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EXIT CHAPTER
55CHAPTER
5.1 Matter and Atoms
5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
5.3 Identifying Minerals
5.4 Mineral Groups
CHAPTER OUTLINECHAPTER OUTLINE
Atoms to Minerals
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
Matter is anything with mass and volume, and is
made of elements. All known elements are listed
and classified by properties on the periodic table.
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VOCABULARY5.1 Matter and Atoms
A diamond is made of the element carbon.
element
atomic number
isotope
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
Matter is anything with mass and volume, and is
made of elements. All known elements are listed
and classified by properties on the periodic table.
55CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY
An atom is the smallest part of an element that has
all the element’s properties. An atom has a nucleus
containing protons and neutrons. The nucleus is
surrounded by electrons in an electron cloud.
5.1 Matter and Atoms
A carbon atom consists of six protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Protons
Neutrons
Electron
element
atomic number
isotope
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
Two or more chemically bound elements may form a
compound; most substances on Earth are
compounds rather than pure elements. Compounds
often have properties very different than those of the
elements of which it is made.
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VOCABULARY
Compounds are bound by three main types of bonds:
ionic, covalent, and metallic.
5.1 Matter and Atoms
Covalent Bond: Water
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Oxygen
Ionic Bond: Salt
Sodium IonChlorine Ion
element
atomic number
isotope
mass number
compound
molecule
ion
metal
nonmetal
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid
with a definite chemical composition and orderly
atomic arrangement.
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VOCABULARY
Minerals may be either elements or compounds, and
form in a variety of ways.
5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
Crystal Structure of Salt
Sodium ion
Chlorine ion
mineral
crystal
silicate
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
The atomic, or crystal, structure determines a
mineral’s properties, including cleavage, melting
point, and hardness.
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VOCABULARY5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
Most of Earth’s crust consists of silicate minerals.
Diamond Graphite
Carbon Structures
Covalent bond
mineral
crystal
silicate
silica tetrahedron
cleavage
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
A mineral is identified by its properties. Simple
inspection reveals a mineral’s crystal shape, color,
and luster.
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VOCABULARY5.3 Identifying Minerals
Mineral
Crystal Shape
Color
Luster
lead or silver-gray; may have bluish tint
metallic to dull glassy to earthy
bright yellow crystals; pale yellow as powder
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
streak
fracture
specific gravity
Rating
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
gypsum
potassium feldspar
talc
fluorite
calcite
apatite
Reference Mineral
quartz
corundum
topaz
diamond
Reference Tool
fingernail (2.5)
glass plate (5.5)
copper penny (3.5)
steel file (6.5)
Moh’s Scale of Hardness
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals55CHAPTER
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VOCABULARY5.3 Identifying Minerals
Simple tests reveal a mineral’s streak, cleavage,
fracture, and hardness.
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
streak
fracture
specific gravity
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals55CHAPTER
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VOCABULARY5.3 Identifying Minerals
Simple tests reveal a mineral’s streak, cleavage,
fracture, and hardness.
Other ways to identify minerals include finding the
specific gravity, chemical testing, and measuring
special properties unique to some minerals.
mineralogy
rock-forming mineral
luster
streak
fracture
specific gravity
and carbonates are the most common
minerals in Earth’s crust.
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
Silicates
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VOCABULARY5.4 Mineral Groups
Smokey quartz (left) and orthoclase feldspar (right) are examples of silicate minerals.
Dolomite is an example of a carbonate mineral.
carbonate
oxide
sulfide
CHAPTER HOMEAtoms to Minerals
Silicates and carbonates are the most common
minerals in Earth’s crust.
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VOCABULARY5.4 Mineral Groups
Quartz and feldspars are the most common
silicates.
Iron-rich oxides and sulfides are less common but
economically important minerals.
Hematite is the most
common iron oxide.
carbonate
oxide
sulfide
Atoms to Minerals55CHAPTER
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