excel formulas: 140 excel formulas and functions...

ExcelFormulas140ExcelFormulasandFunctions

withusageandexamplesByVijayKumar

Copyright©2016AllRightsReserved.

Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingscanning,photocopying,orotherwisewithoutpriorpermissioninwriting

fromtheCopyrightholder.

Introduction

ThingstorememberwhileenteringFormulas.

Usingcalculationoperatorsinformulas

TypesofOperators

Excelcalculationorder

CommonmistakeswhilecapturingFormulas.

HowtoforceExcelFormulastorecalculate?

FormulaerrorsinExcel.

DebuggingFormulas

HowtouseThisBook

1.Compatibility

1.1MODE

1.2.RANK

2.Dateandtime

2.1.DATE

2.2.DATEVALUE

2.3.DAY

2.4.DAYS

2.5.DAYS360

2.6.EDATE

2.7.HOUR

2.8.MINUTE

2.9.MONTH

2.10.NETWORKDAYS

2.11.NETWORKDAYS.INTL

2.12.NOW

2.13.SECOND

2.14.TIME

2.15.TIMEVALUE

2.16.TODAY

2.17.WEEKDAY

2.18.WEEKNUM

2.19.WORKDAY

2.20.WORKDAY.INTL

2.21.YEAR

3.Engineering

3.1.CONVERT

4.Financial

4.1.FV

4.2.PMT

4.3.IPMT

4.4.PV

4.5.NPER

4.6.RATE

5.Information

5.1.CELL

5.2.INFO

5.3.ISBLANK

5.4.ISERR

5.5.ISERROR

5.6ISEVEN

5.7.ISFORMULA

5.8.ISLOGICAL

5.9.ISNA

5.10.ISNONTEXT

5.11.ISNUMBER

5.12.ISODD

5.13.ISREF

5.14.ISTEXT

5.15.N

5.16.NA

5.17.TYPE

6.Logical

6.1.AND

6.2.IF

6.3.IFERROR

6.4.NOT

6.5.OR

6.6.FALSE

6.7.TRUE

6.8.IFNA

7.Lookupandreference

7.1.ADDRESS

7.2.AREAS

7.3.CHOOSE

7.4.COLUMN

7.5.COLUMNS

7.6.HLOOKUP

7.7.HYPERLINK

7.8.INDEX

7.9.INDIRECT

7.10.LOOKUP

7.11.MATCH

7.12.OFFSET

7.13.ROW

7.14.ROWS

7.15.TRANSPOSE

7.16.VLOOKUP

8.MathandTrigonometry

8.1.ABS

8.2.AGGREGATE

8.3.CEILING

8.4.CEILING.PRECISE

8.5.COMBIN

8.6.EVEN

8.7.EXP

8.8.FACT

8.9.FACTDOUBLE

8.10.FLOOR

8.11.FLOOR.PRECISE

8.12.GCD

8.13.INT

8.14.LCM

8.15.MOD

8.16.MROUND

8.17.ODD

8.18.PI

8.19.POWER

8.20.PRODUCT

8.21.QUOTIENT

8.22.RAND

8.23.RANDBETWEEN

8.24.ROMAN

8.25.ROUND

8.26.ROUNDDOWN

8.27.ROUNDUP

8.28.SQRT

8.29.SUBTOTAL

8.30.SUM

8.31.SUMIF

8.32.SUMIFS

8.33.SUMPRODUCT

8.34.TRUNC

9.Statistical

9.1.AVERAGE

9.2.AVERAGEIF

9.3.AVERAGEIFS

9.3.COUNT

9.4.COUNTA

9.5.COUNTBLANK

9.6.COUNTIF

9.7.COUNTIFS

9.7.FREQUENCY

9.8.LARGE

9.9.MAX

9.10.MEDIAN

9.11.MIN

9.12.MINA

9.13.SMALL

10.Text

10.1.CHAR

10.2.CLEAN

10.3.CODE

10.4.CONCATENATE

10.5.DOLLAR

10.6.FIXED

10.7.LEFT

10.8.LEN

10.9.LOWER

10.10.MID

10.11.PROPER

10.12.REPLACE

10.13.REPT

10.14.RIGHT

10.15.SEARCH

10.16.SUBSTITUTE

10.17.T

10.18.TEXT

10.19.TRIM

10.20.UPPER

10.21.VALUE

10.22.FIND

Conclusion

AbouttheAuthor

MyOtherBooks.

IntroductionWhyshouldyoulearnExcelFormulas?

Thanksfordownloadingthisbook.

ExcelispartoftheMicrosoftOfficesuiteandtheworld’smostwidelyusedspreadsheetapplicationusedbyMillions.ComparedtootherSpreadsheetprogramsExcelisveryfeaturerichandpopularandincorporatedwithsomanybuiltinFormulasandFunctions.Evenifyoudon’tknowthefunctionnameyoucansimplysearchthewordyouthinkrelatedtoaformulaintheinsertfunctionboxandyouwillgetbacktheFormulasrelatedtothatword.

Thisbookprovidesmorethan140Formulasandthereusewithexamplesforyoutounderstandanduseitinyourdaytodaywork.

PleasekeepinmindsomeofthenewfunctionswillnotworkinyourComputerifyouareusingpreviousversionsofExcel.

ThingstorememberwhileenteringFormulas.FormulacanbeenteredinExcelbyfirstenteringtheequalsign(=)followedbytheformulanamelikethis=SUM(A1:A100),openingandclosingbracketsarecompulsory.Orelseyoucanenteraplussignandtypetheformulaandtheformulawillbeautomaticallyconvertedto=+SUM(A2:A4).ThisisusedforcompatibilityreasonaswhenExcelwasintroducedtheleadingspreadsheetprogramwasusingtheplussign.

Relative,AbsoluteandMixedreferenceAreferencemeansacell(A1)orarangeofcells(A1:A8)onaworksheet,andtellsExcelwheretolookforthevaluesordatayouwanttouseinaformula.

RelativeReference

BydefaultExcelfollowsrelativereference.SayforexampleifyouareaddingtwocellsA1andB1inthecellC1usingtheformula=SUM(A1+B1)andifyoucopydowntheformulatoC2theSumformulawillautomaticallychangethecellreferencerelativelytothenextrowto=SUM(A2+B2).IfyoucopytheformulaacrossthecolumntoD1theformulawillchangetoSUM(B1+C1).

Absolutereference

Absolutereferencemeansthecellreferencewillalwaysrefertothesamecellandforthatyouhavetoputadollarsignbeforethecolumnnameandrownumber.Asintheaboveexampleifyourewritetheformulato=SUM($A$1+$B$1)andifyoucopydowntheformulathecellreferencewillnotchangerelativelyitwillalwaysgetthesumofA1andB1whereveryoupastetheformulainthesheet.

BypressingtheF4keyyoucaneasilyinsertthedollarsignandifyoukeeponhittingtheF4keythereferencewillchangetomixedandtorelative.

Mixedreference

Amixedreferencehaseitheranabsolutecolumnandrelativerow,orabsoluterowandrelativecolumninaformula.Forexample=$A1willalwaysrefertotheAcolumn,sincethereisnodollarsignbeforetherownumberifyoucopyacrosstheformulathecolumnnamewillnotchangebuttherownumberwillchange.

Likewiseifthereisdollarsignbeforetherownumber(A$1)thenthecolumnnumberwillchangeifyoucopytheformulabuttherownumberwillnotchange.

AutocompleteYoucanusetheautocompletefeatureoftheExcelwhileenteringtheformulatospeeduptheFormulacapturing.Forexampleifyouwanttofindthetotalofarangethenyouhavetofirstentertheequalsign(=)followedbyformulanameSUM.WhileenteringtheformulaiftheformulanamecomesupasthefirstoneintheautocompletelistthenyoucanpresstheTABbuttonandExcelwillautocompletetheformulawithopenbracketsandafterenteringtheargumentsyoucanagainpressTABbuttontoautomaticallyclosethebrackets.

Ctrl+EnterIfyouwanttoenterformulatomorethanonecellthenyoucanselecttheentirerangeandentertheformula,insteadofpressingEnteryoucanpressCtrl+Entertopastetheformulasautomaticallytoalltheselectedrange.

CTRL+`(graveaccent)IfyougottheworksheetandwanttoseealltheformulasenteredinthesheetyoucanpressthisshortcutCTRL+`key(justbelowtheESCkeywhichhasalsothetilde(~)character).Alltheformulacellswillexpandtodisplaytheformulaenteredinsteadoftheformulavalues.

MovingandCopyingformulasIfyoumove(cutandpaste)theformulafromonecelltoanotherthentheformulawillrefertothesamecells.Forexampleifyoumove=SUM(A1:B1)fromthecellC1toC8itwillstillrefertothesamecells.

IfyoucopythesameformulafromsameC1TOC8thentheformulawillchangeto=SUM(A8:B8).

F9toevaluatepartsofaformulaSometimesifyouareusinganestedformulalikethis=RIGHT(C22,LEN(C22)-FIND(”“,C22))itwillbeverydifficulttodebugtheformulaifsomethinggoeswrong.InthiscaseyoucanusethefunctionkeyF9toevaluateeachnestedformulas.

Forexampleinthisformula=SUM(A1:B1,D1:D3)ifyouselectthefirstrangeA1:B1andclickF9thenyoucanseewhichallvaluesareusedandifyouagainpressF9thenthevalueswillgethardcodedtotheformula.

FillhandleorusingFillseriesorCntlr+DtofilltheformulaOnceyouentertheformulayoucanusetheExcelfillhandletofilldowntheformula.Onceyoucompletedenteringtheformulagobacktotheformulacellandputthemouse

ontherighthanddowncornerwhereasquaredot isshownandthecursorwillchangetoablackplussignandyoucandoubleclicktheblackplussignandcopytheentireformuladown.

Keepinmindifthereisanybreakinthedata,meansanyrowsareblankExcelwillstopfillingtheformulajustbeforethat.

AlsoyoucanclickontheFillbutton>DownunderHometabtofilltheformuladownafterselectingthecellsyouwanttofilloryoucanuseFillbutton>SeriesandthenselectAutofillandclickoktocopytheformulatillthereisabreakinthedata.

OrelseyoucanusetheshortcutCtrl+Dtofilldowntheformula.FirstyouhavetoselectthecellwiththeformulaalongwiththeothercellsyouwanttocopydownandpressCtrl+Dtocopytheformuladown.

UsingcalculationoperatorsinformulasOperatorsspecifythetypeofcalculationthatyouwanttoperformontheelementsofaformula.Thereisadefaultorderinwhichcalculationsoccur(thisfollowsgeneralmathematicalrules),butyoucanchangethisorderbyusingparentheses.

TYPESOFOPERATORSTherearefourdifferenttypesofcalculationoperators:Arithmetic,Comparison,Textconcatenation,andReference.

Arithmeticoperators

+(plussign)isusedforAddition,forexampleslike10+15.

–(minussign)isusedforSubtraction,forexamples10-2.

Negationisused,forexamples-6.

*(asterisk)isuseforMultiplication,forexamples4*8.

/(forwardslash)isusedforDivision,forexamples25/9

%(percentsign)isusedforPercent,forexamples25%

^(caret)isuseforExponentiation,forexamples6^2.

Comparisonoperators

YoucancomparetwovaluesbyusingtheoperatorsgivenbelowandtheresultwillalwaysbealogicalvalueTRUEorFALSE.

=(equalsign)meaningEqualto,ForexampleA1=C1.

>(greaterthansign)meaningGreaterthan,ForexampleA1>B1.

<(lessthansign)meaningLessthan,ForexampleD1<B1.

>=(greaterthanorequaltosign)meaningGreaterthanorequalto,ForexampleA1>=B1.

<=(lessthanorequaltosign)meaningLessthanorequalto,ForexampleA1<=B1.

<>(notequaltosign)meaningNotequalto,ForexampleA1<>B1.

Textconcatenationoperator

Usetheampersand(&)toconcatenate(join)oneormoretextstringstoproduceasinglepieceoftext.

Forexample“East”&“west”willgiveyou“Eastwest”.

Referenceoperators

Combinerangesofcellsforcalculationswiththefollowingoperators.

:(colon)istheRangeoperator,whichproducesonereferencetoallthecellsbetweentworeferences,includingthetworeferencesA5:C15

,(comma)istheUnionoperator,whichcombinesmultiplereferencesintoonereference.ForexampleSUM(A5:B15,G5:E15)

(space)Intersectionoperator,whichproducesonereferencetocellscommontothetworeferencesB7:D7C6:C8.

EXCELCALCULATIONORDERInsomecases,theorderinwhichacalculationisperformedcanaffectthereturnvalueoftheformula,soit’simportanttounderstandhowtheorderisdeterminedandhowyoucanchangetheordertoobtaintheresultsyouwant.

Ifyoucombineseveraloperatorsinasingleformula,Excelperformstheoperationsintheordershownbelow.Ifaformulacontainsoperatorswiththesameprecedence;sayforexamplebothamultiplicationanddivisionoperator,Excelevaluatestheoperatorsfromlefttoright.

Operators

:(colon)

(singlespace)

,(comma)

–Negation(asin–3)

%Percent

^Exponentiation

*and/Multiplicationanddivision

+and–Additionandsubtraction

&Connectstwostringsoftext(concatenation)

=

<>

<=

>=

<>

IfyouwanttochangetheaboveorderyoucanenclosethatparticularformulasectioninparenthesessothatExcelwillbeforcedtocalculatewhatevermentionedintheparenthesesfirst.

Forexampleifyouenterthisformula=5+4*6youwillgettheanswer29becausefirstitwillmultiplyandthenitwilladdaspertheoperatorprecedencementionedabove.Ifyou

wanttofirstaddandthenmultiplythenyoucanchangetheformulabyaddingtheparentheseslikethis=(5+4)*6.

CommonmistakeswhilecapturingFormulas.OPENANDCLOSINGPARENTHESES(BRACKETS)

Intheformulawhateverparentheses(brackets)youhaveopenedshouldbeclosed.ForexampleifyouenteraSUMformulalikethis=SUM(A1:A6)youcanseethereisanopeningandclosingparentheses.Ifyounesttheformulathentherewillbemoreopeningandclosingbracketsforeachformulas.

Excelautomaticallygiveseparatecolortoeachpairsofparentheses.

COLONTOINDICATEARANGE

Youshouldusethecolon(:)forreferringtoarangelikeA1:A10.Noothercharactersareallowed.

REQUIREDARGUMENTSSHOULDBEENTERED

Alltherequiredargumentsinaformulashouldbeenteredandtheargumentsmarkedinsquarebracketscanbeavoidedasperyourrequirement.

ForexampleinthisformulaVLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index-num,[range_lookup])firstthreeargumentsorparametershastobesuppliedandthelastonerange_lookupisoptionalwhichyoucanprovideasperyourrequirementoryoudon’twanttogive.

NESTINGOFFUNCTIONS

Ifyouarenestingorclubbingtogetherotherfunctionsasargumentsthenyoucannestupto64levelsofnestedfunctioninaformula,nomorethanthat.

ENCLOSEOTHERSHEETNAMESINSINGLEQUOTATIONMARKS

Ifyourefertovaluesorcellsinanotherworksheetorworkbookinaformula,andthenameofthatworkbookorworksheetcontainsanon-alphabeticalcharacter,enclosethenamewithinsinglequotationmarks(‘).

INCLUDETHEPATHTOEXTERNALWORKBOOKS

Makesurethateachexternalreferenceyouenterinaformulacontainsaworkbooknameandthepathtotheworkbook.

ENTERNUMBERSWITHOUTFORMATTING

Makesurethatyoudon’tincludethenumberformatswhilecapturingnumbersinaformula.Ifyouputadollarsigninsideaformulabeforeacellreferencethecellreferencewillchangetoabsolutereferenceasdollarsigns($)areusedtoindicateabsolutereferences.

DON’TENCLOSENUMBERSINDOUBLEQUOTES

Youshouldnotenclosethenumbersindoublequoteswhenyousupplytheargumentstotheformula.Onlytextargumentsshouldbesuppliedindoublequotes.

EXCELFORMULASNOTUPDATINGAUTOMATICALLY

IftheExcelformulasarenotupdatingautomaticallythencheckwhethertheFormulacalculationissettomanualunderFormulastab>Calculationoptions.Ifitismanualyoucanchangethesametoautomatic.

HowtoforceExcelFormulastorecalculate?Ifforsomereason,youneedtohavetheCalculationoptionsettoManual,youcanforcetheformulastorecalculatebyclickingtheCalculatebuttonontheribbonorbyusingoneofthefollowingshortcuts:

Torecalculatetheentireworkbook:

PressF9,or

ClicktheCalculateNowbuttonontheFormulastab>Calculationgroup.

Torecalculateanactivesheet:

PressShift+F9,or

ClickCalculateSheetontheFormulastab.

Torecalculateallsheetsinallopenworkbooks:

PressCtrl+Alt+F9.

Andifyouwanttorecheckdependentformulasandthenrecalculatealltheformulasinallopenworkbooks.

PressCTRL+SHIFT+ALT+F9.

Ifyouneedtorecalculateonlyoneformulaonasheet,selecttheformulacell,entertheeditingmodeeitherbypressingF2ordoubleclickingthecell,andthenpresstheEnterkey.

FormulaerrorsinExcel.IfExcelcannotproperlyevaluateaworksheetformulaorfunction;itwilldisplayanerrorvaluesuchas#REF!,#NULL!,#DIV/0!-inthecellwheretheformulaislocated.

#NAME?Error

Thesearethesomeinstanceswherethiserrorwilloccur.

ifyoureferaformulathatdoesn’texistlikeinsteadofSUMyouuseSUMS

misspelledreference

textenteredwithoutenclosingdoublequotationmarks

rangedefinedwithoutcolon(:)thiserrorwilloccur.

#REF!Error

UsuallyiIfyoudeleteacellorcellrangewhichisusedforcalculatingaformulathiserrorwilloccur.SayifyouareaddingupthecellsA1andB1andifyoudeletetheBcolumnthiserrorwilloccur.

#DIV/0!ERROR

Dividedbyzeroproducesaninfinity.EXCELdoesthisbyproducing#DIV/0!error.

#N/AERROR

Thiserrormeansnotavailable,thedataisnotavailable.Givenbelowissomeinstanceswherethiserroroccurs.

WhileusingtheLookupfunctions(HLOOKUP,LOOKUP,MATCH,orVLOOKUP)ifthevalueyouaresearchingisnottherethenthiserrorwilloccur.

Ifanyrequiredargumentsisomittedfromabuilt-inorcustomworksheetfunctionthiserrorwilloccur.

#NULL!ERROR

Thistypeoferroroccursusuallyoccurswhentwoormorecellreferencesareseparatedincorrectlyorunintentionallybyaspaceinaformula.Likeinsteadofcoma=SUM(D1:D3E1:E3)youhaveusedspacetoseparatethesetworanges.

#NUM!ERROR

Generally#NUM!erroroccurswhenyourformulareturnsavaluebiggerthanwhatexcelcanrepresentorwrongdatatypemightbesuppliedinafunctionthatrequiresanumericargument.

#VALUE!ERROR

Thiserroroccurswhenthevariablesspecifiedtoafunctionareofwrongtypes.

OrifyouusethemathematicalformulalikeSUMwhichtakeinputasanumberbutcharsorstringsarebeingpassedtoit.

######ERROR

ThiserroroccurswhenyourEXCELcolumnisnotwideenoughtoaccommodatealargevalue.Forexample,ifalongnumberlike123123456456789789issettooccupyasmallcellthenitwouldshowupas####error.

Wideningthecellincaneradicatetheerrorinabovecasebuttherearefewmorescenarioswherethiserrorcanappear:

Theresultofyourformulaistoowidetofitinthecell.

Ifanegativenumberhasbeenformattedtodateortimethenitwillalsoproducethiserror.Thereasonbeingdateandtimearealwayssupposedtobepositive.

CIRCULARREFERENCEERROR

Thiserrorisrarestofalltheerrorstooccur.Thisbasicallyoccurswhenyoudefinearesultonacell,whichisalsoapartofoneofyourformula.ForexampleifyouaddvaluesfromrangeA2toA6withitstotalatcellA7.

ButwhatifIspecifytheresultatcellA6insteadofA7.A6beingpartofSUMrangeitself.Thenwewillgetintocircularreferencesandthiserrormightleadtowrongresults.

Thebestwaytoovercomethistoassigntheresultstoadifferentcellandtrytokeepvaluesandresultsasdifferentaspossible.

DebuggingFormulasIfyouwanttodebugtheformulathenyoucanusetheEvaluateformulaundertheFormulastab.SelectthecellhavingtheformulaandclickonEvaluateformulasforyoutoseethestepbystepcalculationoftheformula.

AlsoyoucanusetheTracePrecedentsandTraceDependentsundertheFormulatabtofindtheprecedentanddependentcells.

HowtouseThisBookAlthoughIwritethisbookwiththeintentiontoreadthisbookcovertocover,youcanreadthisbookfrommiddleorend,whateverwayyouwant.EveryFormulaisself-explanatorysoyoucanjumptoanypageyoulike.

FortheeaseofpracticingIhavemadeexamplefileswhichyoucandownloadfrommysiteExceltovba.com.Sobeforereadingthebookdownloadtheexamplefilesothatyoucanpracticewhileyouread.

Myrequesttoeachreadersistogothroughalltheexamplefilessothatyoucanlearnveryfast.Themoreyouunderstandtheexamplesthemoreexperienceyougainandthemoreyoucanimplementtheformulasinyourdaytodaywork.

Passwordisgivenattheendofthisbook.

Thanksagainfordownloadingthisbook.

1.Compatibility1.1MODETheMODEfunctionreturnsthemostcommonvalueorthemostfrequentlyoccurringnumbersinagroup.Forexample,=MODE(1,2,2,3,3,3,3,34,4,5,5,5,6)returns3.

Syntax:

=MODE(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1–anumberorcellreferencethatreferstonumericvalues.

number2-[optional]anumberorcellreferencethatreferstonumericvalues.

Numberscanbesuppliedasnumbersliketheaboveexampleorrangeslike=MODE(A1:A11,B4:B10)ornamedranges,orcellreferencesthatcontainnumericvalues.Upto255numberscanbesupplied.

Ifthesetofsuppliednumbersdoesnotcontainanyduplicates,MODEwillreturn#N/Aerror.

Pointstonote.

MODEisnowclassifiedasa“compatibilityfunction”.MicrosoftrecommendsthatMODE.SNGLorMODE.MULTIbeusedinstead.

