Executive Order 9066Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas

Japanese Internment 1942-46

• Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941

• Executive Order 9066 – February 19, 1942– Army designated a roughly 50 mile-wide

“Civilian Exclusion Area” along west coast within which those of Japanese ancestry could not stay

– Included California, Oregon, & Washington, but not Hawaii or other states

Japanese Internment 1942-46

• War Relocation Authority created to oversee creation of camps, relocation of individuals and families

• 10 camps built in desert west – California, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Idaho, Wyoming

• 110,000 – 120,000 “evacuees,” 2/3 of whom were citizens

Immigration Act of 1924

Section 13, Paragraph C

“No alien ineligible to citizenship shall be admitted to the

United States…”

“The land was raw, untamed, but full of promise…” -- US Government 1942

“The land was so poor not even the industrious Japanese could transform it…”

-- Yushiko Uchida, 1982

442nd Combat Regiment

442nd Combat Regiment18,143Individual decorations including:

9,486 Purple Hearts21 Congressional Medals of Honor52 Distinguished Service Crosses1 Distinguished Service Medal560 Silver Stars, with 28 Oak Leaf Clusters in lieu of second Silver Star22 Legion of Merit Medals4,000 Bronze Stars1,200 Oak Leaf Clusters representing second Bronze Stars15 Soldier's Medals12 French Croix de Guerre with two Palms representing second

awards2 Italian Crosses for Military Merit2 Italian Medals for Military Valor

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. --That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed

-- From the Declaration of Independence

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

-- From the preamble to the Constitution

No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

-- From the 14th Amendment to the Constitution

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The Boston Massacre

The Dust Bowl

Space Shuttle Challenger

JFK on his PT Boat

Birmingham 1963

Highway of Death, Kuwait

Kent State

Election of 1860

Suffragette 1917