expanding beyond borders: the yen and the yuan

8/13/2019 Expanding Beyond Borders: The Yen and the Yuan

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HJDE ]brfecm _hpir Pireis

Ixphcjecm Diybcj Dbrjirs; Zni

Uic hcj tni Uuhc

_hbgh Pudh``ne

Cb. :9?Ji`ildir 4?80

Hsehc Jivigbplict Dhcf Ecstetuti


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Zni ]brfecm _hpir sireis es h `bctecuhtebc ba tni abrlirgy chlij Jesùssebc _hpir sireis6tni culdirecm ba tni phpirs `bctecuij wetnbut ectirruptebc br `nhcmi. HJDEs wbrfecmphpirs riagi`t ecetehg ejihs bc h tbpe` hcj hri pbstij bcgeci abr jesùssebc. HJDE ic`burhmisrihjirs tb pbst tnier `bllicts bc tni lhec phmi abr ih`n wbrfecm phpir (mevic ec tnièthtebc digbw). Pbli wbrfecm phpirs lhy jivigbp ectb btnir abrls ba pudge`htebc.

Pummistij ethtebc;

Pudh``ne, _. 4?80. Ixphcjecm Diybcj Dbrjirs; Zni Uic hcj tni Uuhc. HJDE ]brfecm_hpir :9?. Zbfyb; Hsehc Jivigbplict Dhcf Ecstetuti. Hvheghdgi;nttp;//www.hjde.brm/wbrfecm-phpir/4?80/84/?0/1?4?.ixphcjecm.diybcj.dbrjirs.yic.yuhc/

_gihsi `bcth`t tni hutnbr abr ecabrlhtebc hdbut tnes phpir.

Ilheg; psudh``neO`nhtnhlnbusi.brm

_hbgh Pudh``ne es tni Jeri`tbr ba Ectirchtebchg I`bcble`s Tisihr`n ht @nhtnhl Nbusi,Gbcjbc.

Zni veiws ixprissij ec tnes phpir hri tni veiws ba tni hutnbr hcj jb cbt ciìsshregy

riagi`t tni veiws br pbgeèis ba HJDE, tni HJD, ets Dbhrj ba Jeri`tbrs, br tni mbvirclictstniy riprisict. HJDE jbis cbt muhrhctii tni h`ùrh`y ba tni jhth ec`gujij ec tnes phpirhcj h`ìpts cb rispbcsedegety abr hcy `bcsiquicìs ba tnier usi. Zirlecbgbmy usij lhycbt ciìsshregy di `bcsestict wetn HJD baaeèhg tirls.

Hsehc Jivigbplict Dhcf EcstetutiFhsulemhsife Duegjecm >A

0-4-9 Fhsulemhsife, @neybjh-fuZbfyb 8??-1??>, Khphc

Zig; +>8-0-0950-99??Ahx; +>8-0-0950-99=8YTG; www.hjde.brmI-lheg; ecabOhjde.brm

4?80 Hsehc Jivigbplict Dhcf Ecstetuti


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HJDE ]brfecm _hpir :9? Pudh``ne

@bcticts

8. Ectrbju`tebc ................................................................................................................ 04. Mgbdhg @urricèis hcj Timebchg @urricèis .............................................................. 9

4.8 Jiaececm Ectirchtebchg @urricèis ................................................................... 94.4 Hjhptecm tni Jiaecetebc tb tni @nhcmecm Jychle`s ba tni ]brgj I`bcbly ..... =4.0 Zni Essuis wetn @urric`y Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ................................................ 5

0. @urricèis ec Hseh; Zni Uic hcj tni Uuhc .............................................................. 880.8 ]nht tni _T@ es Jbecm ................................................................................ 880.4 Zni Zwb _nhsis ba tni Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni Uic ................................ 800.0 Zni Uic hcj tni Uuhc; Znic hcj Cbw ........................................................ 890.: Timebchg @bctixt ......................................................................................... 85

:. @bc gusebc ............................................................................................................... 40Tiairicìs ......................................................................................................................... 49


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8. ECZTBJY@ZEBC

Khphcs hggimijgy ahegij httilpt tb ectirchtebchgezi ets ùrric`ye.i., tb turc et ectb hùrric`y tnht cbc-risejicts, dbtn arbl tni prevhti si`tbr hcj tni pudge` si`tbr, hriweggecm tb usi tb ecvbeì hcj sittgi ectirchtebchg trhcsh`tebcs hcj tb nbgj ec tnierpbrtabgebsnhs `bli tb ipetblezi cbt bcgy tni `buctrys gbcm i`bcble` lhghesi, duthgsb tni hutnbreteis aucjhlicthg riteìcì, ec tni dbbl yihrs, tb bpic up tb tni rist batni wbrgj, aihrecm tni elph`t ba h strbcm yic bc h trhji-jipicjict i`bcbly (Niccecm855:6 Mrelis 4??0). P`nbghrs arbl tni _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech (_T@) (]hcm 4?846êh hcj @nic 4?8?6 Uec 4?846 ]ie 4??1) nhvi diic hssissecm Khphcs ixpireicì tbsii ea et nbgjs gissbcs abr tni _T@s bwc ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc, ispièhggy ectirls ba pbssedgi lesthfis tb di hvbejij. Zni _ghzh H``brj ba 85>9, ec phrteùghr, essiic hs tni turcecm pbect abr Khphc, wnic Hlire`hc prissuri tb hpprièhti tniix`nhcmi rhti usnirij ec echpprbprehti ix`nhcmi rhti hcj lbcithry pbgeèis, hcj hgbcm pirebj ba sthmchtebc. Zni snhrp hpprièhtebc ba tni yic hatir _ghzh es siic hs h

`blprblesi tnht whs abrìj bc Khphc. Et jhlhmij tni `buctrys ixpbrt-breictiji`bcbly8hcj jrhmmij et ectb h jiip riìssebc hcj risugtij ec tni gbst ji`hji 4

Es et hpprbprehti tb `blphri Khphcs httilpt tb turc tni yic ectb hc ectirchtebchgùrric`y wetn wnht tni _T@ es jbecm wetn ets bwc ùrric`y ec brjir tb jrhw gissbcs abrpbge`ylhfirs2 Hcj dy wne`n phrhlitirs `hc tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic dihssissij2

(Uu4?8?6 ]ie 4??1) wnegi et diciaetij tni Ycetij Pthtis (YP) (Uu hcj ]ie 4??06 [nhb4??>).

Ec tnes phpir, E hrmui tnht tni su`ìss ba ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc ticjs tb dihssissij bc nbw tnht ùrric`y `blpitis wetn tni jbgghr hcj bc tni gefigenbbj tnht etwegg ripghì et. Znes lihsuri ba su`ìss whs hpprbprehti wnic tni wbrgj i`bcbly whs

jblechtij dy tni YP hcj tni ectirchtebchg lbcithry systil dy tni YP jbgghr.Nbwivir, hs tni wbrgj i`bcbly es di`blecm lugte-pbghr hcj tni ectirchtebchg lbcithrysystil cb gbcmir rivbgvis hrbucj bci jblechct ùrric`y (Pudh``ne hcj Jreaegg 4?8?6Ie`nicmriic 4?84), ectirchtebchg ùrricèis `hc cb gbcmir di jipe`tij ec neirhr`ne`hghcj `blpitetevi tirls. Ivic ea tniri es h zirb-sul mhli hspi`t hs ectirchtebchgùrricèis ixphcj hcj ji`geci ec rightevi tirls, tni jychle`s ba tni ectirchtebchglbcithry systil hri cbt kust jitirlecij dy `blpitetebc wetn tni jblechct ùrric`y.Znes why ba tnecfecm whs `gihrgy wrbcm wnic, ht tni teli ba ets `rihtebc ec tni lej-855?s, tni iurb whs siic hs diecm ec `blpitetebc wetn tni jbgghr hcj tniri whs hjidhti hdbut wnitnir tni iurb `bugj ivictuhggy bvirthfi tni jbgghr hs tni jblechctùrric`y (Dirmstic 855=6 L`@hugiy 855=6 Lucjigg 855>6 @bnic 4??06 @necc hcjArhcfig 4??>6 _hphebhccbu hcj _brtis 4??>6 _bsic 4??>).

Znes hpprbh`n cb gbcmir riagi`ts tni rihgety ba tni pbst-@bgj ]hr wbrgj. I`bcble` hcjaechcèhg ectimrhtebc, ec phrteùghr ht tni rimebchg givig, nhs diic tni jblechct tricj batni ghst twicty yihrs. Timebchg ectimrhtebc hcj tni resi ba rimebchg dgb`s lihc et esucgefigy hcy ùrric`y wegg ickby tni jblechcì tni jbgghr ickbyij ec tni pbst-whr wbrgji`bcbly. Iurbpis secmgi lhrfit hcj tni `rihtebc ba tni iurb nhvi jiipicij rimebchgectimrhtebc, hcj tni iurb nhs cbt jivigbpij ec jeri`t `blpitetebc wetn tni jbgghr.

8Zni yic hpprièhtij, viry irrhte`hggy, hgg tni why arbl 01? tb tni jbgghr ec 85=8 tb hdbut 881 tb tni

jbgghr ec 4??0. Lhssevi hpprièhtebcs ahegij tb igelechti Khphcisi trhji surpgusis dut selpgy riagi`tijnemnir Khphcisi shvecm prbpicseteis (L`Feccbc 4??0).4 ]ie Kehcecm, sicebr aiggbw ht tni Jivigbplict Tisihr`n @ictri (JT@) ba tni Pthti @bucèg nhssummistij tnht rhpej hpprièhtebc ba tni yic jeri`tgy risugtij ec snhrp `bctrh`tebc ba Khphcs ixpbrts.


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Nbw snbugj tni Khphcisi hutnbreteis priphri abr su`n h sìchreb2 E hrmui tnht ba tnitnrii auc`tebcs ba lbciyucet ba h``buct, lihcs ba ix`nhcmi, hcj stbri ba vhguitniyic es ht ets dist hs h stbri ba vhgui. Gefi tni YF pbucj stirgecm hcj tni Pwess arhc`,tni yic es h ùrric`y wetn geletij s`bpi hcj geletij mgbdhg jblhec, dut bci tnht esrightij tb h fiy ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctir, Zbfyb, hcj bci ba tni wbrgjs demmistjidt lhrfits. ]etnec tni ectirchtebchg lbcithry systil, tni yic es ec h `blpgilicthryrhtnir tnhc h `blpitetevi pbsetebc wetn tni jbgghr, hcj ec Hseh et lemnt ivictuhggy di ec h`blpgilicthry pbsetebc wetn tni yuhc. Ec h seleghr ahsnebc, tni YF pbucj hcj tniPwess arhc` hri cietnir ec `blpitetebc wetn tni jbgghr, cbr, wetnec Iurbpi, wetn tni iurb.Zniriabri, tni Khphcisi hutnbreteis snbugj suppbrt tni yic hs hc hssit tnhtectirchtebchg ecvistbrs hcj ìctrhg dhcfs whct tb nbgj tb jevirseay tnier pbrtabgebs wnegiht tni shli teli jivigbpecm Zbfyb hs bci ba tni gihjecm ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctirs.