1.2.RANKThisfunctionreturnstherank,thenumberindicatingtherankfromalistofnumbersinascendingordescendingorder.UseRANKwhenyouwanttoprovidearankforitemsinalist,butyoudon’twanttosortthelist.

Syntax:

=RANK(number,ref,[order])

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberwhoserankyouwanttofind.

ref-anarrayof,orareferenceto,alistofnumbersagainstyouwanttofindtheRank.Nonnumericvaluesinrefareignored.

order-[optional]whethertorankinascendingordescendingorder.Defaultorderorifomitteditis0=descendingorder,1isascendingorder.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-RANK.xls

InthisexampleJenuhasscoredhighestmarkinthelotsohewillgetRank1andRoywillgetRank2asheisthesecondhighestfollowedbyRamboRank3,JohnRank4,KevinRank5andMelvinRank6.ItmeanstherankwillbesortedintheDescendingorder(ColumnC)highermarkswillhavehigherrank.

Ifyouenterthethirdparameter1youcanseetheRankwillbesortedinreverse,inascendingorder.ItmeansRank1willbeMelvinashehasscoredthelowestmarksinthelotandKevinRank2followedbyJohn,Rambo,RoyandJenu.

Pointstonote.

Thisfunctionhasbeenreplacedwithnewfunctionsthatprovideimprovedaccuracyandwhosenamesbetterreflecttheirusage.ThenewfunctionsareRANK.AVGandRANK.EQ(newversionofRANKfunction).

AsthenamesuggestRANK.AVGwillprovideyoutherankandifmorethanonevaluehasthesamerank,theaveragerankisreturned.

AlthoughRANKfunctionisstillavailableforbackwardcompatibility,youshouldconsiderusingthenewfunctionsfromnowon,becausethisfunctionmaynotbeavailableinfutureversionsofExcel.

2.DateandtimeAboutDatesinEXCEL

Bydefault,MicrosoftExcelforWindowsusesthe1900datesystem.Excelisstoringthedatesasserialnumbersstartingfrom01/01/1900meansthefirstdayofJan1900istheday1and2ndJan1900isday2andJanuary1,2008isserialnumber39448becauseitis39447daysafterJanuary1,1900.MicrosoftExcelfortheMacintoshusesthe1904datesystem,soinMacintoshthedatestartsonJanuary1,1904sotheserialnumber1meansitisJanuary1,1904.

IfyouwanttoseetheserialnumberofanydatejustchangetheNumberformatofthatcelltoGeneralformat.

2.1.DATEThisfunctionwillcreateavaliddatefromthevaluesyousupplyasYear,MonthandDay.ReturnvaluewillbeserialnumberrepresentsaparticulardateinExcel(ifyouchangethedateformattogeneralyoucanseetheserialnumber).

Syntax:

=DATE(year,month,day)

Parameterlist:

year-theyeartousewhencreatingthedate.

month-themonthtousewhencreatingthedate.

day-thedaytousewhencreatingthedate.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-DATE.xls

InthisexampleyoucanseethedateisbeencreatedinDcolumnfromthethreeparametersyousupplyasYear(Acolumn),Month(Bcolumn)andDay(Ccolumn).

2.2.DATEVALUEThisfunctionwillconvertadateintextformattoavaliddateandreturnsaserialnumberthatrepresentsaparticulardateinExcel.

Syntax:

=DATEVALUE(date_text)

Parameterlist:

date_text-avaliddateintextformat.Ifdate_textisacelladdress,valueofthecellmustbetext.Ifdate_textisentereddirectlyintotheformulaitmustbeenclosedinquotes.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-DATEVALUE.xlsx

Youcanseeinthelastcalculationwehaveusedthe&charactertojoinallthedatesastextinordertogivetheargumentastext.

Excelisstoringthedatesasserialnumbersstartingfrom01/01/1900meansthefirstdayofJan1900isthedayoneand2ndJan1900isday2likethat.Soifyouwanttogettheserialnumberofadateenteredastextyoucanusethisfunction.

Pointstonote.

Willreturna#VALUEerrorifdate_textreferstoacellthatdoesnotcontainadateformattedastext.

2.3.DAYThisfunctionwillreturnthedayasnumber(1–31)fromaDateandthereturnvaluewillbeanyofthenumberfrom1to31.

Syntax:

=DAY(serial_number)

Parameterlist:

serial_number-avalidExceldateinserialnumberformat.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-DATEVALUE.xlsx

InthisexampleonlytheDaypartisbeenpickedfromthedate.

2.4.DAYSThisfunctionreturnsthenumberofdaysbetweentwodates.ThisfunctionisavailablefromExcel2013andExcelforMac2011.

Syntax:

=DAYS(end_date,start_date)

Parameterlist:

end_date-theenddate.

start_date-thestartdate.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-DAYS.xlsx

Inthisexamplewehavecalculatedthenumberofdaysbetweentwodates.Youcanseewearegettingthe#NUMvalueerrorwhentherangefallsoutsideand#VALUEerrorwhenwetrytocomparethedateandtext.

PointstoNote.

Ifeitheroneofthedateargumentsistext,thatargumentwillbetreatedasDATEVALUE(date_text)andreturnsanintegerdate.

Ifdateargumentsarenumericvaluesthatfalloutsidetherangeofvaliddates,DAYSreturnsthe#NUM!errorvalue.

Ifdateargumentsarestringsthatcannotbetreatedasvaliddates,DAYSreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifyouwanttodirectlyenterthedateslikethis=DAYS(“22/05/2015”,“20/05/2015”)then

youmustenclosethedatesinquotationmarks.

2.5.DAYS360Thisfunctioncalculatesthenumberofdaysbetweentwodates,basedona360-dayyear(twelve30-daymonths)whichisusedinsomeaccountingcalculations.Usethisfunctiontohelpcomputepaymentsandreceiptsifyouraccountingsystemisbasedontwelve30-daymonths.

Syntax:

=DAYS360(start_date,end_date,[method])

Parameterlist:

start_date-thestartdate.DatesshouldbeenteredbyusingtheDATEfunction,orderivedfromtheresultsofotherformulasorfunctions.


method-[optional]thetypeofdaycountbasistouse.FALSE(default)oromittedisUSmethod,TRUEisEuropeanmethod.

FALSE(default)oromitted-USmethod-Ifthestartingdateisthelastdayofamonth,itbecomesequaltothe30thdayofthesamemonth.Whentheenddateisthelastdayofthemonth,andthestartdateislessthan30days,theenddateissettothe1stofthenextmonth,otherwisetheenddateissettothe30thofthesamemonth.

TRUE-Europeanmethod.Startingdatesandendingdatesequaltothe31stofamontharesettothe30thofthesamemonth.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-DAYS360.xlsx

2.6.EDATEThisfunctionreturnsthesamedateinfutureorpastmonthsandreturnstheserialnumberofthedate.UseEDATEtocalculatematuritydatesorduedatesthatfallonthesamedayofthemonthasthedateofissue.

Syntax:

=EDATE(start_date,months)

Parameterlist:

start_date-adatethatrepresentsthestartdateinavalidExcelserialnumberformat.

months-thenumberofmonthsbeforeorafterstart_date.Apositivevaluetogetafuturedateandnegativevalueforthepastdate.

PointstoNote.

Ifstart_dateisnotavaliddate,EDATEreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifmonthenteredisnotanintegeritistruncated.

2.7.HOURThisfunctionwillreturnthehourasanumber(0-23)fromatimeandreturnsanumberrangingfrom0(12.00AM)to23(11:00PM).

Syntax:

=HOUR(serial_number)

Parameterlist:

serial_number-avalidtimeinaformatExcelrecognizes.Timemaybeenteredastextstringswithinquotationmarks(forexample,“9:35PM”),asdecimalnumbers(forexample,0.78125,whichrepresents6:45PM),orasresultsofotherformulasorfunctions(forexample,TIMEVALUE(“9:35PM”)).

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-HOUR.xlsx

Excelstoresdatesandtimesasserialnumbers.Forexample,thedateJan1,200012:00PMisequaltotheserialnumber32526.5inExcel.TocheckthatExceliscorrectlyrecognizingadateortime,youcantemporarilyformatthedateasanumber.

2.8.MINUTEThisfunctionwillgettheminuteasanumber(0-59)fromatimeandreturnsanumberbetween0and59.

Syntax:

=MINUTE(serial_number)

Parameterlist:

serial_number-avalidtimeinaformatExcelrecognizes.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MINUTE.xls

Pointstonote.

Timescanbesuppliedastext(e.g.“7:45PM”)orasdecimalnumbers(e.g.0.5,whichequals12:00PM).


2.9.MONTHThisfunctionwillprocurethemonthasanumber(1-12)fromadateandreturnsanumberbetween1and12.

Syntax:

=MONTH(date)

Parameterlist:

date-avaliddateinaformatExcelrecognizes.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MONTH.xlsx

InthisexamplewehaveextractedmonthusingMONTHfunctionfromvariousdateformats.

2.10.NETWORKDAYS

Thisfunctionreturnsanumberrepresentingfullworkingdaysbetweenstart_dateandend_date.Workingdaysexcludeweekends(bydefaultSaturdayandSunday)andanydatesyousupplyasholidays.

Youcanusethisfunctiontocalculatethebenefitsoftheemployeesthataccumulateonthebasisofnumberofdaysworkedduringaspecificterm.

Syntax:

=NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,[holidays])

Parameterlist:



holidays-[optional]alistofoneormoredatesthatshouldbeconsideredasholidays.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-NETWORKDAYS.xlsx

InthisexampleforfirstthreecaseswearejustcalculatingNETWORKDAYSwithoutgivingthethirdparametersothatitwilleliminateonlytheweekends(bydefaultSaturdayandSunday)andinthefourthcasewearegivingthetwodatesasholidayssothisfunctionwillexcludethesetwoholidaysandtheweekendinbetweenthesedays.

IfyouwanttomakeanyotherdaysasweekendthenyoushouldusetheNETWORKDAYS.INTLfunction.

Pointstonote.

Ifanyargumentisnotavaliddate,NETWORKDAYSreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

2.11.NETWORKDAYS.INTL

Thisfunctionwillcalculatetheworkingdaysbetweentwodatesexcludingweekends(bydefaultSaturdayandSunday)andreturnsthenumberofdays.ThisfunctionismoreversatilethantheNETWORKDAYSfunctionbecauseitallowsyoutocontrolwhichdayordaysoftheweekareconsideredweekends,youcanmakeanyoftheday(likeMondayorTuesday)oranyofthetwodays(likeTuesdayandWednesdayorWednesdayandThursday)asweekend.

Alsoyoucanspecifyholidaysasfourthparametersothatholidayswillnotbecountedalongwithweekendwhilecalculatingthenumberofdays.ThisfunctionwasintroducedinExcel2010.

Syntax:

=NETWORKDAYS.INTL(start_date,end_date,[weekend],[holidays])

Parameterlist:



weekend-[optional]settingforwhichdaysoftheweekshouldbeconsideredweekends.

holidays-[optional]areferencetodatesthatshouldbeconsiderednon-workdays.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-NETWORKDAYS.INTL.xlsx

Theweekendnumbers(fourthparameter)arelistedbelow.

Weekendnumber––—Weekenddays

1oromitted)––––—Saturday,Sunday

2––––––––––Sunday,Monday

3––––––––––Monday,Tuesday

4––––––––––Tuesday,Wednesday

5––––––––––Wednesday,Thursday

6––––––––––Thursday,Friday

7––––––––––Friday,Saturday

11–––––––––—Sundayonly

12–––––––––—Mondayonly

13–––––––––—Tuesdayonly

14–––––––––—Wednesdayonly

15–––––––––—Thursdayonly

16–––––––––—Fridayonly

17–––––––––—Saturdayonly

PointstoNote.

Ifstart_dateisgreaterthanend_date,thefunctionreturnsanegativevalue.

Ifstart_dateorend_dateisoutofrange,NETWORKDAYS.INTLreturnsthe#NUM!error.

Ifweekendisinvalid,NETWORKDAYS.INTLreturnsthe#VALUE!error.

2.12.NOWThisfunctionwillreturnstheserialnumberofthecurrentdateandtime.

Syntax:

=NOW()

NOWtakesnoparametersbutrequiresemptyparentheses.ThevaluereturnedbyNOWwillcontinuallyupdateeachtimetheworksheetisrefreshed(forexample,eachtimeavalueisenteredorchanged).

UseF9toforcetheworksheettorecalculateandupdatethevalue.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-NOW.xls

Intheaboveexampleyoucanseethefirstformulawillreturncurrentdateandtimeandthesecondformulawillreturnlastweek’sdateandtimeifyouputa-7aftertheformula.Thirdformulawillgetnextweek’sdateandtimeifyouput+7aftertheformula.

Likewiseyoucanaddorsubtractdatesfromnowtogetthedatesyouwant.

2.13.SECONDThisfunctionreturnstheSecondasanumber(0-59)fromaTimeandreturnsanumberbetween0and59.

Syntax:

=SECOND(serial_number)

Parameterlist:

serial_number-avalidtimeinaformatExcelrecognizes.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SECOND.xlsx

Timescanbesuppliedastext(e.g.“7:45PM”)orasdecimalnumbers(e.g.0.5,whichequals12:00PM).


2.14.TIMEThisfunctioncreatesatimewithhours,minutes,andsecondsyouprovideandreturnsadecimalnumberrepresentingaparticulartimeinExcel.Useittocreateavalidtimewhenyouhave(orcansupply)thesecomponentvaluesseparately.Onceyouhaveavalidtime,youcanformatitanywayyoulike.

Syntax:

=TIME(hour,minute,second)

Parameterlist:

hour-thehourforthetimeyouwishtocreate.

minute-theminuteforthetimeyouwishtocreate.

second-thesecondforthetimeyouwishtocreate.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-TIME.xlsx

ThedecimalnumberreturnedbyTIMEisavaluerangingfrom0(zero)to0.99988426,representingthetimesfrom0:00:00(12:00:00AM)to23:59:59(11:59:59P.M.).

2.15.TIMEVALUEThisfunctionreturnsthedecimalnumberofthetimerepresentedbyatextstring.Thedecimalnumberisavaluerangingfrom0(zero)to0.99988426,representingthetimesfrom0:00:00(12:00:00AM)to23:59:59(11:59:59P.M.).

Syntax:

=TIMEVALUE(time_text)

Parameterlist:

time_text-atextstringthatrepresentsatimeinanyoneoftheMicrosoftExceltimeformats;forexample,“6:45PM”and“18:45”textstringswithinquotationmarksthatrepresenttime.

FormulaDescriptionResult

=TIMEVALUE(“8:24AM”)Decimalpartofaday,withonlythetimespecified0.35

=TIMEVALUE(“22-Aug-20119:35AM”)Decimalpartofaday,withdateandtimespecified0.399305556

2.16.TODAYThisfunctionreturnsthecurrentdate.(aserialnumberrepresentingtheparticulardateinExcel).

Syntax:

=TODAY()

Thisfunctionhasnoparametersbutrequiresemptyparentheses.Thisfunctioncanbeusedtofindouttheageofapersoninyearslikethis.=YEAR(TODAY())-1980.ThisformulausesTODAYfunctionasanargumentintheYEARfunctiontogetthecurrentyearandthensubtract1980togetthedifferenceinyears.

=TODAY()functionreturnsthecurrentdate.

=TODAY()+7willreturnthecurrentdateplus7days.

2.17.WEEKDAYThisfunctionreturnsthedayoftheweekasanumberbetween1(Sunday)and7(Saturday)bydefault.AndifyouwanttochangetheStartingdayfromSundaytoMondayoranyotherdayyoucanusethereturntypeoption.

Syntax:

=WEEKDAY(serial_number,[return_type])

Parameterlist:

serial_number-thedateforwhichyouwanttogetthedayofweek.

return_type-[optional]anumber1-3and11-17(return_typedetailsgivenbelow)representingstartingdayoftheweek.Defaultis1,Sunday(1stday)toSaturday(7thday).

return_type–—Numberreturned

1oromitted–—Numbers1(Sunday)through7(Saturday)

2––––––-Numbers1(Monday)through7(Sunday)

3––––––-Numbers0(Monday)through6(Sunday)

11––––––Numbers1(Monday)through7(Sunday)

12––––––Numbers1(Tuesday)through7(Monday)

13––––––Numbers1(Wednesday)through7(Tuesday)

14––––––Numbers1(Thursday)through7(Wednesday)

15––––––Numbers1(Friday)through7(Thursday)

16––––––Numbers1(Saturday)through7(Friday)

17––––––Numbers1(Sunday)through7(Saturday)

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-WEEKDAY.xlsx

Inthisexampleyoucanseethealltheoptionswillgiveadaynumberfrom1to7exceptifyouusethereturn_type3whichstartsthedayon0(Monday)andendson6(Sunday).

2.18.WEEKNUMThisfunctionreturnstheweeknumberforagivendateandreturnsanumberbetween1and54.

Therearetwosystemsforthisfunction:

System1-weekcontainingJanuary1asthefirstweekoftheyear,andisnumberedweek1.

System2-weekcontainingthefirstThursdayoftheyearasthefirstweekoftheyear,andisnumberedasweek1(commonlyknownastheEuropeanweeknumberingsystem).

Syntax:

=WEEKNUM(serial_num,[return_type])

Parameterlist:

serial_num-avalidExceldateinserialnumberformat.

return_type-[optional]thedaytheweekbegins.Defaultis1.

return_type–-Weekbeginson–System

1oromitted–-Sunday––––––1

2––––––-Monday–––––-1

11––––––Monday–––––-1

12––––––Tuesday–––––-1

13––––––Wednesday––––1

14––––––Thursday–––––1

15––––––Friday––––––-1

16––––––Saturday–––––-1

17––––––Sunday––––––1

21––––––Monday–––––—2

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-WEEKNUM.xlsx

InthisexampleyoucanseethealltheoptionsareusingtheSystem1exceptthelastonewhichisusingtheSystem2inwhichtheweekcontainingthefirstThursdayoftheyearisthefirstweekoftheyear.Sointhiscase01Jan2016isFridaysoitwillnotbecountedasthefirstweek,04thJan2016willbethefirstweekasithasthefirstThursdayoftheyear.

2.19.WORKDAYThisfunctionreturnsadateaccordingtothenumberofworkingdaysyouspecifybeforeorafteradate(thestartingdate).Useapositivenumberfordaystocalculatefuturedates,andanegativenumberforpastdates.Bydefault,WORKDAYwillexcludeweekends(SaturdayandSunday).

Forexample=WORKDAY(“01/01/2016”,3)willgiveyoutheresult42375whichistheserialnumberofthedate06-01-16.1stJanisFriday,4thJanisMondayand5thJanisTuesday,sinceyouhavegiventhesecondparameteras3youwillgetthefourthworkdaydateasanswerwhichis06Jan2016.

Syntax:

=WORKDAY(start_date,days,[holidays])

Parameterlist:

start_date-thedatefromwhichtostart.

days-Theworkingdaysbeforeorafterstart_date.

holidays-[optional]Alistdatesthatshouldbeconsiderednon-workdays.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-WORKDAY.xlsx

Inthisexampleforthefirstthreeweareonlycalculatingthedaysinthepastandpresentwithoutgivingthethirdparameterholidaysandinthelastonewehavegiventwodates(thirdparameter)asholidaystoexcludefromthecalculationofthefutureWorkdaydate.

InsomecountriestheWeekendswilldiffer.InthatcaseyoumustusetheWORKDAY.INTLfunctionasthisfunctioncansettheweekendtoFridayandSaturdayorMondayorSundayoranydayoranytwoconsecutivedaysofyourchoice.

2.20.WORKDAY.INTLThisfunctionreturnsadateinworkingdaysinfutureorpastfromthestartdateandno.ofdaysyouprovide.ThisfunctionissamelikeWORKDAYfunctionandtheonlydifferenceisyoucansettheweekendtoFridayandSaturdayorMondayorSundayoranydayoranytwoconsecutivedaysofyourchoice

Bydefault,WORKDAY.INTLwillexcludeweekends(SaturdayandSunday).WORKDAY.INTLcanalsooptionallytakeintoaccountholidays(fourthparameter).FortheHoliday’sargument,supplyarangethatcontainsholidaydateordateswhichwillbetreatedasnon-workingdaysandwillnotbeincludedintheresult.

Syntax:

=WORKDAY.INTL(start_date,days,[weekend],[holidays])

Parameterlist:


days-theenddate.

weekend-[optional]settingforwhichdaysoftheweekshouldbeconsideredweekends(weekendnumbergivenbelow).

holidays-[optional]alistofoneormoredatesthatshouldbeconsiderednon-workdays.

weekend-number––—Weekenddays

1oromitted–––––Saturday,Sunday

2–––––––––—Sunday,Monday

3–––––––––—Monday,Tuesday

4–––––––––—Tuesday,Wednesday

5–––––––––—Wednesday,Thursday

6–––––––––—Thursday,Friday

7–––––––––—Friday,Saturday

11–––––––––-Sundayonly

12–––––––––-Mondayonly

13–––––––––-Tuesdayonly

14–––––––––-Wednesdayonly

15–––––––––-Thursdayonly

16–––––––––-Fridayonly

17–––––––––-Saturdayonly

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-WORKDAY.INTLxlsx

InthisexampleinthelastcalculationwehavesuppliedtwoholidaydatesasfourthparametertoexcludethesedatesalongwiththeweekendSaturday.

Pointstonote.

Ifstart_dateorstart_date+dayorholidayisinvalid,WORKDAY.INTLreturnsthe#NUM!error.

Ifweekendisinvalid,WORKDAY.INTLreturnsthe#VALUE!error.

2.21.YEARThisfunctionreturnstheyearfromadate.Forexample=YEAR(01-01-00)willreturn1900and=YEAR(20-03-15)willreturn2015.

Syntax:

=YEAR(date)

Parameterlist:

date-adatefromwhichtoextracttheyear.

Excelonlyhandlesdatesafter1/1/1900soyoucanusethisfunctionfromthedatesstartingfrom1900.

3.Engineering3.1.CONVERTTheCONVERTfunctionconvertsanumberinonemeasurementsystemtoanother.Forexample,youcanuseCONVERTtoconvertfeetintometers,poundsintokilograms,gallonsintoliters,andformanyotherunitconversions.

Syntax:

=CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumericvaluetoconvert.

from_unit-theunittoconvert.

to_unit–totheunityouwanttoconvert.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-CONVERT.xlsx

ShownbelowarethevariousunitsthatareavailabletotheCONVERTfunction.Inallcases,Unitcanbeusedforeitherfrom_unitorto_unit,itshouldmementionedinquotationmarks.

