exoticscon full conference package course descriptions aav...
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ExoticsCon Full Conference Package Course Descriptions
AAV Courses
Session Name Session Description
Integrating Diagnostics- Putting All the Data Together
Please reference my last presentation @ 2017. It seemed to have been very well received. If the reviews were good, it
might be worth presenting again to this broader audience.
(I've also enhanced it.)
Introduction to Radiography of Raptors and Companion Birds
This talk will cover proper positioning, image acquisition, and interpretation of radiographs of raptors and companion birds.
This class will be geared towards recent graduates or
practitioners new to avian medicine. Cases examples will be
used to highlight normal and abnormal findings as well as
common mistakes made in practice. This talk can be modified to a 1 hour master class as well.
Management of Compound Metacarpal Fractures in an Adult
Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)
An adult snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) was found down and
unable to fly in western New York State. Physical examination
and radiographs revealed a chronic, open wound and fractured metacarpals. A type II external skeletal fixator device was
placed and the open wound was allowed to close. The owl
performed auto-physiotherapy and was released with
sustained flight eleven months later.
Infrared Thermography of the Distal Avian Pelvic Limb
In mammalian patients, infrared thermography is used to
assess a variety of inflammatory diseases and peripheral
perfusion abnormalities. In birds, medical thermography is
limited by the insulating properties of feathers, thus it is rarely used in clinical situations. However, infrared thermography can
readily be used for the distal legs, which are relatively
unfeathered in most species. This presentation will
demonstrate the usefulness of medical thermography for assessment and monitoring of leg issues in birds.
Prevalence and Risk factors of Lipid-Related Lesions in Quaker Parrots
(Myiopsitta monachus)
A retrospective pathology study was performed on Quaker
parrots. A total of 652 records were retrieved from 3 pathology
centers. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data and multiple imputation procedures were used to handle
missing data for age and sex. The odds of developing
atherosclerosis, hepatic lipidosis, and overall lipid-related
lesions were significantly higher in male Quakers. Quaker parrots also have an unusually high prevalence of hepatic
lipidosis and acute pancreatic necrosis.
Male Hypersexuality in Eclectus Parrots
Relating the wild breeding behaviour of male Eclectus parrots
to its role in male hypersexuality in captive birds. Case studies are presented to understand the causes, feather destruction
consequences and management of this abnormal breeding
behaviour.
Comparative Study of Uropygial Gland Tuft's Feather Morphology
Amongst Parrot Species
A novel review of preen gland morphology and the grooming
behaviour of different parrot species to investigate their roles
in treatment strategies for feather destruction behaviour. This
study discusses how the management plans for those species that rely on the preen gland for restoring skin and feather
health differs from those species that produce powder down.
Understanding and Appreciating Avian Cognition to Address
Behavioral Issues
I will present jointly with Jan Hooimeijer, DVM. I will provide
updates on two studies in my ongoing research on Grey parrot intelligence—one on a sophisticated form of inferential
reasoning by exclusion, the other on a variation of Piagetian
liquid conservation, providing comparisons with apes, children,
and adult humans. Dr. Hooimeijer will discuss his 5-step protocol for preventing, dealing with, and solving behavioral
problems, emphasizing how acknowledging and respecting
parrots’ intelligence ensures their welfare.
Normal Electrocardiogram of Conscious Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus)
We have performed electrocardiograms on 9 healthy bald eagles from the Southeastern Raptor Center, investigating
electrocardiographic waveforms and measuring mean electrical
axis. Our study presents the first reference of ECG values in
conscious bald eagles, which will serve as a baseline for evaluating birds in captivity and the wild as well as a
comparison to the previous study of anesthetized bald eagle
ECGs.
How Veterinarians and Adoption/Education Welfare
Organizations Can Help Each Other
Parrots deserve a succession of good homes. Let’s talk about how welfare organizations and veterinarians can help each
other. People’s lives change due to time, money, health, and
family. Parrot adoption programs are essential. Re-homed
parrots are resilient and equipped for change. Collaboration between veterinarians and adoption organizations include
possible ways to expand parrot care education, attract new
client bases for veterinarians, and facilitate better health for
birds.
Feather Damaging Behavior: Diagnosis and Management
Self-trauma to feathers or skin is a non-specific symptom that
has many possible etiologies, including a variety of medical,
environmental, or behavioral causes. Diagnostic approaches
and medical differentials will be discussed, followed by a review of behavioral and environmental factors. Treatment
options for self-directed behaviors will be discussed, including
behavioral enrichment, sensory substitution, and
pharmacological therapy.
Acute Avian Respiratory Distress- From Anatomy through Treatment
Acute respiratory distress occurs in avian patients with
compromised respiratory function. It is essential that patients
are recognized and treated immediately to enhance success.
There are 5 different anatomic and physiologic components of the respiratory system, and their understanding, when
compromised, helps direct the clinician in the diagnosis and
treatment of the patient. This masterclass will focus on each of
these five components, addressing the anatomy, physiology, diagnosis of common conditions and their treatment.
Midazolam versus Midazolam-Butorphanol Intranasal Sedation in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Intranasal sedation is commonly used for handling and
diagnostics in pet birds. The goal of this study was to examine
effects of intranasal midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol in cockatiels in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Various
parameters were assessed at different time points, including
during manual restraint. Intranasal midazolam and midazolam-
butorphanol provided sedation in cockatiels and midazolam-
butorphanol resulted in deeper sedation prior to and during
restraint. This is the first study evaluating intranasal
butorphanol in birds.
Investigation of deaths and neurologic disease in San Francisco
feral conures
For the past 20 years, free-ranging conures in San Francisco
California have been presented to local veterinary clinics with
signs of central neurologic disease including ataxia, circling,
paralysis and often death. In 2013, Mickaboo Companion Bird Rescue committed to complete systematic testing of deceased
birds with a goal of determining the cause of this often fatal
disease process. The results of histopathology, serology,
toxicology and virology will be presented.
Management of a west nile virus outbreak in a gyrfalcon breeding
facility
The purpose of this presentation is to provide clinical data on
the management of a west nile virus outbreak in a gyrfalcon
breeding facility. Fifteen falcons were affected with twelve
deaths over 1 month. Following the initial necropsy diagnosis, a vaccination protocol, pre and post vaccination titer
evaluation and mosquito control was developed. The
vaccination program continues for the breeding falcons and to
date there has not been illness or death related to this virus.
Age depended carrier status and clinical disposition of avian borna virus in experimentally infected
cockatiels
Occurrence of ABV carrier birds is poorly understood. 11 adult
and 11 hatched cockatiels were infected with PaBV-4 and
seroconverted. Juvenile birds start shedding ABV-RNA earlier
and more than adult birds. 9 adult birds demonstrated weight loss, 7 with additional clinical signs and four died compared to
none juvenile birds. Immunhistochemistry and histopathology
confirmed ABV infection. The study shows that potential
vertical transmission or early infection might be a major part in developing carrier birds.
Analysis on 72 years of Avian Cancer Literature
Most published reports of avian cancer are based upon case
reports, case series, or summaries of cancer from a single
institution or laboratory. Through systematic collection of published, individually identifiable avian cancer cases using
multiple literature search engines, we collected 487 avian
cancer cases from 338 publications in 70 journals, with
publication dates from 1945 up until 2017. We present summarized information on potential risk factors and patient
outcomes from data collection and analysis.
Evidence of virus induced of histiocytic sarcoma in a Peach-faced
lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis)
An adult lovebird was presented with a mass located at right
humerus and scapula. Histiocytic sarcoma was diagnosed based on cytologic and histologic findings. Also, Avian
Leukemia Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus was detected
by PCR and IHC from the mass. CBC values revealed severe
leukocytosis with grade III toxic change possibly related to immune compromise. This is the first report of evidence of
virus infection related to neoplastic disease in Psittaciformes.
Acute Meloxicam Overdose and Treatment in a Sun Conure (Aratinga
solstitialis)
This presentation elaborates a case of a meloxicam overdose
(based on traditional dosing) in a sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis) and the treatment for 76 days afterwards. There
are few reports on the toxic effects of this drug in psittacines
at doses beyond the traditional dose range and further case
reports would benefit avian practitioners who commonly use meloxicam. This case reviews the clinical signs and treatment
for NSAID toxicosis.
Development of Prognostic Factors and Management Criteria During Initial Stabilization in Wild Bird
Rescue
To overcome high mortality rate encountered in wild bird
rescue and early predict prognosis, establishing an triage
system and management criteria is mandatory. A scoring
system is developed to evaluate the association of common physical examination results with prognosis and suitable
stabilization manner categorized based on invasiveness.
Logistic regression analysis indicates the higher the heart rate
score and mentation score the higher the mortality rate. The system will help with decision-making in wild bird rescue.
Intravenous and Intraosseous Regional Limb Perfusion in an Avian
Model
Intravenous and intraosseous regional limb perfusion
technique (IVRLP, IORLP) was validated in 12 hens. The hens
were divided into groups of 4 as follows: 1) IVRLP using ceftiofur at 2mg/kg; 2) IORLP 2mg/kg; 3) intramuscular
administration of ceftiofur at 2mg/kg (systemic dose). Each
hen was anesthetized and underwent RLP for 6 consecutive
days. The concentration of ceftiofur and ceftiofur metabolites was measured in the blood and synovial fluid on days 1, 3, and
6.
Effects of UVB light on calcifediol and feather picking behavior in Amazona
ventralis.
The purpose was to evaluate the effects of UVB light exposure
on vitamin D metabolism and feather picking in Amazona ventralis. Calcifediol levels were significantly greater and
feather damage was less in the outdoor colony. This evidence
that UVB exposure is important for the overall health of A.
ventralis can be directly applied to husbandry practices. The procedure involved comparing feather scores, serum
calcifediol, ionized calcium, and ionized magnesium levels
between indoor and outdoor birds.
Evaluation of PT/PTT in fresh and citrated whole blood in Hispaniolan
Amazon parrots
This presentation will describe the evaluation of a handheld point-of-care analyzer, validated for canine and feline use, in
measuring prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin
time (PTT) in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots in native whole
blood. Additionally, citrated whole blood will be tested for use in the analyzer. This analyzer could be a powerful diagnostic
tool to increase the sensitivity of monitoring coagulopathic
patients or those diagnosed or at risk for severe systemic
disease.
Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in Caribbean flamingos
This study determined the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in
Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) after a
single dose oral administration. Six adult captive flamingos
received 15 mg/kg and six received 25 mg/kg of oral gabapentin. Pharmacokinetic analysis determined that
gabapentin dosed at 25 mg/kg orally is likely to maintain
therapeutic plasma concentrations for approximately 12 hours
in most flamingos; however, dosages up to 37 mg/kg orally every 12 hours may be necessary in some flamingos.
Unusual Pathologic Brain Changes Associated With Severe Zinc Toxicosis
in an Amazon Parrot
An adult blue-fronted Amazon parrot was presented for a six-
week history of ataxia, and weight loss. Diagnostic results
were relatively unremarkable. After an initial positive response to in-hospital treatment, the bird regressed and was eventually
euthanized. Pathologic changes to the brain were consistent
with severe zinc toxicity as reported in mammals but not birds.
This unusual case presentation and pathologic findings will be beneficial to the further understanding of avian zinc toxicosis
by avian veterinarians.
Three Cases of Suspect Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Psittacines
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is not an uncommon
sequela to pancreatic damage in humans and domestic
mammals. Though suspected to occur with some frequency in
birds, it is seldom reported in the literature. In this talk, we will discuss three cases of suspected EPI in parrots, including
diagnostics and treatment, in order to aid practitioner
recognition and diagnosis in a clinical setting.
Distraction osteogenesis for correction of scissor beak in a chicken
(Gallus gallus domesticus)
A 3-month-old rooster presented for surgical correction of a suspected mandibular trauma that resulted in left-sided
deviation of the mandible and dysphagia. Distraction
osteogenesis was performed along the left side of the mandible
to increase the length by 5mm and concurrently deviate the beak cranio-medially. The mandibular deviation was corrected
and the patient was able to prehend food appropriately and
continues to do well 6-months post-operatively.