Zni phpir es brmhcezij hs abggbws. Pi`tebc 4 abùsis bc tni jiaecetebc ba ectirchtebchgùrricèis hcj jrhws h jestec`tebc ditwiic ùrricèis wetn h rimebchg jblhec hcjùrricèis wetn h lbri mgbdhg bci. Zni `blphresbc ditwiic tni YP, tni iurbzbci,hcj Khphc, hcj tni usi ba tnier ùrricèis, nigps tb snhpi tni jiaecetebc ba h gihjecm

mgbdhg ùrric`y hcj h gihjecm rimebchg ùrric`y. ]negi tni jbgghr ilirmis hs tnigihjecm mgbdhg ùrric`y hcj tni iurb hs tni gihjecm rimebchg ùrric`y, tni yic hppihrstb di hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`y tnht nhs h jiaecij rbgi hs stbri ba vhgui, wetn h mgbdhgrhtnir tnhc rimebchg jblhec. _hrt 0 ixpgbris tni _T@s yuhc strhtimy hcj gbbfs dh`fbc tni twb pnhsis ba yic ectirchtebchgezhtebc, ec tni 85>?s hcj arbl tni ghti 855?s tbtni ihrgy 4???s. Dy `blphrecm tbjhys ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yuhc wetn tnitrhki`tbry abggbwij dy tni yic ec tni 85>?s, E hrmui tnht tbjhys _T@ es lbri ectimrhtijec Hseh tnrbumn trhji hcj ecvistlicts tnhc Khphc ec tni 85>?s, hcj tniriabri tni phtntbwhrjs ixphcjecm ets ùrric`ys `rbss-dbrjir usi snbugj di slbbtnir tnhc et whs abrtni yic. _hrt : `bc`gujis dy gbbfecm ht tni pbssedgi auturi sìchrebs abr tni yuhc hcjtni yic, hcj jesùssis nbw Khphcs pbge`ylhfirs `hc suppbrt tni yic ec ets auc`tebc bastbri ba vhgui abr ectirchtebchg ecvistbrs hcj ìctrhg dhcfs.

4. MGBDHG @YTTIC@EIP HCJ TIMEBCHG@YTTIC@EIP

4.8 Jiaececm Ectirchtebchg @urricèis

Zni `ghsse` jiaecetebc ba hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`y hs abrlughtij dy @bnic (85=8),Ficic (85>0), hcj @necc hcj Arhcfig (4??9), ixticjs tni tnrii rbgis ba lbciyucetba h``buct, lihcs ba ix`nhcmi, stbri ba vhguidiybcj tni dbrjirs ba tni `buctry tnhtessuis tnht ùrric`y. Hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`y es tniriabri h ùrric`y tnht

mbvirclicts nbgj ec tnier baaeèhg risirvis, usi hs h vine`gi abr abriemc ix`nhcmiectirvictebcs, hcj usi hs h pim tb hc`nbr tni jbliste` ùrric`y. Peleghrgy, hcectirchtebchg ùrric`y es nigj dy abriemc ecvistbrs hcj aerls hs hc ecvistlict hssit ectnier pbrtabgebs, hcj es usij abr ecvbeècm hcj sittgecm abriemc trhji trhcsh`tebcs,jes`nhrmecm ectirchtebchg aechcèhg bdgemhtebcs, hcj jicblechtecm aechcèhg ecstrulictsec ectirchtebchg hpethg lhrfits.

Ilpere`hg ivejicì hcj tni nestbry ba ùrricèis snbw tnht h ùrric`y `hc augaegg tnisiauc`tebcs ec jeaairict jimriis. Dickhlec @bnic (4?80) ixphcjs tni jiaecetebc tb ec`gujitni s`bpi hcj tni jblhec ba hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`y. Zni s`bpi es jiaecij dy tniculdir ba rbgis tnht tni ectirchtebchg ùrric`y pghys. Ets jblhec es jiaecij dy etsmibmrhpne` rhcmi. Ht hcy mevic teli, bcgy h aiw chtebchg ùrricèis ticj tb pghy hcy


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ectirchtebchg rbgi ht hgg. Ivic aiwir pghy hgg sex rbgis, hcj ivic aiwir stegg hri usij bc htrugy mgbdhg s`hgi (@bnic 4?80).

Zni lhec ectirchtebchg ùrricèistni YP jbgghr, tni iurb, tni Khphcisi yic, tni YFpbucj stirgecm, hcj tni Pwess arhcàugaegg tni sex auc`tebcs ba ectirchtebchg lbciy ec

jeaairict jimriis hcj ec jeaairict, hcj lbri br giss drbhj, mibmrhpne` jblhecs. Dy ahr,tni jbgghr es tni gihjecm ectirchtebchg ùrric`y ec tirls ba dbtn s`bpiet augaeggs hgg sexauc`tebcshcj mibmrhpne` rhcmiet es usij abr trhji hcj aechcèhg trhcsh`tebcs hggbvir tni wbrgj. Zrhji dbtn tb hcj arbl tni YP es ecvbeìj hcj jicblechtij ec jbgghrs.Zni jbgghr es tni vine`gi ùrric`yh ùrric`y tnht es ixticsevigy usij ec trhcsh`tebcstnht jb cbt ecvbgvi jeri`t trhcsh`tebcs wetn aerls br ecjevejuhgs risejict ec tni YPtbecvbeì hcj sittgi trhcsh`tebcs ditwiic, abr ixhlpgi, h `blphcy arbl tni Tipudge` baFbrih hcj bci arbl Ecjbciseh. Cb btnir ùrric`y es sb ixticsevigy usij. Mevic tnijbgghrs s`bpi hcj mibmrhpne` jblhec, tnrbumnbut tni phpir E wegg riair tb et hs tnigihjecm mgbdhgùrric`y.

Zni jbgghr jblechtis abriemc ix`nhcmi trhcsh`tebcs wetn h 5?% snhri ba tbthg

trhcsh`tebcs.

:

1?% ba tbthg `rbss-dbrjir dhcf jipbsets hri nigj ec jbgghrs hcjhpprbxelhtigy 9=% ba tbthg dhcf gbhcs hri jicblechtij ec jbgghrs. Et es hgsb ixticsevigyusij hs tni hc`nbr ec tni ix`nhcmi rhti hrrhcmilicts abr lhcy ùrricèis, ispièhggytnbsi ba jivigbpecm `buctreis.9 Jispeti h ji`geci hatir tni mgbdhg aechcèhg `reses ec4??>, tni jbgghr nhs rithecij ets pbsetebc hs tni jblechct ix`nhcmi rhti hc`nbr wetn h40% snhri ba tni bvirhgg ix`nhcmi rhti hrrhcmilicts. Ec 4?84, :0 but ba 8>=Ectirchtebchg Lbcithry Aucj (ELA) lildir `buctreis pimmij tnier ùrricèis tb tnijbgghr.1Ba tni 49 `buctreis wetn nhrj pimmij ùrricèis, 8= usi tni jbgghr hs tnihc`nbr.=

Hdbvi hgg, tni jbgghr rilhecs tni priairrij stbri ba vhgui. Jbgghr dbcj lhrfits hrisuppbrtij dy tni essuhcì ba jbgghr-jicblechtij jidt, wne`n ùrrictgy h``bucts abr uptb :?% ba tbthg dbcj nbgjecms, hcj dy h ghrmi sbviriemc dbcj lhrfit (hpprbxelhtigy$5,9?? deggebc). Zni jbgghr es hgsb tni preli ùrric`y ba essuhcì abr `brpbrhti dbcjs ecHseh hcj tni _hèae`, Ghtec Hlire`h, hcj tni Lejjgi Ihst (]ZB 4?84). Ec hjjetebc,hglbst =?% ba dhcfcbtis nigj bvirsihs hri jbgghrs. Hdbut tnrii-quhrtirs ba nucjrij-jbgghr cbtis hcj nhga ba aeaty-jbgghr cbtis hri nigj hdrbhj.

@ictrhg dhcfs hrbucj tni wbrgj nbgj hdbut twb-tnerjs ba tni hggb`htij abriemc ix`nhcmirisirvis ec jbgghrs, abr h tbthg vhgui ba hglbst $:,??? deggebc.>

:Aemuris riair tb tni icj ba 4?84 hcj hri arbl tni Ectirchtebchg Lbcithry Aucj (ELA), @GP, hcj Iurbpihc

@ictrhg Dhcf (I@D). @urric`y snhris tbthg 4??% di`husi ih`n trhcsh`tebc ecvbgvis twb ùrricèis.

Hsehc `buctreis nbgj tnighrmist pbbg ba abriemc ix`nhcmi risirvis, wne`n hri hpprbxelhtigy 11% ba tbthghggb`htij risirvis, br kust digbw $=,??? deggebc (Aemuri 8). Iurbpi nbgjs hdbut 84% batbthg risirvis wnegi tni Hlire`hs nbgj hdbut >%. Hssulecm tnht Hsehc `buctreis nbgj htgihst =?% ba tnier risirvis ec jbgghrshcj hdbut 8>% ec iurbs hcj 84% ec btnir

9Abr ecsthcì, tni jbgghrs ushmi hs hc ix`nhcmi rhti hc`nbr ji`rihsij ec tni ghti-85>?s, tni lej-855?s,

tni ghti 855?s, hcj lbst riìctgy ec 4??> hcj 4??5 (I@D 4?88).1

ELA (4?80) `ghsseaeis ix`nhcmi rhti hrrhcmilicts ectb abur lhec `htimbreis; nhrj pims, sbat pims,

agbhtecm rimelis, hcj h risejuhg `htimbry. @urricèis `ghsseaeij hs YP jbgghr pimmecm hri ietnir nhrj pims(wne`n ec`gujis ix`nhcmi hrrhcmilicts wetn cb siphrhti gimhg ticjir) br sbat pims (su`n hs `bcvictebchgpimmij hrrhcmilicts, pimmij ix`nhcmi rhtis wetnec nbrezbcthg dhcjs, `rhwgecm pims, sthdegezijhrrhcmilicts, hcj `rhwg-gefi hrrhcmilicts).=ELA HTIHIT ripbrt (4?80).

>Ec Jiìldir 4?84. Pburì; ELA, @urric`y @blpbsetebc ba Baaeèhg Abriemc Ix`nhcmi Tisirvis

(@BAIT).


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ùrricèis ec`gujecm tni yicet es ivejict tnht hc icbrlbus hlbuct ba jbgghrs nhsdiic hlhssij ec tni rimebc.

Aemuri 8; Mgbdhg Abriemc Ix`nhcmi Tisirvis

Pburìs; ELA, YP @ictrhg Ectiggemicì Hmic`y.

Zni rbgi ba tni jbgghr hs tni gihjecm mgbdhg ùrric`y riagi`ts tni gimh`y ba tni Drittbc]bbjs hrrhcmilicts hs wigg hs tni nimilbce` rbgi pghyij dy tni YP ec tni pbst-whrwbrgj. Nbwivir, tni rightevi wiemnt ba tni jbgghr es gefigy tb ji`rihsi, abggbwecm tnitricj ba tni YP i`bcbly bvir tni ghst twb ji`hjis. Gefi btnir hjvhcìj i`bcbleis,tni YP nhs diic gbsecm rightevi wiemnt ec ahvbr ba ilirmecm lhrfits i`bcbleis. Ec855?, abr ixhlpgi, tni YP i`bcblys snhri ba tni wbrgj i`bcbly whs hdbut bciquhrtir6 ec 4?84 et whs hpprbxelhtigy 85%. Ec 855?, tni YP snhri ba tni wbrgjs tbthgtrhji whs hdbut 80%6 ec 4?84 et whs kust digbw 8?%. Ec 855?, tni _T@s snhri ba tniwbrgj i`bcbly whs hglbst :% hcj ets snhri ba wbrgj trhji hpprbxelhtigy 4%. Ec 4?84,tni _T@ h``buctij abr hglbst 89% ba tni wbrgj i`bcbly hcj ets snhri ba tbthg ixpbrtswhs hglbst 88%. Ivic sb, citwbrf ixtirchgeteis hcj ecirteh, `bupgij wetn tni ah`t tnht

tni YP rilhecs tni ghrmist i`bcbly ec tni wbrgj, nhs h `rijedgi ìctrhg dhcf hcj hmbbj gimhg systil, wegg suppbrt tni jbgghr hs tni gihjecm mgbdhg ùrric`y.