Weightandmass–––––––From_unitorto_unit

Gram–––––––––––––-“g”

Slug––––––––––––––“sg”

Poundmass(avoirdupois)––––“lbm”

U(atomicmassunit)––––––—“u”

Ouncemass(avoirdupois)––––-“ozm”

Grain–––––––––––––—“grain”

U.S.(short)hundredweight––––-“cwt”or“shweight”

Imperialhundredweight–––––—“uk_cwt”or“lcwt”(“hweight”)

Stone–––––––––––––—“stone”

Ton––––––––––––––—“ton”

Imperialton–––––––––––“uk_ton”or“LTON”(“brton”)

Distance––––––––From_unitorto_unit

Meter–––––––––––—“m”

Statutemile–––––––––-“mi”

Nauticalmile–––––––––“Nmi”

Inch–––––––––––––“in”

Foot–––––––––––––“ft”

Yard–––––––––––––“yd”

Angstrom––––––––––—“ang”

Ell––––––––––––––“ell”

Light-year––––––––––—“ly”

Parsec––––––––––––-“parsec”or“pc”

Pica(1/72inch)––––––––—“Picapt”or“Pica”

Pica(1/6inch)–––––––––-“pica”

U.Ssurveymile(statutemile)––—“survey_mi”

TimeFrom_unitorto_unit

Year“yr”

Day“day”or“d”

Hour“hr”

Minute“mn”or“min”

Second“sec”or“s”

PressureFrom_unitorto_unit

Pascal“Pa”(or“p”)

Atmosphere“atm”(or“at”)

mmofMercury“mmHg”

PSI“psi”

Torr“Torr”

ForceFrom_unitorto_unit

Newton“N”

Dyne“dyn”(or“dy”)

Poundforce“lbf”

Pond“pond”

Energy––––––––-From_unitorto_unit

Joule–––––––––––––“J”

Erg––––––––––––––“e”

Thermodynamiccalorie–––––“c”

ITcalorie–––––––––––-“cal”

Electronvolt––––––––––“eV”(or“ev”)

Horsepower-hour–––––––—“HPh”(or“hh”)

Watt-hour–––––––––––“Wh”(or“wh”)

Foot-pound–—––––––––—“flb”

BTU–––––––––––––—“BTU”(or“btu”)

Power––––––––––—From_unitorto_unit

Horsepower––––––––“HP”(or“h”)

Pferdestärke––––––––“PS”

Watt––––––––––-“W”(or“w”)

Magnetism––From_unitorto_unit

Tesla–––––––—“T”

Gauss–––––––-“ga”

Temperature––––-From_unitorto_unit

DegreeCelsius––––“C”(or“cel”)

DegreeFahrenheit––-“F”(or“fah”)

Kelvin––––––––“K”(or“kel”)

DegreesRankine–––-“Rank”

DegreesRéaumur–––“Reau”

Volume(orliquidmeasure)–-From_unitorto_unit

Teaspoon––––––––––––—“tsp”

Modernteaspoon–––––––––—“tspm”

Tablespoon–—––––––––––—“tbs”

Fluidounce––––––––––––—“oz”

Cup––––––––––––––––“cup”

U.S.pint––––––––––––––“pt”(or“us_pt”)

U.K.pint––––––––––––––“uk_pt”

Quart–––––––––––––––-“qt”

Imperialquart(U.K.)–––––––––-“uk_qt”

Gallon–––––––––––––––-“gal”

Imperialgallon(U.K.)–––––––––“uk_gal”

Liter––––––––––––––––-“l”or“L”(“lt”)

Cubicangstrom–––––––––––—“ang3”or“ang^3”

U.S.oilbarrel––––––––––––—“barrel”

U.S.bushel–––––––––––––—“bushel”

Cubicfeet––––––––––––––-“ft3”or“ft^3”

Cubicinch––––––––––––––-“in3”or“in^3”

Cubiclight-year––––––––––––“ly3”or“ly^3”

Cubicmeter–––––––––––––—“m3”or“m^3”

CubicMile––––––––––––––-“mi3”or“mi^3”

Cubicyard––––––––––––––—“yd3”or“yd^3”

Cubicnauticalmile–––––––––––“Nmi3”or“Nmi^3”

CubicPica–––––––––––––––“Picapt3”,“Picapt^3”,“Pica3”or“Pica^3”

GrossRegisteredTon––––––––––-“GRT”(“regton”)

Measurementton(freightton)––––––“MTON”

AreaFrom_unitorto_unit

Internationalacre––––––––“uk_acre”

U.S.survey/statuteacre–––––—“us_acre”

Squareangstrom––––––––—“ang2”or“ang^2”

Are–––––––––––––––“ar”

Squarefeet–––––––––––—“ft2”or“ft^2”

Hectare–––––––––––––-“ha”

Squareinches–––––––––––“in2”or“in^2”

Squarelight-year–––––––––—“ly2”or“ly^2”

Squaremeters––––––––––-“m2”or“m^2”

Morgen–––––––––––––—“Morgen”

Squaremiles––––––––––––“mi2”or“mi^2”

Squarenauticalmiles––––––––-“Nmi2”or“Nmi^2”

SquarePica––––––––––––—“Picapt2”,“Pica2”,“Pica^2”or“Picapt^2”

Squareyards––––––––––––-“yd2”or“yd^2”

Information–––-From_unitorto_unit

Bit–––––––––-“bit”

Byte––––––––—“byte”

Speed––––––—From_unitorto_unit

Admiraltyknot-––––-“admkn”

Knot–––––––––-“kn”

Metersperhour––––-“m/h”or“m/hr”

Meterspersecond–––-“m/s”or“m/sec”

Milesperhour––––—“mph”

Pointstonote.

Iftheinputdatatypesareincorrect,CONVERTreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Iftheunitdoesnotexist,CONVERTreturnsthe#N/Aerrorvalue.

Iftheunitdoesnotsupportabinaryprefix,CONVERTreturnsthe#N/Aerrorvalue.

Iftheunitsareindifferentgroups,CONVERTreturnsthe#N/Aerrorvalue.

Unitnamesandprefixesarecase-sensitive.

4.Financial4.1.FVThisfunctioncalculatesthefuturevalueofaninvestmentassumingperiodicconstantpaymentswithaconstantinterestrate.

Syntax:

=FV(rate,nper,pmt,[pv],[type])

Parameterlist:

rate-theinterestrateperperiod.

nper-thetotalnumberofpaymentperiods.

pmt-thepaymentmadeeachperiod.Mustbeenteredasanegativenumberasthemoneyisgoingout.

pv-[optional]thepresentvalueoffuturepayments.Ifomitted,assumedtobezero.Mustbeenteredasanegativenumber.

type-[optional]whenpaymentsaredue.0=endofperiod,1=beginningofperiod.Defaultis0.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-FV.xlsx

InthisexamplewearecalculatingtheFuturevalueofaninvestment.Firstwearecalculatingthefuturevalueconsideringthepresentvalueinvestedandalsothepaymentisbeendoneatthebeginningoftheyear.

Secondonewearecalculatingthefuturevaluewithoutanyinitialinvestmentandthepaymentduewiththeendoftheperiod.

Andthirdwearecalculatingthefuturevaluewithoutanyinitialinvestmentandthepaymentisdueatthebeginningoftheperiod.

Pointstonote.

1.Unitsforrateandnpermustbeconsistent.Forexample,ifyoumakemonthlypaymentsonafive-yearloanat10percentannualinterest,use10%/12(annualrate/12=monthlyinterestrate)forrateand5*12(60paymentstotal)fornper.Ifyoumakeannualpaymentsonthesameloan,use10%(annualinterest)forrateand5(5paymentstotal)fornper.

2.Ifpmtisforcashout(i.edepositstosaving,etc),paymentvaluemustbenegative;forcashreceived(income,dividends),paymentvaluemustbepositive.

4.2.PMTThisfunctioncalculatestheperiodicpaymentforaloanbasedonconstantpaymentandconstantinterestrate.ForexampleifyouarebuyingaCarworth$20000with24monthsloanrepaymentand7percentinterestyoucancalculatethemonthlypaymentandhowmuchprincipalandinterestyouarepayingeachmonth.

Syntax:

=PMT(rate,pmt,pv,[fv],[type])

Parameterlist:

rate-theinterestratefortheloan,ifyouarepayingmonthlyyouhavetodivideby12.

pmt-thetotalnumberofpaymentsfortheloan(12monthsof36months).

pv-thepresentvalue,ortotalvalueofallloanpaymentsnow.

fv-[optional]thefuturevalue,oracashbalanceyouwantafterthelastpaymentismade.Defaultsto0(zero).

type-[optional]whenpaymentsaredue.0=endofperiod.1=beginningofperiod.Defaultis0.

Example1:CalculatingtheCarLoanrepaymentamount.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-PMT.xlsxSheet1

Inthisexamplefilewearecalculatinghowmuchwewillpayasprincipalandinterestforthecarloanforaperiodof48months.Carvalueis$10000andweareprocuringaloanat8percentforatermof48months.Formulaforthisis=PMT(B2/12,B3,B1).

Firstparameterwewillentertheinterestratesincewearepayingmonthlywewilldividetheinterestrateby12,8%/12togetthemonthlyinterestrate.

Secondweareenteringtheperiodinmonthshereitis48.

ThirdparameterweareenteringtheCarvalueorprincipalamountorloantaken,wehaveputanegativesigntoindicatetheamountisbeendebitedfromourbank.

Afterenteringtheformulayouwillgetthemonthlyamounttobepaidforthisloanfor48months.

YoucannowmultiplythePeriodwiththeMonthlypaymentstogetthetotalloanamountpaidwhichis$11,718.20andifyousubtractthisfromthePrincipalyouwillgettheinterestpaidforthisloanwhichis$1,718.20.

PointstoNote.

ThepaymentreturnedbyPMTincludesprincipalandinterestbutwillnotincludeanytaxes,fees,hiddencharges,reservepaymentsorfees.

Makesurethatthefirstandsecondparametersyousupplyshouldbecorrect.Forexampleifyouarecalculatingamonthlypaymentofaloanfor4years@10%,then10%/12willbetherateand4*12willbenper.Ifyoumakeannualpaymentforthesameloanthen10%willbetherateand4willbenper.

Ifitisquarterly,ratewillbe10%/4and16willbethenper(4yearsmultipliedby4quarter).

TheremaybeslightdifferenceintheamountcalculatedinExcel2007andExcel2010asalgorithmusedisdifferentinbothandExcel2010calculationismoreaccurate.

Example2:Calculatingtheamounttobesavedmonthlytoget75000attheendof10Years.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-PMT.xlsxSheet2

Herethegoalistobuildacorpusof75000attheendof10years.Sointheformulafirstparameterweareenteringtheinterestrateasmonthly,secondparameterweareenteringthetermfor10yearswhichis10years*12monthswhichis120,thirdparameterweareentering0becausethepresentvalueis0fromwhichwewanttobuilditto75000andthelastparameterwearesupplyingtheamountweshouldbuildwhichis75000.

4.3.IPMTThisfunctionreturnstheinterestpaymentforaninvestmentforagivenperiodwithaconstantpaymentandinterestrate.

Syntax:

IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,[fv],[type])

Parameterlist:

Rate–theinterestrateperperiod.

Per-theperiodforwhichyouwanttofindtheinterestandmustbeintherange1tonper.

nper-thetotalnumberofpaymentperiodsinanannuity.

Pv-thepresentvalue,orthelump-sumamountthataseriesoffuturepaymentsisworthrightnow.

Fv-thefuturevalue,oracashbalanceyouwanttoattainafterthelastpaymentismade.Iffvisomitted,itisassumedtobe0(thefuturevalueofaloan,forexample,is0).

Type-thenumber0or1andindicateswhenpaymentsaredue.Iftypeisomitted,itisassumedtobe0.0=attheendoftheperiod,1=atthebeginningoftheperiod.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-IPMT.xlsx

InthisexamplewearecalculatingtheinterestamountforfirstmonthinthecellB9usingtheformula=IPMT(B3/12,B6,B4*12,B2).Sincewearepayingmonthlywearecalculatingthemonthlyratebydividingitby12,secondparameterwearesupplyingthemonthnumber,firstmonth,fromthetotaltermof36months.Thirdparameterweareprovidingthetotalperiodbymultiplyingthemonthwithyearstoarriveat36andthefourthparameteristheloanamountitself.

LikethatthesecondmonthiscalculatedinthecellB10.

AndincellB11wearecalculatingtheinterestdueinthelastyear(3rdyear),hereweareconsideringtheinterestrateannuallysononeedtodivideby12andperandNperare

samebecausewearefindingtheinterestforthelastyearwhichis3soperwillbe3andNperis3becausewearepayingonlythreetimesintheloanperiod.

PointstoNote.

Makesurethatthefirstandsecondparametersyousupplyshouldbecorrect.Forexampleifyouarecalculatingamonthlypaymentofaloanfor4years@10%,then10%/12willbetherateand4*12willbenper.Ifyoumakeannualpaymentforthesameloanthen10%willbetherateand4willbenper.

Ifitisquarterly,ratewillbe10%/4and16willbethenper(4yearsmultipliedby4quarter).

4.4.PVThisfunctioncalculatesthepresentvalueofaloanorinvestmentbasedonconstantinterestrate.

Syntax:

=PV(rate,nper,pmt,[fv],[type])

Parameterlist:

rate-theinterestrateperperiod.Ifitis10%annualrateandmakesmonthlypaymentthenitis10%/12.

nper-totalnumberofpaymentperiods.Ifitisatwoyearloanthen2*12,24periods.

pmt-thepaymentmadeforeachperiod.Ifpmtisomitted,youmustincludethefvargument.

fv–[Optional]thecashbalanceyouwanttoattainafterthelastpaymentismade.Iffvisomittedcashpaymentwillbe0attheendoftheloan.Iffvisomitted,youmustincludethepmtargument.

type-[Optional].whenwillbepaymentdue,0oromitted=endoftheperiodand1=beginningoftheperiod

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-PV.xlsx

InthisexamplewearecalculatingtheLoanamount.Paymentamountisthemonthlypaymentamountincludingprincipalandinterest(-negativesigntoindicatethecashisleavingyourbank),interestrateis8%whichwearedividingby12togetthemonthlyinterestrateandperiodis48(12monthsx4).

Ifyouarepayingquarterly,ratewillbe8%/4and16(4periodx4years)willbethenper.

4.5.NPERThisfunctionreturnsthenumberofperiodsforaninvestmentbasedonconstantperiodicpaymentsandinterestrate.

Syntax:

=NPER(rate,pmt,pv,[fv],[type])

Parameterlist:

rate-theinterestrateperperiod.

pmt-thepaymentmadeeachperiod.

pv-thepresentvalue,ortotalvalueofallpaymentsnow.

fv-[optional]thefuturevalue,oracashbalanceyouwantafterthelastpaymentismade.Defaultsis0.


Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-NPER.xlsx

Inthisexamplewearefindingouttheperiodbyinvestingatthebeginningoftheperiodandattheendoftheperiod.Byentering1asfifthparameterwillcalculatethepaymentatthebeginningoftheperiodandthepresentvalueofinvestmentisshownasnegativebecausecashhavebeenflownout.

Pointstonote.

Interestrateis8%whichwearedividingby12togetthemonthlyinterestrateandperiodis48(12monthsx4).Ifyouarepayingquarterly,ratewillbe8%/4and16(4periodx4years)willbethenper.

PMTnormallyincludesprincipalandinterestbutnottaxes,reservepayments,feesoranyothercharges.

4.6.RATEThisfunctionwillreturntheinterestrateperperiodofanannuity

Syntax:

=RATE(nper,pmt,pv,[fv],[type],[guess])

Parameterlist:

nper-thetotalnumberofpaymentperiods.

pmt-thepaymentmadeeachperiodandwillnotbechanged.

pv-thepresentvalue,ortotalvalueofallloanpaymentsnow.

fv-[optional]thefuturevalue,oracashbalanceyouwantafterthelastpaymentismade.Defaultsto0(zero).


guess-[optional]yourguessontherate.Defaultis10%.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-RATE.xlsx

Inthisexamplefilewearefirstfindingoutthemonthlyrateandthenconvertingtoannualratebymultiplyingwith12.

Pointstonote.

RATEiscalculatedbyiteration.IftheresultsofRATEdonotconvergewithin0.0000001after20iterations,RATEreturnsthe#NUM!errorvalue.

Youmustbeconsistentwithunitsforguessandnper.Ifyoumakemonthlypaymentsonafive-yearloanat8percentannualinterest,use8%/12forguessand5*12fornper.Ifyoumakeannualpaymentsonthesameloan,use8%forguessand5fornper.

5.Information5.1.CELLThisfunctionwillprovidetheinformationaboutacellandreturnsatextvalue.UseCELLtoextractawiderangeofinformationaboutreferencebysupplyingtheinfo_typeyousupply.

Syntax:

=CELL(info_type,[reference])

Parameterlist:

info_type-thetypeofinformationtoreturnaboutthereference,info_typeisgivenbelow.

reference-[optional]Thereferencefromwhichtoextractinformation.

Pointstonote.

Alwayswraptheinfo_typeindoublequotes.Fortheformula:=CELL(“col”,C19)willreturn3.Seebelowforafulllistofinfo_typesandakeytothecodesthatCELLreturnswhentheinfo_typeisformat.

Whenreferencereferstomorethanonecell,CELLwillreturninformationaboutthefirstcellinreference.

IfyoualreadyappliedtheInfo_typeargumentintheCELLfunctionas“format”andyoulaterapplyadifferentformattothereferencedcell,youmustrecalculatetheworksheettoupdatetheresultsoftheCELLfunction

Thefollowinginfo_typescanbeusedwiththeCELLfunction:

info_typeDescription

“address”Referenceofthefirstcellinreference,astext.

“col”Columnnumberofthecellinreference.

“color”Thevalue1ifthecellisformattedincolorfornegativevalues;otherwisereturns0(zero).

“contents”Valueoftheupper-leftcellinreference;notaformula.

“filename”Filename(includingfullpath)ofthefilethatcontainsreference,astext.Returnsemptytext(””)iftheworksheetthatcontainsreferencehasnotyetbeensaved.

“format”Textvaluecorrespondingtothenumberformatofthecell.Thetextvaluesforthevariousformatsareshowninthefollowingtable.Returns“-”attheendofthetextvalueifthecellisformattedincolorfornegativevalues.Returns“()”attheendofthetextvalueifthecellisformatted

withparenthesesforpositiveorallvalues.

“parentheses”Thevalue1ifthecellisformattedwithparenthesesforpositiveorallvalues;otherwisereturns0.

“prefix”Textvaluecorrespondingtothe“labelprefix”ofthecell.Returnssinglequotationmark(‘)ifthecellcontainsleft-alignedtext,doublequotationmark(“)ifthecellcontainsright-alignedtext,caret(^)ifthecellcontainscenteredtext,backslash(\)ifthecellcontainsfill-alignedtext,andemptytext(””)ifthecellcontainsanythingelse.

“protect”Thevalue0ifthecellisnotlocked;otherwisereturns1ifthecellislocked.

“row”Rownumberofthecellinreference.

“type”Textvaluecorrespondingtothetypeofdatainthecell.Returns“b”forblankifthecellisempty,“l”forlabelifthecellcontainsatextconstant,and“v”forvalueifthecellcontainsanythingelse.

“width”Columnwidthofthecell,roundedofftoaninteger.Eachunitofcolumnwidthisequaltothewidthofonecharacterinthedefaultfontsize.

IfyouareusingtheInfo_typeargumentas“format”thenyouwillgetthecellformatofthecellyourarereferringtoasperthedetailsgivenbelow.ForexampleifthecellformatisGeneralyouwillgetGandifitisnumberyouwillgetF2.

IftheExcelformatisTheCELLfunctionreturns

General“G”

0“F0”

#,##0“,0”

0“F2”

#,##0.00“,2”

$#,##0_);($#,##0)“C0”

$#,##0_);[Red]($#,##0)“C0-”

$#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00)“C2”

$#,##0.00_);[Red]($#,##0.00)“C2-”

0%“P0”

0.00%“P2”

0.00E+00“S2”

#?/?or#??/??“G”

m/d/yyorm/d/yyh:mmormm/dd/yy“D4”

d-mmm-yyordd-mmm-yy“D1”

d-mmmordd-mmm“D2”

mmm-yy“D3”

mm/dd“D5”

h:mmAM/PM“D7”

h:mm:ssAM/PM“D6”

h:mm“D9”

h:mm:ss“D8”

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-CELL.xlsx

InthisexamplefirstwearecalculatingthecolumnnumberofthecellE20usingCELLfunctionsfirstparameter“col”.SecondwearecalculatingtherownumberofthecellA25using“row”asthefirstparameter.

Thirdweareusingthe“contents”asthefirstparametertofindthecontentsofthecellA3whichis“GoodMorning”.Fourthwearefindingthetypeofthecellcontentusingthe“type”asthefirstparameterwhichisthedatatypevaluewhichisv.

FifthandSixthweareusingthefirstparameteras“format”tofindouttheformatofthecellcontentsmentionedinthesecondparameter.Fifthwearegetting‘G’becausethecellcontentofA4isGeneralformatsowewillgettheanswerG.LikewisethecontentofA5isformattedasnumbersowewillgettheanswerasF2.

5.2.INFOThisfunctionreturnstheinformationaboutthecurrentoperatingenvironment.

Syntax:

=INFO(type_text)

Parameterlist:

type_text-textthatspecifieswhattypeofinformationyouwantreturned.

PointstoNote.

BelowaretheType_textyoucanuseandthecorrespondingdetailsyouwillgetwhenyouusethetype_text.

Type_textReturns

“directory”Pathofthecurrentdirectoryorfolder.

“numfile”Numberofactiveworksheetsintheopenworkbooks.

“origin”Returnstheabsolutecellreferenceofthetopandleftmostcellvisibleinthewindow,basedonthecurrentscrollingposition,astextprependedwith“$A:”.Theactualvaluereturneddependsonthecurrentreferencestylesetting.UsingD9asanexample,thereturnvaluewouldbe:

A1referencestyle“$A:$D$9”.

R1C1referencestyle“$A:R9C4”

“osversion”Currentoperatingsystemversion,astext.

“recalc”Currentrecalculationmode;returns“Automatic”or“Manual”.

