WHAT IS MARBLE?

Marble is metamorphosed limestone, composed of fairly pure calcite (a crystalline form of calcium

carbonate, CaCO3). It is extensively used for sculpture, as an building material, and in many other

applications.

Faux marble or faux marbling is a wall painting technique that imitates the color patterns of real

marble (not to be confused with paper marbling). Marble dust can be combined with cement or

synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble.

Places named after the stone include Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York and the town of Marble,

Minnesota. The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures taken from the Parthenon to Britain by the

Earl of Elgin.

Folded and weathered marble at General Carrera Lake, Chile

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Taj mahal made up of marble

Marble from Italy

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ORIGINS OF MARBLE:

Marble is a metamorphic rock resulting from regional or at times contact metamorphism of

sedimentary carbonate rocks, either limestone or dolostone. This metamorphic process causes a

complete recrystallization of the original rock into an interlocking mosaic of calcite and/or

dolomite crystals. The temperatures and pressures necessary to form marble usually destroy any

fossils and sedimentary textures present in the original rock.

Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of very pure limestone’s. The characteristic swirls

and veins of many colored marble varieties are usually due to various mineral impurities such as

clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the

limestone. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally high magnesium

limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and

recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism.

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TYPES OF MARBLE:

Some historically important kinds of marble, named after the locations of their quarries, include:

Carrara (Italy)

Pentelicus (Greece)

Proconnesus (Turkey)

White marbles, like Carrara, have been prized for sculpture since classical times. This preference

has to do with the softness and relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to

shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters

into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic "waxy" look which gives

"life" to marble sculptures of the human body.

Construction marble

In the construction trade, the term "marble" is used for any massive, crystalline calcitic rock (and

some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee Marble is really a

massive, highly fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician dolostone, known as the Holston

Formation by geologists.

Etymology

The word "marble" derives from the Greek marmaros, "shining stone" (OED). This stem is also the

basis for the English word "marmoreal" meaning "marble-like".

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Cultural associations

As the favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects, marble has become a

cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a

favorite decorative material, and are often imitated — e.g. in background patterns for computer

displays.

In folklore, marble is associated with the astrological sign of Gemini. Pure white marble is an

emblem of purity. It is also an emblem of immortality, and an ensurer of success in education.

Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia

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LARGEST PRODUCER OF MARBLE IN INDIA.

India possesses a wide spectrum of dimensional stones that include granite, marble, sandstone,

limestone, slate, and quartzite, spread out all over the country.

India is also amongst the largest producer of raw stone material and the sector is quite developed

and vibrant in the South, as well as in Rajasthan and Gujarat, with a dedicated resource of

entrepreneurs. India also has an indigenous resource of machinery and tool manufacturers which

cater well to the demands of this sector.

The Indian stone industry has evolved into the production and manufacturing of blocks, flooring

slabs, structural slabs, calibrated - ready to fix tiles, monuments, tomb stones, sculptures, artifacts,

cobbles, cubes, pebbles and landscape garden stones.

Tradition of Stones

India's long history, dating back to 3200 BC has been influenced considerably by the disposition,

development and use of stones and other construction materials. Dimension stones have also left

deep imprints on the architectural heritage of the country. Innumerable temples, forts and palaces

of Ancient Indian Civilization have been carved out of locally available stones. The Taj Mahal at

Agra stands testimony to the age-defying beauty of Indian marble. Some of the ancient rocks cut

wonders include Khajuraho Temple, Elephanta Caves, and Konark Temple. Besides, all major

archeological excavations have revealed exquisitely carved statuettes and carvings in stone.

Ancient Buddhist monuments like the Sanchi Stupa of 3rd century BC have also been carved out of

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stone.

This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued to the present era, with most of the important

modern buildings in India like the Presidential House, Parliament House, and Supreme Court made

from high quality sandstone of Rajasthan. The Bahá'í House of Worship of New Delhi stands

testimony to the relevance of marble in modern Indian architecture.

Stones are still the mainstays of civil construction in India, with stones being used extensively in

public buildings, hotels, and temples. It is increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones

now penetrating amongst the burgeoning middle class of India.

The success of commercial stone industry solely depends upon defects in rock/stone. Natural

defects in ornamental/commercial rock deposits adversely affect the quality of rock deposit.

Detection of natural defects in decorative and dimensional stone industry play vital role in the

quality assessment.

India is pioneer in the exploration, mining of commercial rock deposits and in establishing a firm

base for stone industry. India, with an estimated resource of about 1,690 million cu m, comprising

over 160 shades of Dimension Stone Granites (DSG), accounts for about 205 of the world

resources. Of the 300 varieties being traded in the world market, nearly half of them are from India.

Commercially viable granite and other rock deposits are reported from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,

Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,

and others.

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Deposits

Marble

Marble deposits are widespread in India, with deposits of economic importance being concentrated

in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. Newer

varieties are gradually being developed for economic exploitation in the states of Bihar, Jammu &

Kashmir, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.