Demonstration of nutritional requirement for Vitamin C in an
Australian Honeyeater
Noisy miners (Manorina melanocephala) are Australian nectivorous honeyeaters. They consume Eucalyptus flowers
and insects. 14 birds were fed a diet deficient in ascorbic acid.
Blood was collected weekly to measure vitamin C. After eight
weeks the Noisy miners showed lesions of vitamin C deficiency including tibiotarsal fractures, vasculitis and feather
abnormalities. This demonstrated the first Australian
honeyeater reliant upon a dietary source of Vitamin C and is
unable to endogenously manufacture this vitamin.
Comparison of blood and respiratory parameters in ventilated and non-
ventilated Black Kites (Milvus migrans govinda)
Data was collected on 50 Black Kites undergoing reconstructive
propatagial surgery, randomized into ventilated and non-
ventilated groups. All patients were monitored with pulse
oximetry and capnography. Venous blood gas was obtained in 5 patients from each group. Distinct differences between
groups were found etCO2 values. Isoflurane concentration
needed to maintain general anesthesia was found to be
considerably lower in the ventilated group. Post-surgery mortality rate and incidence of acidosis will be presented.
Effects of Doxycycline, Polidocanol and Absolute Ethanol on the
Subcutaneous Tissues of Chickens
Cervicocephalic diverticula rupture is a common avian
condition with no consistently reliable treatment option. In this
pilot study, several injectable sclerosing agents were studied to establish their relative safety and to determine if a
particular agent yielded the greatest inflammation on a
standardized histopathological scale. Twelve domesticated
chickens were used in this study. The goal is to establish a viable treatment for psittacine cervicocephalic diverticula
rupture.
Successful Surgical Management of Pouch and Bill Injuries in Pelicans:
Illustrative Cases from Rehabilitation
International Bird Rescue’s two California wildlife clinics receive
large numbers of pelicans for rehabilitation each year. Pouch and bill injuries present regularly and effective case
management is a joint effort between rehabilitators and the
veterinarian. Cases representing different types of injuries
including massive linear lacerations, shredded irregularly-shaped rips, avulsions from mandible, bare bone from keratin
damage, split symphysis, and combinations of pouch damage
with fractures will be presented. Detailed repair techniques will
be discussed.
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease caused by Psittacine Circovirus-1 in a Golden Conure (Guaruba guarouba)
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) infection in Old
World psittacine birds causes severe clinical illness, death and
environmental contamination. Gross, histopathological,
molecular diagnostic and epidemiological findings are
presented for the first documented case of clinical disease due
to psittacine circovirus-1 infection in a 10-week-old, captive
golden conure (Guaruba guarouba). This case in a New World psittacine species stimulates further investigation into the viral
epidemiology of psittacine circoviruses, and emphasizes the
need for active surveillance.
Surgical Treatment of Cranial Thoracic Masses in a White-Capped
Pionus (P.senilis) and Yellow-headed Amazon (A.oratrix)
A 17-year-old female white-capped Pionus (Pionus senilis) and a 29-year-old unsexed yellow-headed Amazon parrot
(Amazona oratrix) presented independently for chronic
progressive dyspnea and voice change. In both cases,
computed tomography revealed masses cranial to the heart. Surgical excision was successfully performed. The purpose of
this case series is to describe the surgical approach of these
uncommon masses, previously undescribed in the literature,
and to discuss possible complications and outcomes.
Sedation in Birds
This masterclass will provide summarize the current knowledge
on the avian sedation. A focus will be on clinical application of
various protocols in a variety of birds, including psittacines,
birds of prey and zoo and wild birds.
Peripheral neuropathy secondary to lead intoxication in psittacines
Lead toxicosis is well-documented in psittacines and is usually
associated with central nervous system (CNS) and
gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Peripheral neuropathy secondary to
lead intoxication, however, has not been well described in this avian order. This presentation summarizes the findings in 3
psittacine birds with high blood lead levels presented with
distal paraplegia, without concurrent CNS or GI signs. While
improvement in the paraplegia was noted following chelation therapy, permanent peripheral nerve deficits remained.
Avian Ophthalmology - Principles and Applications
Ocular disorders in birds are of great importance not only in
aspects of vision but also commonly hinting at numerous
systemic disorders, which may even represent a zoonosis. (i. e. Salmonellosis, Mycobacteriosis etc.). The masterclass will
provide the practitioner with anatomical and physiological
basics, a practical review on suitable instrumentation, a by a
step-by-step tutorial through the complete avian ophthalmological examination procedure and an interactive Q
& A forum on commonly occurring ocular disorders.
Advancing Communication with Birds: Can They Learn to Read?
Highly cognitive tasks are believed to be solely the province of
humans--certainly reading. Through modified phonics training, cockatoos learned the phonetic alphabet, the association of
written words with sounds and objects, and to show consent,
answering questions by touching a flash card for yes or no.
Finally, they learned to select novel-impression words on flash cards upon verbal prompt, initially three letter words,
advancing to three-syllable words, allowing advanced
communication between the researcher and birds.
Investigations in the raptor fovea using optical coherence tomography
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non invasive technique allowing examination of optical structures in living
birds at almost histological resolution. Using this technique we
examined the fovea region in various raptor species (n=14
species, n=73 individuals) to establish physiological data (depth, width, shape, species specific differences) serving as a
basis for diagnostics and evaluation of ocular disorders located
at the posterior eye segment (i. e. funds oculi) and fovea
region.
Treatment of Chronic T-cell Lymphocytic Leukemia in an Indian
Runner Duck
This case report describes a successful treatment response of
chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia in an Indian runner duck and will discuss previously published avian leukemia
chemotherapy options. This protocol can be used in avian
patients in the future with hopeful similar success. The
protocol includes diagnosis with CBC, Chemistry, EPH, radiographs, ultrasound, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment
included Prednisone, Chlorambucil, and Cyclophosphamide.
The owner eventually stopped the chemotherapy and a
necropsy with immunohistochemistry was performed.
Unique Presentation of Ocular Trauma in 3 Eastern Screech Owls
(Megascops asio)
This report describes unusual ocular abnormalities in 3 wild
Eastern screech owls presented to a rehabilitation hospital
after head trauma. All 3 had anterior uveitis and free air
bubbles in the anterior chamber, but none of the cases had any discernable corneal damage, either grossly or with
fluorescein stain technique. All the cases recovered with
treatment and were later released.
Congenital Megalocornea in Blue-throated Conures (Pyrrhura
cruentata) with MicroCT Analysis and Histopathology
Three, approximately one year old Blue-throated conures (Pyrrhura cruentata) presented with presumed congenital
glaucoma and exophthalmos OU. Ophthalmic examinations
revealed anterior dysgensis in all eyes effected and glaucoma
couldn’t be ruled-out. MicroCT scan results indicated no skull abnormalities and only anterior globe changes. Each conure
had abalation protocol (gentamicin and dexamethasone)
injected OS. One bird had an enucleation OD due severe
corneal ulcer. Two conures were euthanized and found to have megalocornea.
Healing of Avian Soft Tissue Wounds and Treatment Options
Soft tissue wounds are a common avian presentation. This
masterclass will review the healing processes associated with
soft tissue trauma in birds on an anatomic and physiologic level. Assessment of the wounds and proper treatment will be
discussed upon patient presentation with soft tissue injury. The
number of treatment options will be discussed including the
significant number of new therapeutic antimicrobial and advanced wound healing products. Knowledge gained will
increase the chances of desired outcomes.
Sedation and Pain Management of Avian Patients
A rapidly advancing areas of veterinary medicine is sedation
and pain management. Many veterinarians are familiar with names of sedatives and analgesic agents, when and what to
use is often debatable. This roundtable discussion will provide
an opportunity for veterinarians to discuss clinical protocols
relating to sedation and pain management between the number of avian species that are presented to veterinary
hospitals. Hopefully providing a better understanding of this
subject by all in attendance.
Broudifacoum Toxicity in a Flock of Pigeons
Tissues from 4 juvenile captive pigeons with peracute mortality were submitted Infectious Disease Laboratory. Histopathology
showed multifocal to coalescing, acute hemorrhage in multiple
organs. Liver and gastrointestinal contents were sent for
anticoagulant toxicity testing with eggs (N=5), food, and water. Broudifacoum was detected at toxic levels in the liver
and/or gastrointestinal tract of all pigeons, and in the grit and
food. Anticoagulant toxicity can cause captive flock mortality
and should be included within diagnostic differentials
Phacoemulsification Lens Extraction Surgery in Three Chinstrap Penguins
(4 eyes) (Pygoscelis antarcticus)
Initially, 19 penguins were examined at Moody Gardens in
Galveston, TX. There were 6/19 considered good candidates for cataract surgery, all were Chinstraps. The first round, 2
effected were selected for the phacoemulsification procedure.
Special equipment needed for anesthesia and recovery since
this is artic breed. All patients pre-op retinal testing was electroretrinography (ERG) and ocular ultrasound. Maze tests
were done before and immediately after surgery with
significant results documented.
Fun for the Wild Child -- Enrichment for Avian Wildlife in Rehabilitation
Hospitalized wild birds benefit from enrichment in a variety of ways that contribute to successful rehabilitation and release.
This class will focus on easy enrichment ideas that will
stimulate natural behaviors in wild birds that commonly
presents to veterinarians. Aside from ethical considerations, improved welfare for hospitalized wildlife through enrichment
may serve to decrease stress, stimulate appetite, improve
fitness, stimulate natural behaviors, and teach orphans
important survival skills.
Medication Use in Backyard Poultry
It is important to realize that even though someone may
present you their dear pet chicken that they would never eat,
you are responsible for knowing that it is still considered, and
regulated, as a “food animal species” according to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and their
regulations must be followed. The talk will include descriptions
of the regulations and terminology encountered in regards to
medication use in backyard poultry.
Modified tail amputation technique in a blue and gold macaw with
uropygial gland adenocarcinoma
A 33-yr-old male blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was
presented for a second opinion. Fine needle aspirate performed
at the primary care veterinarian was consistent with an
uropygial gland adenocarcinoma. The lesion was invasive encompassing the entire tail base and was ulcerated in nature.
Complete surgical excision utilizing standard tail amputation
technique with a novel closure was performed and margins
were achieved. The animal recovered uneventfully and no recurrence has been noted to date.
Managing Reproductive Disease in Chickens: Retained Right Cystic
Oviduct
Case of a retained right oviduct in a 3yo female chicken.
Presented for anorexia, lethargy and a space occupying
coleomic mass. Diagnostics include radiographs, ultrasounds, CBC, chemistry, and coelomic fluid cytology. Patient was
managed successfully with aggressive supportive care and
ultrasound guided cyst aspiration. Management of chicken
reproductive disease will discussed, with emphasis on medical management.
Deslorelin Acetate 4.7 mg Implants Reversibly Reduce Reproduction in
Quaker Parrots (Myiopsitta monachus)
This study of quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) with
known successful reproduction, allowed for preliminary
assessment of the safety and efficacy of deslorelin acetate 4.7 mg in a psittacine model. During the study, over 1500
behavioral observations were recorded of common nesting
behaviors. It was observed that there was a statistical
difference between the implanted and control groups between attending their nest boxes. Also, there was a significant
difference in weights between sexes within the groups.
Assessing the Potential Risks to Wild Birds from Neonicotinoid Pesticides
In addition to their impacts on insect pollinators, evidence is
increasing that neonicotinoid pesticides - the most widely used
pesticides worldwide – have lethal and sublethal effects on
vertebrates. Recent studies have shown potential risk to wild birds with the most likely route of exposure to high doses
being ingestion of treated seeds. This study establishes an
exposure pathway to neonicotinoid pesticides for wild birds, as
well as neurological impacts in a model species.