“release”VersionofMicrosoftExcel,astext.

“system”Nameoftheoperatingenvironment:

Macintosh=“mac”

Windows=“pcdos”

Examples:

=INFO(“numfile”)Willreturnnumberofactiveworksheets.

=INFO(“recalc”)Willreturnrecalculationmodefortheworkbook.

5.3.ISBLANKThisfunctiontestsifacellisemptyandreturnsalogicalvalue(TRUEorFALSE).Forexample,=ISBLANK(A1)willreturnTRUEifA1isempty,andFALSEifA1containstextorformulas.Sometimesthecelllooksemptybutmaynotbethecasebe.

Syntax:

=ISBLANK(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetocheck.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-ISBLANK.xlsx

InthisexamplefourthrowreturnsTRUEasA4cellisactuallyempty.A2andA5hasvaluesinitandreturnsFALSEandA3andA6returnsfalsebecauseA3hasasinglequoteandA6hasasinglespacewhichisnotvisiblewhenyouseetheExcelsheet.

5.4.ISERRThisfunctionchecksforanyerrorvalueexcept#N/AandreturnsalogicalvalueTRUEorFALSE.

Syntax:

=ISERR(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetocheckforanyerrorbut#N/A.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-ISERR.xlsx

IntheExampleyoucanseeexcept#N/AerrorrestoftheerrorswearegettingtheresultasTrue.

Pointstonote.

UsetheISERRfunctiontoseeifacellhasanerrorexceptfor#N/A.Thisincludes#VALUE!,#REF!,#DIV/0!,#NUM!,#NAME?,or#NULL!.Normallythevalueissuppliedasacelladdresssothatyoucanclubandusethiswithotherfunction.

5.5.ISERRORThisfunctionchecksforanyerrorvalue(#N/A,#VALUE!,#REF!,#DIV/0!,#NUM!,#NAME?,or#NULL!)andreturnsalogicalvalueTRUEorFALSE.

Syntax:

=ISERROR(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetocheckforanyerror.

5.6ISEVENThisfunctionisusedtocheckwhetherthenumericvalueisanevennumberandreturnsTRUEifthenumberisevenorelsewillreturnFALSE.Ifvalueisnotnumeric,ISEVENwillreturnthe#VALUEerror.

Syntax:

=ISEVEN(value)

Usually,valueissuppliedasacelladdresslikethis=ISEVEN(A1)

=ISEVEN(2)willreturnTRUE.

=ISEVER(1)willreturnFALSE.

5.7.ISFORMULAThisfunctionreturnsTRUEifacellcontainsaformulaorelseitwillreturnFALSE.Forexample=ISFORMULA(A1)willreturnTRUEiftheA1cellhasanyformulalike=SUM(A4:A5)or=A4+A5.ThisfunctionisintroducedinExcel2013.

Syntax:

ISFORMULA(reference)

Parameterlist:

reference-referencetothecellyouwanttotest,canbeacellreference,aformula,oranamethatreferstoacell.

5.8.ISLOGICALThisfunctionchecksifavalueislogical(TRUEorFALSE)andreturnalogicalvalue(TRUEorFALSE).

Syntax:

=ISLOGICAL(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetotestaslogical.

Pointstonote.

1and0(zero)arenotevaluatedasTRUEandFALSE.

5.9.ISNAThisfunctionwilltestforthe#N/AerrorandreturnsTRUEwhenvalueis#N/AandFALSEifnot.

Syntax:

=ISNA(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetocheckif#N/A.

Normallyvalueissuppliedasacelladdresslikethis=ISNA(B2).

5.10.ISNONTEXTThisfunctiontestsforanon-textvalueandreturnsalogicalvalueTRUEorFALSE.ISNONTEXTwillreturnTRUEwhenvalueisanon-textvalueandFALSEifnot.ISNONTEXTwillalsoreturnTRUEforblankcells.

Syntax:

=ISNONTEXT(value)

Parameterlist:


Often,valueissuppliedasacelladdress.

5.11.ISNUMBERThisfunctionwillreturnTRUEifvalueisanumberandFALSEifnot.Forexample,=ISNUMBER(A1)willreturnTRUEifA1containsanumberoraformulathatreturnsanumericvalue.IfA1containstext,ISNUMBERwillreturnFALSE.

Syntax:

=ISNUMBER(value)

Parameterlist:


Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-ISNUMBER.xlsx

InthesameexamplefileopenthesecondSheet2,inthatwearefirstcheckingwhetheranynumberisenteredinthecellC8usingISNUMBERandifnumberisenteredthenIFfunctionwillcallthefirstVLOOKUPformulatosearchusingtheEmployeenumberandifthenameisenteredthenIFfunctionwillcallsecondVLOOKUPtosearchbyname..

Formulaused=IF(ISNUMBER(C8),VLOOKUP(C8,$A$2:$C$6,3,0),VLOOKUP(C8,$B$2:$C$6,2,0))

5.12.ISODDThisfunctiontestsifavalueisoddandreturnsTRUEwhenanumericvalueisoddandFALSEwhenanumericvalueiseven.Forexample,=ISODD(A1)willreturnTRUEifA1containsthenumber7andFALSEifA1containsthenumber6.

Usuallythevalueissuppliedasacelladdress.

Syntax:

=ISODD(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumericvaluetotestandifnumberisnotanintegeritistruncated.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-ISODD.xlsx

5.13.ISREFThisfunctionchecksthevalueisareference.ISREFwillreturnTRUEwhenvalueisareferenceandFALSEifnot.

Syntax:

=ISREF(value)

Parameterlist:

value-Thevaluetocheck.

Forexample,=ISREF(A1)willreturnTRUEand=ISREF(“apple”)willreturnfalse.

5.14.ISTEXTThisfunctionchecksifthevalueistext.ISTEXTwillreturnTRUEwhenvalueistextorelseitwillreturnFALSE.

Syntax:

=ISTEXT(value)

Parameterlist:


Forexample,=ISTEXT(A1)willreturnTRUEifA1contains“James”.Often,valueissuppliedasacelladdress.

5.15.NThisfunctionconvertsavaluetoanumber.

Syntax:

=N(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetoconverttoanumber.

Valueswillbeconvertedasgivenbelowwhenusingthisfunction.

Anumberwillreturnthatnumberitself.

Adate,inoneofthebuilt-indateformatsavailableinMicrosoftExcelwillreturntheserialnumberofthatdate

IfthevalueisTRUEitwillreturn1.

IfthevalueisFALSEitwillreturn0.

Ifitisanerrorvalue,suchas#DIV/0!Itwillreturntheerrorvalueitself.

Andanythingelsethisfunctionwillreturn0.

InmostcasesitunnecessarytousetheNfunctionasExcelautomaticallyconvertsvaluesasnecessary.Thisfunctionisprovidedforcompatibilitywithotherspreadsheetprograms.

ThereisatrickyuseofN()thatallowsyoutouseitasawaytoleavein-cellcomments.ThetechniqueistoaddaplussignattheendofyourformulawithacommentastextinquotesinsidetheN()functionlikethis:

=SUM(A1:A10)+N(“ThisoneaddsthecellsfromA1toA10”)

Whenyouclickonthatcell,you’llseeboththeformulaandthecommentintheformulabar.TheN()functionhasnoimpactontheresultofthefunction.Infact,youcanaddmorethanoneN()functiontoaformulatoannotateotherfunctions,constants,orboth.

5.16.NA

Thisfunctioncreatesa#N/Aerror.InotherwordsUseNAtogeneratethe#N/A.#N/Ameans“notavailable”or“novalueavailable”.Forexample,youcanuseNAtoflagcellsthatareemptyormissinginformation

Syntax:

=NA()

Pointstonote.

NAtakesnoarguments,butyoumustprovideemptyparentheses.

5.17.TYPEThisfunctionreturnsanumericcoderepresentingthetypeofvalueinacell.UseTYPEwhenthebehaviorofanotherfunctiondependsonthetypeofvalueinaparticularcell.

Syntax:

=TYPE(value)

Parameterlist:

value-thevaluetocheckthetypeof.

IfthevalueisNumberTYPEreturns1.

IfthevalueisTextTYPEreturns2.

IfthevalueisLogicalvalueTYPEreturns4.

IfthevalueisErrorvalueTYPEreturns16.

IfthevalueisArrayTYPEreturns64.

Pointstonote.

TYPEismostusefulwhenyouareusingfunctionsthatcanacceptdifferenttypesofdata,suchasARGUMENTandINPUT.UseTYPEtofindoutwhattypeofdataisreturnedbyafunctionorformula.

YoucannotuseTYPEtodeterminewhetheracellcontainsaformula.TYPEonlydeterminesthetypeoftheresulting,ordisplayed,value.Ifvalueisacellreferencetoacellthatcontainsaformula,TYPEreturnsthetypeoftheformula’sresultingvalue.

6.Logical6.1.ANDThisfunctiontestsmultipleconditionsandreturnsTRUEifallargumentsevaluatetoTRUEelseitwillreturnFALSE.

Syntax:

=AND(logical1,[logical2],…)

Parameterlist:

logical1-thefirstconditionorlogicalvaluetoevaluate.

logical2-[optional]thesecondconditionorlogicalvaluetoevaluate.Uptoamaximumof255conditions.

Pointstonote.

Theargumentsmustevaluatetologicalvalues,suchasTRUEorFALSE,ortheargumentsmustbearraysorreferencesthatcontainlogicalvalues.

Ifanarrayorreferenceargumentcontainstextoremptycells,thosevaluesareignored.

Ifthespecifiedrangecontainsnologicalvalues,theANDfunctionreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Pleasegothroughtheexamplesgivenbelow.

=AND(TRUE,TRUE)willreturnTRUEbecausealltheargumentsareTRUE.

=AND(TRUE,FALSE)willreturnFALSEbecauseoneoftheargumentisFALSE.

=AND(2+4=6,4+5=9)willreturnTRUEbecauseboththecasesaretrue2+4is6and4+5is9.

ItcanbeusefultoextendthefunctionalityoffunctionslikeIF.

=IF(AND(A1>0,A1<5),“Approved”,“Denied”)

Thisformulawillreturn“Approved”onlyifthevalueinA1isgreaterthan0andlessthan5.

Inthebelowexamplewearecalculatinghowmanyofthestudentshavescored50marks(passingmark)ormoreinallsubjects,wewillgetTRUEifallthestudentshavescored50orabove.

Checkexceltovba.com-AND.xlsx

6.2.IFThisfunctionwilltestforaspecificconditionandreturnsthevalueyoursupplyifaconditionistrueandanothervalueifit’sfalse.

Syntax:

=IF(logical_test,[value_if_true],[value_if_false])

Parameterlist:

logical_test-avalueorlogicalexpressionthatcanbeevaluatedasTRUEorFALSE.

value_if_true-thevaluetoreturnwhenlogical_testevaluatestoTRUE.

value_if_false-[optional]Thevaluetoreturnwhenlogical_testevaluatestoFALSE.

WhenyouareconstructingatestwithIF,youcanuseanyofthefollowinglogicaloperators:

ComparisonoperatorMeaningExample

=equaltoA1=D1

>greaterthanA1>D1

>=greaterthanorequaltoA1>=D1

<lessthanA1<D1

<=lessthanorequaltoA1<=D1

<>notequaltoA1<>D1

PleasegothroughtheexamplesgivenbelowtofurtherillustratetheuseofIF.

Example1.

Checkexceltovba.com-IF.xlsx.

HerewearecheckingwhethertheSalestargetofeachemployeehasmetandiftheparticularemployeehasachievedtheTarget,CompanywillbegivetenpercentoftheSalesascommissionorelsewillprovidefivepercent.

SointheResultsColumnweareusingtheformula=IF(B2>=C2,“Achieved”,“NotAchieved”)tofindoutwhethertheemployeeshasachievedtheTargetandinthecommissioncolumnwearecalculatingthecommissionusingtheformula=IF(B2>=C2,B2*10%,B2*5%).Insteadofhardcodingthepercentages10and5youcanenterthevalueascellreferencesothatifthecommissionratechangesyouhavetojustchangetwocellvaluesonly.

Example2.

Checkexceltovba.com-IF-2.xlsx

Herewearecheckingwhetherthereisspecialofferfortheproductandtheordervaluecrossesthousanddollars.Ifthesetwoconditionsaremetthenwewillprovideadiscountof10percent.Sointhediscountcolumnwearecalculatingthediscountamountusingtheformula=IF(AND(B2=“Yes”,C2>=1000),C2*10%,0).

HerewearefirstcheckingwhetherthewordYesiswrittenintheSpecialoffercolumnandtheOrdervalueisgreaterthan1000usingtheANDfunction.IfthesetwoconditionsaremetthenIFformulawillcalculatethetenpercentdiscountorelseitwillreturn0tothediscountcolumn.

OncethatisdonewewilldeductthediscountfromOrdervaluetoreachthefinalamounttopay.

6.3.IFERROR

Thisfunctionreturnsavalueyouspecifyifaformulaevaluatestoanerror;otherwise,returnstheresultoftheformula.UsetheIFERRORfunctiontotrapandhandleerrorsinaformula.

Syntax:

=IFERROR(value,value_if_error)

Parameterlist:

value-thevalue,reference,orformulatocheckforanerror.

value_if_error-thevaluetoreturniftheformulaevaluatestoanerror.Thefollowingerrortypesareevaluated:#N/A,#VALUE!,#REF!,#DIV/0!,#NUM!,#NAME?,or#NULL!.

Pointstonote.

IfValueorValue_if_errorisanemptycell,IFERRORtreatsitasanemptystringvalue(””).

IfValueisanarrayformula,IFERRORreturnsanarrayofresultsforeachcellintherangespecifiedinvalue.

Thisfunctionisveryuseful,ifyoucomparingtwoexcelsheetsusingVlookupformulaandyouwillget#N/AerrorifthevalueisnotthereinotherExcelsheet.Supposeyouaredoingsomecalculationsbasedontheresultlikemultiplyingthevaluesthenitwillresultinanother#N/Aerror.SotoavoidyoucanputtheVLOOKUPformulainsideIFERRORlikethis=IFERROR(VLOOKUP(A1,table,2,FALSE),0)toget0ifthereisanerror.

OrelsewecanreturnthetextlikethisNotfound.Youcanwritetheformulalikethis=IFERROR(VLOOKUP(A1,table,2,FALSE),”NotFound”)

6.4.NOTThisfunctionreversesthevalueofitargumentsandreturnsareversedlogicalvalue.InotherwordsifanyoftheformulasevaluatestoTRUEandifyouusethisfunctionyouwillgetFALSEandyouwillgetTRUEiftheformulaevaluatestoFALSE.

Syntax:

=NOT(logical)

Parameterlist:

logical-avalueorlogicalexpressionthatcanbeevaluatedasTRUEorFALSE.

Examplesgivenbelow.

=NOT(FALSE)willgiveyoutheanswerTRUEasitreversedthelogicalvalue.

=NOT(4+4=8)willgiveyouthevalueFALSEbecausesumof4+4is8andistrueanditreversesthelogicalvaluetoFALSE.

=NOT(4+3=8)willgiveyouthevalueTRUEbecausesumof4+3isnot8andisfalseandsoitreversesthelogicalvaluetoTRUE.

Whywouldyouwanttousethisfunction?Acommonexampleistoreversethebehaviorofanotherfunction.Forexample,IfthecellA1isblank,thentheformula=ISBLANK(B1)willreturnTRUE.

NOTcanbeusedtoreversethisresulttoFALSElikethis:

=NOT(ISBLANK(A1))

Inessence,byaddingNOT,youareabletocreateaformulathatbehaveslikeISNOTBLANK,whichdoesn’texistinExcel.

6.5.ORThisfunctiontestsmultipleconditionswithORandreturnsTRUEifanyoftheargumentsiscorrectandFALSEifnot.Upto255conditionsyoucancheck.

Syntax:

=OR(logical1,[logical2],…)

Parameterlist:

logical1-Thefirstconditionorlogicalvaluetoevaluate.

logical2-[optional]thesecondconditionorlogicalvaluetoevaluate.

Pointstonote.

TheargumentsmustevaluatetologicalvaluessuchasTRUEorFALSE,orinarraysorreferencesthatcontainlogicalvalues.

Ifanarrayorreferenceargumentcontainstextoremptycells,thosevaluesareignored.

Ifthespecifiedrangecontainsnologicalvalues,ORreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

YoucanuseanORarrayformulatoseeifavalueoccursinanarray.Toenteranarrayformula,pressCTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.

Examples:

=OR(TRUE)willgettheanswerastruebecauseoneargumentisTRUE.

=OR(2+2=1,2+8=5)willgettheanswerasFALSEasboththeargumentsarewrong,2+2isnot1and2+8isnot5.

=OR(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)willgetTRUEoneoftheargumentisTRUE

=IF(OR(3+1=1,2+9=5,5+15=20),“Correct”,“NotCorrect”)willgettheanswerCorrectasoneoftheargumentsistrue.InthiscaseyouarenestingitwithanotherfunctionIFsothatyoucandefineyourownwordsasanswerinthiscaseCorrectorifyouwanttogetananswerasYEStheninsteadofCorrectusethewordYES.

=IF(OR(A1>75,B1<75),“Pass”,“Fail”)willgetPassifthevalueinA1isgreaterthan75orthevalueinB1islesserthan75orelsewewillgettheanswerFail.

InthebelowexamplewearecalculatingtheprocessingchargesforthepaymentwehavereceivedasCashorCheque.IfitisCashorChequewewillchargeRs.10.SointhiscaseweareclubbingthefunctionIFtogettheresults.

Checkexceltovba.com-OR.xlsx

InthebelowexamplewearecalculatingtheprocessingchargesforthepaymentwehavereceivedasCashorCheque.IfitisCashorChequewillchargeRs.10asprocessingchargeandifitisatransfertherewon’tbeanycharge.SointhiscaseweareclubbingthisfunctionwithIFtogettheresults.

6.6.FALSEThisfunctiongeneratesthelogicalvalueFALSE.

Syntax:

=FALSE()

TheFALSEfunctiontakesnoarguments.UseFALSEtogeneratethelogicalvalueFALSE.Forexample,toreturnFALSEifthevalueinA1<0,usetheformula:

=IF(A1<0,FALSE())

NotethatyoucanalsojustuseenterthewordFALSEdirectlyintoacellorformulaandExcelwillinterpretthisasthelogicalvalueFALSE.Forexample,theseformulasarefunctionallyidentical:

=IF(A1<0,FALSE())

=IF(A1<0,FALSE)

TheFALSEfunctionisprovidedprimarilyforcompatibilitywithotherspreadsheetprograms.

6.7.TRUEThisfunctiongeneratesthelogicalvalueTRUE.

Syntax:

=TRUE()

TheTRUEfunctiontakesnoarguments.

MicrosofthasprovidedTRUEfunctionforcompatibilitywithotherspreadsheetapplicationsandthereisnoneedtouseitinalmostallcases.

IfyouwanttoenterTRUE,orprovideTRUEasaresultinaformula,youcanjustuseenterthewordTRUEdirectlyintoacellorformulaandExcelwillinterpretthisasthelogicalvalueTRUE.Forexample,theseformulasarefunctionallyidentical:

=IF(A1<0,TRUE())

=IF(A1<0,TRUE)

AlsonotethatlogicalexpressionsthemselveswillautomaticallygenerateTRUEandFALSEresults.ForexampleifthecellB7hasthevalue110then=B7>90willreturnthelogicalvalueTRUE.

6.8.IFNAThisfunctionreturnsthevalueyouspecifyiftheformulareturns#N/A;errorotherwise,returnstheresultoftheformula.ThisfunctionwasintroducedinExcel2013.

Syntax:

IFNA(value,value_if_na)

Parameterlist:

Value-theformulathatischeckedforthe#N/Aerrorvalue.

Value_if_na-thevaluetoreturniftheformulaevaluatestothe#N/Aerrorvalue.

Pointstonote.

IfValueorValue_if_naisanemptycell,IFNAtreatsitasanemptystringvalue(””).

IfValueisanarrayformula,IFNAreturnsanarrayofresultsforeachcellintherangespecifiedinvalue.

Forexampleinthisformula=IFNA(VLOOKUP(“Joy”,$A$5:$B$10,0),“Notfound”)ifthenameJoyisnotthereinthelookuptableitwillreturn#N/AerrorandIFNAfunctionwillreturnNotFoundwhichyouhavespecifiedattheendoftheformula.

7.Lookupandreference7.1.ADDRESSThisfunctioncreatesacelladdressfromagivenrowandcolumn.Forexample,ADDRESS(5,3)returns$C$5.Asanotherexample,ADDRESS(250,53)returns$BA$250.Youcanuseotherfunctions,suchastheROWandCOLUMNfunctions,toprovidetherowandcolumnnumberargumentsfortheADDRESSfunction.

Syntax:

=ADDRESS(row_num,col_num,[abs_num],[a1],[sheet_text])

Parameterlist:

row_num-therownumbertouseinthecelladdress.

col_num-thecolumnnumbertouseinthecelladdress.

abs_num-[optional]theaddresstype(i.e.absolute,relative).Defaultstoabsolute.

a1-[optional]thereferencestyle,A1vsR1C1.DefaultisA1style.

sheet_text-[optional]thenameoftheworksheettouse.Defaultstocurrentsheet.

Abs_numkey:

1oromittedAbsolute

2Absoluterow;relativecolumn

3Relativerow;absolutecolumn

4Relative

a1–Thisisoptional

AlogicalvaluethatspecifiestheA1orR1C1referencestyle.InA1style,columnsarelabeledalphabetically,androwsarelabelednumerically.InR1C1referencestyle,bothcolumnsandrowsarelabelednumerically.IftheA1argumentisTRUEoromitted,theADDRESSfunctionreturnsanA1-stylereference;ifFALSE,theADDRESSfunctionreturnsanR1C1-stylereference.

sheet_text-ThisisOptional.

Atextvaluethatspecifiesthenameoftheworksheettobeusedastheexternalreference.

Forexample,theformula=ADDRESS(1,1,,,“Sheet2”)returnsSheet2!$A$1.Ifthesheet_textargumentisomitted,nosheetnameisused,andtheaddressreturnedbythefunctionreferstoacellonthecurrentsheet.

Examples:

=ADDRESS(5,3)returns$C$5

=ADDRESS(5,3,2)returnsC$5,AbsoluterowandRelativecolumn.

=ADDRESS(5,3,2,FALSE)returnsR5C[3]absoluterow;relativecolumninR1C1referencestyle

7.2.AREASThisfunctionreturnsthenumberofareasinareference.