Rajasthan is the main depository of marble, with reserves spread over the districts of Nagaur,

Udaipur, Rajsamand, Banswara, Dungarpur, Jaipur, Sirohi, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Bundi, Alwar, and

Pali. The main varieties in Rajasthan include Green, Makrana Albeta White, Makrana Kumari

White, Makrana Dungri White, Jhiri Onyx, Phalodi Pink, Ambaji White, Indo-Italian, Babarmal

Pink, Bhainslana Black, Forest Green, Forest Brown, Agaria White, dan Morwar White.

Next to Rajasthan, Gujarat has vast reserves of marble in the districts of Banaskantha, Bharuch,

Vadodara, Kachchh, and Panchmahal. Of these, Ambaji area in Banaskantha district and

Chunchupura area in Vadodara district are the main quarrying centres for marble. Deposits of

marble in Andhra Pradesh are spread over Guntur, Khammam, Cuddapah, Kurnool and Anantapur

districts. Marble rocks of Bhedaghat, Katni, Majholi near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh are the latest

discoveries.

Main states producing marble are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat:

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Rajasthan

The largest state of India accounts for over 90% of total marble production of the country. Main

varieties here are:

Makarana Marble: The famous marble of which the Taj Mahal is made, it is highly calcic.

Main sub-varieties are Kumhari, Doongri, Alberta, and Makaran White.The largest mines is

Makrana marble.Length of mines is 1350m.

Rajnagar Marble: World's largest marble-producing area, with over 2,000 gang saw units

located in the nearby town of Kishangarh to process the material produced. Agaria is the

best variety of this area, with numerous other varieties and patterns, primarily in white base.

The marble is dolomitic and often has quartz intrusions.

Andhi Marble: Located near the capital city of the state of Jaipur (also known as the 'Pink

City'), it is dolomitic marble with intrusions of tremolite, and is commonly known by the

name of pista (pistachio) marble, because of the green coloured tremolite against an off-

white background. One of the famous varieties of this area was known as Indo-Italian,

owing to its resemblance with Satvario Marble. Most of the mining of this famous field is

now banned by the Supreme Court of India because of the vicinity of the area to the Sariska

Tiger Reserve.

Salumber Marble: Also known as Onyx Marble, it has thick bands of green and pink hint. A

resemblance to Onyx Marble from Pakistan gives it this name. This is also highly

dolomitic.

Yellow Marble: Though it has not been metamorphosed and hence is still a limestone, it is

known as Yellow Marble in trade circles. It is mined in the Jaisalmer District.

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Bidasar: Again this is not marble, but is known as marble in trade circles. These are ultra

basic rocks in shades of brown and green colour. The criss-cross linear pattern given it a

remarkable resemblance to a photograph of dense forest. These are also known as forest

green/brown or fancy green/brown.

Gujarat

Amba Ji Marble is one of the finest marble produced in India. It can be easily compared with

Makarana Marble. It is highly calcic and is produced in a town called Ambaji (famous for its

temple of Durga Devi). The marble has a very soft and waxy look, and is often used by sculptors.

Madhya Pradesh

Katni Range is famous for its beige coloured marble which is dolomitic but highly crystalline, with

very fine grain size and some quartz intrusions. The marble accepts excellent polish. Another

variety of the same range is red/maroon-colored marble.

'Jabalpur range' contains dolomitic marble of excellent whiteness. It is more often used as dolomite

lumps for chemical and industrial uses.

Granite

India is endowed with one of the best granite deposits in the world, having excellent varieties

comprising over 200 shades. India accounts for over 20% of the world resources in granite. Granite

reserves in India have now been estimated by the Indian Bureau of Mines at over 42,916 million

cubic metres. Splendid black and multicolour varieties of granite are available in the states of

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Granite deposits are also widespread

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over the provinces of Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, and Gujarat. India is the largest exporter of

granite and granite products in the world.

Sandstone

Sandstone reserves in India are spread over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,

Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Over 90% of the deposits of sandstone are in Rajasthan,

spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai-Madhopur, Bundi,

Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali, and Jaisalmer.

Slate

Slate reserves in India are found in Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and

Madhya Pradesh. Deposits in Rajasthan are spread over the districts of Alwar, Ajmer, Bharatpur,

Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Pali, Udaipur, Churu, and Chittorgarh.

Flaggy limestone

Kotastone of Kota district and Yellow Limestone of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan are the prime

limestone occurrences in India. Other deposits include the Shahabad Stone of Gulbarga and the

Belgaum districts of Karnataka, Cuddapah Stone of Kadapa, Kurnool and the Anantpur & Guntur

districts of Andhra Pradesh, Milliolitic Limestone from Saurashtra Region, Gujarat, and 'Yellow

Limestone' of Kutch district of Gujarat, amongst others.