Use of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Complicated Skull
Fractures in Two Parrots
Computed Tomography was used as a diagnostic tool in the
diagnosis of complicated skull fractures in two psittacine
patients (Yellow-naped Amazon and Lesser Vasa Parrot)
presenting for assessment following a traumatic event. In both individuals, complex fractures which were not appreciable on
physical examination or plain radiographs, were revealed on
CT imaging. Discussion will focus upon the use of CT imaging
in the diagnosis and management of complex skull fractures in psittacine patients.
Diagnosis and surgical management of an intrathoracic branchial cyst in a
sulfur crested cockatoo
A 40 year old lesser sulfur crested cockatoo presented with
nonspecific respiratory signs. A large, soft tissue mass effect
was identified in the cranial thoracic region, ventrally depressing the heart and causing right lateral displacement of
the trachea on projection and CT imaging studies. A cranial
thoracotomy was performed and a branchial cyst was
identified, drained and excised. This is a first report of a branchial cyst in an intrathoracic location.
A Framework for Assessing the Suitablity of Birds as Pets
With a focus on the welfare of captive parrots, this lecture
describes the Schuppli and Fraser (2000) Framework for
Assessing the Suitability of Different Species as Companion Animals as applied to parrots. Discussion includes applications,
evaluation, and how the Five Freedoms of the Farm Animal
Welfare Council are used to illustrate why birds are challenging
pets, so often surrendered, and the rise of parrot sanctuaries across the USA to meet the demand of relinquished pets.
The Research and Pathology Forum
The annual Research and Pathology Forum of AAV will be
expanded this year to include wildlife and other exotic species.
The format will be the same, 4-5 speakers giving short presentations followed by open discussion with no time limits.
Once again the R&P Forum will run 2 hours in the evening and
be open to all to attend and participate. Drs. Reavil and Olsen
will once again moderate this event.
AVIAN GANGLIONEURITIS: UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENISIS
FOR IMPROVED CLINCIAL CARE
This Master Class will be presented by Robert Dahlhausen,
DVM, MSa,*, Giacomo. Rossi, DVM, PhD, MS, Dipl. ECZM
(WHP)b, and Susan Orosz, PhD, DVM, Dipl. ABVP (Avian), Dipl.
ECZM (Avian). A current scientific review of avian bornaviral infection/ganglioneuritis will be presented. Discussion will
include the underlying neuroanatomy and neuro-pathology and
how they relate to clinical presentation and disease
progression. Current and new diagnostic modalities will be addressed along with current concepts of treatment and
management.
Comparison of Lactate Measurements in Quaker Parrots (Myopsitta monachus) via Three
Different Analyzers
Validation of rapid, automated, patient side analyzers for
lactate which could prove invaluable in diagnosis of severe stress or hypoperfusion in birds at the time of presentation for
care. Avian clinicians are faced with cases of rapid
decompensation with subtle clinical signs. Changes in
hematologic parameters often occur before any overt signs of
disease. Thus, laboratory diagnostics, including lactate, for
detection and diagnosis of disease in avian species are an
essential part of avian medicine.
Pharmacokinetics of Oral Tapentadol in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots
Tapentadol is an opioid analgesic which acts both as a u-opioid
agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. While it
therefore possesses a similar mechanism of action to tramadol,
it is active without metabolic processing. As oral analgesic options in avian patients are limited, the pharmacokinetics of
oral tapentadol were evaluated in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots
using a balanced incomplete block design. This medication has
not previously been evaluated in any avian species.
Chickens: Taking You from Farm to Flock
Please enter the description via the speaker service center.
Anatomy & Surgery of the Skull
Relationship between blood lead concentrations and occurrence of
trauma in wild bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) admitted
to wildlife rehabilitation centers
Presumptive Avian Bornavirus-Induced Blindness in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh)
AVIAN BORNAVIRUS AND PROVENTRICULAR DILATATION
DISEASE (PDD): RECOMBINANT N PROTEIN VACCINE AND
PATHOGENESIS
In order to investigate methods of protection against PDD, we vaccinated cockatiels using inactivated whole PaBV and/or
recombinant PaBV N protein vaccines followed by challenge
with PaBV-2. The results indicated that recombinant N protein
vaccine was able to protect birds from lesions associated with PDD. We hypothesized that this protective was result of switch
from type 1 cell-mediated to a type 2 humoral response. This
hypothesis was supported by a third study with cyclosporine A
AEMV Courses
Session Name Session Description
Discoveries you should know about...
The lecture is a fast-paced review of the clinically relevant publications of the last 10 years of rabbit, rodent literature (journal articles, ExoticCon, ICare, AEMV conference proceedings). The findings of approximately 40-50 publications are summarised in a 45-60-min lecture. The subtopics include drugs and drug dosages, infectious diseases, diagnostic procedures and surgical
techniques.
Disseminated Dermatophytic
Pseudomycetoma in an Adult Ferret with Insulinoma
This will be a case report of a 7 year old male ferret diagnosed with disseminated dermatophytic pseudomycetoma. Prior to diagnosis, this patient was diagnosed with an insulinoma and was under treatment with prednisone for 1 year. The patient was euthanized after diagnosis and necropsy findings
support immune suppression as the cause of this disease. This case report illustrates a significant risk of long term use of prednisone as treatment for insulinoma.
Everything You Need to Know About
Gastric Stasis and Bloat in Small
Mammals
This lecture will teach the clinician everything they ever wanted to know about emergency and critical care of gastric stasis or the guinea pig bloat patient. The lecture will provide the most recent information with emphasis on clinical research. The presentation will take the clinician through fluid therapy requirements, sedation, pain management and treatment protocols so that the
clinician will have a successful outcome in the majority of patients.
Acid-Base-Balance Status and Blood
Gas Analysis in Rabbits with Gastric Stasis and Gastric Dilation
The purpose of this study was to determine changes in blood gas values and acid-base-balance status in rabbits with gastric stasis and dilation. For this objective blood gases and acid-base-status of 30 rabbits with clinical and radiographic signs of gastric stasis and dilation were collected at the time of
presentation as well as during treatment. Our findings may aid the practitioner in identifying critical cases and may help to evaluate the animals´ response to therapy.
Influence of isoflurane general
anesthesia on plasma thyroxine concentrations in black-tailed prairie
dogs
Anesthesia can affect T4 concentrations in humans, rats and dogs. Prairie dogs were placed under 60 minute isoflurane anesthesia. Each animal was sampled
after induction, 30 minute, and 60 minute and tested for T4 concentration. In conclusion, isoflurane anesthesia appears to have a significant decreasing but not consistent effect on measured plasma thyroxine concentration in black-tailed prairie dogs but the clinical importance of this effect is likely minimal.
CUTANEOUS XANTHOMAS WITH
OCULAR AND CARDIOVASCULAR INVOLVMENT IN A LOP RABBIT
A 2-year female lop rabbit was presented for soft multiple flat papules located
in the interscapular area and in hind limbs. No parasites were found. Histological examination revealed a cutaneous xanthoma. Blood analysis revealed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Secondary lipid keratopathy and mild atherosclerosis developed. Atorvastatin treatment was implemented.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL STIFLE OSTEOARTHRITIS
IN A GIANT FLEMISH RABBIT
A 3-year old intact male giant Flemish rabbit was presented for a chronic lameness of the right hind limb. The neurological examination showed a unilateral paresis with a decreased proprioception. CT scanner demonstrated bilateral stifle osteoarthritis with no spine disorders. Physical rehabilitation in addition to NSAID allowed restoring normal ambulation.
Surgical management of an olecranon fracture in a ferret (Mustela
putorius furo)
A 2-year-old female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented after falling from the fifth floor. Physical examination revealed a non-weight-bearing lameness of the right forelimb. Radiographs revealed a transverse fracture of the right olecranon. Surgical management was elected: an intramedullary Kirschner wire and tension band were placed. Two weeks after surgery, the
ferret represented for right forelimb lameness. Radiographs revealed implant fracture. Surgical correction was achieved using a mini plate, which allowed successful bone healing.
Management of multiple struvite bladder urolithiasis in a pet rat
(Rattus norvegicus)
A 2-year-old intact female rat (Rattus norvegicus) was presented for straining while urinating. Radiographs revealed multiple mineral opacities in the urinary
bladder area, while abdominal ultrasound confirmed the presence of multiple urolithiases. A cystotomy allowed retrieval of 15 calculi, later analyzed as struvite. Urine culture revealed an infection with Proteus vulgaris. If struvite calculi are reported in predisposed strains of laboratory rat, no report could be found in pet rats. Predisposing factors will be discussed.
Preliminary Investigation of Copper Hepatopathy in Ferrets
Abnormal hepatic copper accumulation is recognized as an inherited disorder in man (Wilson’s disease), mouse, rat, and dog, but can also occur due to copper excess in the diet or secondary to cholestatic liver disease. A project is underway to determine quantitative copper concentrations and the and histologic distribution of copper in liver samples of ferrets with and without
hepatobiliary disease. This presentation will discuss the preliminary investigation of copper hepatopathy in ferrets.
A retrospective study of intranasal
tumor in rabbits: 6cases (2007-2017)
Intranasal tumors are rarely seen in rabbits and there are few reports when compared to dogs and cats. The purpose of this presentation is to retrospectively review the clinical signs, diagnosis including the use of computed
tomography, treatments including surgery and radiation therapy and outcome for 5 cases of intranasal tumors in rabbits.
Miniature Pigs: Managing Common
Medical and Behavior Issues
The term “miniature” is used to describe a variety of smaller pig breeds, as well as crossbreeds. When kept as pets, pigs can present with a variety of medical and behavioral challenges. Miniature pigs are prey species and average
between 80 - 150 pounds. Common medical conditions will be discussed,
including handling pigs in the veterinary practice. Behaviors, such as aggression, rooting, nesting, and overeating, will be discussed.
Omental steatitis in sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)
2-year-old obese female sugar glider presented lethargy and abdominal pain for a week. Giardiasis firstly detected without clinical improvement after treatment. Firm mass was palpable in the cranial abdomen. Radiographs
showed abdominal distension, intraperitoneal mass and suspected peritonitis. Ultrasonography showed small amount of intraperitoneal fluid with a large well-defined heteroechoic omental fat caudal to stomach in the cranial abdomen. Omental steatitis was diagnostically conclusive. Complete recovery found 3 weeks after nutrition management and medical treatment.
Reference interval determination of
key critical venous blood parameters
in healthy ferrets
Forty (40), apparently healthy (based on history and physical exam), client owned ferrets will be sedated and have venous blood samples collected and analyzed in duplicate for the following parameters: pH, PCO2, PO2, SO2%, Lactate, Glucose, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, Hct, Hb, BUN/Urea, and Creatinine, to establish reference intervals (Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress;
Nova Biomedical).
Anaplastic ependymoma in a rabbit
A nine years old male rabbit was presented for ataxia and decreased appetite. Hematology, plasma biochemistry and serology exam were unremarkable. His neurologic examination indicated cerebellar localization. A tentative diagnosis of ependymoma was made based on the characteristics of
MRI image. Patient was euthanized due to the extensiveness and poor prognosis of the disease. Histopathology diagnosis was anaplastic ependymoma. The present report discusses clinical and histopathological features of ependymoma in this rabbit.
Use of thermoreversible gel for the prevention of perioperative corneal
ulcers in rabbits
In a retrospective study 21% of rabbits presented corneal ulcers after surgery,
despite application of eye lubricant. In 22 rabbits who came for elective surgery, a thermoreversible gel was applied on one eye, and a labeled eye lubricant on the other one. Before and after the surgery, an ophthalmic examination allowed to search for corneal lesions. Statistical analysis showed a better efficiency of thermoreversible gel compared
to eye lubricant (respectively 30% and 60% corneal lesions).
Response Rate and Survival Times of
Lymphoma Treatment Protocols in
Domestic Ferrets: A Retrospective Study
This retrospective study of ferret lymphoma treatment protocols is the first to compare modified CHOP, no-IV, and metronomic therapy (i.e. chlorambucil) in correlation with survival time. The use of L-asparginase and whether it contributes significantly to survival time will also be included. Over fifty cases
from multiple institutions have provided a sample population for comparison of 3 protocols for management of the third most common disease diagnosed in ferrets.