Syntax:

=AREAS(reference)

Parameterlist:

reference-areferencetoacellorrangeofcells.

Usagenotes:

Referencecanincludemorethanonereference.Youmustseparatemultiplereferenceswithacommaandwraptheminanextrasetofparentheses.Otherwise,Excelwillthinkthecommasindicatemultipleparametersandgenerateanerror.

Examples:

=AREAS((E17:E19,K16:K18,M8))willreturn3astherearethreereferences.

=AREAS(B2:D4)willreturn1asthereisonlyonereference.

7.3.CHOOSEThisfunctionwillreturnavaluefromalistbasedonindexnumberyouspecify.Forexampleiftherearethreevaluesandyouspecifytheindexnumberas1itwillreturnthefirstvalueandifyouspecify2itwillreturnthesecondvalue.

Syntax:

=CHOOSE(index_num,value1,[value2],…)

Parameterlist:

index_num-thevaluetochoose.Anumberbetween1and254.

value1-thefirstvaluefromwhichtochoose.

value2-[optional]thesecondvaluefromwhichtochoose.

Pointstonote.

Ifindex_numislessthan1orgreaterthanthenumberofthelastvalueinthelist,CHOOSEreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifindex_numisafraction,itistruncatedtothelowestintegerbeforebeingused.

Ifindex_numisanarray,everyvalueisevaluatedwhenCHOOSEisevaluated.

ThevalueargumentstoCHOOSEcanberangereferencesaswellassinglevalues.

Forexample,theformula=SUM(CHOOSE(2,A1:A10,B1:B10,C1:C10))willfirstevaluatetheCHOOSEfunctiontoreturn=SUM(B1:B10)thesecondrangebasedontheindexnumberyouhavespecified,inthiscase2.

7.4.COLUMNThisfunctionwillreturnthecolumnnumberofareference.

Syntax:

=COLUMN([reference])

Parameterlist:

reference-[optional]referencetoacellorrangeofcells.

Pointstonote.

Referencecanbeasinglecelladdressorarangeofcells.

ReferenceisoptionalandwilldefaulttothecellinwhichtheCOLUMNfunctionexists.

Referencecannotincludemultiplereferencesoraddresses.

Examples:

=COLUMN()willreturnthecolumnnumberinwhichthisformulaisentered.IfyouhaveenteredinA1youwillgetcolumnnumberas1.

=COLUMN(B1:Z1)willreturnthecolumnnumberas2asthecellrangestartsfromsecondcolumn.Othercolumnswillnotbeconsidered.

7.5.COLUMNS

Thisfunctionwillreturnthenumberofcolumnsinanarrayorreference.Forexample,theformula=COLUMNS(A1:E1)returnsthenumber5astherearefivecolumnsfromAtoE.

Syntax:

=COLUMNS(array)

Parameterlist:

array-Areferencetoarangeofcells.

Pointstonote.

Arraycanbeanarray,anarrayformula,orareferencetoasinglecontiguousgroupofcells.

Examples:

=COLUMNS(B1:Z1)willreturn25asthereare25columnsfromBtoZ.

=COLUMNS({1,2,3,4;5,6,7,8})willreturnthecolumnnumberas4.Therearetwo4-columnrows,containing1,2,3and4inthefirstrowand5,6,7and8inthesecondrow.

7.6.HLOOKUPThisfunctionsearchesforavalueinthefirstrowofatable.Atthematchcolumn,itretrievesavaluefromthespecifiedrow.UseHLOOKUPwhenlookupvaluesarelocatedinthefirstrowofatable.ThisfunctionissamelikeVLOOKUP,whereasVLOOKUPsearchesvertically,HLOOKUPsearcheshorizontally.

Thisfunctionwilllookupavalueinatablebymatchingonthefirstrow.

Syntax:

=HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,[range_lookup])

Parameterlist:

lookup_value-thevaluetolookup.

table_array-thetablefromwhichtoretrievedata.

row_index_num-therownumberfromwhichtoretrievedata.

range_lookup-[optional]abooleantoindicateexactmatchorapproximatematch.DefaultisTRUE=approximatematch,FALSE=exactmatch.

Pointstonote.

Range_lookupcontrolswhethervalueneedstomatchexactlyornot.ThedefaultisTRUE=allownon-exactmatch.

Setrange_lookuptoFALSEtorequireanexactmatchandvaluesinthefirstrowoftabledonotneedtobesorted.

Ifrange_lookupisTRUE(thedefaultsetting),anon-exactmatchwillcausethe

HLOOKUPfunctiontomatchormatchthenearestvalueinthetablethatisstilllessthanvalue.

Ifrange_lookupisTRUE(thedefaultsetting)makesurethatlookupvaluesinthefirstrowofthetablearesortedinascendingorder.Otherwise,HLOOKUPmayreturnanincorrectorunexpectedvalue.

Iftherearemorethanonevalueinthetableyouarelookingthisfunctionwillpickthefirstvalueonly.

ChecktheexampleHLOOKUP.XLSXSheet1

InthisexamplewearecheckinghowmuchmarksArnoldandJomyearnedinPhysicsandMaths.TherearefourparameterswehavetosupplytoHLOOKUP.

FirstparameterwearesearchingthenameArnoldorJomysowewillprovidethesameindoublequotes(textshouldbeprovidedindoublequotes).

Secondparameteriswherewearegoingtosearch,sincetheentirenameandmarkdetailsareintherangeB1:E4wewillprovidethatassecondparameter.

Thirdparameterweareprovidingtherownumber,2forPhysics3forMaths.(Countingfromthenamerow)

Fourthparameterweareentering0orFalsetogetanexactmatch.

ChecktheexampleHLOOKUP.XLSXSheet2

Inthisexamplefileweareusingthewildcardcharacters.*isusedforsearchingmultiplenumberofcharacters,m*canbeMelvinorMijoorwhateverstartswithm.?meanssinglecharacter,melvi?meansMelvinormelvihormelvip.Restoftheentriesaresamelikethepreviousexample.

7.7.HYPERLINKThisfunctioncreatesaclickablelink.

Syntax:

=HYPERLINK(link_location,[friendly_name])

Parameterlist:

link_location-thepathtothefileorpagetobeopened.

friendly_name-[optional]thelinktexttodisplayinacell.

Usagenotes:

UsetheHYPERLINKfunctiontocreatelinkstoworkbooklocations,pagesontheinternet,ortofilesonnetworkservers.

WhenauserclicksacellthatcontainstheHYPERLINKfunction,Excelwillopenthefileorpagespecifiedbylinklocation.Link_locationcanbeacellreferenceornamedrange,apathtoafilestoredonalocaldrive,apathafileonaserverusingUniversalNamingConvention(UNC)orapathtoalocationontheinternetoranintranetinUniformResourceLocator(URL)format.

Pointstonote.

Link_locationshouldbesuppliedasatextstringinquotationmarksoracellreferencethatcontainsthelinkpathastext.

Iffriendly_nameisnotsupplied,theHYPERLINKwilldisplaylink_locationasthefriendly_name.

ToselectacellthatcontainsHYPERLINKwithoutjumpingtothedestination,usearrowkeystoselectthecell.Alternatively,clickonthecellandholdthemousebuttondownuntilthecursorchanges.

Examples:

=HYPERLINK(“http://amazon.com”,“Clickme”)willcreatealinkinExcelwiththetextClickmeandifyouclickthelinkitwillopenthesiteamazon.com.

=HYPERLINK(“[C:\MyDocuments\Report.xlsx]Quarter”)willcreateahyperlinktoanExcelfileReportsheetnameQuarter.

7.8.INDEXThisfunctionpicksavalueinalistortablebylookingdownthespecifiedrowsandlookingacrossthespecifiedcolumns.

Syntax:

=INDEX(array,row_num,[col_num],[area_num])

Parameterlist:

array-arangeofcells,oranarrayconstant.

row_num-therowpositioninthereferenceorarray.

col_num-[optional]thecolumnpositioninthereferenceorarray.

area_num-[optional]therangeinreferencethatshouldbeused.

TheINDEXfunctionhastwoforms:ArrayandReference.

Arrayform

InthearrayformofINDEX,thefirstparameterisarray,whichissuppliedasarangeofcellsoranarrayconstant.

Syntax:

INDEX(array,row_num,[col_num])

Ifbothrow_numandcol_numaresupplied,INDEXreturnsthevalueinthecellattheintersectionofrow_numandcol_num.

Ifyourow_numissettozero,INDEXreturnsanarrayofvaluesfortheentirerow.Tousethesearrayvalues,entertheINDEXfunctionasanarrayformulainhorizontalrange.

Ifyoucol_numissettozero,INDEXreturnsanarrayofvaluesfortheentirecolumn.Tousethesearrayvalues,entertheINDEXfunctionasanarrayformulainverticalrange.

Indexcanbeusedinsomanywaysaspertheexamplesgivenbelow.

Example1:

INDEXfunctionwithsecondparameterasrow_num.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-INDEX.xlsx(sheetname:Index1).

IntheexamplefilewehavetofindoutthesecondvalueintherowusingINDEXfunction.Enter=INDEX(A2:A4,2)sothatyouwillgetthesecondvalueintherowwhichis14,ifyouwantthethirdrowvaluethenyouhavetoenter3asthesecondparametersothatyouwillget15astheanswer.

Example2:

INDEXfunctionwithsecondparameterascol_num.

InthesameexamplefilewehavetofindoutthesecondvalueinthecolumnusingINDEXfunction.Enter=INDEX(B1:E1,2)sothatyouwillgetthesecondvalueinthecolumnwhichisRoy,ifyouwantthethirdcolumnvaluethenyouhavetoenter3asthesecond

parametersothatyouwillgetRubyastheanswer.

Example3:

INDEXfunctionwithsecondparameterbothrow_numandcol_num.


InthesameexamplefileyouhavetofindoutonDay13howmuchRubyhasearned.Enter=INDEX(B2:E4,2,3)inanyofthecellandyouwillgettheansweras110.Insteadofhardcodingtherownumberandcolumnnumberyoucanusethecellreferencelikethis=INDEX(B2:E4,E6,E7)andinE6cellyoucangivetherownumber2andinE7columnnumber3.

SoifyouwanttofindoutwhatJomyhasearnedonDay15youhavetojustchangethevalueinthecellsE6to3andE7to4.

Referenceform

InthereferenceformofINDEX,thefirstparameterisreference,whichissuppliedasareferencetooneormorecellranges.

Syntax:

INDEX(reference,row_num,[col_num],[area_num])

ThereferenceformofINDEXreturnsthereferenceofthecellattheintersectionrow_numandcol_num.

Ifreferenceissuppliedasmultipleranges,area_numindicateswhichrangetouse.

area_sumissuppliedasanumber.

Forexample,intheformula=INDEX((A1:D5,A7:D10),2,2,2),area_numissuppliedas2,whichreferstotherangeA7:D10.

Youwillgettheideaonceyougothroughtheexamples.

Example4:


ThisistheadvancedversionoftheExample3astherearetwogroupsFirst(B3:E5)andSecond(B9:E11)insteadofonegroup.Byincludingthearea_numyoucaneasilycheckfromFirstorSecondgrouphowmucheachpersonhasearned.Youhavetoentertheformulalikethis=INDEX((B3:E5,B9:E11),2,3,1)sothatyouwillgettheamountearnedfromthefirstgroupasthefourthparameterdecideswherewehavetolook,1willlookinthefirstgroupand2willlookinthesecondgroup.

Insteadofhardcodingthelastthreeparametersyoucanchangeittocellreferencesothatitwillbeableeasytomanipulatelikethis=INDEX((B3:E5,B9:E11),E13,E14,E15),inthecellE13youcanType1or2or3fortheday,Type1or2or3or4fortheNameincellE14,Type1forFirstand2forSecondgroupincellE15.


Alsowecanmakethisformulamorereadablebychangingthecellranges(B3:E5,B9:E11)toanamelikeFirstandSecond.FirstselectthecellrangesB3:E5,B9:E11andchangethenametoFirstandSecondinthecellreferencecolumnandthenusethisnameintheformulalikethis=INDEX(FirstandSecond,E13,E14,E15).


Example5:

Thisistheadvancedversionofthepreviousexample.InthisweareclubbingtogetherMATCHandIFfunctionswithINDEXtoincreasethecapabilities.Formulaisgivenbelowandwillsplittheformulaforyoutounderstand.

=INDEX(FirstandSecond,MATCH(E13,A3:A5,0),MATCH(E14,B2:E2,0),IF(E15=“First”,1,IF(E15=“Second”,2)))

FirstandSecond-Firstparameteristhenamegiventothecellrange(B3:E5,B9:E11).

MATCH(E13,A3:A5,0)-Secondparameterfromwhichwewillgettherowpositionofthedaywehaveentered,inthiscasewewillgetthereturnvalueas1aswearecheckingthepositionnumberofthevalue13inthecellrangeA3:A5.

MATCH(E14,B2:E2,0)–Thirdparameterfromwhichwewillgetthecolumnpositionforthenamewehaveentered,inthiscasewewillgetthereturnvalueas2aswearecheckingthepositionnumberofthevalueArnoldinthecellrangeB2:E2.

IF(E15=“First”,1,IF(E15=“Second”,2))–FourthparameterwearecheckingwhetherwehaveenteredthewordFirstorSecondinthecellE15.IfitisFirstthenIFfunctionwillreturn1andifitisSecondIFfunctionwillreturn2andINDEXfunctionwillchecktheFirstmonthifitis1andSecondmonthifitis2.

SoaftertheMATCHandIFfunctionisprocessedtheformulawilllooklikethis=INDEX(FirstandSecond,1,2,1)andyouwillgettheanswer250whichisArnoldearnedonthe13thday.

7.9.INDIRECTThisfunctioncreatesacellreferencefromavalidworksheetreference.

Syntax:

=INDIRECT(ref_text,[a1])

Parameterlist:

ref_text-Areferencesuppliedastext.

a1-[optional]aboolean(TRUEorFALSE)toindicateA1orR1C1-stylereference.DefaultisTRUE=A1style.

Pointstonote.

UseINDIRECTtocreateorsupplyareferenceintextform.Indirectisusefulwhenyouwanttoconvertatextvalueintoavalidcellreference.

ThereferencecreatedbyINDIRECTwillnotchangeevenwhencells,rows,orcolumnsareinsertedordeleted.Forexample,theformula=INDIRECT(“A1:A100”)willalwaysrefertothefirst100rowsofcolumnA,evenifrowsinthatrangearedeletedorinserted.

AlsoifyouwanttofindthesumofvaluesinthecellreferenceA1:A100andiftherowsareinsertedordeletedregularlythenyoucansettheformulalikethis=SUM(INDIRECT(“A1:A100”)),itwillalwaysgivethesumoftheA1toA100.Ifyoudirectlyputaformulalike=SUM(A1:A100)youwillgeterrormessageoncetherowsaredeleted.

Intheexamplefileexceltovba.com-INDIRECT.xls(sheetname:Result)wehaveusedtheformula=INDIRECT(D1&”!”&D2)toretrievethevaluefromothersheets.BychangingtheSheetnameandcellreferenceyouwillgetthevaluefromtherespectivesheets.

7.10.LOOKUPUsethisfunctionwhenyouneedtolookinasingleroworcolumnandfindavaluefromthesamepositioninasecondroworcolumn.TherearetwowaysforthisfunctionVectorformandArrayform

VectorForm

Usethisformtosearchoneroworonecolumnforavalue.Wewillelaborateusingexample.

Syntax:

LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,[result_vector])

Parameterlist:

lookup_value-avaluethatLOOKUPsearchesforinthefirstvector.Itcanbeanumber,text,alogicalvalue,oranameorreferencethatreferstoavalue.IftheLOOKUPfunctioncan’tfindthelookup_valuethefunctionreturnsthevaluewhichislessthanorequalto

lookup_value.

lookup_vector-arangethatcontainsonlyoneroworonecolumn.Thevaluesinlookup_vectorcanbetext,numbers,orlogicalvalues.

result_vector[Optional]–arangethatcontainsonlyoneroworcolumn.Theresult_vectorargumentmustbethesamesizeaslookup_vector.Ithastobethesamesize.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-LOOKUP.xlsxSheet1

Inthisexamplefirstwearesearchingfor14.19incolumnAandifitmatchedwearegettingthevalueagainstcolumnBthatisinthesamerow.

Secondwearesearchingfor15.75incolumnAandsinceitisnotmatching,matchesthenearestsmallervalue(15.17),andreturnsthevaluefromcolumnBthatisinthesamerow.

Thirdwearesearchingfor17.66incolumnAandsinceitisnotmatching,matchesthenearestsmallervalue(16.39),andreturnsthevaluefromcolumnBthatisinthesamerow.

Looksup0incolumnA,andreturnsanerrorbecause0islessthanthesmallestvalue(14.14)incolumnA.

Pointstonote.

Thevaluesinlookup_vectormustbeplacedinascendingorder:…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…,A-Z,FALSE,TRUE;otherwise,LOOKUPmightnotreturnthecorrectvalue.

Lookupisnotcasesensitive,Uppercaseandlowercasetextareequivalent.

Iflookup_valueissmallerthanthesmallestvalueinlookup_vector,LOOKUPreturnsthe#N/Aerrorvalue.

Arrayform

ThisformofLOOKUPisprovidedforcompatibilitywithotherspreadsheetprograms,butitsfunctionalityislimited,insteadyoucanuseVLOOKUPorHLOOKUP.

ThearrayformofLOOKUPisverysimilartotheHLOOKUPandVLOOKUPfunctions.ThedifferenceisthatHLOOKUPsearchesforthevalueoflookup_valueinthefirstrow,VLOOKUPsearchesinthefirstcolumn,andLOOKUPsearchesaccordingtothedimensionsofarray.ThelimitationoftheLOOKUPfunctionisyouwillalwaysgetthe

lastvalueintheroworcolumn,youcannotgetthein-betweenvalues.

SoyoumustuseVLOOKUPorHLOOKUP.

7.11.MATCHThisfunctionsearchesforspecifiediteminarangeofcellsandreturnstherelativepositionofthatitemintherange.Forexample,iftherangeA1:A3containsthevalues8,39,and54,thentheformula

=MATCH(39,A1:A3,0)returnsthenumber2,39istheseconditemintherange.

Syntax:

=MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,[match_type])

Parameterlist:

lookup_value-thevaluetomatchinlookup_array.

lookup_array-arangeofcellsoranarrayreference.

match_type-[optional]Howtomatch,specifiedas-1,0,or1.Defaultis1.

Matchtypeinformation

Ifmatch_typeis1,MATCHfindsthelargestvaluethatislessthanorequaltolookup_value.Thelookup_arraymustbesortedinascendingorder.

Ifmatch_typeis0,MATCHfindsthefirstvalueexactlyequaltolookup_value.lookup_arraydoesnotneedtobesorted.

Ifmatch_typeis-1,MATCHfindsthesmallestvaluethatisgreaterthanorequaltolookup_value.Thelookup_arraymustbesortedindescendingorder.

Ifmatch_typeisomitted,itisassumedtobe1.

Pointstonote.

Matchisnotcase-sensitive.

Matchreturnsthe#N/Aerrorifnomatchisfound

Ifmatch_typeis0andlookup_valueistext,lookup_valuecancontainthewildcardcharactersasterisk(*)andquestionmark(?).Anasteriskmatchesanysequenceofcharacters;aquestionmarkmatchesanysinglecharacter.

Example1:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MATCH.xlsxSheet1

InthisexamplefirstwearefindingoutthepositionofthenameMelvinfromthesefournamesasyoucanseeMelvinisinsecondpositionandwewillgettheansweras2andinthemarks50isin3rdpositionoutofthefourmarksmentionedsowewillgettheansweras3.

Example2:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MATCH.xlsxSheet2usingmatch_type0

Inthisexamplefileweareusingmatch_type0asthirdparameterforexactmatchsoitisnotmandatorytosortthelistandthefunctionwillcheckonlyexactmatch,ifitisnotmatchedthe#NAerrorisreturned.

Youcanseetheascendinganddescendinglistgivestheexactmatch.

TheWrongValuelistcannotfindanexactmatch,sothe#NAerrorisreturned.

Example2:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MATCH.xlsxSheet3usingmatch_type1

Inthisexamplefileweareusingmatch_type1asthirdparametertofindtheexactmatchorlessthanlookup_value.Ifyouareusingthematch_type1asthirdparameterthenthelistshouldbeascendingorderotherwiseitwillreturn#NAerror.

SotheAscendinglistgivestheexactmatchandtheDescendinglistgivesthe#NAerror.

TheWrongValuelistfindsthenextlowestnumberbecausethereisnoexactmatchforthevalue25andsincethelistisinascendingorderitwillfindnextlowestnumberwhichis20.

Example3:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MATCH.xlsxSheet4usingmatch_type-1

Inthisexamplefileweareusingmatch_type-1asthirdparametertofindstheexactmatchorgreaterthanlookup_value.Thelistshouldbesortedindescendingorder

TheAscendinglistgivesthe#NAerror.

TheDescendinglistgivestheexactmatch.

TheWrongValuelistfindsthenexthighestnumberbutbecauseitinascendingorderitwillreturn#NAerror.

7.12.OFFSETThisfunctioncreatesareferenceoffsetfromgivenstartingpointandreturnsacellreference.Thestartingpointcanbeonecellorarangeofcells,andtheoffsetissuppliedasrowsorcolumns“offset”fromthestartingpoint.Theheightandwidthargumentsareoptionalanddeterminethesizeofthereferencethatiscreated.

Syntax:

=OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,[height],[width])

Parameterlist:

reference-thestartingpoint,suppliedasacellreferenceorrange.

rows-thenumberofrowstooffsetbelowthestartingreference.

cols-thenumberofcolumnstooffsettotherightofthestartingreference.

height-[optional]Theheightinrowsofthereturnedreference.

width-[optional]Thewidthincolumnsofthereturnedreference.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-OFFSET.xlsx

Inthisexamplefirstwearegettingthevalue18byoffsettingfromcellreferenceC1,3rowsdownand0column(samecolumn).

Likethatwearegettingthevalue74byoffsettingfromthecellB2,2rowsdownand2columnsright.

AndlastwearecalculatingthesumofthecellrangeD3:D5.FirstweareoffsettingfromA2cell1rowdownand3columnrighttoreachthecellreference.FourthandFifthparametersspecifytherowsandcolumnstoinclude.Fourthparameteris3soitwillinclude3rowsfromD3andonlyinclude1column(fifthparameteris1).

