.
6
(113.1,118.4](111,113.1](109.3,111][104.8,109.3]
Sex ratio at Birth- UP HMIS [2011-12 to 2016-17]
Present scenario in sex ratio at birth
The health management information system (HMIS) data has been great source of
data on health process indicators. The
quality of data has been improving and
has reached a satisfactory level on many
counts. HMIS items include the number
of births of males and females within
the health facility jurisdiction. This data
has a limitation that number of births
reported is mainly from the public
health facilities or births at home but
tend to capture a fairly sizeable
proportion of births in the sate. The
obtained for the districts of Uttar
Pradesh has been pooled for past 3/5
years and average picture of sex ratio at
birth has been presented in Table 7.
Ideally the SRB has to be 105 but in Uttar Pradesh in past 6 years average works out
to be 111.6. Only four of the districts- Meerut, Bulandshahr, Chitrakoot and Pilibhit
had SRB between 104 and 106 remaining all the district had SRB more than 107 and
118. The highest SRB has been observed in Aligarh (118.4), Hamirpur (117.3),
Ambedkar Nagar (116.7), Mathura (115.1) and Firozabad (114.8).
Decline in CSR over two decades
At micro level 54 percent of villages experienced a decline in CSR over two decades
while as only half a percent maintained a same level and 45.4 percent registered an
increase in the CSR. In urban areas more than two thirds units have shown decline in
CSR and remaining one third have registered an increase. As far as district level is
concerned there are eight districts; Kanshiram Nagar, Moradabad, Firozabad,
Ambedkar Nagar, Sant Kabir Nagar, Balrampur, Sambhal and Shrawasti which
registered an increase in CSR in two decades and remaining 67 districts experienced
decline in CSR in the similar period. Top five districts as far as decline is concerned
are Kanpur Nagar (66), Jhansi (53), Meerut (51), Gautam Buddha Nagar (49) and
Shamli (48). If considered for the blocks in Uttar Pradesh 163 block registered an
increase in the CSR and six remained same in twenty years’ time period. There were
652 blocks which have experienced a decline and top five blocks in respect to decline
are Sandila (Hardoi: 198), Kakwan (Kanpur Nagar: 126), Kaurihar (Allahabad: 119),
Meerut (Meerut: 97) and Jewar (Gautam Buddha Nagar: 91).
As expected the decline in the CSR has not been uniform; the rank correlation
(according to population size) for rural areas during 1991-2001 and 2001-2011 pairs
of villages was as small as 0.033 and 0.053 but in urban areas for same pairs of towns
they were 0.205 and 0.312. If we move up in the level i.e. block level (restricted to
rural areas) the rank correlations were 0.673 and 0.760. Similarly for the district level
the values of rank correlations are 0.803 and 0.929 for 1991-2001 and 2001-2011
pairs of districts.
7
Looking through the background characteristics it may be noted that proportion of
child population is negatively associated with the decline in CSR in the state. Increase
in village/town size to an extent is positively associated with decline in CSR. Urban
areas experienced twice as much decline in CSR compared to the rural areas.
Proportion SC/ST does not have much bearing on decline in CSR in state. Increase in
female literacy is found to be positively associated with the decline in CSR in the
state.
Multilevel analysis depicts that most of the variation in CSR is explained at the village
level a very small proportion about two percent is explained by district level and less
than one percent at the block level.
Table : Regression of change CSR (2011-1991) in Uttar Pradesh
Independent variables β SE(β) t P>t
Difference in proportion 0-6 year population
(2011-1991) -0.369 0.075 -4.95 0.000
diff_rat_~91 2.45 0.262 9.35 0.000
CSR 1991 -0.978 0.003 -
345.72 0.000
Female literacy 1991 -0.78 0.069 -11.31 0.000
Ratio of 0-6 population in 1991 2.491 0.319 7.8 0.000
Sector (indicator) Urban (Rural suppressed) 4.741 8.694 0.55 0.586
Size of village/ town (indicator: size class 1
‘<4000 suppressed) Size class (4000-8000) -17.199 2.789 -6.17 0.000
Size class (8000+) -16.47 6.041 -2.73 0.006
Constant 888.896 8.165 108.87 0.000
R-square= 0.646 F(5, 95584)=34862.32;
Prob>F=0.0000