Surgical Management of Prolapsing
Uterine Neoplasia in Small Exotic Mammals
Uterine neoplasia is common in intact females of many small exotic mammals. In some species, particularly hedgehogs and rats, the mass(es) can migrate down
the vaginal canal and even prolapse out the vaginal orifice. Appropriate surgical management of these cases is usually rewarding, and most can be cured.
Surgical Management of Ear-Origin Abscesses in Rabbits and Rats
Abscesses (without neoplasia) ventral to the ear orifice in rabbits and rats usually originate from the otic structures (the lower ear canal in rabbits, or
deeper structures, possibly the tympanic bulla, in rats). These are chronic lesions, and are slow to resolve. A simple ‘lance and drain’ technique is usually inadequate to resolve the lesion. Long term drainage via marsupialization of the abscess has proved more effective, combined with extended antibiotic therapy.
Corneal Diseases in Rabbits and Rodents? Taking Care of Those Great
Big Beautiful Eyes
Rabbits and rodents have large, prominent eyes, which place them at high risk
of corneal trauma. Breed variations, improper husbandry, and underlying disease conditions place some animals at additional risk. Corneal dystrophy, which has also been reported in these species, can be mistaken for corneal ulcers. This presentation will review the diagnosis and treatment of corneal conditions in rabbits and rodents. Emphasis will be placed on treatment of
complicated ulcers and management of predisposing conditions.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC
PARAMETERS EVALUATED AFTER THE USE OF SEDATIVES IN GUINEA
PIG (CAVIA PORCELLUS)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring several echocardiographic parameters not previously reported in guinea pigs and to evaluate the effects of three different sedations protocols on the measurement of echocardiographic parameters and heart rate. The animals were randomly
divided in three groups of 5 individuals. Group one received medetomidine;
group two butorphanol; and group three midazolam. Each of them were subject to an echocardiographic examination, before and after sedation.
SUCCESSEFUL TREATMENT OF LYMPHOMA BY RADIATION
THERAPY IN GERBIL (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS).
A 5-year-old intact male gerbil was referred with a progressing mass on right cheek and had been treated without improvement. Examination revealed a big mass caused skull deformed and swallowing of eyelid. No osseous defect was
determined under CT. Cytology showed malignant lymphoma. Radiation therapy was suggested. Orthovoltage x-rays machine with 1.2 Aluminum filter and 35 mm tube was used. After receiving 9-session-treatment, the tumor totally regressed and the patient recovered uneventfully during two-month follow-up.
Pharmacokinetics of Cerenia ® (Maropitant citrate) in Rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Maropitant citrate is labeled in dogs and cats for the treatment and prevention
of vomiting. Recent studies have also described its potential analgesic properties. While it has been used empirically in rabbits for this purpose, no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic studies have been previously conducted. This presentation will describe the pharmokinetics of maropitant in 10 rabbits utilizing a randomized cross-over design comparing a single subcutaneous and
intravenous dose. Any adverse effects identified will be discussed.
The use of LigaSure(TM) device for
scrotal ablation in juvenile male
Bennett?s wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus)
Two juvenile, privately owned, male Bennett’s wallabies presented for elective neuter. The previously described LigaSure(TM) scrotal ablation technique in sugar gliders was adapted for the wallabies. A LigaSure was used to cauterize and cut the skin and testicular pedicles simultaneously and then the skin margins
were apposed with staples. Advantages to this procedure include shorter anesthetic times, minimal blood loss, and small surgical site to minimize risk of self-mutilation and trauma.
Use of the dewlap as an advancement skin flap in a rabbit
This case report describes the use of the dewlap in a male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) being used in an advancement skin flap to cover a large defect
created by the removal of a mass from the caudoventral aspect of the right eye. To cover the large skin defect remaining after excision, the dewlap was separated and advanced to cover the defect. The skin flap was viable and healed well.
The successful intestinal surgery in
rabbits
Intestinal surgery in rabbits is often considered dangerous. However intestinal
surgery may be required in several occasions, form intestinal foreign bodies to intestinal neoplasms. In this masterclass we will cover all the aspects related to intestinal surgery, from the diagnostics (when to go into surgery), to the technical surgical details. A review of the current literature will be presented together with practical tips to ensure a successful intestinal surgery.
Long-lasting hypoglycemia in a rabbit with exocrine pancreatic
hyperplasia and lymphocytic pancreatitis
An adult rabbit presented for anorexia, dullness, and blindness. Blood work showed marked hypoglycaemia.Attempts to correct the hypoglycaemia in the following 3 days were unsuccessful. Insulin levels were low.After additional 3 days of persistent hypoglycaemia (<50mg/dl in more than 2 occasions every day) a biopsy of the pancreas was obtained and was consistent with exocrine
pancreatic hyperplasia and lymphocytic pancreatitis.Prednisolone was started and glycemia normalized in the following week.The rabbit is currently 3-months disease free.
Acquired dental disease in guinea
pigs
Acquired dental disease (ADD) is a debilitating condition that affects guinea pigs. Symptoms include anorexia, pain and dental deformations. Recent findings
link ADD to chronic periodontitis and bone resorption in the jaws. These disorders are triggered by inflammatory cytokines released in infectious processes, or by secondary (nutritional or renal) hyperparathyroidism. Medical imaging and histopathology support this mechanism. Treatment options include multimodal anti-inflammatory therapy, suppression of osteoclastic activity and (when
applicable) targeting the renal-parathyroid-bone axis.
LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE IN A
FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO).
Weakness of the hind limbs is a common problem in ferrets. The most common causes are metabolic and neurological disorders, muscle and joint diseases. 6 month old male Angora ferret referred with complaints of weakness of the hind limbs, progressing from 4 months of age. X-ray revealed bilateral changes in
the hip joints. Bilateral resection of the head of the femur was performed. The histological diagnosis confirmed characteristic changes typical of Perthes' disease.
Endoscopic removal of urinary calculi in companion mammals
Urinary tract stones are a common cause of clinical signs and urinary tract obstruction in companion mammal practice. Traditionally, stone removal is
performed by laparotomy and cystotomy. Minimally invasive approaches, considered standard of care in human and small animal medicine decrease
tissue trauma and improve visualization of the entire urinary tract. Transurethral or laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy to retrieve bladder and urethral stones will be described using clinical cases (pot-bellied pig, guinea pig, ferret).
Effect of Intra-abdominal Pressure on Laparoscopic Working Space in the
Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
It is important to optimize abdominal working space when performing laparoscopic procedures on exotic mammals, including rabbits. This study
examined the effect of intra-abdominal pressures (4, 8, 12 mmHg) on working space in healthy rabbits using a crossover design. Between 4 and 8 mmHg, there was a 19.5% increase in working space; from 8 to 12 mmHg it increased by only 7.1%. Based on this study, using 4-8 mmHg is sufficient for laparoscopic visualization.
Effect of Intra-abdominal Pressure on Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Parameters in the Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
The effects of pneumoperitoneum, as used for laparoscopic procedures, are incompletely understood in exotic companion animals. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured in healthy rabbits at different intra-abdominal pressures (0,4,8 mmHg): blood pressure, cardiac output (CO), cardiac/stroke volume indices (CI,SVI), heart rate, end-tidal CO2, pCO2, pO2, and SpO2.
Blood pressure was significantly increased and CO decreased with pneumoperitoneum, as compared to 0 mmHg. ETCO2 was greater at each subsequent pressure. pCO2 was increased only at 8 mmHg.
Medical management of urolithiasis in two guinea pigs using
phenoxybenzamine
Urolithiasis is a common condition guinea pigs. Surgical management of this condition can be challenging due to anesthetic risks and high rate of recurrence.
This presentation describes two cases of urolithiasis in pet guinea pigs that were diagnosed with multiple cystic calculi measuring < 5 mm. Both animals were medically managed with phenoxybenzamine. Both animals passed all stones within a short period following initiation of medical treatment and no adverse effects were noted.
Metronomic chemotherapy in a pet
rat (Rattus norvegicus) with subcutaneous fibrosarcoma
A 2-year-old male pet rat presented with a subcutaneous mass in the lumbar area. A fibrosarcoma was diagnosed histopathologically and a CT-scan revealed infiltration of surrounding tissue. Palliative metronomic chemotherapy was elected using cyclophosphamide, toceranib and meloxicam. For the first month the mass reduced in size but then grew continuously despite changes in the
chemotherapy protocol. The rat died five months after diagnosis. This case illustrates the feasibility of metronomic chemotherapy in a pet rat.
Encrusted cystitis due to
Corynebacterium uterequi in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
A 4-year-old neutered female pet rabbit presented with chronic stranguria with bacteriuria. After several months of inconclusive bacterial culture and antibiotic treatments, Corynebacterium uterequi was isolated using specific culture
mediums. Cystoscopic debridement of the bladder necrotic plaques was performed and antibiotic treatment with chloramphenicol was prescribed. Stranguria resolved and subsequent culture was negative. Corynebacterium spp. bacteria are responsible for encrusted cystitis in dogs and, to the authors’ knowledge, have never been reported in pet rabbits.
African Pygmy Hedgehogs:
Husbandry and Clinical Management
This comprehensive master class will cover the natural history, husbandry, and clinical management of the popular pet species. The presentation will also discuss recently published, clinically-relevant scientific literature on the species. Topics of discussion include anatomy, handling, sedation and anesthesia, analgesia, diagnostics, common diseases, emergency medicine, therapeutics, and
common surgical procedures, among others.
HOW TO PERFORM A SYSTEMATIC
LITERATURE REVIEW
This master-class shows how to constuct a systematic literature using free databases such as PubMed and Google Search. Concepts of MESH (medical subject headings) are explained, and how looking for MESH terms in relevant papers can aid in finding similar articles. PubMed also has filters that can be
useful in selecting only one species, language and free text. Most individuals are not aware of these tools. The class will be especially helpful for young veterinarians.
Plasma thyroxine levels in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus
cuniculus)
The objective was to determine reference values for plasma thyroxine (T4) in the domestic rabbit. 56 rabbits with normal complete blood count/biochemistry
values and without pathological findings in general examination and radiographs were included. T4 was measured via chemiluminescence assay. The reference range (0.65 - 2.85 ng/ml) and confidence intervals (CI [0.6; 0.83], CI [2.6; 2.9]) were calculated in accordance with the guidelines of the american society for veterinary clinical pathology.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic
Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Pet Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
A 10 year-old, rabbit presented for a chronic respiratory infection. Complete blood cell counts were consistent with progressive lymphocytosis. Bone marrow aspiration revealed medullary infiltration by a monomorphic population of small, well-differentiated lymphocytes compatible with a diagnosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Immunohistochemistry was consistent with T-cell
origin. The rabbit is currently responding to treatment with Prednisolone and Chlorambucil. This is the first report of CLL in a domestic rabbit.
Ureteral stenting for management of
ureterolithiasis in 3 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Three rabbits were diagnosed with unilateral obstructive ureterolithiasis. Antegrade stent placement was performed by laparotomy in one rabbit. Retrograde ureteral stent placement was attempted in 2 cases, however,
cystotomy was required to achieve proper placement. Complications include mineralization of the stent,re-obstruction and urinary incontinence. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection was confirmed in two cases and may have contributed to urinary incontinence. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time ureteral stenting in rabbits has been described.
Use of Transdermal Methimazole to
Treat Hyperthyroidism in a Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
This case report describes the use of transdermal methimazole in a 4 year old female Guinea Pig with hyperthyroidism diagnosed by T4 by RIA and palpable thyroid nodule. Treatment was started with oral methimazole (1 to 2.2mg/kg q24h to q12h), but they were resistant to medication, losing weight, and the human-animal bond was diminishing. Treatment was switched to transdermal
methimazole (final dose 4.5mg/kg q8h). Currently patient is well managed with T4 within the reference range.