Pointstonote.

OFFSETcanbeusedtobuildadynamicnamedrangeforchartsorpivottables,tomakesurethatsourcedataisalwaysuptodate.

OFFSETonlyreturnsareference,nocellsormoved.

Bothrowsandcolscanbesuppliedasnegativenumberstoreversetheirnormaloffsetdirection-negativecolsoffsettotheleft,andnegativerowsoffsetabove.

OFFSETisa“volatile”formula;itisrecalculatedwheneverthereisanychangetoaworksheet.ItcanslowdownExcelinacomplicatedworksheet.

OFFSETwilldisplaythe#REF!errorvalueiftheoffsetisoutsidetheedgeoftheworksheet.

Whenheightorwidthisomitted,theheightandwidthofreferenceisused.

OFFSETcanbeusedwithanyotherfunctionthatexpectstoreceiveareference.

7.13.ROWThisfunctionreturnstherownumberofareference.Ifyouhavegivenacellrangethenitwillreturnthefirstcellrangerownumber.So=ROW(B2)willreturn2and=ROW(C2:C9)willalsoreturn2sinceitwillreturnonlythefirstrownumberoftherange.Ifyouentertheformulawithoutargumentslikethis=ROW()inacellitwillreturntherownumberoftheparticularcellyouhaveenteredthefunction.

Syntax:

=ROW([reference])

Parameterlist:

reference–[optional]areferencetoacellorrangeofcells.

7.14.ROWSThisfunctionreturnsthenumberofrowsinanarrayorreference.

Syntax:

=ROWS(array)

Parameterlist:

array-referencetoacellorrangeofcells.

UseROWStogettherowcountofareference.Forexample,theformula=ROWS(A1:A10)returnsthenumber10asthereare10rowsinthisrangefromA1toA10.

7.15.TRANSPOSEThisfunctionconvertsverticalrangeofcelltohorizontalandhorizontalrangeofcellstoverticalandreturnsanarrayinaneworientation.SincethisisanarrayfunctionyouhavetopressCtrl+Shift+Enterafterselectingandenteringthisformulatothecellsyouwantthenewvaluestobepasted.

Syntax:

=TRANSPOSE(array)

Parameterlist:

array-thearrayorrangeofcellstotranspose.

Thenewarraymustoccupythesamenumberofrowsasthesourcearrayhascolumns,andthesamenumberofcolumnsasthesourcearrayhasrows.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-OFFSET.xlsx

InthisexamplefirstwehavetoselectthecellrangeF1:J4(youshouldselectthe5columnsasthereare5rowstoconvertandyoushouldselect4rowsasthereare4columnstoconvert).

Entertheformula=TRANSPOSE(A1:D5)andpressCtrl+Shift+Entertoconverttoarrayformulaandthecolumnsandrowswillgettransposed.

7.16.VLOOKUPVlookupisoneoftheversatileandpowerfulformulasinExcelandisusedextensivelyforcomparingexcelsheets,dataextractingetc.VlookupmeansVerticallookup.Thisfunctionsearchesthevalueyouprovideinatableorcellranges(searchesinthetable’sfirstcolumn)andreturnsthevalueinthesamerowaccordingtothecolumnnumberyouspecify.

Syntax:

VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_lookup])

Parameterlist:

Lookup_value-thevaluetosearchfor,likeifyouwanttosearchthenameJohnisavailableinotherlistthenyouwillselectthecellwiththenameJohn.

table_array-wherewearegoingtosearch,itwilldefinitelybeagroupofcellsortableinsamesheetorothersheetorotherworkbook.

col_index_num-thecolumnnumberinthetablefromwhichtoretrieveavalue.

range_lookup-[optional]TRUE=approximatematch(default).FALSE=exactmatch.

Rightnowtheparameterslooksconfusingbutdon’tworryonceIexplainusingexamplesyouwillfinditveryeasy.

VlookupusingtherangelookupFALSE.

Example1:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-VLOOKUP1.xlsx

InthisexamplewewanttofindthemarksearnedbyeachStudents.

FirstwearegoingtosearchthenameJohninthecellrangeC7:F10,sofirstweenterthenameJohnasfirstparameterindoublequotesaswearesearchingatext,andsecondparameterweareenteringthecellrangeC7:F10wherewearegoingtosearch.

ThirdparameterwearespecifyingthecolumnindexnumberfromthecellrangeC7:F10sincethestartingcolumnisCitisthefirstcolumnnumber,Dthesecondcolumnnumber,EthethirdoneandFthefourthone.Andfourthparameterweareputting0orFalsetogetanexactmatch.

ThepointtobenotedhereisthecellrangeC7:F10theCcolumn(firstcolumn)musthavethevalueJohnwhatwearesearching,thenonlyVLOOKUPwillworkotherwiseitwillgivea#N/Aerror.

Inthisexamplewearehardcodingthevaluewearesearchingandthisisnotandefficientway.SowewillmakesomechangetomakethelifeeasierinthesecondExample.

Pointstonote.

VLOOKUPonlylooksfromlefttotheright,inthiscaseiftheNamecolumn(C)comesaftertheChemistrycolumn(F)thenthisfunctionwon’twork,eitheryouhavetocopythenamecolumntothelefthandsideoryoucanusethefunctionsINDEXandMATCHclubbedtogethertoovercomethislimitation.

VLOOKUPwillalwayslookforthefirstmatchonly.IftherearetwopersonswithsamenamethenVLOOKUPwillretrievethefirstvalueonly.IntheaboveexampleifthereisonemorepersonwhosenameisJohnthenyouwon’tbeabletoretrievethedataofthat

person.

VLOOKUPisnotcasesensitive,thenameJohnorJOHNorJoHnistreatedassame.

IfyouchangethecellrangebyinsertingordeletingthecolumnsthentheVLOOKUPvaluewillgivewronganswer.IntheaboveexampleifyoudeletethePhysicscolumnthenMathscolumnwillbecomethesecondcolumnandyouwillgetawronganswer.

Sometimesdatayouseewilllooklikeanumberbutitmaybeformattedastext.InthiscaseyouhavechangethetexttonumberusingtheVALUEfunction.

Youwillget#N/Aerrorifthedatayouaresearchingisnotthere.IfthenameJohnisnottherethenyouwillgetthiserror.

Alsoifyouenterthewrongcol_index_numyouwillgetoutofreferenceerrorlikethis#REF!.Intheaboveexampleifyouenter7asthethirdparameteryouwillgetthiserrorasthereareonlyfourcolumnstoretrievedata.

BeforewritingtheVlookupformulayoumustcheckthedatacolumnsyouarecomparingdoesnotcontainanyleadingandtrailingspaceasthiswillgivewrongresultsasthedatayouareseeingandactualdatamaybeofdifferentlength.SayifthenameyouareseeingisJohnbutthedatalengthmaybefivebecauseofthetrailingorleadingspace.Insuchcasesyouhavetousethetrimfunctiontoeliminatethesespaces.

Example2:


InthisexampleinsteadofhardcodingthefirstandthirdparameterswearesupplyingthesameascellreferencesE7andE8sothatyoucanchangethenameandthecolumnnumberintherespectivecellstogettheresultseasily.AlsoifyouwantyoucangiveanametothecellrangelikeMarksorTotalmarkssotheformulawillbeeasytoreadlikethis=VLOOKUP(F7,Marks,F8,0).

Example3:

ClubbingVLOOKUPwithMATCHforafullydynamiccolumnindex


InthisexamplefileweareclubbingVLOOKUPwithMATCHtocreateadynamicVLOOKUPsothatwecancomparedataverticallyandhorizontallyinasinglego.InthefirstandsecondparameteroftheVLOOKUPwearecheckingthesparepartnameisavailableinCostTableandifitistherewewillfetchthedataaccordingtothecolumnnumberderivedfromMATCHfunction.

AsthirdparameterweareenteringtheMATCHfunctionlikethisMATCH(A2,$B$16:$F$16,0)+1.Whatthismeansiswearematchingthecompanynameandifitmatchesthecostwillbepickedfromtheparticularcolumnandinordertogivetheexactcolumnnameweshouldadd1tomatchvaluetogivetheVLOOKUPthecorrectcolumnnumberasVLOOKUPstartscomparingfromCOLUMNA.

HereweareaddingthedollarsigninthesecondandthirdparameterinordertolockthecellrangewearelookingsothatwhenyoucopydowntheformulaVLOOKUPwillstillsearchthesameCosttable.

VlookupwithRange_lookupTrue

AnothergreatuseofVlookupistoautomaticallycategorizethedataaccordingtoyourspecification.Sayifyouwanttoawardgradestothestudentsintheschoolaccordingtothemarkstheyearnedorifyouwanttocategorizethesalespersonaccordingtotheirperformanceyoucanmakeuseofthisproperty.

Example4:


InthisfilewearefindingoutstudentsGradesaccordingtotheGradeCriteriayouhavecreated.ThemainthingtorememberisthefirstcolumnoftheGradeCriteriashouldbein

ascendingorderotherwiseitwillgivewrongresultsandFcolumnisaddedforyoutoseetheGradesvisuallyandisnotrequiredforcalculation.

Formulaused=VLOOKUP(B2,$E$2:$G$7,3,TRUE)

FirstwearecomparingBcolumnwiththeEcolumnandthengetthecorrespondingrowvalueintheGColumn.SofirstwecomparetheJohn’smark,theVLOOKUPwillcheckwhetherthevalue99isthereintheGradescriteriacolumnEandifitdoesn’tfinditwillfallbacktothenextvaluewhichis90andsincewehavegiventhethirdparameteras3itwillpickfromthethirdcolumnwhichisA.

LikewiseforArnolditwillcheck58isthere,ifitisnotthereitwillfallbacktothenextvaluewhichis50andwewillgettheGradeEandifyoucopythewholeformuladownyouwillgetthegradesforallstudents.

Pointstonote.

WehaveusedTRUEasthefourthparameter,youcanuse1insteadorelseyoucanomitthisbecausebydefaultthefourthparameterisTRUE.

Asyoucanseeinthesecondparameterwehaveuseddollarsignin-betweenthecellreference,thisisusedtochangethecellreferencefromrelativetoabsolute.InotherwordsthisisusedforlockingthecellssothatwhenyoucopydowntheVLOOKUPformulaitshouldalwayssearchinsidethecellrangeE3toG8.Trycopyingdownwithoutthedollarsignandseewhathappens.

IftheGradesCriteriaisinseparateworkbookthenyoudon’thavetoputtheDollarsignitwillautomaticallyinsertedintotheformulaotherwiseyoucanmanuallyenterbyhittingtheF4keyafterenteringthesecondcriteria.

HowtohandletheErrors

SayifyouwanttoVLOOKUPthedataandbasedontheVLOOKUPdatayouwantto

performsomecalculations.InthefirstexampleifJohnisnottherethenwewillget#N/AErrorandwhatevercalculationsyouaregoingtodowillgowrong.

InthiscaseyoushouldgoforonemoreerrorcheckingfunctionISNAfunction.Itbasicallytests#N/AErrorandreturnsTRUE,otherwisethefunctionreturnsFALSE.SoIwilladdonemorelayertothefirstVLOOKUPformula,beforetheVLOOKUPwewilladdISNAlikethis.

=ISNA(VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet2!$B$2:$C$9,2,0))

SothisfunctionwillreturnTrueif#N/AErroristhereandFalseifnot.Butstillifyouwanttodosomecalculationsitwon’tbeofanyuseifwegettheanswerasTrueorFalse.SoIamaddingonemorelayerifthevalueisthereweshouldgetthevalueotherwiseweshouldget0.ForthatyoucanusetheIFformula.Hopeyouremembertheformula.

If(logicaltest,valueiftrue,valueifwrong)

Inthefirstparameterwewillputtheformula

=ISNA(VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet2!$B$2:$C$9,2,0))

andifthisistruethenweshouldget0sowewillput0assecondparameterandinthethirdparameteragainwewillwritethesameVlookupformulawithoutISNAfunctionlikethisVLOOKUP(A2,Sheet2!$B$2:$C$9,2,0)sothatyoushouldgettheanswerifthevalueispresent.Soifyoucluballthreeparameterstheformulawilllooklikethis.

=IF(ISNA(VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet2!$B$2:$C$9,2,0)),0,(VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet2!$B$2:$C$9,2,0)))

PointstoconsiderwhenusingVLOOKUP.

VLOOKUPcannotlookuptotheleftofthecolumn,ifthedatayouarelookingisontheleftsideofthetableyouarelookingthenyouwon’tbeabletogetthedetails.

AlsoifyouaredoingVLOOKUPforlargechunksofdatathenitwillslowdowntheExcelconsiderably.InthiscaseyoucanusetheINDEXandMATCHfunctionclubbedtogethertobehavelikeVLOOKUPfunction.

8.MathandTrigonometry8.1.ABSThisfunctionsreturnstheabsolutevalueofanumber.

Syntax:

ABS(number)

Parameterlist:

number-therealnumberofwhichyouwanttheabsolutevalue.

Asyoucanseeitremovesallthenegativesignfromthenumbersasintheexamplegivenbelow.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-ABS.xls

Pleaseopensheet2inthesameexamplefileandherewearefindingthetotalofallthevaluesinBcolumnirrespectiveofthesignbeitpositiveornegative.

o

HereyoucanseeintheB10cellwehavecalculatedthetotalsum,SUMfunctionwilladjustthepositiveandnegativevaluesyouwillgetthedifferenceofpositiveandnegativevalues.Butifyouwanttogetthetotalofallirrespectiveofthesignthenwewillusethisformula=SUM(ABS(B2:B8))andpressCtrl+Shift+Entersothatthisformulawillbechangedtoarrayformulalikethis{=SUM(ABS(B2:B8))}andyouwillgettheSUMofallthevaluesirrespectiveofthesign.

WhatthisformuladoesisitwillcreateanarrayinthememorywithabsolutevaluesandthenaddupallthevaluestogivebacktheSUM.

Ifyoudon’twanttousearrayformulayoucanusetheformulalikethis=SUMPRODUCT(ABS(B2:B9)).SUMPRODUCTusuallymultipliesthearraysandwillmakeatotalofthemultipliedvalues.SinceherethereisonlyonearrayB2:B9SUMPRODUCTfunctionwilljustaddupallthevalueafterconvertingtoabsolutevaluesandyouwillgetthetotalofthesame.

8.2.AGGREGATEThisisanewfunctionintroducedinExcel2010andisveryversatilefunction,somanyfunctionsclubbedtogethertothissinglefunction.TheaggregatefunctioncanbeusedasSUM,COUNT,MIN,AVERAGEdependsuponthefunction_numyouspecify.=AGGREGATE(9,0,A1:A2)willfindtheSUMofthecellsA1andA2,=AGGREGATE(1,0,A1:A2)willfindtheAVERAGEofthecellsA1andA2.

TherearetwoformsforthisfunctionReferenceformandArrayform

REFERENCEFORM

Syntax:

AGGREGATE(function_num,options,ref1,[ref2],…)

function_num-anumber1through13tospecifythefunction,asshowninthefunction_numTablebelow.

options-anumberthatdetermineswhichvaluestoignoreintheevaluationrangeforthefunction,asshownintheoptionsTablebelow.

ref1-thefirstreferenceornumericargumentforwhichyouwanttheaggregatevalue.

ref2[Optional].referencesornumericarguments2to253forwhichyouwanttheaggregatevalue.

ARRAYFORM

Syntax:

AGGREGATE(function_num,options,array,[k])

function_num-anumberfrom14to19thatspecifieswhichfunction,asshowninthefunction_numTablebelow.

options-anumberthatdetermineswhichvaluestoignoreintheevaluationrangeforthefunction,asshownintheOptionsTablebelow.

array-anarray,anarrayformula,orareferencetoarangeofcellsforwhichyouwanttheaggregatevalue.

k-eachofthesixArray-Formfunctions(LARGE,SMALL,PERCENTILE.INC,QUARTILE.INC,PERCENTILE.EXCandQUARTILE.EXCrequiresasecondargument.

Pointstonote.

Thefunctionwillnotignorehiddenrows,nestedsubtotalsornestedaggregatesifthearrayargumentincludesacalculation,forexample:=AGGREGATE(14,3,A1:A10*(A1:A10>0),1)

Ifasecondrefargumentisrequiredbutnotprovided,AGGREGATEreturnsa#VALUE!error.

Ifoneormoreofthereferencesare3-Dreferences,AGGREGATEreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

TheAGGREGATEfunctionisdesignedforcolumnsofdata,orverticalranges.

Function_numTable

Function_numFunction––––––-SyntaxForm

1––––––-AVERAGEReference

2––––––-COUNTReference

3––––––-COUNTAReference

4––––––-MAXReference

5––––––-MINReference

6––––––-PRODUCTReference

7––––––-STDEV.SReference

8––––––-STDEV.PReference

9––––––-SUMReference

10–––––—VAR.SReference

11–––––—VAR.PReference

12–––––—MEDIANReference

13–––––—MODE.SNGLReference

14–––––—LARGEArray

15–––––—SMALLArray

16–––––—PERCENTILE.INC–––-Array

17–––––—QUARTILE.INCArray

18–––––—PERCENTILE.EXCArray

19–––––—QUARTILE.EXCArray

SecondparameterOptionsisanumericalvaluethatdetermineswhichvaluestoignorefromtherangeyouspecify.Detailsoftheoptionnumberandtheirbehaviorgivenbelow.

OptionsTable

OptionBehavior

0oromittedIgnorenestedSUBTOTALandAGGREGATEfunctions

1Ignorehiddenrows,nestedSUBTOTALandAGGREGATEfunctions

2Ignoreerrorvalues,nestedSUBTOTALandAGGREGATEfunctions

3Ignorehiddenrows,errorvalues,nestedSUBTOTALandAGGREGATEfunctions

4Ignorenothing

5Ignorehiddenrows

6Ignoreerrorvalues

7Ignorehiddenrowsanderrorvalues

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-AGGREGATE.xlsx

Inthisexamplewearefirstcalculatingthemaximumvaluewhileignoringerrorvaluesintherange.=AGGREGATE(4,6,A2:A12).Firstparameterinthisfunctionis6sothisfunctionwillcalculateMAXvaluewhileignoringtheerrorvalueswhichisspecifiedinthesecondparameteras6fromtherangesupplied.

Secondwearecalculatingthemedianwhileignoringerrorvaluesintherange.

Andthelastthreeweareusingthearrayform.

Thirdwearegettinga#VALUE!errorbecauseAGGREGATEisexpecting(functionSMALL)asecondrefargument,itisanarrayform,soyoushouldprovidethefourthparameter.

Fourthonecalculatesthe2ndsmallestitemwhileignoringerrorvaluesintherange.

Fifthonecalculatesthe3rdlargestvaluewhileignoringerrorvaluesintherange.

8.3.CEILINGThisfunctionroundsanumberupawayfromzerotothenearestspecifiedmultipleandreturnvaluewillbearoundednumber.

Syntax:

=CEILING(number,significance)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberyouwanttoround.

significance-themultipletowhichyouwanttoround.

Pointstonote.

Ifeitherargumentisnonnumeric,CEILINGreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Regardlessofthesignofnumber,avalueisroundedupwhenadjustedawayfromzero.Ifnumberisanexactmultipleofsignificance,noroundingoccurs.

Ifnumberisnegative,andsignificanceisnegative,thevalueisroundeddown,awayfromzero.

Ifnumberisnegative,andsignificanceispositive,thevalueisroundeduptowardszero.

Examples:

=CEILING(5.5,1)Rounds5.5uptonearestmultipleof1whichis6.

=CEILING(-5.5,-2)Rounds-5.5uptonearestmultipleof-2whichis-6.

=CEILING(-5.5,2)Rounds-5.5uptonearestmultipleof2whichis-4.

=CEILING(6.5,0.1)Rounds6.5uptothenearestmultipleof0.1whichis6.5.

=CEILING(0.586,0.01)Rounds0.586uptothenearestmultipleof0.01whichis0.59.

8.4.CEILING.PRECISEThisfunctionreturnsanumberthatisroundeduptothenearestintegerortothenearestmultipleofsignificance.Regardlessofthesignofthenumber,thenumberisroundedupandifthenumberorthesignificanceiszero,zeroisreturned.

Syntax::

CEILING.PRECISE(number,[significance])

Parameterlist:

number-thevaluetoberounded.

Significance[optional]-themultipletowhichnumberistoberounded.Ifsignificanceisomitted,itsdefaultvalueis1.

Examples:

=CEILING.PRECISE(8.3)Rounds8.3uptothenearestmultipleof1whichis9.

=CEILING.PRECISE(-8.3)Rounds-8.3uptothenearestmultipleof1,roundstoward0becausethenumberisnegativeandwewillgettheanswer-8.

=CEILING.PRECISE(8.3,2)Rounds8.3uptothenearestmultipleof2whichis10.

=CEILING.PRECISE(8.3,-2)Rounds8.3uptothenearestmultipleof-2whichis10.

=CEILING.PRECISE(-8.3,2)Rounds-8.3uptothenearestmultipleof2,roundstoward0becausethenumberisnegativeandwewillgettheanswer-8.

=CEILING.PRECISE(-8.3,-2)Rounds-8.3uptothenearestmultipleof-2andwewillget-8.

8.5.COMBINThisfunctionreturnsthenumberofcombinationsforagivennumberofitems.

Syntax:

COMBIN(number,number_chosen)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberofitems.

number_chosen-thenumberofitemsineachcombination.

Forexample=COMBIN(6,2)wewillgettheansweras15asthereare15combinationswecanmakewithouttheduplicateentry.Forany6objects(eg.p,q,r,s,t,u)thereare15differentcombinationsof2objects.Theseare:pq,pr,ps,pt,pu,qr,qs,qt,qu,rs,rt,ru,st,su,tu.

Pointstonote.

IfeitherargumentNumberorNumber_chosenisnonnumeric,COMBINreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifnumber<0ornumber_chosen<0ornumber<number_chosenCOMBINreturnsthe#NUM!errorvalue.

8.6.EVENThisfunctionroundsanumberuptothenextevenintegerandreturnsaneveninteger.

Syntax:

=EVEN(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertorounduptoaneveninteger.

Pointstonote.

Ifnumberisnonnumeric,EVENreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Thenegativenumbersarerounded“up”awayfromzero,sotheyactuallybecomemorenegative.

Examples:

=EVEN(4.5)Rounds4.5tothenearesteveninteger6.

=EVEN(5)Rounds5tothenearesteveninteger6.

