expanding and changing cities
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Expanding and changing cities. Advantages of Cities. Urbanization = The increase in city size and population. Most cities were in the Northeast, Pacific coast, and on waterways of the Midwest. They were connected by railroad lines and became magnets for immigrants and rural Americans. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EXPANDING AND CHANGING CITIES
Advantages of CitiesUrbanization = The increase in city size
and population.
Most cities were in the Northeast, Pacific coast, and on waterways of the Midwest.
They were connected by railroad lines and became magnets for immigrants and rural Americans.
Advantages of CitiesFactory Jobs, new education opportunities,
and a growing middle class.
Women = take in boarders, do piecework, become servants, and work in factories.
More entertainment, possibility to move to the middle class, and increase children’s education.
Cities grew rapidlyCities grew rapidly near raw materialsindustrial areas
transportation routes. Opportunities in the job market.
Terrible ConditionsTerrible ConditionsPoor sanitary and living conditions
Tenement apartmentsSweathouses
Immigrants Move to Cities for Opportunities
Some may have went to cities to join family others may not.
Different regions and industries may have a majority of their workers from one particular place. Ex: Steel mill workers in Pennsylvania were
mostly Polish.New York factories = JewishPacific Northwest fishing industry =
Scandinavians
Migration from Country to Cities
Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities
Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West
to escape racial violence Find segregation, discrimination in North
too Competition for jobs between blacks,
white immigrants causes tension The move to factory work was hard on
famers because they now had to face a boss’s restrictions and rules and be confined to a factory and not be outdoors.
Engineers Build SkywardSkyscrapers = 10 story and taller
buildings that had steel frames. Provided office space for cities that had no more
room left on the ground.
Elisha Otis = Developed safety elevator that would not fall if the lifting rope broke.
The American Institute of Architecture-1857Required education and licensing to become
and architect.Built schools, libraries, train stations,
residents and office buildings.
Electricity Powers Urban Transit
Mass Transit = Public transportation systems that could carry large numbers of people inexpensively.
First commuter trains were dirty, slow, and unreliable. (Coal Powered)
Horse pulled trolleys were slow as well.
Electricity was clean, quiet, and efficient.
Electricity and Mass TransitElectric street cars were reliable and could
carry more people than horse carts.
Electric cable cars did have problems: The cables used to run the cars could block fire trucks,
and traffic congestion blocked them from running on schedule.
Boston = first subway system in 1897. NYC followed in 1904.
Growth of suburbs for those who could afford transit fares away from the city.
City Planners Control Growth As cities grew architectural firms expanded to offer city
planning services to make cities more functional and beautiful.
Cities were zoned for different uses. (residential, industrial and financial)
Parks, boulevards, buildings and electric street lights were a few of the new developments.
Frederick Law Olmstead = Designed Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park, NYC’s Central Park, and similar parks in Detroit, Washington D.C., and California.
Housing ConditionsTenements = Low cost multifamily housing
designed to fit in as many families as possible.
Tenements were not clean, had little windows, poor ventilation, and were dangerous.
Living Conditions
Urban Living Conditions
Water and SanitationWater1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water,
indoor plumbing rareFiltration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908SanitationStreets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke,
poor trash collectionContractors hired to sweep streets, collect
garbage, clean outhouses-------often do not do job properly
By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments
Fire and CrimeCrime As population grows, thieves flourish Early police forces too small to be effective
Fire Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles,
kerosene heaters Most firefighters volunteers, not always available 1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire
departments Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials
make cities safer
1871 Chicago fire killed nearly 300 people and left more than 100,000 homeless.
Police officers in 1900s.