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Limestone deposits in Andhra Pradesh, India

Andhra Pradesh has the privilege of possessing about 32% of the country's total reserves of

limestone. Commercial grade limestone deposits are being exploiting from

Bethamcherla,Macherla,Neereducherla,Tandur,((shahabad)),Mudimanikyam of Kurnool, Guntur,

Anantapur, Rangareddy, and Nalgonda districts are widely used in our country for panelling, and

flooring purposes. Sullavai limestone of Karminagar and Warangal districts, massive limestones of

Mudimanikyam, Nalgonda districts. Andhra Pradesh's limestone reserves are estimated about

30,424 million tonnes. Total India's limestones are estimated about 93,623 million tonnes.

Limestones are extensively utilized for manufacturing of cement and also building stones,

particularly flooring and roofing (Dept of Mines and Geology, AP,Venkat Reddy,2006).

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VARIETIES OF MARBLE EXPORTED FROM INDIA

1. White marble

2. Colored marble

3. Marble

4. Precision inlay work

5. Slabs, tiles

6. Majoli range, majoli red, majoli opal, majoli beige

7. Agaria white

8. Morwad white

9. Opal white

10.Pearl white

11.Katni white

12.White onyx

13.Indo-Italian

14.Green sky

15.Pista green, maleno

16.Beige white

17.Chocolate marble

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18.Desert black marble

19.Desert pearl marble

20.Mmpl green

21.Mmpl pink

22.Singoli

23.Light chocolate marble

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MAJOR COUNTRIES WHO IMPORT MARBLE FROM INDIA

1) Japan

2) Australia

3) U.S.A

4) Italy

5) Gulf countries

6) Korea

7) Europe

8) Far East Countries

9) Middle East

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10) Africa

PROCEDURE THROUGH WHICH MARBLE IS EXPORTED:

Exporting marble is highly attractive and prestigious. The exporters perform very

significant service to the nation by earning valuable foreign exchange.

Export business makes optimum use of available resources. Export business represents

scientific activity. It requires knowledge of rules and regulations relating to export

control, promotional measures, procedural formalities, customs procedures and

documentation and payment realization not only in India but also in the countries of

Importers.

Export procedure of marble consists of five steps which are:

1) Registration stage

2) Pre-shipment stage

3) Shipment stage

4) Realising Export Incentives

5) Post-shipment stage

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1) Registration Stage : Every export business needs various registrations without which the

business is not legally recognized.

2) Pre-shipment stage : The exporter has to manufacture goods and get completed inspection

and excise formalities.

Receipt of confirmed order

Obtaining a confirmed Letter of Credit

Obtaining Export Licence, if necessary

Obtaining Pre-shipment Finance

Procurement of marble

Packing of marble

Pre-shipment Inspection

Central Excise Clearance

ECGC cover(export credit Guarantee corporation of India,ltd)

Marine Insurance Policy

Appointment of C&F Agent

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3) Shipment stage : The exporter to put the marble through the customs and fulfill

documentary requirements.

Shipping and customs formalities

Reservation of space in the ship

Arrangement of internal transport from factory or warehouse to the port

of shipment

Preparation and processing of shipping documents like shipping bill,

commercial Invoice, letter of credit, certificate of origin, GR form, ARE-1

form etc.

Customs clearance

Carting order

Storing the marble

Examination of marble

Let ship order

Loading of marble

Payment of port dues

Obtaining Bill of Lading

4) Realising export incentives:

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The exporter take steps to claim export incentives.

5) Post-shipment Procedure:

The exporter has to take steps to realize payments from abroad. Negotiation of

Documents and Realisation of export proceeds.

Submission of Documents by the Agent to the Exporter

Shipment Advice to Importer

Presentation of Documents to the Bank for Negotiation

Despatch of Documents

Documentary Bill of Exchange

Letter of Indemnity

Realisation of Export Proceeds

Processing of Form GR

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CASE-STUDY

MOON LIGHT MARBLES IN RAJASTHAN

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At moonlight marbles, they pay great attention (since 1989) to quality concept

not by only in product but at the same time in management system, carries

out ISO 9001 for the sense of quality assurance and reliability of the company

as well as its long term potential.

Raw material is the heart of final product therefore, they have formed a perfect team that has

Information and experience in selecting the best raw materials from India as well as from all

over World to supply to our valued customers within and out side India.

The team of young, dynamic and skilled professional is committed to deliver high quality

products and services as per international standards in the Indian as well as global market. At the

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premises of our factory, the choicest selection of all Indian, imported and composite marbles are

processed on complete, scientifically designed production lines, using state of the art.

They have done and yet doing the most prestigious projects in Indian and

Internationalmarket. .

Products Manufacturing and Exporting:

White marble, colored marble, marble, precision inlay work, slabs, tiles, majoli range, majoli

red, majoli opal, majoli beige, agaria white, morwad white , opal white, pearl white,katni

white, white onyx, indo-italian, green sky, pista green, maleno, beige white, chocolate marble,

desert black marble, desert pearl marble, mmpl green, mmpl pink, singoli, light chocolate

marble.

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Infrastructure :

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Conclusion

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.google.com

www.moonlightmarbles.com

www.wikipedia.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble

 

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