4.4 Hjhptecm tni Jiaece tebc tb tni @nhcmecm Jychle`s ba tni]brgj I`bcbly

Bvir tni ghst twb ji`hjis, tni wbrgj i`bcbly nhs ixphcjij hcj `buctreis, su`n hstni _T@, tnht abr gbcm nhj diic gettgi ectimrhtij, hri cbw fiy `blpbcicts. Timebchgdgb`s su`n hs tni Iurbpihc Ycebc (IY) nhvi hgsb ixphcjij tnier rightevi sezi hcjsnhri ec mgbdhg trhji hcj aechcì. Nhs tnes `nhcmij tni s`bpi ba tnier ùrricèis2 Hcjnbw jb ùrricèis riagi`t tni `nhcmecm jychle`s ba tni wbrgj i`bcbly hcj tni sneat ec


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tni rightevi wiemnt ba hjvhcìj i`bcbleis ec ahvbr ba tni ilirmecm lhrfiti`bcbleis2

Gbbfecm ht tni ectirchtebchg ùrricèis, ec phrteùghr tni jbgghr, tni iurb, hcj tni yic,tni `ghsse` jiaecetebc jbis cbt `hpturi tni `blpgixety ba tni ùrrict ectirchtebchg

lbcithry systil hcj tni ectirjipicjicèis hlbcm tni ucjirgyecm i`bcbleis. Et eswbrtn cbtecm tnht tni YP, tni iurbzbci, Khphc, hcj tni YF hri systile`hggy elpbrthct`buctreis (PE@s). 5

Ectirjipicjicèis hcj tni s`bpi hcj mibmrhpne` jblhec ba ih`n ùrric`y summistixphcjecm tni jiaecetebc ba ectirchtebchg ùrricèis tb ec`guji tni rimebchg jelicsebc. Etniriabri jiaeci h rimebchg ùrric`y hs h ùrric`y tnht es ixticsevigy usij tb ecvbeìhcj sittgi trhji hlbcm `buctreis wetnec h spièae` mibmrhpne` jblhec, su`n hs hrimebc, hcj es ixticsevigy usij tb jicblechti hssits dy `buctreis wetnec tni rimebc.

Znisi hri hgsb tni `buctreis tnht essui tni fiy ectirchtebchgùrricèis. Zni bcgy PE@ tnht jbis cbt essui hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`y es tni _T@.

8?

@blphrij tb tni jbgghr, tni iurb jbis cbt nhvi tni shli s`bpi hcj mibmrhpne`hgjblhec ivic ea tni sezi ba tni iurbzbcis mrbss jbliste` prbju`t (MJ_) hcj tnht ba tnimbvirclict dbcj lhrfit (hpprbxelhtigy $>,1?? deggebc) hri seleghr tb tnbsi ba tni YP.Et es ixticsevigy usij ec Iurbpi. Ecjiij, hdbut 1?% ba ixpbrts tb tni iurbzbci hcjhdbut 9?% ba elpbrts arbl tni iurbzbci hri ecvbeìj hcj sittgij ec iurbs. Hdbut 1?%ba ixpbrts ba mbbjs hcj hdbut 9:% ba elpbrts ba cbc-iurb IY lildir sthtis hriecvbeìj hcj sittgij ec iurbs. ]etnec Iurbpi, tni usi ba tni iurb tb ecvbeì hcj sittgiixpbrts hcj elpbrts jipicjs bc ih`n `buctrys phttirc ba trhji. Abr ixhlpgi,Pgbvhfeh, h lildir ba dbtn tni iurbzbci hcj tni IY, usis tni iurb tb ecvbeì hcjsittgi 5?% ba ets ixpbrts hcj =?% ba ets elpbrts. Dut Mriiì, hcbtnir lildir ba dbtntni iurbzbci hcj tni IY, usis tni iurb abr bcgy 0?% ba ets ixpbrts hcj 40% ba etselpbrts. Pwijic, hc IY lildir sthti dut cbt phrt ba tni iurbzbci, usis tni iurb tbsittgi 40% ba ets ixpbrts hcj 8=% ba ets elpbrts (I@D 4?80). Zni iurb hgsbjicblechtis dbcj essuhcìs ec cbc-iurb IY lildir sthtis su`n hs P`hcjechveh, tniYF, hcj ìctrhg Iurbpi (Mbgjdirm 4?8?).

Znes jiaecetebc jbis cbt elpgy ùrric`y sudstetutebc, e.i., tni rimebchg ùrric`y jbis cbtèrùghti ec `buctreis wetnec tni rimebc, btnir tnhc tni essuecm `buctry. Ec tnes sicsi tni

iurb es hc ixìptebcet es cbt bcgy tni gihjecm rimebchg ùrric`y ec Iurbpi, dut et eshgsb tni ùrric`y tnht èrùghtis ec tni `buctreis tnht nhvi hjnirij tb Iurbpisi`bcble` hcj lbcithry ucebc.

Zni iurbs snhri ba hggb`htij risirvis (hdbut 4:%), ba dhcfcbtis nigj bvirsihs(hpprbxelhtigy 8:%), hcj ba `rbss-dbrjir dhcf jipbsets hcj gbhcs (dbtn hrbucj 4?%),summists h lbri geletij auc`tebc hs stbri ba vhgui, hcj et hgsb riagi`ts tni ùrric`ysrimebchg jelicsebc. Hssulecm tnht tni pbrtebc ba hggb`htij risirvis nigj ec ìctrhgdhcfs ec tni iurbzbci riagi`ts tni ghttirs snhri ba tni wbrgjs MJ_, tnic hpprbxelhtigy

8:% ba iurbs hri nigj ec risirvis ec ìctrhg dhcfs ec tni iurbzbci. Znes gihvishpprbxelhtigy 8?% ba tbthg risirvis ec iurbs hggb`htij butseji tni iurbzbci. Znisnhri ba jbgghrs nigj ec risirvis butseji tni YP es :?%.

Zni Khphcisi yic nhs tni aihturis ba h ùrric`y wetn geletij s`bpi hcj geletijmibmrhpne` jblhec6 et es cietnir h gihjecm mgbdhg ùrric`y cbr h gihjecm rimebchgùrric`y. Khphcs i`bcbly h``bucts abr 9% ba tbthg wbrgj MJ_, es iquevhgict tb hdbut14% ba tni MJ_ ba tni YP, 1:% ba tnht ba tni iurbzbci, hcj hpprbxelhtigy =0% ba tni_T@s MJ_. Zni usi ba tni yic tb ecvbeì hcj sittgi trhji es seleghr tb tnht ba tni iurb,hcj tnes summists h rimebchg jelicsebc abr tni yic. Ecjiij, hpprbxelhtigy nhga ba

5Br tni aevi systile` i`bcbleis hs ec tni ghtist ELA speggbvir elph`t ripbrt (4?84).

8?Zhvghs hcj Bzife (8558) jiaeci hs h riairicì ùrric`y tni ùrric`y tnht es usij wetnec h rimebc.


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8?

Zni `nbeì ba ectirchtebchg ùrricèis rispbcjs prijblechctgy tb lhrfit abrìs, duttniri lhy di sbli ecirteh bwecm tb citwbrf ixtirchgeteis hcj tb tni `bst ba `nhcmecmùrricèis. ]igg-jisemcij pbgeèis, nbwivir, snbugj ic`burhmi lhrfit phrteèphcts tbusi h `buctrys ùrric`y dy prbvejecm ecarhstru`turi su`n hs tni `gihrecm systil,rilbvecm dhrreirs, elpgilictecm tni rugi ba ghw, hcj bvir`blecm ecirteh.

Mevic citwbrf ixtirchgeteis, tni i`bcble` h`tevety micirhtij dy tni essuecm `buctryciijs tb di ghrmi icbumn tb `rihti trh`tebc, ht gihst ht tni dimeccecm ba tni prbìss baectirchtebchgezhtebc. Hgg tni lhkbr ectirchtebchg ùrricèistni YP jbgghr, tni iurb, tniKhphcisi yic, tni YF pbucj stirgecm, hcj tni Pwess arhc`hri essuij dy `buctreiswetn i`bcbleis tnht hri hlbcm tni wbrgjs ghrmist (Zhdgi 8). 80

Zhdgi 8 snbws h `bcsejirhdgi mhp ditwiic tni sezi ba tni i`bcbleis ba tni YP, tniiurbzbci, hcj tni _T@, hgg wetn h snhri ba wbrgj MJ_ ditwiic 89% hcj 85%, hcj tniKhphcisi i`bcbly, wetn h snhri ba wbrgj MJ_ ba hpprbxelhtigy 1%. Znisi`buctreisbr rimebchg dgb`s gefi tni IYh``buct abr h seleghr hcj semceae`hct snhri bawbrgj trhji.

8:

Khphc es tni wbrgjs aburtn ghrmist i`bcbly hcj yit ets snhri ba wbrgj

trhji es hgsb semceae`hctgy gbwir tnhc tnht ba tni btnir tnrii i`bcbleis. Ec tirls ba tnisezi ba trhji, Khphc es `gbsir tb tni YF. Zni ùrricèis ba tnisi twb `buctreis hgsbnhvi h seleghr snhri ba hggb`htij abriemc ix`nhcmi risirvis hcj h seleghr turcbvir ecabriemc ix`nhcmi lhrfits.

80Zni i`bcbly ba Pwetzirghcj es `bcsejirhdgy slhggir tnhc tnbsi ba tni YP, tni IY, Khphc, tni _T@, hcjtni YF. Nbwivir, et es hlbcm tni wbrgjs ghrmist 4? i`bcbleis.

8:Zni IY snhri ba wbrgj ixpbrts ec`gujis dbtn ectrh-IY trhji hcj ixtrh-IY trhji. Znes es wny tni

pirìcthmi es ghrmir tnhc tnbsi ba tni YP hcj tni _T@. Mevic tnht bvir tnrii-quhrtirs ba IY trhji es ectrh-IY, et es pghusedgi tb hssuli h 8?% snhri ba wbrgj trhji.


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Zhdgi 8; Lhec I`bcbleis hcj Lhec @urricèis

I`bcble` Pezi(Jiìldir 4?84)

YP IY Khphc _T@ YF Pwetzirghcj

MJ_, $ treggebc 89.= 81.1 1.? >.4 4.0 ?.1

Pnhri ba wbrgj MJ_ 8>.5%h 85.:% 9.1% 8:.5% 4.>% ?.:%

Pnhri ba wbrgj trhji 8?.=%d

08.0% :.1% 8?.=% 0.?% 8.8%

Ysi ba @urricèis(Jiìldir 4?84)

YP Jbgghr Iurb Uic Uuhc_bucj

PtirgecmPwess Arhc`

Ectirchtebchg dbcj baairecm =8.4%`

15.4% =5.?% 41.=% c.h. c.h.

Puppgy ba jidt siùreteis 0>.>%j

0=.=% 0.:% ?% c.h. c.h.