=EVEN(4)Rounds4tothenearesteveninteger4.

=EVEN(-3)Rounds-3tothenearesteveninteger-4.

8.7.EXPThisfunctionfindsthevalueoferaisedtothepowerofanumber.Theconstanteequals2.71828182845904,thebaseofthenaturallogarithm.

Syntax:

=EXP(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thepowerthateisraisedto.

Examples:

=EXP(1)wewillgettheapproximatevalueofewhichis2.71828183

=EXP(2)wewillgetthebaseofthenaturallogarithmeraisedtothepowerof2whichis7.3890561.

8.8.FACTThisfunctionfindsthefactorialofanumber.Thefactorialofanumberisequalto

1*2*…*number.Forexamplefactorialof4is1x2x3x4whichis24.

Syntax:

=FACT(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertogetthefactorialof.

Pointstonote.

Thenumbermustnotbenegativeoryouwillgetanerrorvalue.

Ifthenumberisnotanintegeritwillbetruncated.

Examples:

=FACT(4)Factorialof4,or1*2*3*4is24.

=FACT(2.9)Factorialoftheintegerof2.9is2.

=FACT(0)Factorialof0is1.

=FACT(-5)Factorialofanegativenumberreturnsanerrorvalue#NUM!.

=FACT(1)Factorialof1is1.

8.9.FACTDOUBLEThisfunctionreturnsthedoublefactorialofanumber.

Syntax:

FACTDOUBLE(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thevalueforwhichtoreturnthedoublefactorial.Ifnumberisnotaninteger,itistruncated.

Pointstonote.

Ifnumberisnonnumeric,FACTDOUBLEreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifnumberisnegative,FACTDOUBLEreturnsthe#NUM!errorvalue.

Ifnumberisevenitwillmultiplyalltheevennumberstothenumber.

Ifnumberisodditwillmultiplyalltheoddnumberstothenumber.

Examples:

=FACTDOUBLE(4)because4isanevennumberthedoublefactorialisequivalentto4*2andwewillget8astheanswer.

=FACTDOUBLE(6)because6isanevennumberthedoublefactorialisequivalentto6*4*2andwewillget48astheanswer

=FACTDOUBLE(5)because5isanoddnumberthedoublefactorialisequivalentto5*3

andwewillget15astheanswer.

=FACTDOUBLE(7)because7isanoddnumberthedoublefactorialisequivalentto7*5*3andwewillget105astheanswer.

8.10.FLOORThisfunctionwillroundanumberdowntothenearestspecifiedmultipleandreturnsaroundednumber.

Syntax:

=FLOOR(number,multiple)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberthatshouldberounded.

multiple-themultipletousewhenrounding.

Pointstonote.

Ifeitheroftheparametersisnonnumeric,FLOORreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifnumberispositiveandsignificanceisnegative,FLOORreturnsthe#NUM!errorvalue.

Ifthesignofnumberisnegativethevalueisroundeddownandadjustedawayfromzero.Ifnumberisanexactmultipleofsignificance,noroundingoccurs.

Examples:

=FLOOR(5.7,2)Rounds5.7downtonearestmultipleof2whichis4.

=FLOOR(-5.5,-2)Rounds-5.5downtonearestmultipleof-2whichis-4.

=FLOOR(2.5,-2)Returnsanerrorvalue,because2.5and-2havedifferentsigns#NUM!.

=FLOOR(2.58,0.1)Rounds2.58downtothenearestmultipleof0.1whichis2.5.

=FLOOR(0.334,0.01)Rounds0.334downtothenearestmultipleof0.01whichis0.33.

8.11.FLOOR.PRECISEThisfunctionreturnsanumberthatisroundeddowntothenearestintegerortothenearestmultipleofsignificance.Itignoresthesignofthenumberandthenumberisroundeddown.However,ifthenumberorthesignificanceiszero,zeroisreturned.

Syntax:

FLOOR.PRECISE(number,[significance])

Parameterlist:

number-thevaluetoberounded.

significance[optional]themultipletowhichnumberistoberounded.Ifsignificanceisomitted,itsdefaultvalueis1.

Examples:

=FLOOR.PRECISE(-6.2,-1)rounds-6.2downtothenearestmultipleof-1to-7.

=FLOOR.PRECISE(6.2,1)rounds6.2downtothenearestmultipleof1to6.

=FLOOR.PRECISE(-6.2,1)rounds-6.2downtothenearestmultipleof1to-7.

=FLOOR.PRECISE(6.2,-1)rounds6.2downtothenearestmultipleof-1to6.

=FLOOR.PRECISE(6.2)rounds6.2downtonearestmultipleof1to6.

8.12.GCDThisfunctionreturnsthegreatestcommondivisoroftwoormorenumbers.Thegreatestcommondivisoristhelargestintegerthatdividesbothnumber1andnumber2withoutaremainder.

Syntax:

=GCD(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1-thefirstnumber.

number2-[optional]thesecondnumber.

TheGCDfunctioncanacceptupto255numbersasarguments.

Examples:

=GCD(7,2)Greatestcommondivisorof7and2is1.




8.13.INTThisfunctionroundsthenumbertotheintegerbyroundingdown.Forexample,INT(8.99)returnsthenumber8andINT(-9.8)willgiveyoumorenegativenumber-10asINTfunctionwillalwaysrounddown.

Syntax:

=INT(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberfromwhichyouwantaninteger.

TRUNCandINTaresimilarfunctions.TRUNCremovesthefractionalpartofthenumber.INTroundsnumbersdowntothenearestintegerbasedonthevalueofthefractionalpartofthenumber.INTandTRUNCaredifferentonlywhenusingnegativenumbers;TRUNC(-8.3)returns-8butINT(-8.3)returns-9because-9isthelowestnumber.

8.14.LCMThisfunctionreturnstheleastcommonmultipleofthenumberornumbers.

Syntax:

=LCM(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1-thefirstnumber.

number2-[optional]thesecondnumber.

UsetheLCMfunctionwhenyouwanttocalculatetheleastcommonmultipleofintegers.Theleastcommonmultipleisthesmallestpositiveintegerthatisamultipleofallofthenumberssuppliedasarguments.

Forexample,=LCM(3,4)returns12,since12isthesmallestmultipleofboth3and4.However,=LCM(3,4,5)returns60,since60isthesmallestmultipleofallthreenumbers.

Pointstonote.

Ifanyargumentisnonnumeric,LCMreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Ifanyargumentislessthanzero,LCMreturnsthe#NUM!errorvalue.

8.15.MODThisfunctionreturnstheremainderfromdivision.

Syntax:

=MOD(number,divisor)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberforwhichyouwanttofindtheremainder.

divisor-thenumberbywhichyouwanttodividenumber.

=MOD(16,4)youwillget0asreminderas16iscompletelydivisibleby4.

=MOD(35,3)youwillget2,3x11is33andthedifferencebetween35and33is2.

8.16.MROUND

Thisfunctionwillroundanumbertothenearestspecifiedmultiple.MROUNDroundsup,awayfromzero.Theroundinghappenswhendividingnumberbymultipleisgreaterthanorequaltohalfthevalueofmultiple.

Syntax:

=MROUND(number,multiple)

Parameterlist:

number-Thenumberthatshouldberounded.

multiple-Themultipletousewhenrounding.

=MROUND(11,3)Rounds11tothenearestmultipleof3whichis12.

=MROUND(-7,-3)Rounds-7tothenearestmultipleof-3whichis-6.

=MROUND(2.3,0.2)Rounds2.3tothenearestmultipleof0.2whichis2.4.

=MROUND(10,-3)Returnsthe#NUM!errormessagebecause-3and10havedifferentsignsandwillget#NUM!

8.17.ODDThisfunctionroundanumberuptothenearestoddinteger.

Syntax:

=ODD(number)

Parameterlist:

number-Thenumbertorounduptoanoddinteger.

Pointstonote.

Negativenumbersarerounded“up”,awayfromzero,sotheywillbecomemorenegative.

Ifthenumberisnonnumeric,ODDreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Examples:

=ODD(3.5)Rounds3.5uptothenearestoddinteger5.

=ODD(5)Rounds5uptothenearestoddinteger5.

=ODD(4)Rounds4uptothenearestoddinteger5.

=ODD(-3)Rounds-3uptothenearestoddinteger-3.

=ODD(-4)Rounds-4up(awayfrom0)tothenearestoddinteger-5.

8.18.PIThisfunctionreturnsthemathematicalconstantpi,3.14159265358979.

Syntax:

=PI()

ThereisnoargumentsforPI.

Examples:

=PI()Returnspi3.141592654.

=PI()/3Returnspidividedby3gives1.047197551.

=PI()*(A1^2)AreaofacirclewiththeradiusdescribedinA1(cellA1valueis4)gives50.26548246.

8.19.POWERThisfunctionreturnstheresultofanumberraisedtoapower.

Syntax:

POWER(number,power)

Parameterlist:

number-thebasenumber.Itcanbeanyrealnumber.

power-theexponenttowhichthebasenumberisraised.

Examples:

=POWER(4,2)4squaredmeans4x4willget16.

=POWER(4,3)means4x4x4willget64.

=POWER(58.3,4.1)58.3raisedtothepowerof4.1willget17347666.9011973.

=POWER(4,6/5)4raisedtothepowerof6/5willget5.27803164309158.

8.20.PRODUCTThisfunctionmultipliesallthenumbersgivenasargumentsandreturnstheproduct.=Product(A1,A2)willmultiplythetwonumbersinthecellA1andA2.

Syntax:

PRODUCT(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1-thefirstnumberorrangethatyouwanttomultiply.

number2[optional].additionalnumbersorrangesthatyouwanttomultiply,uptoamaximumof255arguments.

Pointstonote.

Ifanargumentisanarrayorreference,onlynumbersinthearrayorreferencearemultiplied.Emptycells,logicalvalues,andtextinthearrayorreferenceareignored.

Examples:

=PRODUCT(A1:A5)willmultiplythevaluesinA1toA5andreturnthePRODUCT.ItislikemultiplyingA1xA2XA3XA4XA5.

8.21.QUOTIENTThisfunctionreturnstheintegerportionofadivisionanddiscardthereminder.ForExample=QUOTIENT(5,2)wewillget2astheansweras2x2isfourandtheremainder1isdiscarded.=QUOTIENT(7,2)willgivetheanswer3as2x3is6andthebalance1isdiscarded.

Syntax:

QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)

Pointstonote.

numerator–thedividend.

denominator-thedivisor.

Ifeitherargumentisnonnumeric,QUOTIENTreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

Examples:

=QUOTIENT(7,2)Integerportionof7/2is3.

=QUOTIENT(9,2)Integerportionof9/2is4.

=QUOTIENT(5.5,4.1)Integerportionof4.5/3.1is1.

=QUOTIENT(-13,4)Integerportionof-10/3is-3.

8.22.RANDThisfunctionwillreturnarandomnumberbetween0and1andthereisnoargumentforthisfunction.Eachtimethepageisrefreshedorthefunctionisuseditwillgeneratedifferentvalues.

Syntax:

RAND()

Ifyoudon’twanttherandomnumberstobegeneratedyouhavetocopythecellandpasteitasvaluesusingpastespecial.

Orelseifyouwantgetarandomnumberthatdoesn’tchangewhentheworksheetiscalculated,enter=RAND()intheformulasbarandthenpressF9toconverttheformulaintoitsresult.

Alsotogenerateasetofrandomnumbersinmultiplecells,selectthecells,enterRAND()andpressControl+enter.

Togeneratearandomnumberbetweenaandb,usethisformula:RAND()*(b-a)+a.

8.23.RANDBETWEENThisfunctionwillreturnarandomintegerbetweentwovaluesyousupply.Forexample,=RANDBETWEEN(1,50)mightgeneratethenumber38RANDBETWEENcalculatesanewvalueeachtimetheworksheetiscalculated.

Syntax:

=RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)

Parameterlist:

bottom-anintegerrepresentingthelowervalueoftherange.

top-anintegerrepresentingthelowervalueoftherange.

Tostoprandomnumbersfrombeingupdated,copythecellsthatcontainRANDBETWEENandpasteitasvaluesusingpastespecial.Togenerateasetofrandomintegersinmultiplecells,selectthecells,entertheRANDBETWEENfunction,andpressControl+Enter.

Togetarandomnumberthatdoesn’tchangewhentheworksheetiscalculated,enterRANDBETWEENintheformulasbarandthenpressF9toconverttheformulaintoitsresult.

8.24.ROMANThisfunctionconvertsanArabicnumeraltoRoman,astext.

Syntax:

ROMAN(number,[form])

Parameterlist:

number-theArabicnumeralyouwantconverted.

form-anumberspecifyingthetypeofromannumeralyouwant.Theromannumeralstyle

rangesfromClassictoSimplified,becomingmoreconciseasthevalueofformincreases.

FormType

0oromittedClassic.

1Moreconcise.Seeexamplebelow.



4Simplified.

TRUEClassic.

FALSESimplified.

Pointstonote.

Ifnumberisnegative,the#VALUE!errorvalueisreturned.

Ifnumberisgreaterthan3999,the#VALUE!errorvalueisreturned.

Examples:

=ROMAN(599,0)Classicromannumeralstylefor599whichisDXCIX.

=ROMAN(599,1)Moreconciseversionfor599whichisDVCIV.

=ROMAN(599,2)Moreconciseversionfor599whichisDIC.

=ROMAN(599,3)Moreconciseversionfor599whichisDIC.

=ROMAN(599,4)Simplifiedversionfor599whichisDIC.

8.25.ROUNDThisfunctionroundsanumbertoagivennumberofdigits.=ROUND(45.2564,2)willgiveyou45.25,roundedtotwodecimalplaces.

Syntax:

=ROUND(number,num_digits)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertoround.

num_digits-thenumberofdigitstowhichnumbershouldberounded.

Pointstonote.

Roundworksbyroundingnumbers1-4down,androundingnumbers5-9up.

TheROUNDfunctionroundsnumberstoaspecifiedlevelofprecision.Itcanroundtotherightorleftofthedecimalpoint.

Ifnum_digits>0,numberisroundedtothespecifiednumberofdecimalplacestotherightofthedecimalpoint.

Ifnum_digits<0,numberisroundedtotheleftofthedecimalpoint(i.e.tothenearest10,100,1000,etc.).

Ifnum_digits=0,numberisroundedtothenearestinteger.

Examples:

=ROUND(32.85,1)Rounds32.85toonedecimalplaceas32.9.

=ROUND(4.859,1)Rounds4.859toonedecimalplaceas4.9.

=ROUND(-8.965,2)Rounds-8.965totwodecimalplacesas-8.97.

=ROUND(31.5,-1)Rounds31.5toonedecimalplacetotheleftofthedecimalpointto30.

=ROUND(546.3,-3)Rounds546.3tothreedecimalplacetotheleftofthedecimalpointto1000.

=ROUND(1.14,-1)Rounds1.14tothenearestmultipleof10,whichis0.

=ROUND(-60.55,-2)Rounds-60.55tothenearestmultipleof100whichis-100.

8.26.ROUNDDOWNThisfunctionroundsanumberdowntoagivennumberofdigitstowardszero.

Syntax:

=ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertorounddown.

num_digits-thenumberofdigitstowhichnumbershouldberoundeddown.

TheROUNDDOWNfunctionworksliketheROUNDfunctionexceptthatwhenrounding,theROUNDDOWNfunctionwillalwaysroundthenumbers1-9down.

TheROUNDDOWNfunctioncanroundeithertotheleftorrightofthedecimalpoint.

Ifnum_digits>0,numberisroundeddowntothespecifiednumberofdecimalplacestotherightofthedecimalpoint.

Ifnum_digits<0,numberisroundeddowntotheleftofthedecimalpoint(i.e.tothenearest10,100,1000,etc.).

Ifnum_digits=0,numberisroundeddowntothenearestinteger.

Examples:

=ROUNDDOWN(4.2,0)Rounds4.2downtozerodecimalplacesto4.

=ROUNDDOWN(89.9,0)Rounds89.9downtozerodecimalplacesto89.

=ROUNDDOWN(9.23687,3)Rounds9.23687downtothreedecimalplacesto9.236.

=ROUNDDOWN(-9.23687,1)Rounds-9.23687downtoonedecimalplaceto-9.2.

=ROUNDDOWN(98546.356994,-2)Rounds98546.356994downto2decimalplacestotheleftofthedecimalpointto98500.

8.27.ROUNDUPThisfunctionroundsanumberuptoagivennumberofdigits,awayfromzero.

Syntax:

=ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertoroundup.

num_digits-thenumberofdigitstowhichnumbershouldberoundedup.

Usagenotes:

TheROUNDUPfunctionworksliketheROUNDfunctionexceptthatwhenrounding,theROUNDUPfunctionwillalwaysroundthenumbers1-9up.

ROUNDUPcanroundeithertotheleftorrightofthedecimalpoint.

Ifnum_digits>0,numberisroundeduptothespecifiednumberofdecimalplacestotherightofthedecimalpoint.

Ifnum_digits<0,numberisroundeduptotheleftofthedecimalpoint(i.e.tothenearest10,100,1000,etc.).

Ifnum_digits=0,numberisroundeduptothenearestinteger.

Examples:

=ROUNDUP(4.2,0)Rounds4.2uptozerodecimalplacesto5.

=ROUNDUP(66.9,0)Rounds66.9uptozerodecimalplacesto67.

=ROUNDUP(8.56987,3)Rounds8.56987uptothreedecimalplacesto8.57.

=ROUNDUP(-9.47952,1)Rounds-9.47952uptoonedecimalplaceto-9.5.

=ROUNDUP(84555.92654,-2)Rounds84555.92654upto2decimalplacestotheleftofthedecimalpointto84600.

8.28.SQRTThisfunctionwillreturnthepositivesquarerootofanumber.

Syntax:

=SQRT(number)

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertogetthesquarerootof.

Pointstonote.

TheSQRTfunctionwillreturna#NUMerrorwhenaskedtotakethesquarerootofanegativenumber.

8.29.SUBTOTALThisfunctionwillcreateasubtotalinalistordatabase.

Syntax:

SUBTOTAL(function_num,ref1,[ref2],…)

Parameterlist:

function_num-anumberthatspecifieswhichfunctiontouseincalculatingsubtotalswithinalist.Detailsareprovidedbelow.

ref1-anamedrangeorcellreferencetosubtotal.

ref2-[optional]anamedrangeorcellreferencetosubtotal.

Function_numdetails.

Function_numFunction_numFunction

(includeshidden(ignoreshiddenname

values)values)

1101AVERAGE

2102COUNT

3103COUNTA

4104MAX

5105MIN

6106PRODUCT

7107STDEV

8108STDEVP

9109SUM

10110VAR

11111VARP

Pointstonote.

Function_numconstantsfrom1to11,theSUBTOTALfunctionincludesthevaluesofrowshidden.Forthefunction_numconstantsfrom101to111,theSUBTOTALfunctionignoresvaluesofrowshidden.

TheSUBTOTALfunctionignoresanyrowsthatarenotincludedintheresultofafilter,nomatterwhichfunction_numvalueyouuse.SoifyouhavefilteredanyvaluesandwanttofindtheSUMorAVERAGEofthefilteredvaluesyoushouldusethisfunctionasitdoesnotconsidertheunfilteredvalues.Forexample,cellA1hasthevalue10,A2has20andA3has30andifyoufilteroutthevalue10andusetheSUMformulayouwillgetthetotalas60butifyouusetheformulaSUBTOTALtofindoutthetotalthenyouwillgetonlyfilteredvaluestotalwhichis50.

TheSUBTOTALfunctionisdesignedforcolumnsofdata,orverticalranges.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUBTOTAL.xlsx

InthisexamplefirstwearecalculatingthesumofthesubtotalofthecellsA2:A5,using9asthefirstargument.9isforfindingthesumincludinganyhiddenrows.

SecondwearecalculatingtheaverageofthesubtotalofthecellsA2:A5,using1asthefirstargument.1isusedforfindingtheaverageincludinganyhiddenrows.

8.30.SUMSumformulaisoneoftheeasiestandthemostusedformulainExcel.ItisusedtofindtheSumofacellrangesorranges.

Syntax:

SUM(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1-firstnumberyouwanttoadd.Thenumbercanbelike5,acellreferencelikeA6,oracellrangelikeA2:A8.

number2–[Optional]-thesecondnumberyouwanttoadd.Youcanspecifyupto255additionalnumbersinthisway.

Youcanusetheformulaasshownbelow.

1. =SUM(25,65,78)2. =SUM(A1,A2,A3)assuming25,65,78inthecellsA1,A2,A3.3. =SUM(A1:A3)assuming25,65,78inthecellsA1,A2,A3.

Inallthesecasesyouwillget168astheanswer.Buttheeasiestwaytofindtheansweristhethirdone,SUM(A1:A3).

IfyouwanttofindthesumofthecellsfromA1toA20000,youcanjusttype=SUM(A1:A20000)inanyofthecells.

Example1:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUM.xlsxsheetnameOne.

InthisexampleyoucanseethetotalmarkscalculatedinthecellB9usingtheformula=SUM(B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7)aswellthetotalmarkscalculatedforthefirsttwostudentsusingtheformula=SUM(B2:B3)inthecellB10.

Alsoyoucanseethetotalmarksforsomeofthestudentsin-betweenusingtheformula=SUM(B2:B3,B5:B6)inthecellB11.

YoucanusethekeyboardshortcutALT+=togetthesumofarangeveryfast.

Example2:UsingSumtofindouttherunningtotal.

PleaseselectthesheetnameTwoandinthatyoucanseewearecalculatingtherunningtotalofthecolumnBincolumnC.

EntertheSUMformulalikethis=SUM($B$2:B2)intheC2cell.InthefirstcellreferenceweareputtingonedollarsigneachbeforethecolumnandrownumbertolockthecellsowhenyoucopythecelldownitwillstillfindtheSUMfromthecellB2tothecelltillyoucopytheformula.

s

Example3:FindouttotalsalesforthreemonthsusingVLOOKUPandSUM.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUM.xlsxsheetnameThree.

InthisexamplefileweareclubbingVLOOKUPwithSUMtofindoutthetotalsalesforthreemonths.FirstwewillchecktheProductnamematchesandthenwewillsumallthesalesfiguresfromJantoMar2015.