How to Efficiently and Precisely
Diagnose and Treat Liver Lobe torsion
in Rabbits
This study was conducted on 20 patients in Taiwan during 2016-2017 which were successfully diagnosed with liver lobe torsion based on clinical signs, blood work, radiograph, ultrasonography and treated and confirmed the diagnosis
with surgery. The precise diagnosis relied on blood work and imaging. 80% of the patients survive more than three months after receiving surgical treatment. We believe the key of high survival rate is relied on efficient and precise diagnosis and surgical treatment.
Successful Treatment of Squamous
Cell Carcinoma through Total Ear Pinna Ablation on a Domestic Rabbit
A 8-year-old intact male rabbit was found mass on the ear pinna with abscess.
After cytology evaluation, total ear pinna ablation was performed to remove whole tumor involved area. The right ear pinna was totally removed and the ear canal was reconstructed. After surgery the patient recovered well without any complications. The pathological result was squamous cell carcinoma with chronic inflammation. On two-month follow-up, the patient showed no sign of recurrence.
Retrospective study on femoral
fracture repair with Tie-in fixator in Rabbits
Retrospective study on femoral fracture repair with Tie-in Fixator on Rabbits (n=11) as well as the complications observed and the final outcome. ve: To report the use of external skeletal fixator-intramedullary pin tie-in for management of femoral fractures in rabbits, as well as the complications observed and the final outcome. All the rabbits started to use the fractued limb
after surgery. 4 major complications and 3 minor complications were observed. 9/11 recovered normal function.
Validated immunophenotyping of guinea pig lymphocytic neoplasia
targets chemotherapy treatment- a case series
Case series of two guinea pigs diagnosed with lymphoma. Both were treated with a rotational chemotherapy schedule: prednisone, asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and lomustine. All drugs were well tolerated and
demonstrated varied clinical response. Patient samples and control tissues were used to help validate an immunocytochemical method for immunophenotyping lymphoma in guinea pigs as either T- or B-cell. Subtyping of lymphoma may help improve prognostication and choice of therapy in guinea pigs.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Diseases in ECM including
Surgery
Surgical principles of the urinary tract of exotic companion mammals are similar
to dog and cat, but take into account the different anatomy, physiology, and diseases associated with the urinary system. Surgery involving the urinary tract in ECM’s can include removal of urinary calculi in any species, perineal urethrostomy in ferrets with distal urethral blockage, neoplasia removal, flushing of the urinary bladder in rabbits with sludge, nephrectomy, and partial penile
amputation in sugar gliders.
Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in a Pet Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps)
A female sugar glider presented emergently for acute-onset grand mal and focal seizures, dehydration, and altered mental status. History included exposure to murine bodily fluids approximately 10-14 days prior to onset of symptoms. Supportive care measures were unsuccessful, and postmortem renal
immunohistochemistry was positive for a Leptospira spp. serovar. Discussion will
include pathogenesis of Leptospira spp., implications of marsupial metabolism and disease processes, and zoonotic risk.
Polycystic Kidneys with Ureter Mineralization in a Guinea Pig
Five year old male guinea pig presents with decreased appetite. Blood work is unremarkable, while radiographs suggest mineralized opacities in bladder and kidneys. Ultrasound reveals polycystic kidneys. Cystotomy performed to remove
cystic calculi from bladder, but unable to visualize calculus in bladder. Intraoperative cystoscopy performed revealed white mineralized material and swelling at emptying of ureter, which was patent and functional. This case represents integration of multiple diagnostic tools utilized to establish a novel diagnosis.
Surgical management of
diaphragmatic lipoma and kidney herniation in a rabbit with a
Polypropylene Mesh
A 20 months old neutered female rabbit was presented with dyspnoea. A CT scan revealed a large intrathoracic lipoma with a displaced right kidney and contiguous extension through to the retroperitoneal space, with collapse of the right middle accessory lung lobe, and displacement of the mediastinum. The rabbit underwent an exploratory laparotomy but the herniated kidney and
lipoma could not be retrieved, so the diaphragm was incised. A polypropylene mesh was sutured to the diaphragm.
Metabolic alkalosis with persistent hypokalemia in a ferret with foreign
body obstruction
An adult ferret was presented for suspect gastrointestinal obstruction. Radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were performed. Bloodwork revealed metabolic alkalosis with severe hypokalemia. Intravenous fluids, potassium
supplements, and supportive care were provided prior to surgery. Pre-operatively, the metabolic alkalosis resolved and the hypokalemia improved. The hypokalemia did not resolve completely until one week post-operatively. This case presents management of persistent hypokalemia as well as documentation of metabolic alkalosis in a ferret, suggestive of gastric outflow
obstruction.
Exotic Procyonids in Practice
Exotic mammal practitioners are presented with a variety of species including small carnivores. This masterclass covers husbandry, examination, restraint, diseases, and preventive care for foxes (Fennec fox and red fox), procyonids (kinkajou, raccoon, coatimundi, and ring-tailed cat) and skunks encountered in
clinical practice.
Sarcocystis - an emerging
neurological disease in rabbits?
House Rabbit Society PCR tested rabbits with atypical neurological signs for several possible CNS pathogens. 19 tested positive for Sarcocystis spp. (whole blood PCR). DNA sequencing pending. Most titered negative for E. cuniculi. Post-mortem, 2 have tested Sarcocystis PCR positive in CSF, and one in brain tissue.
This challenges previous understanding of Sarcocystis, thought to cause only muscle cysts in rabbits, and presents new diagnostic and treatment possibilities for neurological disease in rabbits.
Diagnostic accuracy of capsule as compared to pus for bacterial
isolation from rabbit dental abscesses
Paired samples of pus and abscess capsule from 65 rabbits were submitted to microbiological cultural analysis for isolation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
Sensitivity of pus to isolate bacteria as compared to the abscess capsule was 26% (95%CI:15-40) and 28.6% (95%CI:13-49) for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, respectively. The submission of pus for culture rather than a section of the abscess capsule may decrease the chance of isolating bacteria in rabbits with dental abscesses.
Comparison of Body Temperature
Acquired via Auricular and Rectal Methods in Ferrets
This study compared several thermometers; two pediatric ear thermometers, a veterinary ear thermometer, a digital rectal thermometer, and a mercury-in-glass thermometer as a gold standard test for the body temperature of healthy ferrets (n = 27). According to this study, the measurement of temperature registered with auricular thermometers is not a precise method to obtain the
body temperature, and therefore does not replace the value obtained with rectal thermometers.
Evaluation of intramuscular
alfaxalone as a sedative for radiographic positioning in rats
The purpose of this study was to determine if alfaxalone is safe and effective as a sedative for non-invasive procedures in client-owned domestic rats. Because rats are prone to respiratory disease, having a safe and effective sedative in
order to obtain diagnostic-quality radiographs is important. The rats received 5 mg/kg alfaxalone intramuscularly and three-view thoracic radiographs were taken. For each of the rats, vital parameters, quality of sedation, and quality of recovery were monitored.
Investigating renal secondary
hyperthyroidism as the cause of
The purpose of this presentation is to update veterinarians regarding the cause
of osteodystrophic disease in satin cavies. Research presented previously (Bishop, Hawkins, 2015) demonstrated low ionized calcium and high parathyroid
fibrous osteodystrophy in satin
cavies
hormone concentrations in satin cavies. This current research proposes renal secondary hyperparathyroidism as the cause of satin disease. We evaluated serum chemistries and urinalysis samples from 33 satin cavies. We then analyzed data and compared, to control/normal values, to determine statistical significance.
The Guinea Pig Patient: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Genetic
Predispositions and Surgical Hints.
The purpose of this presentation is: To update clinicians on emerging infectious diseases; Discuss breed specific conditions and genetic predispositions; and Discuss practical diagnostic and surgical techniques. Examples will include the new aggressive, zoonotic fungus (Trichophyton relative), Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis, fibrous osteodystrophy in satin cavies,
neonatal entropion in Texel and Teddy cavies. Diagnostic techniques (e.g. blood and urine sample collection, IV catheter placement, etc.…). Surgical hints (e.g. cystotomy, flank spay, etc.…).
Diagnosis of septate urinary bladder in the rabbit
Rabbits have a unique process for calcium metabolism. Excess calcium in the diet is absorbed, leading to a high plasma calcium concentration, and excess
amounts of absorbed calcium are excreted in the urine. The presence and the continuous excretion of urinary crystals result in chronic inflammation that may lead to polypoid cystitis. The septa formation could be a consequence of polipoid cystistis.
Critical Aspects on Managing an Exotic Animal Hospital
Analgesia and Pain Recognition in
Small Mammals
Urinary Disease in Small Herbivores
Performing Clinical Research in the
Exotics Practice - Let's Talk About That
Body Temperature Measurement in Rabbits - Clinical Experience,
Research Evidence and Controversies
Respiratory Diseases in Small
Mammals
Practical Chiropractic & Acupuncture
Techniques in Rabbits for Practitioners
This presentation explores acupuncture and chiropractic care in rabbits. Pet rabbits make good candidates for these manipulative therapies. Both holistic therapy options are useful for a number of common rabbit medical conditions,
including arthritis, hind limb paresis, torticollis and urinary or gastrointestinal disorders. Although these are specialized modalities, simple take home gems will be provided for all practitioners. Techniques reserved for certified holistic practitioners will also be discussed to encourage referral of patients when appropriate.
ECM Behavior and Enrichment
Considerations from the Clinic to Home
Comparison of dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane
for anesthesia of black-tailed prairie dogs
In a prospective, randomized cross-over study, black-tailed prairie dogs were anesthetized for 45 minutes with a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.25
mg/kg), ketamine (40 mg/kg), and midazolam (1.5 mg/kg) (DKM) administered intramuscularly or with isoflurane. Both protocols appeared to achieve safe and effective anesthesia. Significant differences were observed in all anesthetic parameters and vital signs between the two treatments except for blood pressure. Clinicians should be aware of differences in the physiologic effects of
each protocol.
ARAV Courses
Session Name Session Descriptions
The first case of Encephalitozoon
pogonae in a Pogona vitticeps within
Australia
Microsporidia are obligate, intracellular pathogenic fungi with over 1300 species described and have been distributed into around 200 genera. In lizards, there have been seven cases reported in P.vitticeps. To date, only
Encephalitozoon has been described in P.vitticeps (Sokolova et al., 2016). In this report, we describe the first case of microsporidia detected in P.vitticeps within Australia. PCR testing confirmed the microsporidium to be analogous with Encephalitozoon pogonae.
Integrative Medicine and the Exotic patient
This Round Table discussion is intended to provide a resource for interactive
sharing and discussion of various modalities of non-invasive healing. The presenter will offer case responses with chiropractic, acupressure, Osteopathy, LLLT, as well as animal and owner personality assessments and ways to manage these in order to decrease stress and promote a healing environment. Others are invited to share modalities they find successful in
expediting healing.
Appetite Increase in an Aged Albino
Burmese Python using
Photobiomodulation to Increase Parasympathetic Response
The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the ability of a Class 2 frequency specific low power visible light wavelength laser to increase appetite in anorexic animals by decreasing sympathetic tone and increasing parasympathetic response. This 25+ year old Albino Burmese Python
previously owned by Michael Jackson at Neverland Ranch, demonstrated appetite increase as well as increase in vigor on multiple occasions in the course of a 1 year span since onset of treatments.
Surgical Techniques For Facial
Reconstruction in Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina)
Common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in the wild frequently suffer from severe facial injuries as a consequence of being struck by vehicles.
Oftentimes, the trauma involves fractures to the upper and lower beak, rostrum, and surrounding facial bones requiring extensive surgical intervention to stabilize and repair. Successful cases from a wildlife rehabilitation center will be discussed highlighting surgical techniques such as external fixation, oral soft tissue repair and rostrum reconstruction after a
traumatic amputation.