Zbthg abriemc ix`nhcmi nbgjecms,

(hggb`htij risirvis), $ deggebc

0,=49.9 8,:=8.9 4:9.? c.h. 4:0.1 8=.4

Pnhri ba mgbdhg A^ risirvis (%) 18.4% 4:.4% :.?% c.h. :.?% 8.9%

Zurcbvir ec mgbdhg A^ lhrfit (%) 5?.?%i

:?.?% 85.9% ?.5% 80.8%(1)

=.>%

YP < Ycetij Pthtis, IY < Iurbpihc Ycebc, _T@ < _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech, YF < Ycetij Fecmjbl, MJ_ % ba tni vhgui ba tni _T@s tbthg trhji(Pudh``ne hcj Nuhcm 4?80).

Znes snbugj suppbrt tni ixphcsebc ba yuhc baasnbri jipbsets. Ycjir tni trhji

sittgilict s`nili, yuhc aucjs hri trhcsairrij tb tni baasnbri lhrfits hcj di`blibaasnbri jipbsets. Uuhc jipbsets duegj up h sthdgi stb`f ba gequejety tnht sthys ec tnibaasnbri lhrfit. Arbl Kuci 4?8? tb Lhr`n 4?80, Nbcm Fbcm, @nechs yuhc jipbsetsec`rihsij arbl giss tnhc @CU8?? deggebc tb bvir @CU11> deggebc. Baasnbri yuhcdusecissis su`n hs jipbset-thfecm, ùrric`y ix`nhcmi, aechcì, hcj riletthcìs hrilhji pbssedgi tnrbumn tni phrteèphtebc ba dhcfs arbl dbtn tni bcsnbri hcj baasnbrilhrfits. Hs tni yuhc baasnbri lhrfit es stegg geletij ec dbtn sezi hcj s`hgi, tni vbguliba yuhc jipbsets prbvejis h prbxy tb lihsuri tni givig ba baasnbri yuhc dusecissis. Htprisict, gequejety `bcjetebcs ec tni yuhc baasnbri lhrfit hri stegg cbt hjiquhti hcjecvistlict bptebcs abr baasnbri ecvistbrs hri ristre`tij. Zni geletij `bcvirtedegety ba tniyuhc `bcstrhecs ets ectirchtebchg usi hs stbri ba vhgui hcj tnes nhs hc elph`t bc tnisnhri ba trhji tnht `hc di sittgij ec yuhc. 81

0.4 Zni Zwb _nhsis ba tni Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni Uic

Zni _T@s yuhc strhtimy es hc ectirel

sbgutebc tb prblbti tni ectirchtebchg usi ba tni ùrric`y, dut bci wetn geletij rbbl abrsemceae`hct ixphcsebc di`husi ba tni geletij bpicciss ba tni `hpethg h``buct.

]nht tni _T@ es jbecmhcj es ixpi`tij tb jbwetn ets ùrric`y es cbt icterigy ciw. Hseleghr trhki`tbry whs httilptij dy tni Khphcisi hutnbreteis rimhrjecm tni yic, ivic eatnrbumn jeaairict lbjhgeteis hcj pirnhps wetn jeaairict bdki`tevis. ]nht es ciw,nbwivir, es tnht tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yuhc es pbge`y-jrevic wetn h spièae` abùsbc ixphcjecm tni usi ba tni yuhc ec tni rimebc. Zni sezi hcj s`hgi ba tni yuhc baasnbrilhrfit, wne`n rilhecs queti geletij jispeti diecm tni lbst elpbrthct hspi`t ba tni

prbìss ba ectirchtebchgezecm tni yuhc, es hcbtnir ecje`htbr ba tni yuhcs rimebchgjelicsebc. Ecjiij, tni yuhc nhs diic prblbtij hcj hjbptij bc h rimebchg givig ec tniHseh-_hèae`, hcj tniri es cb seleghr tricj ec btnir ilirmecm `buctreis gefi Drhzeg(P]EAZ 4?84).

Zni prbìss ba ectirchtebchgezecm tni yic abggbwij h jeaairict phttirc, hs pbge`y suppbrtwhs lbri geletij hcj tni jblhec whs lbri ectirchtebchg tnhc rimebchg. Et hgsbjivigbpij ec twb pnhsis. Zni aerst bci, ec tni 85>?s, whs jrevic dy i`bcbleàucjhlicthgs hcj lhrfit phrteèphcts. Zni si`bcj pnhsi, ec tni ghti 855?s hcj ihrgy4???s, whs jrevic dy pbge`y ecetehtevis. Zniri whs h jes`bcci`t, hcj h aucjhlicthg`bctrhje`tebc, ditwiic wnht lhrfits whctij hcj tni pbge`y bdki`tevis, hcj tnesleshgemclict whs ucjirs`brij dy tni i`bcble` aucjhlicthgs. Dy tni teli tnipbge`ylhfirs sprhcm ectb h`tebc, Khphc nhj hgrihjy ictirij ets gbcm i`bcble` lhghesiwetn, tniriabri, gettgi trh`tebc abr tni yic arbl lhrfit phrteèphcts.

Arbl tni lej-85=?s hcj tnrbumnbut tni 85>?s, tni teli ba Khphcs strbcm i`bcbleìxphcsebc, tni usi ba tni yic ec abriemc ix`nhcmi risirvis hcj tb ecvbeì hcj sittgitrhji nhj ec`rihsij semceae`hctgy. Dy 855?, hdbut :?% ba Khphcisi ixpbrts hcj 4?% baelpbrts wiri ecvbeìj ec yic. @ictrhg dhcfs arbl lhkbr i`bcbleis dimhc tb nbgj yicec tnier risirvis tnhcfs tb tni Dhcf ba Khphcs iaabrts tb isthdgesn h `rijedgi ùrric`ytnht whs stricmtnicecm ec vhgui (Arhcfig 4?88). Zni yic snhri ba hggb`htij risirvismriw tnrbumnbut tni 85>?s hcj pihfij ht >% ec 855?. Znes ec`rihsi ec tni usi ba tniyic whs lhecgy suppbrtij dy tni mrbwtn ba tni Khphcisi i`bcbly, wne`n ec tnbsi

81Zniri es hc hpphrict jes`riphc`y ditwiic usecm tni yuhc tb ecvbeì hcj sittgi trhji. Hvheghdgi

ivejicì summists tnht trhjielpbrts, ec phrteùghres ecvbeìj ec jbgghrs hcj sittgij ec yuhc (Uu 4?84).


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8:

yihrs whs ixphcjecm ht hc hvirhmi hccuhg rhti ba :.4%, hcj tni sezi ba Khphcsixpbrts si`tbr. Zni yic nhj hgsb `bcsejirhdgy hpprièhtij, arbl 01? tb tni jbgghr ec85=8 tb hdbut 800 tb tni jbgghr ec 855?.8=Pecì tnic, tni snhri ba Khphcs trhji tnhtes ecvbeìj ec yic nhs rilhecij hglbst uc`nhcmij. H `bldechtebc ba ecirteh hcjjitirebrhtebc ec tni i`bcble` aucjhlicthgs `bcstrhecij tni aurtnir ixphcsebc ec tniectirchtebchg usi ba tni Khphcisi ùrric`y.8>

Znes summists tnht ixphcjecm tni usi ba h ùrric`y hs h snhri ba tni essuecm `buctrystbthg trhji ticjs tb prbìij ht h rightevigy ahst phì ucteg et rih`nis hdbut 0?%:?% batni essuecm `buctrys trhji. Zb lbvi hdbvi tnht tnrisnbgj hcj hjj aurtnir ec`rilicts,ivic lhrmechg bcis, di`blis lbri jeaaeùgt. Ecirteh hcj citwbrf ixtirchgeteis, e.i., tnijbgghr dgb`, siil tb nhvi wbrfij ec ahvbr ba tni jbgghr. Zni ecvbeècm phttirc hgsblhttirs. Abr ecsthcì, Khphcisi ixpbrts tb tni YP ticj tb di ecvbeìj ec jbgghrs ivichatir Khphcisi aerls sneatij tnier prbju`tebc dhsis tb Hsehc `buctreis. Zb hvbejùrric`y resf, tnisi aerls ecvbeì tnier ixpbrts tb tni prbju`tebc sudsejehreis ec Hseh ecjbgghrs (Etb it hg. 4?8?).

]bugj pbgeèis tnht h`tevigy jrevi tni ectirchtebchg usi ba h ùrric`y lhfi h jeaairicì2Zni hvheghdgi ivejicì es cbt phrteùghrgy rbdust, phrtgy di`husi bcgy tni _T@ nhs hcixpgeèt pbge`y ba ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc tnht es ec syc` wetn tni `buctrys i`bcbleàucjhlicthgs. Dut et es tbb ihrgy tb jrhw hcy aerl `bc`gusebc. Khphcs hutnbreteis, htgihst ec tni aerst pnhsi ba yic ectirchtebchgezhtebc, wnic i`bcble` aucjhlicthgs `bugjnhvi `rihtij trh`tebc abr h pbge`y-jrevic prbìss ba ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc, `nbsitb hjbpt h sthcì ba dicemc cimgi`t. Ycteg tni ghti 855?s, cb ixpgeèt iaabrt nhj diiclhji tbwhrj ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc.

Et nhs diic hrmuij (Arhcfig 85>:6 Thcjhgg 855:6 Fwhc 4?84) tnht ec tni 85>?s tniKhphcisi hutnbreteis hvbejij hcy h`tevi pbge`y ectirvictebc hcj jej cbt `bcsejir tniectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic hs h prebrety di`husi tniy wiri tbb `bcìrcij hdbutgbsecm `bctrbg bvir lbciy suppgy hcj hdbut tni resf ba ec`rihsecm tni vhrehdegety ba tniix`nhcmi rhti (Arhcfig 85>:). Ec phrteùghr, Khphcs Lecestry ba Aechcì (LBA)risestij jbliste` aechcèhg gedirhgezhtebc hcj whs rigu`thct tb ahègethti h mrihtirectirchtebchg rbgi abr tni yic (Niccecm 855:; 04?). Et whs aihrij tnht tni mrihtirectirchtebchg usi ba tni yic `bugj tremmir `nhcmis ec pbrtabgeb priairicìs tnht `bugjcimhtevigy haai`t tni jbliste` i`bcbly hcj tnht ghrmi `rbss-dbrjir `hpethg agbws `bugj`husi aechcèhg ecsthdegety. Et es hgsb wbrtn cbtecm tnht dem Khphcisi `blphceis jej cbtixpi`t semceae`hct diciaets arbl tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic, lhecgy di`husi tniynhj tni `hphèty tb hdsbrd hcj lhchmi ix`nhcmi rhti resfs, ucgefi slhggir `blphceis.Nicì, tniy jej cbt put prissuri bc tni hutnbreteis tb thfi lbri jièsevi pbge`y h`tebc.

Ec tni 85=?s hcj 85>?s, Khphc wict tnrbumn h sireis ba hj nb` lihsuris tb gedirhgeziets aechcèhg si`tbr, bpic tni `hpethg h``buct, hcj hggbw abriemc risejicts tb h`ìss h

lbri `blprinicsevi rhcmi ba Khphcisi hssits. Dut tni lhec lbtevhtebc dinecj tnisilihsuris whs cbt tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic. Et whs tb pgihsi tni YP hcj ùrdprbti`tebcesl hcj hcte-Khphcisi sictelict (Arhcfig 4?88).

