Excretory systemsExcretory systems

ExcretoryExcretory wastes wastes

CO2, O2, nitrogenous wastes, bileCO2, O2, nitrogenous wastes, bile

abscission, guttationabscission, guttation

Functions of excretory systemFunctions of excretory system Excretory organs control the osmolarity and the

volume of blood and tissue fluid by excreting solutes that are present in excess.

Give out nitrogenous wastesGive out nitrogenous wastes Keep homeostatsisKeep homeostatsis Balance blood pHBalance blood pH

AmmonniaAmmonnia UreaUrea Uric acidUric acid

PoisonousPoisonous HighHigh MediumMedium LowLow

Water amount it Water amount it needsneeds

HighHigh MediumMedium LowLow

Energy spentEnergy spent LowLow MediumMedium HighHigh

Organisms Organisms living in water living in water fish, amphibiafish, amphibia

MammalsMammals Birds, reptiles, Birds, reptiles, arthropodaarthropoda

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Many flatworms, such as Planaria, live in fresh water. These animals excrete water through an elaborate network of tubules running throughout their bodies. The tubules end inflame cells(protonephridium)

Annelids have a closed circulatory system through which blood is pumped under pressure. The pressure causes the blood to be filtered across the thin, permeable capillary walls into the coelom. Each segment of the earthworm contains a pair of metanephridia. Each metanephridium begins in one segment as a ciliated, funnel-like opening in the coelom As the fluid passes through the tubules, their cells actively resorb certain molecules from it.

The insect excretory system consists of Malpighian tubules attached to the gut. The tubules are closed at the other end, and they project throughout the insect’s body cavity. The

Malpighian tubule system is a highly effective mechanism for excreting nitrogenous wastes and some salts without giving up a significant fraction of the animal’s precious water supply.

Vertebrate Excretory Systems Except mammals gametes and excretory Except mammals gametes and excretory

wastes are thrown out from the same wastes are thrown out from the same openning called cloak. openning called cloak.

In vertebrates skin, lung and liver help In vertebrates skin, lung and liver help excretory system. In the development of excretory system. In the development of kidney 3 types of kidneys are kidney 3 types of kidneys are differentiated. differentiated.

Volf kanalı dişilerde körelir, erkekte üreme sistemi olarak iş Volf kanalı dişilerde körelir, erkekte üreme sistemi olarak iş görür.Balık ve kurbağada hem üreme hem de boşaltım görür.Balık ve kurbağada hem üreme hem de boşaltım kanalı olarak iş görür. Müller kanalı erkekte körelirken kanalı olarak iş görür. Müller kanalı erkekte körelirken dişide gelişerek dişi üreme kanalını oluştururlar.dişide gelişerek dişi üreme kanalını oluştururlar.

Pronephotic kidney Mesonephrotic kidney Metanephrotic kidney

Composed of ciliated funnels. Blood is filtered in glomerulus and enters funnel. Can be seen in shark.

Instead of a ciliated funnel there are bowman capsules. Filtered blood enters volf channel and cloak. Can be seen in reptile, bird, and mammal embryos. And fish and frog adults.

Reptile, bird and mammal. Ave nephron. In some organisms reproductive organs are assoiated with excretory systems.

Muller duct and volf duct enhance the formation of reproductive duct.

Human Excretory systemHuman Excretory system

Human excretory system is composed of kidney, Human excretory system is composed of kidney, ureter,bladder, urethra.ureter,bladder, urethra.

Each human kidney contains about a million nephrons, and their organization within the kidney is very regular. All of the glomeruli are located in the cortex. The initial segment of a renal tubule is called the proximal convoluted tubule All they are also located in the cortex.

The portion of the tubule in the medulla is the loop of Henle. Where the ascending limb of the loop of Henle reaches the cortex, it becomes the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons join a common collecting duct in the cortex.

NEFRON YAPISINEFRON YAPISI Glomerulus(kılcal damar yumağı)Glomerulus(kılcal damar yumağı) Bowman kapsülüBowman kapsülü Nefron kanalları(yakın tüp, henle Nefron kanalları(yakın tüp, henle

kulbu, uzak tüp)kulbu, uzak tüp) Toplama kanalı ve bu kanalları Toplama kanalı ve bu kanalları

saran Böbrek damarları bulunur.saran Böbrek damarları bulunur.

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GlomerulusGlomerulus:: is made up of capillaries within the Bowman capsule. Glomerulus is is made up of capillaries within the Bowman capsule. Glomerulus is

the only capillary between 2 arteries. Their hydrostatic pressure is the only capillary between 2 arteries. Their hydrostatic pressure is high. Plasma is filtered from glomerulus. high. Plasma is filtered from glomerulus.