ACQUISITION OF THE MICROBIOTA IN
HATCHLING GREEN SEA TURTLES
In this talk I will outline how sea turtles hatchlings acquire their microbiome and discuss the implications for sea turtle conservation
Anaesthesia of hatchling green sea turtles
This lecture will discuss anaesthesia of hatchling green sea turtles with a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-tramadol and its effects on physiology
Feeding trial and health assessments of snakes fed a novel insect-based sausage
diet
Some reptile owners are disturbed by the idea of using whole vertebrate
prey to feed their animals. Use of an alternative protein source, such as black soldier fly larvae, allows for a reduction in the use of vertebrate species and a potential decrease in cost. This cross-over feeding trial compares the effects of an insect-based diet with that of a standard mouse diet by assessing physical examination findings and changes in blood
parameters in snakes.
Digestibility of black soldier fly larvae
(Hermetia illucens) when fed to leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularis)
Digestibility and nutrient availability of black soldier fly larvae fed to reptiles and amphibians is poor due to the larvae’s tough exoskeleton. Breaking the exoskeleton prior to feeding has been suggested to increase digestibility and nutrient absorption. This study compares apparent
digestibility, growth, hematology, biochemistry, and serum and liver biopsy vitamin A concentrations in leopard geckos that have been fed intact and fasted, intact and gut loaded, or transected and gut loaded BSF larvae.
Evaluation of vitamin A gut loading in
black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are an excellent source of calcium for insectivores, but lack measurable amounts of fat soluble vitamins. We are
assessing factors associated with gut loading vitamin A into BSF larvae, including the amount of vitamin A added to the diet, length of time given to gut load, moisture content of the diet, density of larvae feeding on the diet, and whether dehydrating larvae influences final vitamin concentrations.
Surgical Correction of a Gastric Fistula in
a Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai)
Case report of a naturally occurring gastric fistula was discovered on an
apparently healthy desert tortoise during a pre-hibernation exam. Multiple attempts to debride and surgically repair the fistula failed. Ultimately, a plastronotomy and gastric resection proved successful.
Use of Transesophageal
Echocardiography to Observe Cardiovascular Flow Patterns in
American Alligators During Isoflurane Anesthesia
Nine American alligators were anesthetized and maintained under general anesthesia with isoflurane for 90 minutes. Following discontinuation of anesthesia, each alligator received either intramuscular epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) or equal volume saline. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed prior to treatment and continued for 20 minutes following
treatment. Alligators that received epinephrine demonstrated increased flow through the pulmonary artery, suggesting that epinephrine can be used to reverse right to left shunting and hasten anesthetic recovery in this species.
Armour-Plated Medicine...Tips, Tricks and Treatments of Shingleback Lizards
(Tiliqua rugosa)
Shingleback lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) are common in the pet trade in Australia but outside their native country they are a rare and highly valuable animal.
Veterinarians presented with this species therefore need to be aware of their ecology, husbandry and unique anatomical features that affect how they are medically and surgically managed in captivity. With this knowledge available to them veterinarians will be able to more confidently treat members of this group of lizards.
Exotics Cancer and the Exotic Tumor
Database
This roundtable will give clinicians a chance to discuss their challenges when dealing with cancer in exotic pets and zoo animals as well as suggest ways to improve the data we collect for the Exotic Tumor Database, which has as one of its main goals improving cancer care for exotic and zoological animals. We also work to connect clinicians to a network of resources that
can help improve care for their patients.
Clinical Bacterial Isolates and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns
from Reptiles (2005-2016)
The principle objective of this study is to determine an appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for bacterial infections guided by the Gram smear results in reptiles while awaiting the culture and sensitivity results. This was achieved by evaluating the culture and sensitivity assay results obtained
from reptilian samples at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine between January 2005 and December 2016.
Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole (TMS)
pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability in the Green iguana
(Iguana iguana)
At the University of Georgia, 91% of Gram-negative and 62.5% of Gram-positive bacteria cultured from reptiles between 2005-2015 were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), a drug that has received very little
attention and no peer-reviewed studies on its use in reptiles. Therefore, a cross-over study was designed using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of TMS (30mg/kg) in healthy Green iguanas (Iguana iguana) following PO and IV administration.
Reference values for phosphorus and total and ionized magnesium and
calcium in red-footed tortoises.
Calcium and phosphorus play a role in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) in reptiles. Magnesium is also known to regulate calcium but its role in NSHP is unknown. Hematologic analysis from apparently healthy red-footed tortoises was performed to establish values for total and ionized magnesium, total and ionized calcium, and phosphorus.
Objectives include determination of associations between total and ionized magnesium, and total calcium and total magnesium. Results will be presented.
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS IN REPTILES -
WHY DON'T WE DO MORE?
Blood transfusion medicine is an important treatment option in mammals, but only few case reports are published and very limited research has been
done in reptiles. A review of the current literature, knowledge gaps and associated challenges, as well as unpublished cases from successful blood transfusions in a turtle and a snake will be presented. Furthermore, ongoing and future research projects will be explained, which aim to increase our knowledge of reptilian blood transfusion medicine.
Diagnosis and radiation therapy of
myxosarcoma in a Russian tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldii)
A male Russian tortoise of unknown age was presented for a mass between right elbow and scapula. Mass biopsy and CT scan revealed myxosarcoma extended dorsal to the plastron. Surgical removal combined with stereotactic body radiation therapy was performed. Acute effect of radiation therapy was recorded. The tortoise maintained good body condition in the following
3 months without delayed effect. CT scan performed 3 months after radiation therapy showed no sign of tumor recurrence.
Nutrition and husbandry conditions of European tortoises (Testudo spp.) in
captivity
A survey was developed by online questionnaire (German language) to evaluate the current population structure, husbandry conditions, diet regime, and health status of captive Testudo species. There were 1,075 respondents.
Most of them kept their tortoises in an outdoor enclosure and fed grasses
and weeds. The most kept species was Testudo hermanni. Detailed results including statistics will be presented in the presentation.
An Unusual Coelomic Mass in an Inland Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps)
An inland bearded dragon presented for a large, fairly rapidly growing, right-sided ceolomic mass. Advanced imaging, percutaneous biopsy and endoscopy were used in surgical planning, The mass was removed surgically
and submitted for histopathology. The results revealed the mass to be a fat pad with a large bacterial granuloma with a necrotic center. This has not been previously reported in the literature.
Description of reptile anesthesia at a veterinary referral hospital over a period
of eighteen years
Medical records of reptiles from May 1999 through November 2017 at a veterinary referral hospital were examined. Data from approximately 350
anesthetic episodes was organized into 4 groups based on taxonomy and described. The purpose of this was to discuss anesthetic standards and protocols, to better the understanding of reptile anesthesia. Its practical application is the appreciation that reptile anesthesia should be maintained at the same standard of care as that of small animal anesthesia.
Pyosalpinx in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) having previously
undergone successful ovariectomy
The purpose this presentation is to discuss a case report of a 3-year-old bearded dragon diagnosed and treated for bilateral pyosalpinx 10 months following previous successful treatment of egg yolk coelomitis with ovariectomy. An additional purpose would be to discuss the pros, cons, and risks of ovariectomy vs. ovariosalpingectomy in reptile patients.
Scute Pyramiding in Tortoises:
Prevention and Resolution of the Condition
Pyramiding or doming of the carapace scutes in tortoises is common, especially in large, fast-growing species. Despite the prevalence of the condition, relatively little consensus has been reached in the literature as to the etiology. Various factors, even humidity, have been suggested as underlying factors. In this presentation, the author discusses the probable
pathophysiology, and how to successfully prevent the disease, as well as halting it in patients already manifesting clinical signs.
A systematic study of
anesthetics/analgesics in the brown anole lizard
This study systematically tests the efficacy of anesthetics/analgesics that are commonly used in mammals in the brown anole lizard, Anolis sagrei. The drugs—alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, ketamine, and
tribromoethanol were administered IM or SC, alone or in combination at varying doses to 68 lizards, weighing 2.5-3.5 grams (8 anesthesia and 2 surgical trials; total of 14 groups; minimum of 4 lizards per group). Drug induction time, duration, anesthesia level, and adverse effects were all assessed.
Correlating pathology and clinical
disease in amphibians
The goal of this master class is to introduce participants to fundamental aspects of amphibian anatomy, physiology, and disease through the presentation of cases of commonly encountered clinical amphibian disease with correlating pathologic and microbiology/molecular diagnostics. Implications for treatment and collection management/husbandry will also
be discussed.
Diagnosis and Treatment of the Female
Reproductive System
The diagnosis and treatment of disease conditions of the reptilian and amphibian reproductive tract will be reviewed. Clinical signs, imaging, and clinical pathology as well as treatment modalities for use in female reptiles and amphibians suffering reproductive disease will be reviewed as well as
diagnostics for assessment of the egg. Beyond improving reptile practice, and highliting needed research, information will be adapted from that known in human and companion mammals suffering similar diseases.
THE EFFECT OF FRACTION OF INSPIRED
OXYGEN IN ALFAXALONE SEDATED
BEARDED DRAGON (POGONA VITTICEPS)
The effect of oxygen supplementation in sedated reptiles is unknown. Eight sedated bearded dragons received either 21% or 100% oxygen flow-by
via face mask in a complete crossover study design. Sedation, cardiopulmonary parameters, and post-sedation food intake were evaluated. Results showed no significant effect on respiratory rate, heart rate, recovery time or feeding post-sedation. Fraction of inspired oxygen had no apparent clinically significant effects on physiological parameters
during sedation nor recovery in bearded dragons.
Pharmacokinetics of terbinafine
following oral administration in Red Ear Sliders
Given the potential clinical use of terbinafine in turtles, the purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in Red Ear Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, n=6) after a single-dose (15mg/kg) oral administration. Blood samples were collected from each animal at times 0,
and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours post-treatment. Plasma terbinafine
concentrations were quantified with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Phallic intravenous catheterization and
difficulty in detecting liver disease in an adult sulfate tortoise.
An adult sulcata tortoise presented for gastroduodenoscopy to remove a linear foreign body. Following anesthesia, the patient failed to recover. After failure of various catheter sites, vessels in the phallus were
catheterized. Intensive care was provided including mechanical ventilation. A plasma biochemistry, repeated blood gases, and computed tomography were performed. The patient was euthanized. Necropsy revealed severe hepatic lipidosis. This case presents a novel catheterization site and the difficulty in detecting hepatic disease in reptiles.
Pathology lesions of Reptile and Amphibian Reproductive System
This is one part (pathology lesions) of a four part ABVP level review of the anatomy, lesions, and clinical approach to the reproductive tract and egg/fetal failure of reptiles and amphibians. We (Drs. Drury Reavill, Jeanette Wyneken, J. Jill Heatley, and Steve Divers) will focus on the female reproductive tract and egg/fetal issues.
Relationship between ionized and total calcium values in diseased client-owned
reptiles and their diagnostic sensitivity
Ionized calcium is considered the standard for assessment of calcium status in reptiles. We performed a prospective method-comparison study including >100 client-owned reptiles that underwent concurrent measurement of total and iCa. The association between total and iCa levels was assessed including albumin as a covariate. The magnitude of disagreement in certain
cases was so relevant that iCa would have resulted in a diagnosis of hypocalcemia and total calcium in a diagnosis of hypercalcemia, and viceversa.
Risks and Complications associated with Oesophagostomy Tube Placement in
Chelonian patients
The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the risks and complications associated with oesophagostomy tube placement in chelonians.
A pilot survey was first distributed amongst vets in general practice to gain an understanding of complications encountered. Medical records from two exotics practices were then examined retrospectively. Reasons for oesophagostomy tube placement, frequency and types of complications were recorded and analysed in order to identify any potential risk factors.
Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Four Eastern Indigo snakes (Drymarchon corais
couperi)
This presentation describes clinical and pathologic features of a condition rarely reported in veterinary species: Hyperviscosity Syndrome (HS). This case series of four Eastern Indigo snakes died acutely during transport. Histopathology revealed hyperproteinaceous serum with edema, consistent with HS. HS is increased blood viscosity caused by pathologic changes in
blood components (e.g. cells, proteins, or serum), resulting in altered blood flow/perfusion. Further research on HS in reptiles may help elucidate the pathogenesis in these animals
endoscopy and surgery of the reptile reproductive tract
This is one part (the endoscopy and surgery of) of a four part ACZM/ECZM/ABVP level review of the anatomy, lesions, and clinical
approach to the reproductive tract and egg failure of reptiles. We (Drs. Drury Reavill, Jeanette Wyneken, J. Jill Heatley, and Steve Divers) will focus on the female reproductive tract. All reptile species (Crocodilia, Squamata, and Testudines, ± Sphenodontia) will be included.