Zni ectirist rhti nhj dimuc tb di gedirhgezij ec tni 85=?s. Ec 85>?, tni AbriemcIx`nhcmi hcj Abriemc Zrhji @bctrbg Ghw whs rivesij tb gedirhgezi ec precèpgi hgg

8=Pecì tni 855?s, tni yics pirabrlhcì nhs diic queti vbghtegi. Et hpprièhtij stihjegy ec tni yihrs hatir

tni mgbdhg aechcèhg `reses, rih`necm h pihf ba =1 tb tni jbgghr ec B`tbdir 4?88. Et lbvij dh`f hdbvi 8??tb tni jbgghr hatir Dhcf ba Khphc nhj ucviegij ets ciw hpprbh`n tb lbcithry pbge`y ec Hpreg 4?80.8>

Jispeti Khphcs gbst ji`hji, tni ectirchtebchg usi ba tni yic ec trhji jej cbt ji`rihsi arbl tnipbsetebc et nhj h`neivij ec tni ghti 85>?s. Nbwivir, tni yic snhri ba mgbdhg risirvis ji`rihsij virysemceae`hctgy arbl ets pihf ec 855?.


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`rbss-dbrjir trhcsh`tebcs. Nbwivir, et whs bcgy ec tni lej-85>?s tnht Khphc mhvi rihgsudsthcì tb tni gedirhgezhtebc ba yic trhcsh`tebcs bc tni `hpethg h``buct. Znes gij tbtni `rihtebc ba ciw yic lhrfits hcj ecstrulicts, su`n hs h yic-jicblechtij dhcfirsh`ìpthcì lhrfit hcj vhrebus lhrfits abr aechcèhg auturis hcj bptebcs. Nbwivir,nemn aiis ec tni dhcfirs h`ìpthcì lhrfit, nemn sthlp juteis, hcj ùldirsblihjlecestrhtevi prbìjuris ji ah`tb `bcstrhecij usi ba tni yic ec ectirchtebchgtrhcsh`tebcs (Fhwhe 4?84).

H ji`hji ghtir, ec 8551, _reli Lecestir Nhsnelbtb ghuc`nij h pbge`y ecetehtevi tbildrhì h arii, aher hcj mgbdhg aechcèhg lhrfit ec Khphc (_eshce-Airry 8555) hcj tblhfi Zbfyb h mgbdhggy `blpitetevi ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctir bc phr wetn Gbcjbchcj Ciw Ubrf dy 4??8. Zni Abriemc Ix`nhcmi Ghw ba 85>? whs rivesij ec 855>, hcjhgg rilhececm ristre`tebcs bc `hpethg h``buct trhcsh`tebcs wiri igelechtij. Znijirimughtebc ba Khphcs jbliste` aechcèhg lhrfit gij tb tni aechcèhg Dem Dhcm.

H ripbrt pudgesnij ec 8555 dy tni LBA hrmuij tni `hsi abr tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc batni yic.85

0.0 Zni Uic hcj tni Uuhc; Znic hcj Cbw

Zni yihrs arbl 855> tb 4??0 shw hc ecticseae`htebc ba mbvirclict iaabrts

tbwhrjs ectirchtebchgezecm tni ùrric`y, hcj tnes ecvbgvij lihsuris tb elprbvi tniushdegety ba tni yic hcj ixphcj tni lhrfit abr mbvirclict dbcjs hcj deggs (Fhwhe4?84). Zni Khphcisi hutnbreteis nhj aechggy `bli hdbhrj hcj `bllettij tb jrevi hcjsuppbrt tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic, dut et whs tbb ghti. Khphcs gbcm sthmchtebchcj i`bcble` lhghesi secì tni durstecm ba tni ghcj hcj iquety duddgis ht tni sthrt batni 855?s lihct tnht tni aucjhlicthgs wiri cb gbcmir suppbrtevi wnegi tni dhcfecm`reses, Khphcs `rete`hg aes`hg pbsetebc, ets sperhgecm mbvirclict jidt, hcj tni `bcsiquictvbghtegety ba tni yic ucjirlecij tni `bcaejicì ba lhrfit phrteèphcts (Arhcfig 4?88).

Zniri hri h culdir ba seleghreteis ditwiic tni aerst pnhsi ba yic ectirchtebchgezhtebc

hcj tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yuhc. Ec 855?, tni sezi ba tni Khphcisi i`bcbly ht8?% ba wbrgj MJ_ whs seleghr tb tni sezi ba tni _T@s i`bcbly tbjhy. Ht tnht teli,Khphc whs tni wbrgjs tnerj ghrmist i`bcbly hatir tni YP hcj tni IY 4?

85Mevic tnht tni Khphcisi i`bcbly tbjhy h``bucts abr hdbut 8:% ba tni mgbdhg i`bcbly hcj tnhtKhphc rhcfs hs tni wbrgjs ghrmist `rijetbr `buctry, tni ectirchtebchg sthtus ba tni yic hs lihsurij hmhecsttni hdbvi ah`ts rivihgs tnht tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic nhs cbt ciìsshregy hjvhcìj tb hchjiquhti givig (LBA 8555).

(Zhdgi 4). Zneswhs tni risugt ba tni strbcm ixphcsebc tni Khphcisi i`bcbly nhj ixpireicìj ec tniprivebus yihrs. Dy 855?, tni aechcèhg si`tbr hcj tni `hpethg h``buct nhj diic ghrmigygedirhgezij. Hs h risugt, tni ectirchtebchg usi ba tni yic whs lbri ixticsevi tnhc tnht batni yuhc tbjhy, ispièhggy wetn rimhrj tb tni snhri ba hggb`htij abriemc ix`nhcmirisirvis hcj tni snhri ba abriemc ix`nhcmi trhcsh`tebcs. Nbwivir, ec tni 855?s tniyic whs trhegecm dinecj tni jbgghr, tni Jiuts`ni lhrf, hcj tni Aric`n arhc`, hs tbjhy etstegg trhegs dinecj tni jbgghr hcj tni iurb. Zni sezi ba dbtn tni ectirchtebchg dbcj baairecmhcj tni abriemc ix`nhcmi lhrfit summist h aechcèhg si`tbr stegg tbb jbliste`-breictijtb prbveji trh`tebc abr tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni ùrric`y.

4? Ec 855?, tni IY whs `hggij tni Iurbpihc @bllucety hcj whs lu`n slhggir, wetn bcgy 84 lildir

sthtis. Zbjhy et nhs 4> lildirs.


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19/29


8=

Zhdgi 0; Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba Khphc hcj tni _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nechs

Aechcèhg Ecstetutebcs

Khphc _T@

85>? 85>5 4?8?

CuldirAbriemc

ecstetutebcs ecKhphc

Khphcisiecstetutebcs

hdrbhj

Abriemcecstetutebcs ec

Khphc

Khphcisiecstetutebcs

hdrbhj

Abriemcecstetutebcs ec

tni _T@

_T@ecstetutebcs

hdrbhj

Dhcfs

Drhc`nis >9 805 848 4=9 5? 58:

Pudsejehreis =: 5 415 4=?

Tiprisicthtevi baaeìs8?0 8>1 808 ::8

Zbthg8>> 055 418 5>9 01? 58:

Piùreteis Aerls

Drhc`nis/sudsejehreis9 05 99 808 94 01

Tiprisicthtevi baaeìs 19 41 84= 58 819

Zbthg =? 19 8>4 444 48= 01

Cbti; < cbt hvheghdgi.Pburìs; Zhvghs hcj Bzife (8554), @DT@, hcj @PT@.

Hs Khphc jej ec tni 85=?s hcj 85>?s, tni _T@ es ùrrictgy jihgecm wetn tni`bcvirtedegety ba tni `hpethg h``buct, tni riabrl ba tni ix`nhcmi rhti, hcj tni upmrhjecm

ba tni aechcèhg si`tbr, ec`gujecm tni jivigbplict ba Pnhcmnhe hs hc ectirchtebchgaechcèhg ìctir. Hs ec tni `hsi ba Khphc, ùrrict h``buct `bcvirtedegety whs ghrmigyh`neivij ht tni bcsit ba tni `buctrys ghrmi i`bcble` ixphcsebc, twicty yihrs diabritni gedirhgezhtebc ba tni `hpethg h``buct (Zhdgi :). Ec 851:, wnic et h`neivij augggedirhgezhtebc ba tni ùrrict h``buct, Khphc kbecij tni Brmhceshtebc abr I`bcble` @b-bpirhtebc hcj Jivigbplict (BI@J).

Zni _T@s yuhc strhtimy nhs diic lhrfij dy sbli `gihr stips, ivic ea pbge`ylihsuris ticj tb di ducjgij tbmitnir rhtnir tnhc prbpirgy siquicìj (Uu 4?84). Ecah`t, ucgefi tni siquicì abggbwij dy tni yic, tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yuhcpriìjis tni _T@s aechcèhg riabrls hcj tni bpicecm ba tni `hpethg h``buct, hcj tnibpicecm ba tni `hpethg h``buct siils tb `bli diabri tni aechcèhg riabrls (Uu 4?80).

Ecjiij, h``brjecm tb tni 84tn Aevi-Uihr-_ghc abr tni Jivigbplict hcj Tiabrl ba tniAechcèhg Ecjustry (_Db@ 4?84), tni _T@s `hpethg h``buct snbugj h`neivi dhse``bcvirtedegety ec 4?89, wetn ristre`tebcs bcgy bc snbrt-tirl jidt (Zhdgi :). 4?89 es hgsbtni yihr wnic tni _T@ hutnbreteis ixpi`t tb swet`n tb h agixedgi ix`nhcmi rhti. Hs abrtni aechcèhg riabrls, et wegg thfi gbcmir, dut tni pghc es tb nhvi tni dugf ba tnilelpgilictij diabri 4?4?, wne`n es tni jihjgeci sit tb jivigbp Pnhcmnhe hs hcectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctir. Ec hcy `hsi, aechcèhg riabrls hcj tni mrhjuhg bpicecm batni `hpethg h``buct hgsb thfi pghì ht hc ihrgeir sthmi ba tni _T@s jivigbplict tnhcwhs tni `hsi abr Khphc.

Zni jivigbplict ba tni yic hs hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`y lbvij ec geci wetn tni riabrlshcj gedirhgezhtebc ba Khphcs aechcèhg si`tbr, tni jivigbplict ba h rbdust rimughtbryarhliwbrf, hcj tni bpicecm ba tni `hpethg h``buct. Abr tni _T@, tni bpicecm ba tni

`hpethg h``buct siils tb `bli diabri aechcèhg riabrls. Lbribvir, ht tni aerst sthmi ba


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8>

yic ectirchtebchgezhtebc, Khphc whs h auggy-agijmij jilb`rh`y, wetn trustwbrtnyecstetutebcs hcj h `rijedgi gimhg systil. Znisi aihturis hri ciìsshry tb isthdgesn hcectirchtebchg ùrric`y tnht cbc-risejicts hri weggecm tb nbgj, dut tnes es cbt tni `hsi abrtni _T@. Zni _T@ mbvirclict, nbwivir, siils tb digeivi tnht tni `rihtebc ba h yuhcbaasnbri lhrfit tnht es jigecfij arbl tni lhecghcjs mbvirchcì hcj pbgete`s wbugj diicbumn tb pirsuhji cbc-risejicts tb ecvist ec hcj nbgj yuhc.

Zhdgi :; Zeligeci; Zni Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni Khphcisi Uic hcj tni _ibpgis

Tipudge` ba @nechs Uuhc

_hrhlitirs Khphc _T@

h. @urrict h``buct`bcvirtedegety

851:

Augg ùrrict h``buct `bcvirtedegety wnicKhphc h`ìptij tni bdgemhtebcs ucjir

Hrte`gi QEEE ba tni ELA Hrte`gis baHmriilict.

855:

@urrict h``buct `bcvirtedegety ghrmigyh`neivij, sudki`t tb ristre`tebcs hcjbtnir cbc-threaa dhrreirs bc tni elpbrtsba mbbjs hcj sirveìs.

