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Executive Example National Hero

King liked figure and War Hero Set many precedents for future

leaders Untested Constitution and a Constitution

that needed to be developed/edited Developed Cabinet

Group of Advisors who were the heads of the Executive Departments (at this point there were 4)

Defined appointment powers Appointed Cabinet and Judges

Expanded foreign affairs powersSecretary of State (Jefferson)Issues Proclamation of Neutrality

Became legislative leader - was looked to for leadership

1st Congress Bill of Rights ratified

1st 10 AmendmentsIncluded so that

Anti-Feds/Dem. Repub. Support Constitution

Passed Judiciary Act 1789Supreme Court was

established and had 6 justices appointed by President

Created the lower district courts and circuit court of appeals

John Jay was appointed as the 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Financial DebateNation had large war debt Alexander Hamilton’s plan

Pay all debts: to unify America and show the world that were trustworthy

National bank system: to regulate and collect Proposed high tariffs and taxes to generate revenue

Debate over power to create a national bankSoutherners didn’t want to pay Northern debt

Implied Powers Loose vs. Strict Constructionists “Necessary and Proper” Clause

Political Affairs British harassment in the west

Kept Forts in Canada and pressed Am. with encouraging/helping Native American resistence

French Revolution in 1789 Initially Am. supportedCauses division with Feds and

Dem.Rep. British and French at war

Am. relied on trade with Britain but supported the French in their revolution as they had supported Am.

U.S. neutrality Issued by Washington to prevent

American unity from crumbling

Political Affairs Whiskey Rebellion

Taxes by new government angered Pennsylvania farmers and they attacked tax collectors

Hamilton commanded 12,000 militia to put down rebellion Jay’s Treaty (BRITAIN)

British test Am. Neutrality and attack merchant ships British gave up Forts in N. Am. And we paid the debt from the war

back Hamilton supported and Jefferson didn’t

Pickney’s Treaty (SPAIN) Trade agreement to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to

continue trade Organized the settlement of the West at this point and thus

brought revenue in for the government (selling western lands)

Washington’s WarningServed 2 terms but refused another

Set precedent of serving 2 termsWanted to demonstrate the ideals of

Am. DemocracyPolitical fighting had already begun Farewell Warnings

No political parties (cause division in a weak new nation)

No involvement in foreign affairs (“entangling alliances”

Religion and morality necessary for orderly government

Federalist Era-Adams

Parties DevelopHamilton and Jefferson had

opposing views of government Whiskey Rebellion, National

Bank, Jay’s Treaty, Pickney Treaty

Federalists – led by Hamilton supported strong national government

Democratic-Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison supported limited role of government

Adams is Elected 1796 election – narrow victory

Adams elected President (Federalist) Jefferson elected VP (Dem.Rep)

They were from different political parties Constitution said 2nd place in election meant VP

creating a Presidency where the two Executives were from different parties

This problem was fixed by the 12th AmendmentPresident and Vice-President run on the same ticket

XYZ AffairNeutrality strained relations with France and

BritainFrance began to impress U.S. merchants and ships

U.S. sends ambassadors to France to patch relationsBribes were demanded by the French

Code names of French officials were X,Y,Z and they demanded bribes in order to restore relations

U.S. was outraged as story emerged American began to not support the French and the Dem.Rep

Nearly leads to war U.S. arms merchant ships

Political Parties oppose each other Federalists align with British Dem-Republicans align with French

Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Act: Federalists passed laws to limit

criticism of government by those sensitive to the French (Dem-Republicans) and restrict citizenship rights

Alien Act: limited freedom of speech and allowed deportation of unpopular aliensSilence opposing political parties

Kentucky and Virginia Issued resolutions to declare the laws unconstitutional Written by Jefferson and MadisonStates could nullify laws of Federal government they

felt unjust

Jeffersonian Era

Election of 1800Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for President

Both are Democratic-RepublicanConstitution called for the House of Representatives to decide the

tie Tie is eventually broken in Jefferson’s favor

Hamilton convinces Federalists to support Jefferson Future problems avoided with 12th Amendment

Electors vote on the President and Vice-President separately in electoral college

1st peaceful transfer of power from one party to another in modern governmentFederalists to Dem-Rep.Transfer was in White house and in Congress Last time the Federalists had National power

Laissez-faire gov’t: cut taxes and cut gov’t bureacracy; national debt is cut in ½

“REVOLUTION OF REPUBLICANISM”

Judicial ReviewMidnight Judges appointed by Adams

Attempt by Adams to keep Federalist influence in government Jefferson refused to recognize judges

Judges were appoint as Adams was leaving the White House and the letters are not delivered

Marbury vs. Madison Established the principle of Judicial Review

John Marshall is Chief Justice of Supreme Court Political enemy of Jefferson 35 years as Chief Justice and 1,000 cases

Case declares parts of Judiciary Act unconstitutionalSupremacy Clause is protected with the Federal over the States

Establishes the principle of Judicial Review Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional Implied powers Used more for state laws than federal

Western ExpansionLouisiana Purchase (1803) Mississippi to Rockies

Trying to avoid war with France Napoleon agrees as he needs the money to fight war

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1809)Explore, inform, discover, map the territories and their lands

Sacajowea Helps/leads the expedition due to her knowledge of the

territory and her language ability Indian Conflicts

Encouraged by the British Unfair treaties : Indians signed over land but were forced to

and did not understand what they were signingTecumseh’s League: union of Native Americans to

forcefully resist American expansion Battle of Tippecanoe: led by William Harrison and was a

surprise attack in the village and it was burned

Foreign Affairs US Neutrality between Britain and France???

Needed trade with both sides Making money (59 million one year) Trading primarily with France (reexporting)

British began impressment of sailors (6,000 by 1809) Loosing markets to the US Needed sailors for navy to fight Napoleon

Jefferson gets Embargo Act passed to cut off trade with Britain. Hurts U.S. business more than Britain No navy but didn’t want to be seen as weak Lifted in a year and admitted it didn’t work

War Hawks emerge Farmers and settlers in the South and West who supported a war

with Britain Possibility of gaining additional lands – Canada and Florida Revenge for British helping Indians British did not play into War Hawks’ plan