Diversity of Normal Reptilian Female Reproductive Anatomy and Eggs
This 1-hour master class will cover normal anatomy and diversity of the
female reproductive structures in reptiles. The diversity in form spans taxa and will include oviparous and viviparous forms. The anatomy of reptile eggs is included highlighting differences between squamates and chelonians and from avian eggs. The goal of this class is to provide the groundwork for understanding normals. It is part of the 4 master class series by Wyneken,
Reavill, Divers, and Heatley.
Effects of exogenous human chorionic
gonadotropin on testosterone and semen in veiled chameleons.
We developed a standard human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) dose for veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) after administering 3 different doses of hCG to 12 C. calyptratus during their breeding season and outside of their breeding season. We measured their circulating plasma testosterone
concentrations for 24 hours after hCG administration. Additionally, once the optimal dose of hCG was determined, we evaluated the impact of hCG on semen parameters collected via electroejaculation.
Testosterone and Testicles: Does Size Really Matter?
We performed a prospective longitudinal study evaluating the reproductive cycles of male veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther
chameleons (Furicifer pardalis). Bi-weekly circulating testosterone concentrations and testicular dimensions were measured over the course of a
year. Testosterone concentrations and testicular measurements were used to characterize the breeding cycle for these lizards.
First-degree atrioventricular block in a central bearded dragon (Pogona
vitticeps)
A 3-year-old male bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) weighing 0,5 kg presented for a 2 month-history of anorexia, lethargy, facial edema and ataxia. Auscultation revealed bradyarrhythmia (heart rate: 20 bpm).
Biochemistry was unremarkable. Echocardiography showed cardiac dimensions close to the upper reference limits. Electrocardiography revealed a prolonged PR interval (320 milliseconds), indicative of a first-degree atrioventricular block. At the time of writing, differential diagnoses to explain these findings include hypothyroidism, adenovirosis, and electrolytic
disturbances.
How dimension in Testudo spp. influences the weight loss during
hibernation
Hibernating animals lose some of their weight during hibernation. In case of mediterranean tortoises, people often prefer to avoid hibernation during first years of their life to prevent death. In our study, we check 120 chelonians of genus Testudo kept in the same conditions at 6° C during whole
winter (totally 5 months). We demonstrate that the decrease of weight is inversely proportional to dimension of the animal.
Surgical revision of previous
ovariectomy in client-owned turtles: 3
cases
Three previously spayed turtles presented with clinical and biochemical signs consistent with follicular development (anorexia, increased activity, increased of calcium, phosphorus and albumin values). Two turtles underwent
ultrasound examination and one turtle underwent CT scan. All presented variably sized follicles. The turtles underwent surgical removal of the remaining follicles from the prefemoral fossa. This report underlines the importance of full removal of the ovaries in reptiles.
OVARIAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY MONITORING IN A Timon lepidus
GROUP POST ADMINISTRATION OF FSH
15 specimens of female Timon lepidus underwent an ultrasound examination
in February, March and April of 2017, with the purpose of monitoring the maturation of their ovarian follicles with or without stimulation with exogenous alfa follitropin. The subjects were divided in 3 groups of 5 specimens each. The ultrasonography showed a remarkable increasing in size of the ovarian follicles in the alfa follitropin treated groups compared
to the other 2 control groups.
Biochemical Enzyme Tissue Specificity in
Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)
Plasma biochemistries are a common component of health assessment. This study evaluated tissue specificity of six biochemical enzymes (ALT; AST; ALP; CK; GGT; GLDH) in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). CK was primarily derived from skeletal muscle, GLDH and ALT were derived
from liver, ALP and GGT were from the kidneys, and AST was relatively non-specific. These results may help guide interpretation of plasma biochemistry panels in reptiles.
Renal Carcinoma as a Cause of Cloacal
Prolapse in Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps)
Three separately owned bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) presented with marked cloacal swelling or prolapse. All three were euthanized due to poor
prognosis. On necropsy, significant renomegaly was present which was diagnosed as renal carcinoma. Renal disease, specifically neoplasia, should be a differential diagnosis for cloacal swelling and prolapse in this species.
Diet Influences the Blood Nutritional
Parameters and Microbiome of Rehabilitating Green Sea Turtles
To understand the impact of diet on health and recovery, blood nutritional parameters and fecal microbiome composition in green turtles undergoing
rehabilitation were compared to free-ranging turtles. Rehabilitation turtles had elevated plasma triglycerides and phosphorous, lower calcium and magnesium, and significantly different microbiome composition, including decreased Firmicutes that aid in digestion of their natural diet of seagrass and algae. This information is being used to make dietary modifications and
develop gel-based diets for rehabilitation centers.
Postprandial changes in biochemical
parameters in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)
Based on studies performed in semi-aquatic turtles, a postprandial effect on blood uric acid levels is reported not to occur. However, the formation and excretion of protein waste products differs greatly between aquatic and terrestrial reptile species. Therefore, blood was collected from 6 bearded
dragons immediately before and 4, 24 and 48h after feeding crickets (1% body weight). A significant and pronounced postprandial increase in UA levels was found at 24 hours.
Evaluation of 4 different sedation protocols in bearded dragons
Procedural sedation is frequently required for various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in bearded dragons and other lizard species. The
subcutaneous route of administration represents a simple and save drug administration route, regardless of patient size. In two separate blinded,
randomized, complete-crossover studies, dexmedetomidine- midazolam was compared to dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine, and dexmedetomidine-ketamine was compared to alfaxalone following subcutaneous injection. Onset, depth, and duration of sedation, as well as cardiopulmonary effects were monitored.
Managing cloacal prolapses in reptiles
Cloacal prolapses are commonly seen in captive reptiles and occur due to a variety of underlying causes. This masterclass will review the underlying pathophysiology and anatomy of cloacal prolapses in reptiles, discuss diagnostic options and provide an overview on treatment options cloacal prolapses in chelonians and squamates.
Fatal Coagulopathy secondary to chronic hepatopathy in 3 lizards
Coagulopathies secondary to severe chronic liver disease were documented in two green iguanas and one Mali uromastyx. Computed tomography and plasma biochemistry confirmed hepatopathy in all cases antemortem. Fatal pulmonary hemorrhage and fatal hemorrhage from a broken toe nail occurred in these 3 animals. These cases highlight the risk of coagulopathies
in reptiles suffering from liver disease and the clinical importance of managing coagulopathies in these patients before fatal complications occur.
Clinical approach to reptile neoplasia
Neoplasia is commonly seen in the practice of reptile medicine. An overview of neoplastic disorders that may be encountered in the reptile patient by the clinical practitioner will be presented. The clinical presentation and
performance of different neoplastic disorders will be extensively illustrated and tumour staging as well as the establishment of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches will be discussed. Novel insights towards the etiology, pathogenesis and the treatment of neoplastic disorders will be emphasized.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT
AND OUTCOME OF A CASE SERIES OF MEDITERRANEAN TORTOISES WITH
RHODODENDRON (GRAYANOTOXIN)-INTOXICATION
Three Mediterranean tortoises were presented showing severe neurological signs. In all three cases, owners reported that they found flowers of Rhododendron spp. in the enclosure. All three tortoises (two spur-thighed tortoises and one Greek tortoise) showed different stages of salivation, weakness and lethargy, two developed tonic extensor seizures with hind
limb extension. Initiated treatment included partly successful removal of the flowers and leaves via gastroscopy, followed by stabilisation and intensive care. All three animals survived.
Nutritional Assessment of an Experimental Cricket Diet and Crickets on
the Health of Leopard Geckos
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an experimental cricket diet could improve the overall calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D
concentrations of the crickets fed the diet, and the leopard geckos fed these gut-loaded insects. Blood, liver biopsies, and microCT scan were performed to evaluate these nutrients over 90 days. This new diet may reduce the incidence of metabolic bone disease in captive insectivorous reptiles and amphibians. LSU IACUC Protocol 16-110
Developing Methods for Semen Extension in Reptiles
There has been a scarcity of studies done to characterize semen collection in reptiles, and even fewer studies on semen preservation. Developing these techniques will be crucial to the success of assisted reproduction of threatened and endangered reptile species in the future. This study evaluated the efficacy of a variety of commercial semen extenders in
reptiles. While some semen extenders are promising for short-term cooled storage, others were poor.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) in Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps)
This case report describes diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a bearded dragon. Diagnosis was made from a high lymphocyte count (36.6 x10 3 /uL), and immunocytochemistry, consistent with
a diagnosis of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Therapy was initiated with prednisolone (1-3mg/kg PO), ceftazidime (20mg/kg IM), and nutritional supplementation. The patient did well clinically until death on day 254 after diagnosis. Necoprsy and histology results are pending at time of submission.
Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius)
Plasma Biochemistry Reference Intervals
Despite their popularity in the pet trade, biochemistry reference intervals have yet to be determined in leopard geckos. Venipuncture was performed on 26 subadult individuals (14 females and 12 males) under general anesthesia. Venipuncture sites included the ventral coccygeal vein and the cranial vena cava. No adverse effect was associated with the blood sample.
Uric acid, bile acids, calcium, phosphorous, AST, CK and Total Protein
concentrations were measured. Reference intervals were established using non-parametric techniques.
Optimizing stethoscope use in lizards
Using recordings from a 3M Littmann 3200 Electronic Stethoscope, various methods for optimizing auscultation of lizard heart sounds will be described and compared. Additionally, clinical cases where auscultation of abnormal
heart sounds contributed to diagnosis of heart disease will be discussed.
Enrichment - Making a Herp's Life
Exciting
In zoo communities, behavioral enrichment has become the standard, especially in mammalian species, however reptiles and amphibians tend to be overlooked in this aspect by some zoos and by many pet owners. There are a multitude of simple, cost effective, techniques to add enrichment to a
herp’s daily life. This program is designed to explore these techniques and help attendants learn and share how to create new, exciting enrichment programs for their pets and patients.
Kitchen Creativity: Clinical Applications of an Airtight Food Storage Container as
a Protective Wound Device
This presentation will discuss the clinical application of an innovative shell wound protective device which allows for management of damaged or
surgically incised aquatic and terrestrial chelonian shells. Using an airtight food storage container and a reptile-safe, waterproof epoxy, shell defects may be adequately covered during healing, allowing for chelonians to engage in natural behaviors. The discussion will highlight its simplicity, as well as, the pros and cons of this technique.
Anesthesia and Analgesia in Reptiles
Peri-testicular cyst in a green sea turtle:
medical and surgical management
A cold stunned green sea turtle responded well to routine treatment. At week 8, the PCV dropped to 8%. Blood culture, broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and corticosteroid therapy were instituted. The PCV eventually normalized. The left side of the plastron became enlarged around this time. A large coelomic cyst was diagnosed with imaging and
cytology. A combined laparoscopic and surgical approach was used to remove the mass. A peri-testicular cyst was diagnosed. The turtle was successfully released.
Evaluation of the feasibility of spinal
anesthesia in bearded dragons
Spinal anesthesia, while reported in chelonians, has not been reported or systematically evaluated in lizards. In a randomized, controlled, blinded,
complete cross-over, 8 sedated bearded dragons received either lidocaine or saline by intrathecal injection at the sacrococcygeal junction Motor and sensory block of the tail, cloaca, hindlimbs and trunk were evaluated following intrathecal injection. None of the animals developed complications following intrathecal injections. Lidocaine injection resulted in induction of
spinal anesthesia in 6/8 bearded dragons.
Hybrid Courses
Session Name Session Description
Expectations of exotic pet
owners during a visit to the hospital.