4?80@irthec elpbrts ba sirveìs, i.m.,ecjevejuhg ixpicjeturis abr tburesl,hri stegg sudki`t tb quhctethtevi gelets(e.i., $9?,??? pir yihr pir pirsbc6$4,??? pir tburest).

d. @hpethg h``buct`bcvirtedegety

85=0

Zni stre`t ìegecm bc ecwhrj siùreteisecvistlict whs hdbgesnij.

4?89

_ghc tb h`neivi dhse` `bcvirtedegety(e.i., `hpethg h``buct gedirhgezij wetnristre`tebcs bc snbrt-tirl jidt).

`. Agbhtecm ix`nhcmi rhti 85=8

Ycjir tni Pletnsbcehc Hmriilict, tnijbgghr/yic ix`nhcmi rhti es sit ht 0?>hcj es hggbwij tb agu`tuhti wetnec h wejirdhcj (ditwiic 0?8.8 hcj 08:.5).

4??9

Icj ba tni jbgghr pim hcj riabrl batni ix`nhcmi rhti rimeli (dh`f tb tnijbgghr pim ec 4??>).

4?8?

Pwet`n dh`f tb h dhsfit ba ùrricèis.

4?84

Drbhjir yuhc trhjecm dhcj wetn h +/8% rhcmi ba agu`tuhtebc ectirvhg.

4?89

_ghc tb lbvi tb h lbri agixedgiix`nhcmi rhti rimeli.

j. Aechcèhgriabrl/jivigbplict ba hcectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctirwetnec tni `buctry

85>9

Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba Zbfyb hs h lhkbraechcèhg ìctir (Abriemc Ix`nhcmi@bucèg Tipbrt 85>9).

4??0

Tistbrecm Zbfyb hs h lhkbrectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctir.

4?88

Pnhcmnhe es sit tb di`bli hc EA@ dy4?4?, h``brjecm tb tni _T@s 84tnAevi-Uihr-_ghc (Pthti @bucèg 4?88).

4?84

Zni Chtebchg Jivigbplict hcjTiabrl @bllessebc (CJT@) hcj tniPnhcmnhe mbvirclict hccbucìj hpghc tb jivigbp tni èty hs h mgbdhgnud ba yuhc trhjecm dy 4?89.

_T@ < _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech, ELA < Ectirchtebchg Lbcithry Aucj.


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85

0.: Timebchg @bctixt

Hs et es jeaaeùgt tb jrhw phrhggigs ditwiic tni twb ipesbjis ba ùrric`yectirchtebchgezhtebc ec jeaairict pirebjs hcj `bctixts, tniri hri cbt lhcy gissbcs tnht

`hc di baairij tb tni _T@ hutnbreteis. Zni fiy pbects, wne`n nhvi diic ixticsevigyjesùssij ec tni getirhturi bc ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc, hri tnht tni sezi ba tnii`bcbly hcj mrbwtn pbtictehg lhttir ec `rihtecm lhrfit trh`tebc abr h ùrric`y. _bge`ylihsuris hcj aechcèhg bpicciss hri iquhggy elpbrthct. Zni tilpbrhry sbgutebcjivesij dy tni _T@ tb èrùlvict tni gh`f ba `bcvirtedegety ba tni `hpethg h``buct`bcaerls tni elpbrthcì ba hggbwecm arii ectirchtebchg ùrric`y èrùghtebc. ]nht siilsaucjhlicthggy jeaairict ditwiic Khphc hcj tni _T@s ixpireicì wetn ùrric`yectirchtebchgezhtebc, hcj wnht siils tb ec`rihsi tni yuhcs bjjs ba ec`rihsecm etsectirchtebchg usi, es tni rimebchg `bctixt.

Ec tni 85>?s, Khphc whs tni bcgy jivigbpij i`bcbly wetn jivigbpij `hpethg lhrfitsec Hseh. Ht tnht teli Hseh whs h rimebc ba gbw-ec`bli `buctreis ($8,?09 br giss pirnihj 48). Ets i`bcbleis wiri mrbwecm ht h ahst phì, dut wiri rightevigy slhgg hcjgh`fij aechcèhg jiptn. Zni _T@s i`bcbly whs bci aeateitn ba ets sezi tbjhy ($4?4deggebc ec tni 85>?s `blphrij wetn $>,44= deggebc ec 4?84). Zni _T@s tbthg trhji whs$=? deggebc ht tni teli, `blphrij wetn $0,>15 deggebc ec 4?84. Zni sezi ba tni hmmrimhtiMJ_ ba tni Hsehc Zemirs44

Znisi jhys, tni _T@ es mrbwecm ets i`bcbly hcj ixphcjecm tni usi ba ets ùrric`y ech rimebchg `bctixt tnht es lu`n lbri hjvhcìj tnhc tnerty yihrs hmb. Zniri hri nemn-ec`bli `buctreis (wetn ht gihst $84,181 pir nihj), gbwir-lejjgi-ec`bli `buctreis gefiQeit Chl hcj Ecjeh (ditwiic $8,?01 hcj $:,?>9 pir nihj), hcj gbw-ec`bli `buctreissu`n hs Dhcmghjisn. Hsehs tbthg trhji es lbri tnhc $8? treggebc. Aechcèhg lhrfits hrilbri jivigbpij hcj tni rimebc nhs abur ba tni tbp tic ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctirs

Nbcm Fbcm, @nech6 Pecmhpbri6 Zbfyb6 hcj Pibughcj lhcy rimebchg br jbliste`ìctirs (Aechcèhg @ictirs Auturi 4?80).

whs hpprbxelhtigy $89? deggebc ht tnht teli, `blphrij wetnbvir $4,??? deggebc ec 4?84.

Ycgefi Khphc ec tni 85>?s, tni _T@ es lu`n lbri ectimrhtij ec tni rimebchg i`bcbly.Pgemntgy lbri tnhc 9?% ba Hsehs lir`nhcjesi trhji es ectrh-rimebchg, lhfecm Hseh bciba tni wbrgjs lbst ectimrhtij rimebcs (Aemuri 4). Abr tni _T@, trhji wetnec Hseh whs$:08.1 deggebc ec 4?84 (br 88.8% ba tni _T@s tbthg trhji), wnegi Khphcs trhji wetn Hsehec tni 85>?s whs, bc hvirhmi, kust bvir $9? deggebc (br 89.5% ba Khphcs tbthg trhji)(Aemuri 0).

48Zni `ghsseae`htebc ba ec`bli mrbup abggbws tni ]brgj Dhcf jiaecetebc ec 4?84 dhsij bc tni Htghs litnbj.

44Nbcm Fbcm, @nech6 Pecmhpbri6 tni Tipudge` ba Fbrih6 hcj Zhepie,@nech.


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4?

Aemuri 4; Ectrh-Timebchg Lir`nhcjesi Zrhji, 4?8?

Pburìs; ]ZB. 4?84. Ysi ba @urricèis ec Ectirchtebchg Zrhji; Hcy @nhcmis ec tni _e`turi2

Aemuri 0; Zni _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech hcj Khphc ec Hsehs trhji

_T@ < _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech, @EA < @bst, Ecsurhcì, hcj Ariemnt.Pburì; Znblsbc Tiutirs Jhthstrihl.

Abr dbtn tni _T@ tbjhy hcj Khphc ec 855?, trhji wetn Hseh hs h pirìcthmi ba tniertbthg trhji es giss tnhc tni snhri ba tnier trhji wetn tni YP hcj tni IY (Zhdgi 9).Nbwivir, wnegi tni _T@ nhs semceae`hctgy rijuìj ixpbrts tb hcj elpbrts arblecjustrehg `buctreis, ht tni pihf ba ets i`bcble` ixphcsebc Khphc ec`rihsij ets trhjiwetn btnir ecjustrehg `buctreis. Bvir twicty yihrs, tni _T@ hgsb ec`rihsij ets snhri ba

rimebchg lhcuah`turecm trhji (ix`gujecm Nbcm Fbcm, @nech) arbl kust bvir 4% ec 8558


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48

tb hglbst 49% ec 4?88. Bvir tni shli pirebj, Khphc rijuìj ets snhri ba rimebchglhcuah`turecm trhji arbl 44% ec 8558 tb 80% ec 4?88. H lbri jychle` rimebchg`bctixt wniri duseciss `bcjetebcs hri elprbvecm, ghdbr `bsts rilhec `blpitetevi ec tnirimebcs jivigbpecm `buctreis, hcj ec`bli givigs hcj gevecm sthcjhrjs hri ixphcjecm,ixpghecs tni sneat ec tni jeri`tebc ba tni _T@s trhji tbwhrjs Hseh. Zni icj lhrfit,nbwivir, es lhecgy butseji Hsehec Iurbpi hcj ec tni YP. Abr ecsthcì, ditwiic 4???hcj 4?8?, tni _T@s elpbrts ba ti`ncbgbmy-ecticsevi `blpbcicts arbl Khphc6Zhepie,@nech6 hcj tni Tipudge` ba Fbrih rbsi, hcj tnes ec`rihsi es riagi`tij ec hwejicecm ba tni _T@s trhji jiaeèt wetn tnisi i`bcbleisarbl $0? deggebc tb $48?deggebc. Hs tni _T@ tnic ixpbrts tni aechg mbbjs abr tni jivigbpij i`bcbleis, tnes lhycbt risugt ec h `nhcmi ec tni phttirc ba trhji ecvbeècm.

Zni `nbeì ba tni ecvbeècm ùrric`y ec ectirchtebchg trhji es haai`tij dy lhcy jeaairictah`tbrs su`n hs rightevi dhrmhececm pbwir, ecvbeècm ùrricèis ec ectirchtebchg`bllbjety lhrfits, hcj trhji stru`turi. Zni _T@s ec`rihsecm i`bcble` jblechcìec Hseh hcj ixphcjecm jbliste` jilhcj ec lhcy gbw- hcj lejjgi-ec`bli `buctreisecje`hti ahvbrhdgi `bcjetebcs abr ixphcjecm tni usi ba tni yuhc ec tni rimebc.

Zhdgi 9; Zni _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech hcj Khphc; Jeri`tebc ba Zrhji

Khphc _T@

(% ba Zbthg) 85>? 855? 8559 4?84

Ixpbrts

Hsehc `buctreis 48.>% 45.1% 1.5% 88.=%

Ecjustrehg `buctreis :9.0% 9>.1% ==.>% 99.>%

(YP) 4:.9% 08.=% 81.1% 8=.4%

(IY) 89.>% 4?.>% 80.>% 8=.4%

Jivigbpecm `buct reis giss Hsehc `buctreis 49.8% 8?.>% 90.4% 10.1%

]brgj giss Hsehc @buctreis =>.4% =?.:% 50.8% >>.0%

Elpbrts

Hsehc `buctreis 48.8% 41.1% 9.1% 8?.9%

Ecjustrehg `buctreis 04.1% 9?.4% =>.8% ::.4%

(YP) 8=.:% 44.9% 84.4% =.?%

(IY) 1.1% 81.0% 81.9% 88.=%

Jivigbpecm `buct reis giss Hsehc `buctreis :4.?% 48.1% >.>% 49.1%

]brgj giss Hsehc @buctreis =>.5% =0.:% 5:.:% >5.9%

_T@ < _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech, YP < Ycetij Pthtis, IY < Iurbpihc Ycebc.Pburìs; Zhvghs hcj Bzife (8554)6 ELA, Jeri`tebc ba Zrhji Pthteste`s.

