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Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13

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Page 1: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Exploring the Oceans

Chapter 13

Page 2: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Oceans of the Earth• 71% of Earth’s surface is water• 98% of water on Earth is ocean water

What/where is the rest of Earth’s water?

• Oceans are gradually changing shape due to plate tectonics

Which ocean is growing larger?

Page 3: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Composition of Ocean Water• The salinity of ocean water is 3.5% (for every

100mL of water 3.5 grams is salt)

• Salt = dissolved elements in water, sodium and chlorine, most abundant-but there are many other salts, among them Mg, K, S, and Ca

What do Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) combine to form?

Page 4: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Ocean Water Ions

Page 5: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Composition of Ocean WaterSources of Salt:1. Minerals in ocean crust2. Erosion of land minerals carried to oceans by

rivers

• Minerals are continually added to water by above

Why aren’t oceans getting saltier?Or are they? Lets talk about this.

The Answer

http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/ps_questions.html
Page 6: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Composition of Ocean WaterHow salts are removed:1. By winds2. Sea spray = waves breaking on shore3. Used by organism for shells and for nutrients4. Become part of new ocean crust

Page 7: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Ocean Temperature and Pressure• Oceans surface warmed by the sun• Suns rays only go so deep, which leads to a

top, fairly uniform layer = surface zone

• Beneath surface zone is thermocline = layer in which water temp. decreases rapidly with depth

• Below thermocline is deep zone: temps decrease slowly

Page 8: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Ocean Temperature and Pressure• Pressure increases with depth, more water

present to push down, and in all directions

• Pressure affects freezing temp. along with salt in the water causing deep ocean water to actually be below freezing as a liquid

Effects of salt on freezing point

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1046/notes/SolnProp/Collig/Collig.htm
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1046/notes/SolnProp/Collig/Collig.htm
Page 9: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Ocean Chemistry

0.5km

4.0km

3.5km

3.0km

2.5km

2.0km

1.5km

1.0km

DepthSurface zone

Transition zone

Deep zone

3.8 kmAverage ocean depth

Page 10: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean FloorMeasuring the Water’s Depth• Done w/an echo sounder by bouncing sound

waves off the bottom and measuring how long it takes waves to come back

• This creates a side view or profile of the ocean floor

Page 11: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s
Page 12: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s
Page 13: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean FloorFeatures of Ocean Floor:

Continental Shelf = broad flat extensions of continent submerged by water

Continental Slope = steep slope that marks the end of continental shelf, extends down to ocean floor

Page 14: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean FloorFeatures of Ocean Floor:

Continental Rise: sand and mud washed down the continental slope forming small hill of deposits

Abyssal Hills: hills on the ocean floor

Abyssal Plains: flat surfaces of the ocean floor

Page 15: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean FloorFeatures of Ocean Floor:

Seamount: extend at least 900 meters off ocean floor, usually either exticnt or forming volcanoes

Guyots: seamounts that have had their tops eroded flat

Page 16: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean FloorFeatures of Ocean Floor:

Mid Ocean Ridges: form where two ocean plates are splitting apart, magma erupts creating new ocean crust

Trenches: form when an ocean plate sinks under a different plate

Page 17: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean Floor

Continental shelf SeamountVolcanic island

Continental slope

Continental shelf

Continental slope

Abyssal plain Mid-ocean ridge Trench

Page 18: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Ocean Zones

Beach

High-tide line

Low-tide line

Continental shelf

Continentalslope

Deep zone

Surface zone

Open-ocean zoneNeritic zoneIntertidal

zone

Page 19: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s
Page 20: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s
Page 21: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

The Ocean Floor

Ocean floorfeatures include

Seamounts andtrenches

Abyssal plains

Mid-ocean ridges

Page 22: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Page 23: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Page 24: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Page 25: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s
Page 26: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Mid-ocean ridge

Page 27: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Magma

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Mid-ocean ridge

Page 28: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Magma

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Page 29: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Magma

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Newly formedoceanic crust

Page 30: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Magma

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Newly formedoceanic crust

Old oceanic crust

Page 31: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Magma

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Newly formedoceanic crust

Old oceanic crust

Tren

ch

Continentalcrust

Page 32: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Magma

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Newly formedoceanic crust

Old oceanic crust

Tren

ch

Continentalcrust

Old oceaniccrust melts

Page 33: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Plate Tectonics

Page 34: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

forms

subductedthroughforms

Page 35: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

forms

subductedthroughforms

Page 36: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

forms

subductedthroughforms

Page 37: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

forms

subductedthroughforms

Page 38: Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s

Ocean ResourcesSeawater can be used as a resource for drinking

and irrigation if the salt is removed = desalting

One method of desalting = distillation

Distillation = water is evaporated to vapor leaving the salts behind, the water then condenses and this fresh water is then collected


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WATER. Water Water Everywhere But Nary a Drop to Drink (Coleridge.Rime of the Ancient Mariner) Earth’s surface – 70% water 97% of water in oceans: salt

Distribution of Earth’s Water The Oceans Water covers about 75% of the Earth’s surface 97% is salt water 3% is fresh water only 1% of fresh water can be

Water. Earth’s Hydrosphere Hydrosphere = all the parts of the earth that are made up of water –Oceans, Lakes, Rivers –Underground water, clouds

The Water Cycle. Water The total amount of water on earth doesn’t change. The total amount of water on earth doesn’t change. Water in Earth’s oceans does

The World’s Oceans 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean water. The oceans contain 97% of the earth’s water. All the oceans and seas are

Earth’s Oceans Part II

Properties of Water Water statistics Covers 75% of Earth’s surface Covers 75% of Earth’s surface 97% oceans 97% oceans 3% freshwater 3% freshwater 2%

Earth’s surface is water, consisting of oceans,denmarkscience.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/1/7/57177683/water...Water on the Earth About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water

Earth’s Oceans

SALTWATER ECOSYSTEMS. Oceans cover much of the Earth’s surface. Around ¾ (or 75%) of the Earth is water!

World’s oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface OCEANS

Ch. 13 Oceans Notes. Oceans 71-75% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. 4 main oceans were formed within the last 300 million years. –Artic Ocean –Indian

Oceans The Last Frontier. Ocean Facts About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water Average depth

Hydrologic Cycle. The Hydrologic Cycle More than 97% of all Earth’s water is in the oceans. Only 1 % of Earth’s water is available to us as water vapor,

Water, Carbon, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Sulfur. Collects, purifies and distributes earth’s supply of water Driven by evaporation (from oceans, lakes,

THE EARTH’S HYDROSPHERE The Earth’s liquid water constitutes the hydrosphere. The vast majority of Earth’s water is in the oceans (salt water), with smaller,

Earth’s Oceans Some facts… Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is Ocean. That’s about 360 million square km. Ocean water is different than fresh water;

Mrs. Ashley. Water as a Resource Earth’s surface – 70% water 97% of water in oceans: salt water 3% is fresh water 25% of fresh water is groundwater 75%

Geology 155 Oceanography. Earth System Oceans are part of Earth’s System— Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere Oceans are part of Earth’s System—

Oceans Characteristics Features Life Forms. The World’s Oceans 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. The oceans contain 97% of the earth’s water

Earth’s Oceans and Weather Systems Weather Factors

California State Standards 3.a – Students know most of Earth’s water is present as salt water in the oceans, which cover most of Earth’s surface. 3.b

Last test… WATER! Chapter 9 – Surface Water Chapter 10 – Groundwater Chapter 15 – Earth’s Oceans Tentative Test Date : Friday December 3

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