The lecture will provide results of an online survey regarding preferences of owners during a visit to the exotic pet hospital. Over 800 replies were analyzed and strong
preferences for a given scenario were identified. The findings provide insight of expectations and preferences of exotic pet owners regarding the care of their pet. The analysis showed interesting findings regarding the preferences of exotic pet owners according to species owned.
A new, inexpensive ventilator for use in exotic animal
anesthesia
A new ventilator (SAV4) manufactured by Vetronics UK Ltd and available Worldwide
offers significant improvements over past models. This presentation describes this inexpensive unit in detail, including available functions, limitations, and practical uses in reptile, avian and small mammal anesthesia. Lecture can be tailored to ALL species, or just birds OR reptiles OR mammals.
Mental Health and Well-Being in the Veterinary Profession
Physical, emotional, and intellectual challenges, combined with the traits of
perfectionism and introversion shared by many in the profession—may contribute to depression, anxiety, and even suicide among some veterinary professionals. This master class will overview these issues with a focus on initiatives to improve mental
health and a sense of well-being among veterinary students and professionals. Audience participation will include group experiential activities and a guided meditation.
Comparative Clinical Avian and
Reptile Hematology
The purpose of this presentation is to provide detailed identification and evaluation of the avian and reptile hematology cell lines. While subtle differences exist in the non-
diseased patient, their response to disease is quite varied. Comparative hematologic changes in response to bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, toxins and neoplasia will be presented. Interpretation of the hemogram with prognostic evaluation will be addressed. High quality cellular images are provided with the Olympus BX46 Photography Microscope.
Reality of Health of Exotics in
the Pet Trade
Puppy mills get all the press, but the health and status of small mammals and other exotics in the pet trade is of great concern. Mortality due to poor nutrition, husbandry practices and disease is higher than should be expected. Conditions found include cestodiasis, dermatophytosis, Clostridium perfringens, Chlamydia caviae, Bordetellosis, and other bacterial and viral pathogens. Exotic pet veterinarians should be taking an
active role in addressing and treating these problems.
Interactive Assessment of
Guinea Pig and Parakeet Welfare: You be the Judge
The Animal Welfare Judging/Assessment Contest (AWJAC) is an AVMA program that provides an opportunity for participants to take part in animal welfare assessment which can be complex and challenging. This interactive session will provide attendees with realistic scenarios to help them appreciate the many factors that go into a
thorough welfare assessment, identify areas for improvement, and provide sound, science-based opinions relating to the welfare of the particular species addressed in the scenarios.
Clinical Use of Advanced
Imaging of Koi Carp Using Computed Tomography and
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A koi carp was presented for a coelomic mass and another for neurological behaviors. Both animals were anesthetized for CT with isoeugenol using an out-of-water technique.
CT of the first fish identified a fat-opaque mass that was biopsied and surgically removed. CT of the second fish indicated spinal scoliosis. Further MRI revealed multifocal spinal cord compression with degenerative changes. Results indicate that advanced imaging is a useful modality for diagnosis of clinical disease in teleosts.
Effect of Temperature on the
Clinical and Biochemical
Relationships of MS-222 Anesthesia in Goldfish
Fish maintain functionality at a variety of temperatures via various adaptions. Acute
divergence from an acclimation temperature may result in the inability to process xenobiotics, including anesthetics. The goal of this study was to understand how temperature divergence influences the anesthetic effects of MS-222 in goldfish. This will serve as a means to predict anesthetic outcomes and establish a research model for determining factors important to the basic mechanisms of general anesthesia.
USE OF TLRP TO TREAT
CHRONIC ORAL CAVITY DISORDERS IN REPTILES: TWO
CASE REPORTS
Hereby we present two cases of oral cavity disorders treated with heterologous Thrombocyte-Leukocyte Rich Plasma (TLRP): one ball python (Python regius) with chronic facial cellulitis, and one veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) with severe maxillary osteolysis secondary to chronic periodontal disease. In both cases, complete blood work, microbiological culture and antibiogram, and CT scan were performed.
MRI of the normal fish brain The aims of this study are to evaluate the feasibility in live fish, best techniques and inter-species differences in the MRI neuroimaging features between few common fish species.
Case Files of the Walking
Wounded: Trauma Management in Wildlife
This masterclass will review principles of wound management for avian and chelonian patients and will use wildlife case examples to help clinicians understand the practical
applications of things like bandaging, wound VACs, topical medications, and emergency stabilization procedures. Multiple video will be used to insure understanding of more complex procedures. Questions posed using Poll Everywhere software will be used to insure audience engagement and understanding.
Building blocks in a successful
retail pet animal care and welfare program
Retail pet stores are a common source for many companion pets including reptiles,
small mammals, and birds. While meant only as a temporary housing situation for these various species, the highest standards of husbandry are paramount to ensure a healthy pet makes it from the retail environment into an owner’s home. This lecture will highlight the industry-leading standards, resources, training tools, and validations methods from a national pet retailer’s in-store animal care and welfare program.
Therapeutic contraindications in pet exotic species
The selection of medications for exotic pets presents many challenges as most drugs are used in an extra-label manner without pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and safety studies. What may be a safe and commonly used drug in one species can have detrimental and fatal effects in a different species. Contraindicated drugs of certain exotic pet species will be discussed through a review of documented cases.
Vital components of an animal vendor standards and audit
program
Retail pet stores are a common source for many companion pets including reptiles, small mammals, and birds. Sourcing those animals from quality animal breeders and distributors is critical to ensuring their health and welfare. This lecture will highlight components of a national pet retailer’s vendor certification and standards of excellence program, including a rigorous audit inspection process.
Mycobacteriosis in exotic pet
practice
Mycobacterial infection s are uncommon in companion pet animal. However due to public health implication, the exotic practioner should be aware of this entity especially regarding the potential emergence of antibiotic resistance associated with empiric treatment. This review will focus on epidemiological and clinical aspects of mycobacteriosis in small animals (ferrets, lagomorph, rodents), birds, reptiles,
amphibians and fish. Extensive analysis of the current litterature will be exposed.
Putting it all together: Clinical cases correlated with clinical
pathology and anatomic pathology
The goal of this master class, co-taught by boarded professionals, is to present real clinical cases, generate complete differential diagnosis with likely pathogenesis using evidence based medicine, create a diagnostic plan, interpret data, and correlate histopathologic findings. The cases may be avian, small mammal, reptilian, piscine, or a
mix dependent upon the needs of the conference organizers. These may also be organized by underlying etiology or organ system, e.g. nutrition, neoplasia, or renal.
Alternative Vet for Alternative Pets, Integrating Holistic
Modalities in Exotic Pet Practice
Exotic pet practice poses its share of unique challenges due to the patient size, unique physiology and anatomy. As a profession, we have made huge strides in diagnostic and therapeutic fields. The same is true for the holistic modalities in human and
veterinary medicine. Integration of these modalities into the exotic realm provides hope for cases limited in western medicine. This presentation explores practical integration of various holistic modalities for common exotic pet conditions.
The Journey from DICOM to 3D
This presentation will focus on transforming Two-Dimensional DICOM data sets into anatomically accurate 3D models (STL, or Stereolithography, files) and detail each
stage of the process. We will examine several software options are available for creating models and the pros and cons of each application. I will demonstrate the process of importing a data set into the selected application, examine the toolset and visualization settings, and create and export a raw 3D STL surface model of a sample CT data set. Next, I will talk about the STL editing process, model smoothing, noise
reduction, decimation techniques, shader and texture settings, and final optimization of the 3D anatomy. This section ends holding an optimized set of 3D files of the area-of-interest ready for the next step in the 3D journey.
Augmented Reality, Virtual
Reality, and the zSpace Dimension
DICOM data sets and/or the 3D models created from them can be effectively imported into a variety of hardware/software viewing systems. This presentation will
detail a few examples of the different systems available, the pros and cons of each, features, costs, and benefits, and demonstrate real-world cases where these systems helped to build consensus about a possible diagnosis, aided a surgical procedure, and increased cognition in understanding complex anatomy. If available, guided demonstrations of the zSpace , Odyssey, and/or Vive environments will illustrate the
strengths and weaknesses of each technology.
Now Let’s Talk About 3D
Printing…
It seems logical to take these optimized 3D models 3D print them, right? Maybe, and then again, maybe not! This presentation runs through the steps of the additive manufacturing process, examines the different technologies currently available for 3D printing, compares costs, features, and foibles of a few types of printers, and will
exhibit various examples of 3D anatomy created with 3D printers. I will also discuss the pros and cons of printing, and if the ultimate value of the models is worth the time consumption and financial cost of creating printed models. Examples of successes and failures will further illustrate the topic, and I will demonstrate a surgical trainer prototype created from a patient-specific 3D printed model.
The Democratization of
Anatomy: Welcome to A360 & Sketchfab
AutoDesk 360 is an online library of resolution-independent 3D objects that can be viewed in an interactive environment from computers, tablets, or smart phones anywhere are any time. Multi-layered anatomy models can be uploaded, annotated, measured, explored, shared, the list goes on and on. This presentation will demonstrate the A360 environment, upload a sample model onto the cloud drive, and detail the
variety of tools and features available within the workspace. Interested participants will be able to sign up for their own 5Gb of free virtual space of their own. I will also discuss a new professional-level 3D web environment called Sketchfab and provide an overview of its robust toolset.
Technician Courses
Session Name Session Descriptions
3D Printing: Art and
Engineering in the Clinic
The use of three-dimensional printers has grown from a prototyping device in the engineering field to a multipurpose tool in human and veterinary health care. In this brief discussion, we will consider the benefits and drawbacks of including a 3D printer to a clinic's arsenal of equipment.
Avian Behavior and
Implementing Natural Positive Reinforcement Techniques at
Home
Educating clients on the etiology of avian behavior is essential when implementing training protocols. Wild bird behavior can assist in providing the basis of understanding and assist with behavioral modifications. Implementing positive reinforcement techniques, along with allowing them to utilize their innate instincts, have proven to be most effective. Training your clients how to execute these techniques can
be challenging, but using step-by-step customized training protocols, along with proper husbandry, can facilitate with behavioral transformations.
Streamline and increased
efficiency in exotic emergency & trauma triage protocols
This lecture will prepare the team to create an efficient hospital plan for assessing the triage patient. It will present practical applications to maximize the evaluation for your patient's needs and emergency stabilization efforts. Will review techniques for the
rapid determination of common emergencies in exotic patients, including applications of the point of care ultrasound VetBLUE techniques and Foucud assessment.
Examples of Complementary Medicine in Exotic and Wildlife
Patients
This is a presentation of the utilization of acupuncture on a chicken, rabbit, and red tail hawk to reduce pain, inflammation, and stimulate appetite. Acupuncture is also used to awaken a bearded dragon and a rabbit from anesthesia. Low level laser is also
explored in wound management in an owl.
Avian and Exotic Companion
Mammal Pre-anesthetic
Assessment and real life cases for Veterianry Technicians
Ryan Cheek, LVT, certified in ECC and Dr. Greenacre will co-teach this Master Class reviewing thorough pre-anesthetic assessment of birds and exotic companion mammals for the veterinary technician. Information will be shared by lecture, real life case examples, and open discussion. Information will include PE, assessing and correcting
dehydration, pain, temperature, as well as assessing pre-op blood work and other diagnostic tests, blood pressure, etc. encouraging using best practices for the best anesthetic outcome.
Teaching Parrots Alternatives to
Biting and Lunging: Angry Birds
Biting and lunging are common behavioral problems of companion parrots that may lead to reasons for relinquishment. In the absence of functional assessment, behavior-
change strategies are more likely to be forceful, less ethical, and can result in an augmentation of the problem behavior(s). Using the principles of functional assessment, this discussion demonstrates how a scientifically based behavior-change plan can be formulated and implemented in a practice setting. Enrichment and target training are emphasized.
Basics of Clinical Pathology in
Small Mammals
Toxicity in Amphibians
Amphibian Nutrition and GI
Parasites
Local Anesthetic Blocks in
Reptiles
Case Report on Nidovirus in
Pythons