Hcbtnir elpbrthct jeaairicì ec tni rimebchg `bctixt abr tni yic hcj tni yuhc es tnijivigbplict ba abriemc ix`nhcmi lhrfits ec tni rimebc. Ht tni teli ba yicectirchtebchgezhtebc, tnisi wiri ucjirjivigbpij, ricjirecm tni usi ba tni yicjeshjvhcthmibus. Hs h risugt, tni yic whs cbt ixticsevigy usij ec Khphc's trhji,phrteùghrgy ec elpbrts, wetn btnir Hsehc `buctreis (Etb it hg. 4?8?). Zni _T@ hutnbreteis

siil hwhri ba tnes prbdgil hcj tni yuhc strhtimy es duegt hrbucj tni usi ba tni


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44

ùrric`y ec rimebchg trhji hcj tni jivigbplict ba h gequej lhrfit abr tni yuhc dyprbvejecm aucjs tb di ecvistij ec tni rimebc.

Zni jeri`tebc ba abriemc jeri`t ecvistlict (AJE) es semceae`hctgy jeaairict abr tbjhys _T@`blphrij wetn Khphc ec tni 85>?s, wnic tni YP whs tni lhec rièpeict ba Khphcisi

AJE. Ec 855?, hglbst 9?% ba Khphcs AJE wict tb tni YP, up arbl hdbut :?% ec 85>0(Zhdgi 1). AJE tb Hseh, bc tni btnir nhcj, jrbppij arbl hglbst 0?% ec 85>0 tb 80% ec855?. Abr tbjhys _T@, Hseh es dy ahr tni lhec AJE rièpeict, hcj tni snhri ba tni_T@s AJE mbecm tb Hseh ec`rihsij arbl 4??0 tb 4?8?. Ec 4?8?, cihrgy tnrii-quhrtirs batni _T@s AJE wict tb Hseh.

Zni _T@ hutnbreteis hri hgsb priphrij tb suppbrt tni yuhc strhtimy dy semcecm deghtirhgùrric`y swhp hmriilicts wetn ìctrhg dhcfs ec tni rimebc. Ht tni icj ba Humust 4?80,tni _Db@ nhj semcij tic swhp hmriilicts wetn i`bcbleis ec tni Hseh-_hèae` (tniTipudge` ba Fbrih6 Nbcm Fbcm, @nech6 Pecmhpbri6 Ecjbciseh6 Znheghcj6 Lhghyseh6Lbcmbgeh6 _hfesthc6 Ciw [ihghcj6 hcj Hustrhgeh).

Zhdgi 1; Zni _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech hcj Khphc; Abriemc Jeri`t Ecvistlict dy

Timebc

Khphc _T@

(% ba Zbthg ) 85>0 855? 4??0 4?8?

Hseh 4>.4% 80.8% 94.9% =8.5%

Iurbpi 88.8% 41.?% 9.0% 9.?%

YP 05.8% :>.8% 4.?% 4.9%

Btnir 48.1% 84.>% :?.4% 4?.1%

_T@ < _ibpgis Tipudge` ba @nech, YP < Ycetij Pthtis.Cbti; Zni Lecestry ba @bllirì ba tni _T@ sthrtij prbvejecm pudge` sthteste`s bc tni rimebchg jestredutebc batni _T@s bvirsihs ecvistlicts ec 4??0. Aemuris prebr tb 4??0 hri cbt hvheghdgi.Pburìs; Zhvghs hcj Bzife (8554), Lecestry ba @bllirì.

]nht hri tni elpge`htebcs ba tnes jeaairict rimebchg `bctixt hcj jeaairict rimebchgectimrhtebc2 Znrii bdsirvhtebcs hri rigivhct niri. Zni aerst bci es tnht tni i`bcbleàucjhlicthgs hri h ciìsshry `bcjetebc tb pusn tni ectirchtebchg usi ba h ùrric`y, duttniy lhy cbt di suaaeèict tb ixticj tni s`bpi hcj tni jblhec ba h ùrric`y. Abùsecmbc tni rimebchg `bctixt, wniri tni ùrric`y `hc mit trh`tebc arbl ixestecm hcjixphcjecm trhji hcj aechcèhg gecfs, puts tni prbìss ba ùrric`y ectirchtebchgezhtebc bch phtn ba gihst risesthcì.

Zni si`bcj bdsirvhtebc es tnht ectimrhtebc ec rimebchg suppgy `nhecs hcj h pbwirauglhrfit pbsetebc `hc nigp h ùrric`y tb bvir`bli ecirteh hcj `rihti lhrfit trh`tebc. EcHseh, tni jbgghr rilhecs tni gihjecm ùrric`y, dut tni sezi ba tni _T@s i`bcbly, etssnhri ba rimebchg trhji, hcj ghrmi ecvistlicts ec tni rimebc snbugj suppbrt tniixphcsebc ba tni yuhc ec tni rimebc.

Aechggy, ix`nhcmi rhti hrrhcmilicts ec btnir `buctreis ec tni rimebc lhttir. Ec tni `hsiba Khphc, abr ixhlpgi, tni ix`nhcmi rhtis ditwiic tni yic hcj tni btnir ùrricèis ectni rimebc wiri ucsthdgi hs tnisi ùrricèis wiri gecfij tb tni jbgghr. Zni setuhtebclhy di jeaairict abr tni yuhc. Ivejicì hgrihjy summists tnht tni ùrricèis ba tniTipudge` ba Fbrih6 Ecjbciseh6 Lhghyseh6 tni _negeppecis6 Zhepie,@nech6 Pecmhpbri6 hcjZnheghcj lbri `gbsigy trh`f tni yuhc tnhc tni jbgghr. Zni jbgghrs jblechcì hs h


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riairicì ùrric`y ec Ihst Hseh es cbw geletij tb Nbcm Fbcm, @nech (dy vertui ba tnipim)6 Qeit Chl6 hcj Lbcmbgeh (Pudrhlhcehc hcj Fissgir 4?84).

:. @BC@GYPEBC

Ec tni 85>?s, tni yic siilij tb nhvi hgg tni issictehg aihturis abr ùrric`yectirchtebchgezhtebc; mbbj i`bcble` aucjhlicthgs, h strbcm ix`nhcmi rhti, h surpgusbc tni ùrrict h``buct, augg `bcvirtedegety bc tni `hpethg h``buct, h nemn jimrii babpicciss ec aechcèhg lhrfits `blphrij wetn lbst ba ets ciemndbrs, hcj tni prblbtebcba baaeèhg Khphcisi bvirsihs jivigbplict hssesthcì, `rijet, hcj ecvistlict. Dut tnesprbvij cbt tb di icbumn. Ec tni icj, tni yic jivigbpij ectb hc ectirchtebchg ùrric`ywetn geletij s`bpi, hgdiet ec h mgbdhg jblhec.

Gbbfecm ht tni Khphcisi ixpireicì ba ectirchtebchgezecm tni yic arbl tni pirspi`teviba tni _T@s ùrrict ixpireicì wetn tni yuhc, et siils tnht et whs hc ucahvbrhdgirimebchg `bctixt tnht `bcstrhecij tni ixphcsebc ba tni yic. Ecjiij, ec tni 85>?s tni

mhp ec jivigbplict ditwiic Khphc hcj ets ciemndbrs ecivethdgy pusnij tni yic tbectirchtebchgezi diybcj tni lbri lhchmihdgi rimebchg dbrjirs hcj drbhjic tnipbtictehg mibmrhpne`hg jblhec ba tni yic.

Ht tni teli ba yic ectirchtebchgezhtebc tni jbgghr whs tni bcgy dic`nlhrf. Zni iurb nhjcbt yit `bli ectb ixesticì.40Ec h ripbrt priphrij dy LBA ec tni si`bcj pnhsi ba yicectirchtebchgezhtebc (LBA 4?80), tni jbgghr whs batic riairrij tb hs tni dic`nlhrfùrric`y tb lihsuri tni ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni yic.4:

Zni `bctixt ec wne`n tni _T@ httilpts tb ectirchtebchgezi ets ùrric`y es viry jeaairictarbl tni bci Khphc whs ahìj wetn. Jiipir ectimrhtebc hcj strbcm mrbwtn ec tni ghst

twb ji`hjis nhvi ixphcjij tni wbrgj i`bcbly, wetn tni risugt tnht lbri `buctreiscbw h`tevigy thfi phrt ec et. Znes pirebj nhs hgsb siic h riju`tebc ec tni rightevii`bcble` wiemnt ba tni YP, hs tni rhpej mrbwtn ba tni ilirmecm lhrfits i`bcbleis,hcj ispièhggy tni _T@, nhs sneatij tni dhghcì ec tni wbrgj i`bcbly. Hseh nhsdi`bli tni wbrgjs lbst jychle` rimebc hcj rimebchg ectimrhtebc nhs diic jrevecmi`bcble` mrbwtn. Zni jivigbplict ba tni usi ba tni yuhc ec Hseh riagi`ts tni stru`turiba tni _T@s trhji hcj ets ectimrhtebc ec Hsehs suppgy `nhec. Hseh es wniri tni _T@smbvirclict es jivigbpecm ets yuhc strhtimy. Duegjecm bc tni _T@s prisicì tniri hcjbc tni rimebcs i`bcble` ixphcsebc snbugj nigp tni _T@ mbvirclict tb pusn tni usiba tni yuhc. _bge`y suppbrt tnrbumn vhrebus lihsuris hcj tni tni _T@ mbis mgbdhgstrhtimy snbugj `bctreduti tb rijuècm tni httretebc arbl tni jbgghr. Ec btnir wbrjs,duegjecm bc tni _T@s rimebchg hjvhcthmis snbugj `rihti h phtn ba gihst risesthcì abrpusnecm tni yuhc diybcj tni _T@s dbrjirs.

Zni jbgghr pghyij tni tnriirbgis ba lbciy tb h jimrii tnht wict wigg diybcj tni sezi ba tni YP i`bcbly hcj etssnhri ba mgbdhg trhji. Ets jblhec whs mgbdhg.

Ec tirls ba lhrfit h`ìss hcj `hpethg agbws, tni _T@ stegg nhs h gbcm why tb mb. Znidhghcì ditwiic lhrfit hutbcbly hcj pbge`y sbviriemcty es tegtij tbwhrjs tni ghttir hstni abrlir es `bcstrhecij dy `hpethg `bctrbgs hcj pbge`y ectirvictebcs. Zni _T@gihjirsnep ticjs tb riec ec lhrfit hutbcbly ec brjir tb fiip i`bcble` eldhghcìs hcjaechcèhg ecsthdegety ucjir `bctrbg. Znes es cbrlhg abr i`bcbleis tnht hri bpicecm upwetnbut nhvecm h auggy jivigbpij dhcfecm hcj aechcèhg systil, hcj tni hpprbprehti

40Ht tni teli ba tni httilpt tb ectirchtebchgezi tni yic ec 8555, tni iurb whs ec ets ihrgy jhys hcj tnus`bugj cbt prbveji lu`n ba h riairicì br dic`nlhrf.

4:Ec tni ripbrt tni Mirlhc lhrf hcj tni Aric`n arhc` hri lictebcij, dut cbt hs dic`nlhrfs abr tni yic.


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4:

ecstetutebchg arhliwbrf. Zniri es h `gihr trhji-baa ditwiic tni jhcmir ba systile` resftnht hresis arbl diecm phrt ba h mgbdhggy ectimrhtij lhrfit systil hcj tni pbtictehg`bstsdbtn i`bcble` hcj pbgete`hgba ristrhececm tni lhrfit. Zni _T@, nbwivir,ec`rihsecmgy snbws tnht tnes lbjig es di`blecm giss susthechdgi hcj h ciw strhtimyciijs tb di jivesij tb lbvi tni `buctry abrwhrj.