Bowman capsuleBowman capsule: is a hollow capsule lined with epithelial cells. : is a hollow capsule lined with epithelial cells. Glomerulus and bowman capsule together are named as malphigi Glomerulus and bowman capsule together are named as malphigi body.body.

Nephron tubulesNephron tubules: Proximal, distal tubes and loop of henle form these : Proximal, distal tubes and loop of henle form these tubules. Rhey have a role of absorption, secretion. Filtrate enters to tubules. Rhey have a role of absorption, secretion. Filtrate enters to collecting duct at last and enters pelvis through the pyramid ducts.collecting duct at last and enters pelvis through the pyramid ducts.

Blood vessels Blood vessels : The blood vessels entering the kidney is branched to : The blood vessels entering the kidney is branched to capillaries to cover all tubules to absorb water. Then these capillaries capillaries to cover all tubules to absorb water. Then these capillaries are collected to form venules.are collected to form venules.

Kidney(renal) artery is rich in oxygen but also rich with nitrogenous Kidney(renal) artery is rich in oxygen but also rich with nitrogenous wastes. But kidney(renal) vein is rich in CO2 and low with nitrogenous wastes. But kidney(renal) vein is rich in CO2 and low with nitrogenous wastes. wastes.

Formation of UrineFormation of UrineFiltration:Occurs in glomerulus. Water, ions, aminoacids, monoaccharides and urea passes to bowman capsule. Blood cells, plasma proteins and lipids can’t pass.Blood pressure or hydrostatic pressure is the main force.

Reabsorption: All aminoacids, monosaccharides , some urea are absorbed in proximal tubes. Na,Cl and HCO3 ions are absorbed from both proximal and distal tubes. About 99 % of water is absorbed.

Absorption in proximal tube: microvilli increase SA. Water and blood flow are in reverse directions.

Loop of Henle: descending and ascending tubules. Blood and filtrate flows in reverse directions. Water and Cl ions are absorbed.

Distal tubules: water is absorbed. Absorption is controlled by vasopressin(ADH). Aldosteron facilitates Na uptake and K secretion. Also antibiotics, vitamins, H ions are secreted from there.

Control of absorptionControl of absorption

Water balance is Water balance is regulated by ADH. ADH regulated by ADH. ADH effects distal tubules and effects distal tubules and collecting duct and water collecting duct and water is absorbed. Blood is absorbed. Blood volume increases. volume increases. Osmotic pressure of Osmotic pressure of blood decreases to blood decreases to normal. normal.

If the osmotic pressure of blood is high

(Concentrated)

ADH is secreted from pituitary gland

Water is absorbed to the blood

The osmotic pressure of blood decreases

Salt regulationSalt regulation

If the salt amount is low, If the salt amount is low, aldosteron hormone is secreted aldosteron hormone is secreted to the blood. It effects distal to the blood. It effects distal tubules and collecting ducts to tubules and collecting ducts to take in Na ions. If aldosteron is take in Na ions. If aldosteron is high more na is absorbed to high more na is absorbed to blood and osmotic pressure of blood and osmotic pressure of blood increases. blood increases.

pH balancepH balance

The normal blood pH is 7,4. The normal blood pH is 7,4. If the blood becomes acidic, excess H ions If the blood becomes acidic, excess H ions

are given to the urine or HCO3 is are given to the urine or HCO3 is absorbed back.absorbed back.

Adaptations of excretory systemsAdaptations of excretory systems

Fresh water fish: They take in water Fresh water fish: They take in water passively. To prevent this they have passively. To prevent this they have scales. They take in salt by active scales. They take in salt by active transport from their gills. They don’t drink transport from their gills. They don’t drink water and produce hypotonic urine. . Their water and produce hypotonic urine. . Their glomerulus is well developed to increase glomerulus is well developed to increase the volume of blood that is filtered. the volume of blood that is filtered.

Marine bony fish prevent excessive loss of water by producing very little urine. Marine bony fishes take in seawater with their food, which results in large salt loads. The fish handle these salt loads by simply not absorbing some ions from their guts and by actively excreting others from the gill membranes and from the renal tubules. Nitrogenous wastes are also lost as ammonia from the gill membranes.

Their glomerulus is not developed. They filter smalla mount of blood to keep water in. Their urine is hypertonic(more concentrated)

Sharks have adapted to a concentration of urea in the body fluids that would be toxic to other vertebrates.

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In desert animals Lood of henle is very In desert animals Lood of henle is very long to increase water absorption. Their long to increase water absorption. Their medulla part is large. They produce medulla part is large. They produce hypertonic urine. Their glomerulus is not hypertonic urine. Their glomerulus is not developed.developed.