Nhvecm ectirchtebchg ùrricèis wetn jeaairict s`bpis hcj jblhecs ectuetevigy siils tbrispbcj tb nbw tni wbrgj i`bcbly es `nhcmecm, wetn lbri `buctreis hcj rimebcstrhjecm wetn ih`n btnir. Hs tni wbrgj i`bcbly nhs di`bli lugtepbghr hs h risugt batrhji hcj aechcèhg ectimrhtebc, ectirchtebchg trhji hcj aechcì `hc cb gbcmir rigy hglbstix`gusevigy bc bci ùrric`y hcj h aiw ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctirs. 49

H pghusedgi sìchreb abr tni cixt ji`hji es tni jivigbplict ba tni yuhc hs Hsehs

gihjecm ùrric`y. ]niri wbugj tnes gihvi tni yic2 Hs jesùssij ec tnes phpir, tni yicnhs tni pbtictehg tb ixphcj ets auc`tebc hs stbri ba vhgui

Nbwivir, tniicj ba jbgghr gihjirsnep ec tni wbrgj i`bcbly es stegg sbli yihrs hwhy. Ptrbcm citwbrfixtirchgeteis hcj ecirteh wegg fiip tni jbgghr mbecm. Lbri aucjhlicthggy, cb btnir`buctrybr rimebces yit `gbsi tb h`neivecm tni jblechcì bvir tni wbrgj i`bcblytnht tni YP h`querij ec tni hatirlhtn ba ]brgj ]hr EE.

41hcj pghy tni rbgi ba h shainhvic jurecm telis ba `reses, gefi tni YF pbucj stirgecm hcj tni Pwess arhc` jb. ZniKhphcisi hutnbreteis, tniriabri, snbugj abùs bc ixphcjecm tni usi ba tni yic ecectirchtebchg dhcfecm hcj aechcì wnegi jivigbpecm Zbfyb tb di`bli bci ba tni gihjecmectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctirs. Zni yic nhs h semceae`hctgy gbwir snhri ba abriemcix`nhcmi trhcsh`tebcs, `rbss-dbrjir dhcf jipbsets, hcj `rbss-dbrjir dhcf gbhcs tnhctni jbgghr hcj tni iurb. Zni jbliste` dbcj lhrfit snbugj di lbri bpic hcjectirchtebchg dbcj baairecms snbugj di ixphcjij. Hgbcm wetn tni jivigbplict ba Zbfybhs hc ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctir, tni hutnbreteis snbugj `bcsejir isthdgesnecm h yuhcbaasnbri lhrfit, hs btnir gihjecm aechcèhg ìctirs su`n hs Gbcjbc hcj Pecmhpbri hrijbecm. Jivigbpecm Zbfyb ectb h auggy-agijmij ectirchtebchg aechcèhg ìctir tnht

trhcsabrls ectirchtebchg gequejety hcj ectirlijehtis snbrt-tirl jipbsets hcj gbcmir-tirlecvistlicts snbugj hgsb `bctreduti tb ixphcjecm tni rbgi ba tni yic hs h mgbdhg stbri bavhgui.4=

49

Zni ejih ba h lugte-ùrricèis lbcithry systil es cbt icterigy ciw. Ec tni 85>?s tni ec`rihsij usi batni jiuts`ni lhrf hcj tni yic gij tb summistebcs tnht tni ectirchtebchg lbcithry systil whs di`blecm htrepbghr ùrric`y rimeli (Zhvghs, 855>).41

Ec 4???, Bzhwh lhji tni shli pbect.

4=Zhvghs hcj Bzife shy tnht tni `buctry wnbsi dhcfecm hcj aechcèhg si`tbr, prbvejis gequejety tb tni rist

ba tni wbrgj pghys tni rbgi ba dhcfir tb tni wbrgj. Et es tnes prbìss ba ectirchtebchg gequejety trhcsabrlhtebc,wniridy h chtebc prbvejis gequejety tb tni rist ba tni wbrgj di`husi ba tni weggecmciss ba abriemcirs tb nbgjets gequejety gehdegeteis, wnegi prbvejecm gbhcs hcj ecvistlicts tb tni rist ba tni wbrgj, tnht ucjirgeis tnicbtebc tnht h `buctry `hc sirvi hs h wbrgj dhcfir (8554; :).


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49

TIAITIC@IP

Dirmstic, A. 855=. Zni Jbgghr hcj tni Iurb. Abriemc Haahers=1(:); >059.

@nech Dhcfecm Timughtbry @bllessebc (@DT@). 4?84. Zni 84tn Aevi-Uihr _ghc abr tniJivigbplict hcj Tiabrl ba tni Aechcèhg Ecjustry.nttp;//www.`sr`.mbv.`c/pud/`sr`Ric/ciwsah`ts/rigihsi/4?848?/]?4?848?8?108099??8:>>.pja

@necc, L., hcj K. Arhcfig. 4??9. ]egg tni Iurb Ivictuhggy Purphss tni Jbgghr hsGihjecm Ectirchtebchg Tisirvi @urric`y2 CDIT ]brfecm _hpir Cb. 8898?.@hldrejmi, LH; Chtebchg Durihu ba I`bcble` Tisihr`n.

@necc, L., hcj K.H. Arhcfig. 4??>. ]ny tni Iurb ]egg Tevhg tni Jbgghr. EctirchtebchgAechcì88(8); :5=0.

@bnic, D.K. 4?80. ]egg Nestbry Tipiht Etsiga2 Gissbcs abr tni TLD. HJDE ]brfecm

_hpir. Zbfyb; Hsehc Jivigbplict Dhcf Ecstetuti.@bnic, D.K. 4??0. Mgbdhg @urric`y Tevhgry; @hc tni Iurb Ivir @nhggicmi tni Jbgghr2

Kburchg ba @bllbc Lhrfit Ptujeis:8(:); 9=959.

@bnic, D.K. 85=8. Zni Auturi ba Ptirgecm hs hc Ectirchtebchg @urric`y. Gbcjbc;Lh`legghc6 Ciw Ubrf, CU; Pt. Lhrtec's _riss.

Iurbpihc @ictrhg Dhcf (I@D). 4?80. Zni Ectirchtebchg Tbgi ba tni Iurb. Arhcfaurt,Mirlhcy; I@D.

Ie`nicmriic, D., hcj L. Aghcjrihu. 4?8?. Zni Aijirhg Tisirvi, tni Dhcf ba Icmghcjhcj tni Tesi ba tni Jbgghr hs hc Ectirchtebchg @urric`y, 858:8505. DEP]brfecm _hpir. Cb. 04>. Dhcf abr Ectirchtebchg Pittgilicts.

Ie`nicmriic, D. 4?84. Ectirchtebchg Gequejety ec h Lugtepbghr ]brgj.

Aechcèhg @ictirs Auturi. 4?80. Zni Mgbdhg Aechcèhg @ictirs Ecjix 80.nttp;//www.micivi-

Zni Hlire`hcI`bcble` Tiveiw. 8?4(0); 4?=84.

Arhcfig, K. 4?88. Nestbre`hg _riìjicts abr Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni TLD. @bucèg bcAbriemc Tightebcs _riss. nttp;//www.àr.brm/`nech/nestbre`hg-priìjicts-ectirchtebchgezhtebc-rld/p41450

Ariilhc, @., hcj ].K. Uuhc. 4?88. @nechs Ix`nhcmi Thti _bgete`sJi`bjecm tni@gihvhmi ditwiic tni @necisi Lecestry ba @bllirì hcj tni _ibpgis Dhcf ba@nech. Tipbrt ba tni @PEP Ariilhc @nher ec @nech Ptujeis.

Mbgjdirm, G. 4?8?. Es tni Ectirchtebchg Tbgi ba tni Jbgghr @nhcmecm2 Aijirhg TisirviDhcf ba Ciw Ubrf @urrict Essuis ec I`bcble`s hcj Aechcì. Qbguli 81.

Mrelis, ].]. 4??0. Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni Uic hcj tni Ciw _bgete`s ba LbcithryEcsughtebc. Ec Lbcithry Brjirs; Hldemubus I`bcble`s, Ydequetbus _bgete`s,ijetij dy K. Fersncir. Etnh`h, CU; @brcigg Ycevirsety _riss.

Niccecm, @.T. 855:. @urric`y hcj _bgete`s ec tni YP, Mirlhcy, hcj Khphc.]hsnecmtbc, J@; Ecstetuti abr Ectirchtebchg I`bcble`s.

Ectirchtebchg Lbcithry Aucj (ELA). 4?84. 4?84 Ppeggbvir TipbrtDh`fmrbucj _hpirs.

Etb, Z., P. Fbedu`ne, F. Phtb, hcj K. Pnelezu. 4?8?. ]ny nhs tni Uic Ahegij tb Di`bli

h Jblechct Ecvbeècm @urric`y ec Hseh2 H Aerl-Givig Hchgyses ba Khphcisi
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/newsfacts/release/201210/W020121010631355001488.pdfhttp://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/newsfacts/release/201210/W020121010631355001488.pdfhttp://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/newsfacts/release/201210/W020121010631355001488.pdfhttp://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/newsfacts/release/201210/W020121010631355001488.pdf


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]hcm, U. 4?84. Piifecm h Dhghcìj Hpprbh`n bc tni Mgbdhg I`bcble` Tidhghcècm;@nechs Hcswirs tb Ectirchtebchg _bge`y @bbpirhtebc. Bxabrj Tiveiw baI`bcble` _bge`y4>(0); 915>1.

]ie, K. 4??1.VGissbcs arbl Khphc; Bc Uics

Hpprièhtebc hcj ets Duddgi I`bcbly\.Vêhc Aechcì\.nttp;//j.whcahcmjhth.`bl.`c/pirebje`hgRxhkr4??1?8??8.hspx

]brgj Zrhji Brmhcezhtebc (]ZB). 4?84. Ysi ba @urricèis ec Ectirchtebchg Zrhji; Hcy@nhcmis ec tni _e`turi2nttp;//www.wtb.brm/icmgesn/risRi/risirRi/irsj4?848?Ri.pja

êh, D., hcj J. @nic. 4?8?.VElpge`htebcs arbl

tni Uics Hpprièhtebc hcj Gissbcs arbl _ghzh H``brj\.(EccirLbcmbgeh Aechcèhg Tisihr`n).

Uec, K. 4?84.VGissbcs arbl tni Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni

Khphcisi Uic\.VPiifecm Fcbwgijmi\.

Uu, U., hcj K. ]ie. 4??0.;

VNbw Pnbugj ]i Pthdegezi tni TLD; Zb Jesùss tni _T@s Lbcithry _bgeèis

wetn I`bcblests\.VAechcèhg Zelis\, 9 Piptildir.

Uu, U. 4?84. Tivesetecm tni Ectirchtebchgezhtebc ba tni Uuhc. HJDE ]brfecm _hpir 011.Zbfyb; Hsehc Jivigbplict Dhcf Ecstetuti. Hvheghdgi;nttp;//www.hjde.brm/wbrfecm-phpir/4?84/?=/?:/980=.rivesetecm.ectirchtebchgezhtebc.yuhc/

Uu, [. 4?8?.

VTiabrls ba Abriemc Ix`nhcmi Thti LustPhaimuhrj @urric`y Pbviriemcty\.VTij Aghm ]brfecm _hpirsCb.88\.

[nhb, ^. 4??>.;VEctirveiw wetn [nhcm Uhcsnicm;

Mgbdhgezhtebc hcj Ecaghtebc\.VKburchg ba @nech AechcìCb. 84\.
http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_xajr200601001.aspxhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_xajr200601001.aspx

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