Wewillfirstentertheformulalikethis=SUM(VLOOKUP(A10,$A$2:$D$6,{2,3,4},0))inB9,insidethesumwehaveputtheVLOOKUPformulaandthethirdparameterwehavegiventhevaluesasarrayconstantslikethis{2,3,4}sothattheVLOOKUPwillgetthevaluesfromthethreecolumns2,3and4whichisJan,FebandMarchagainsttheproductyouspecifyandmakeanarrayinthememoryandSUMwilltotalthevalues.

SincethisisanarrayformulainsteadofpressingEnterweshouldpressCtrl+Shift+Entersothattheformulawillbechangedto{=SUM(VLOOKUP(A10,$A$2:$D$6,{2,3,4},0))}withcurlybracketsatbeginningandend.ItisimportantyoushouldpressCtrl+Shift+Enterotherwiseitwillgetonlysumoffirstvalueonlyanddon’tentertheCurlybracketsmanuallyExcelwillputthebracketswhenyoupressCtrl+Shift+Enter.

SinceVLOOKUPhastocompareaccordingtothearrayvalue(heretherearethreevaluesineachcomparison{2,3,4})yousupplieditisadvisablenottouseitinbigtablesasitwillslowdowntheExcelconsiderably.InsteadofVLOOKUPyoucanuseINDEXandMATCHfunctions.

Example4:Sumusingnamesinsteadofcellreferences.

PleaseopenthesheetnameFourandherewearefindingouttheTotalsalesbyaddingthesalesforJan,FebandMar.FirstwearenamingtheentirecolumnAtoJanandforthatwewillselecttheentireColumnandthenchangethecellreferenceshownintheNameboxfromA1toJan.LikethatwewillnamethesameforBcolumnandCcolumntoFebandMar.

OnceyouhavedonethatyoucancallthecellreferencefromAcolumnbyJanandBcolumntoFebandCcolumntoMar.

Enter=Jan+Feb+MarintheE2columnandyouwillgettheSumofallmonths.The

beautyofnamingthecellorcellsisyoucancalltheJansalesfigurefromtheZcolumnorAMcolumn,youdon’thavetoremembertheFebsalescolumnisinBorC.

AndsecondthingisyouwillgetthenameofcellsintheAutocompletelistofnamedcellswhenyoutypetheformulaandyoucanpresstheTABbuttontocompletethecellreference.

ThedownsideisifyoudeletethenamedrangesthenyouwillgeterrorbecausetheSUMfunctionwillbelookingforthenamesinsteadofthecellreference.

Example5:UsingOFFSETandSUMtocalculatetheSUMofranges.

GotosheetnameFive,hereweareclubbingtogetherSUMandOFFSETtofindthesales.

FirstwearefindingoutthetotalsaleforJan,forthatwehaveenteredtheformula=SUM(A2:OFFSET(A2,7,0)).OffsetformulawillgivethecellreferenceA8tosecondparameterofSUMfunctionandwillreturntheSumfromA2toA8.LikewisewearecalculatingtheSumofFeb.

AndlastlywearecalculatingtheTotalsalesusingtheformula=SUM(OFFSET(A2,0,D14):OFFSET(A2,7,D15))forthemonthsaccordingtothemonthnumberyouareenteringtothecellreferencesD14andD15,0forJan,1forFeblikethattill6forJuly.Startmonthno.andEndmonthno.arecolumnnumberofOFFSETfunctionfromcellA2.

Example6:

GotosheetnameSix,therewehaveincludesalespersonalsoapartfromtheStartmonthandEndmonth.

8.31.SUMIFThisfunctionisusedtosumnumbersinarangethatmeetthecriteriayousupplied.Forexampleifyouwanttosumonlythevaluesinacellrangewhichisgreaterthan20,youcansettheformulalikethis=SUMIF(A2:A55,”>20”)

Syntax:

=SUMIF(range,criteria,[sum_range])

Parameterlist:

range-therangeofcellsthatyouwanttoapplythecriteriaagainst,mustbenumbersornames,arrays,orreferencesthatcontainnumbers.Blankandtextvaluesareignored.

criteria-thecriteriausedtodeterminewhichcellstoadd.

sum_range-[optional]thecellstoaddtogether.Ifsum_rangeisomitted,thecellsinrangeareaddedtogetherinstead.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUMIF.xlsx

IntheexamplefilefirstwearefindingoutthetotalsaleinthezoneSouth.Forthatfirstwewillselectallthecellrangewhichcontainsthezonename(CellrangeA2:A16)andsecondparameterweareenteringthezonenameitselfwhichisSouth.Youcanenterthenamedirectlyindoublequoteslikethis“South”oryoucanpointtoacellcontainingthetextSouth.

ThirdparameterwearesupplyingthecellrangefromwhichwewanttogettheSumofthesalesofSouthzone(CellrangeB2:B16).

Alsoyoucanusetheformuladirectlytothecellrangelikethis=SUMIF(B2:B16,”>80”)togetthesumofthevalueswhichisgreaterthan80.

Pointstonote.

Anytextorlogicalormathematicalsymbolsmustbeenclosedindoublequotationmarks(“).

Ifthecriteriaisnumericdoublequotationmarksarenotrequired.

Thewildcardcharacters?and*canbeusedincriteria.Aquestionmarkmatchesanyonecharacterandanasteriskmatchesanysequenceofcharacters.Ifyouwanttofindanactualquestionmarkorasterisk,typeatilde(~)precedingthecharacterlikethis~?,~*.

8.32.SUMIFSThisfunctionwilladdthecellsthatmatchmultiplecriteria.

Syntax:

=SUMIFS(sum_range,range1,criteria1,[range2],[criteria2],…)

Parameterlist:

sum_range-Therangetobeadded.

range1-Thefirstrangetoevaulate.

criteria1-Thecriteriatouseonrange1.

range2-[optional]thesecondrangetoevaluate.

criteria2-[optional]thecriteriatouseonrange2.

UnlikeSUMIFfunctionSUMIFSfunctioncancheckmorethanonesetofcriteria.Firstparameteristheonewhichwillbesummed.Thecriteriaistobegivenaspairsandonlythefirstpairiscompulsoryandrestofthepairsareoptional.Youcanenterupto127range/criteriapairs.

Pointstonote.

Usingwildcardcharacterslikethequestionmark(?)andasterisk(*)incriteria1andcriteria2canhelpyoufindmatchesthataresimilarbutnotexact.

Aquestionmarkmatchesanysinglecharacter.Anasteriskmatchesanysequenceofcharacters.Ifyouwanttofindanactualquestionmarkorasterisk,typeatilde(~)infrontofthequestionmark.

Eachadditionalrangemusthavethesamenumberofrowsandcolumnsasthesum_range.

Non-numericcriterianeedstobeenclosedindoublequotesbutnumericcriteriadoesnot.Forexample:100,“100”,“>32”,“jim”,orA1(whereA1containsanumber).

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUMIFS.xlsx

InthisexamplefirstwearecheckingthetotalsalesdoneforEastzoneforthemonthofJan.Forthatweareusingtheformula=SUMIFS(D2:D14,A2:A14,A2,C2:C14,C2).FirstparameterwearegivingthecellrangefromwhichweshouldgettheSumandsecondparameterweareprovidingthecellrangefromwhichshouldpickthezoneEast,thirdparameterwehavetogivethecriteriawhichhastobesearchedinthesecondparameter“East”,sincethiscanbehardcodedorwecangiveasacellreferenceandherewehaveprovidedascellreference.

AgainwearegivingthesecondrangeandthecriteriaasfourthandfifthparameterstopicktheJansalesfrommonths.

LikewisewehavedoneforWest,NorthandSouth.

8.33.SUMPRODUCTThisfunctionwillmultiplythecorrespondentcomponentsinthegivenarraysandreturnthesumoftheproduct.Forexample=SUMPRODUCT(A1:A10,B1:B10)willmultiplylikethisA1xB1,A2XB2,A3XB3andaftermultiplyingwillSumthemultipliedvalues.

Syntax:

=SUMPRODUCT(array1,[array2],…)

Parameterlist:

array1-thefirstarrayorrangetomultiply,thenadd.

array2-[optional]Thesecondarrayorrangetomultiply,thenadd.

Thisfunctionismoreversatilethanwhatwesee.SincethisfunctionisusingarrayswecanuseliketheSUMIFSfunction.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUMPRODUCT.xlsxsheet1

InthisexamplefilefirstwearefindingthetotalsalesdonebyVijay.Sowhenthisformulaisexecutedinternallythearraywilllooklikethis.

Array1Array2

FALSE2500

TRUE6500

FALSE5500

FALSE5000

TRUE3500

FALSE4000

Since2ndand5throwhasthenameVijaywewillgetthelogicalvalueTRUEforthosetwocases.SincewecannotmultiplythelogicalvaluewiththeamountasExcelconsidersthelogicalvalueas0wecanchangethelogicalvalueto1and0forTRUEandFALSEusingtwonegativesignsafterthefirstbracket.

Sothetwoarrayswilllooklikethiswhentwonegativesignsareentered.

Array1Array2Product

0*25000

1*65006500

0*55000

0*50000

1*35003500

0*40000

Asyoucanseethisfunctionwillthenmakethetotaloftheproductslikethis6500+3500=10000.Theformulawilllooklikethisafterenteringthedoublenegativevalues,

=SUMPRODUCT({0,1,0,0,1,0},{2500,6500,5500,5000,3500,4000})

8.34.TRUNCThisfunctionremovesthefractionalpartfromthenumbertoaninteger.

Syntax::

TRUNC(number,[num_digits])

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertotruncate.

num_digits–anumberspecifyingtheprecisionofthetruncation.Thedefaultvaluefornum_digitsis0(zero).

checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-TRUNC.xls

TRUNCandINTaresimilarfunctions.TRUNCremovesthefractionalpartofthenumber.INTroundsnumbersdowntothenearestintegerbasedonthevalueofthefractionalpartofthenumber.INTandTRUNCaredifferentonlywhenusingnegativenumbers;TRUNC(-8.3)returns-8butINT(-8.3)returns-9because-9isthelowernumber.

9.Statistical9.1.AVERAGEThisformulascalculatestheaverageofagivencellorcellrange.

Syntax:

AVERAGE(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1-thefirstnumber,cellreference,orrangeforwhichyouwanttheaverage.

number2[optional].Additionalnumbers,cellreferencesorrangesforwhichyouwanttheaverage,uptoamaximumof255.

Examples:

=AVERAGE(25,65,78)

=AVERAGE(A1,A2,A3)

=AVERAGE(A1:A3)

Inallthesecasesyouwillget56astheanswer.Buttheeasiestwaytofindtheansweristhethirdone,AVERAGE(A1:A3).IfyouwanttofindtheAVERAGEofthecellsfromA1toA20000,youcanjusttype=AVERAGE(A1:A20000)inanyofthecells.

IntheAVERAGEExcelsheetgotothesheetnameoneandseewhatthethreewaysinwhichsumformulaisused.

InthesheetnametwoyoucanseetheaveragemarkscalculatedinthecellB9usingtheformula=AVERAGE(B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7)aswelltheaveragemarkscalculatedforthefirsttwostudentsusingtheformula=AVERAGE(B2:B3)inthecellB10.

Alsoyoucanseetheaveragemarksforsomeofthestudentsin-betweenusingtheformula=AVERAGE(B2:B3,B5:B6)inthecellB11.

9.2.AVERAGEIF

Thisfunctionreturnstheaverageofallthecellinarangethatmeetsthecondition.

Syntax:

AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,[average_range])

Parameterlist:

range-oneormorecellstoaverage,includingnumbersornames,arrays,orreferencesthatcontainnumbers.

criteria-thecriteriaintheformofanumber,expression,cellreference,ortextthatdefineswhichcellsareaveraged.

average_range-[Optional].theactualsetofcellstoaverage.Ifomitted,rangeisused.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-AVERAGEIF.xlsx

InthisexamplefirsttwoentrieswearecalculatingtheaveragesalesofSouthandNorth.Thirdwearecalculatingtheaveragesalesifthesalesisgreaterthan80.FourthweareagaincalculatingtheaverageofSouthzonebuthereyoucanseetherangeandaverage_rangearedifferentbutstilltheaveragewillbecalculatedontherangeitself.FifthonealsowearecalculatingtheaverageofSouth,eventhoughwehaveselectedtheaverage_rangefullyaveragewillbecalculatedontherangewehaveselectedinthefirstparameter.

AndthelastonewearecalculatingtheaverageofallthezoneswhichisnotSouth.

Pointstonote.

CellsinrangethatcontainTRUEorFALSEareignored.

Ifacellinaverage_rangeisanemptycell,AVERAGEIFignoresit.

Ifrangeisablankortextvalue,AVERAGEIFreturnsthe#DIV0!errorvalue.

Ifacellincriteriaisempty,AVERAGEIFtreatsitasa0value.

Ifnocellsintherangemeetthecriteria,AVERAGEIFreturnsthe#DIV/0!errorvalue.

Youcanusethewildcardcharacters,questionmark(?)(matchesanysinglecharacter)andasterisk(*)(matchesanysequenceofcharacters).Ifyouwanttofindanactualquestionmarkorasterisk,typeatilde(~)beforethecharacter.

Average_rangedoesnothavetobethesamesizeandshapeasrange.Theactualcellsthatareaveragedaredeterminedbyusingthetop,leftcellinaverage_rangeasthebeginningcell,andthenincludingcellsthatcorrespondinsizeandshapetorange

9.3.AVERAGEIFSThisfunctionwillreturntheaverageofallcellsthatmeetmultiplecriteria.

Syntax:

AVERAGEIFS(average_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,[criteria_range2,criteria2],…)

Parameterlist:

average_range–cellorcellstoaverage,includingnumbersornames,arrays,orreferencesthatcontainnumbers.

criteria_range1,criteria_range2,-criteria_range1ismandatoryandsubsequentcriteria_rangesareoptional.Youcansupplyupto127rangeswithcriteria.

criteria1,criteria2,..-criteria1ismandatoryandsubsequentcriteriaareoptional.Youcangiveupto127criteria.Youcansupplythecriterialike85,“89”,“>78”,“Banana”,orA5.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-AVERAGEIFS.xlsx

InthisexamplefirstwearecalculatingtheaveragepriceofhotelroomfromAcolumnifthetownisinParis,havingmorethan3BedroomsandwithaPersonalChef.

FirstparameterweshouldsupplythecolumnfromwhichwewanttheaveragewhichisA2:A6.

Secondandthirdparameteristhecriteriarange1andcriteria1meanstheentirerangehavingthetownnameandthetownnametosortwhichisB2:B6andParis.

Fourthandthefifthparameteristhesecondcriteriarange(C2:C6)andthecriteria(>2),whichisthenumberofbedroomsandthebedroomsmorethan2.

Sixthandthesevenparameteristhethirdcriteriarange(D2:D6)andthecriteria(Yes),whichmeanswearecheckingwhetherPersonalChefisthereornot.

Secondwe are finding the average of theA columnwhen the town is London and thebedroomisequaltoorlessthan3andwithoutapersonalchef.

ThisfunctionissamelikeusingthefilterfunctioninExcel.

Pointstonote.

Ifaverage_rangeisablankortextornocellsthatmeetallthecriteriaorcellsinaverage_rangecannotbetranslatedintonumbersyouwillget#DIV0!Error.

Ifacellinacriteriarangeisempty,AVERAGEIFStreatsitasa0value.

CellsinrangecontainTRUEwillbetreatedas1andforFALSEwillbetreatedas0.

UnlikeAVERAGEIFfunction,inAVERAGEIFSeachcriteria_rangemustbethesamesizeandshapeassum_range.

Youcanusethewildcardcharacters,questionmark(?)andasterisk(*),incriteria.Aquestionmarkmatchesanysinglecharacter;anasteriskmatchesanysequenceofcharacters.Ifyouwanttofindanactualquestionmarkorasterisk,typeatilde(~)beforethecharacter.

9.3.COUNTThisfunctionwillcountthenumbersgiveninacellreferenceorrange.Forexample,=COUNT(1,8“Orange”)returns2.AndCOUNT(A1:A100)willcountthenumberofnumericvaluesintherangeA1:A100.UseCOUNTtocountnumericvaluesonly.

Syntax:

=COUNT(value1,[value2],…)

Parameterlist:

value1-Anitem,cellreference,orrange.

value2-[optional]Upto255additionalitems,cellreference,orrange.

Pointstonote.

Numbers,dates,oratextrepresentationofnumbers,anumberenclosedinquotationmarks,suchas“1”arecounted.

Logicalvaluesandtextrepresentationsofnumbersthatyoutypedirectlyintothelistofargumentsarecounted.

Errorvaluesortextthatcannotbetranslatedintonumbersarenotcounted.

Ifanargumentisanarrayorreference,onlynumbersinthatarrayorreferencearecounted.

Ifyouwanttocountlogicalvalues,text,orerrorvalues,usetheCOUNTAfunction.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-COUNT.xlsx

InthisexamplefirstwearecountingthenumberofcellsthatcontainnumbersincellsA2throughA7,logicalvalueanderrorsareavoidedsowewillgetthecountas3.

SecondwearecountingthenumberofcellsthatcontainnumbersincellsA5throughA7.Thesecellshavelogicalvalueanderrorvaluesocountreturns0.

ThirdwearecountingthenumberofcellsthatcontainnumbersincellsA2throughA7,andthevalue2.A2toA7containsonlythreevaluesandthevalue2iscountedasthefourthoneandwewillgettheansweras4.

9.4.COUNTAThisfunctioncountsthenumberofnon-blankcells.COUNTAfunctioncountscellsthatcontainnumbers,text,logicalvalues,errorvalues,andemptytext(””)exceptnon-blankcells.

Syntax:

=COUNTA(value1,[value2],…)

Parameterlist:

value1-anitem,cellreference,orrange.

value2-[optional]anitem,cellreference,orrange.Uptoamaximumof255arguments.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-COUNTA.xlsx

InthisexampleyoucanseetheCOUNTAfunctioncountsallthevaluesexceptblank

cells.

9.5.COUNTBLANKThisfunctionwillcountcellsthatareblank.Forexample,COUNTBLANK(A1:A100)willcountthenumberofblankcellsintherangeA1:A100.

Syntax:

=COUNTBLANK(range)

Parameterlist:

range-therangeinwhichtocountblankcells.

Pointstonote.

Cellswithformulasthatreturn””(emptytext)arealsocounted.

Cellswithzerovaluesarenotcounted.

9.6.COUNTIFThisfunctioncountcellsthatmatchcriteriaandreturnsanumberrepresentingcellscounted.

Syntax:

=COUNTIF(range,criteria)

Parameterlist:

range-therangeofcellstocount.

criteria-thecriteriathatcontrolswhichcellsshouldbecounted.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-COUNTIF.xlsx

IntheexamplewearecheckingthecountofthezonenameSouth.ForthatwehavesuppliedthefirstparameterascellrangeA2:A16andsecondparameterSouthitself.Likewisewearecountingeachzones.

Andlastwearecountinghowmanysaleshascrossedabove80.

Moreexamples:

=COUNTIF(A1:A100,200)//countcellsequalto200

=COUNTIF(A1:A100,”>56”)//countcellsgreaterthan56

=COUNTIF(A1:A100,“sam”)//countcellsequalto“sam”

=COUNTIF(A1:A100,”<”&C1)//countcellslessthanvalueinC1

Pointstonote.

Rangecancontainnumbers,arrays,anamedrange,orreferencesthatcontainnumbers.Blankandtextvaluesareignored.

Anytextmustbeenclosedindoublequotationmarks(“).

Ifthecriteriaisnumericdoublequotationmarksarenotrequired.

Thewildcardcharacters?and*canbeusedincriteria.Aquestionmarkmatchesanyonecharacterandanasteriskmatchesanysequenceofcharacters.Ifyouwanttofindanactualquestionmarkorasterisk,typeatilde(~)precedingthecharacterlikethis~?,~*.

9.7.COUNTIFSSyntax:

COUNTIFS(criteria_range1,criteria1,[criteria_range2,criteria2]…)

Parameterlist:

criteria_range1-thefirstrangetoevaluate.

criteria1–thecriteriaforthecriteria_rangelike45,“>65”,B4,“John”,“<5/3/2011”,or“96”.

criteria_range2,criteria2,…[Optional]additionalrangesandtheirassociatedcriteria,upto127range/criteriapairsaresupported.

Example1:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-COUNTIFS.xlsxSheet1

InthisexamplefirstwearecountingalltheStudentswhohavepassed(indicatedbythetextPass)inJan,FebandMar.Secondwearecountinghowmanyhavefailed.

Thelastonewearecountinghowmanystudentshavepassedinallthethreemonths,forthatfirstwearegivingthefirstcriteriarange(B2:B5)followedbythecriteria‘Pass’followedbysecondcriteriarange(C2:C5)andcriteria‘Pass’andthelastcriteriarange(D2:D5)andcriteria‘Pass’.Sinceonlyonestudenthavepassedtheexaminationinallthethreemonthswewillgettheansweras1.

Example2:

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-COUNTIFS.xlsxSheet2

Inthisexamplefirstwearecountinghowmanynumbersaretherebetween11and16inthecellsA2toA7.

Secondwearecountinghowmanyrowshavenumbersthatarelessthan15incellsA2toA7andhavedatesthatareearlierthan5/04/2015incellsB2toB7.

ThirdweareusingthecellreferenceinsteadoftheconstantsinthecriteriatofindouthowmanyrowshavenumbersthatarelessthanthecellA6whichis15andhavedateslessthanthecellB4whichis‘04/04/2015’,theanswerwillbe2.

Pointstonote.

Eachadditionalrangemusthavethesamenumberofrowsandcolumnsasthecriteria_range1.

Youcanusethewildcardcharacters,questionmark(?)(matchesanysinglecharacter)andasterisk(*)(matchesanysequenceofcharacters)inthecriteria.Ifyouwanttofindanactualquestionmarkorasterisk,typeatilde(~)beforethecharacter.

9.8.FREQUENCYThisfunctionwillcounthowoftenvaluesoccurwithinarangeofvalues,andthenreturnsaverticalarrayofnumbers.

Syntax:

=FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)

Parameterlist:

data_array-Anarrayofvaluesforwhichyouwanttogetfrequencies.

bins_array-Anarrayofintervals(“bins”)forgroupingvalues.

Usagenotes:

YoucanuseExcel’sFREQUENCYfunctiontocreateafrequencydistribution-asummarytablethatshowsthefrequency(count)ofeachvalueinarange.FREQUENCYcountshowoftenvaluesoccurinasetofdata.Itreturnsaverticalarrayofnumbersthatrepresentfrequencies.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-FREQUENCY.xlsx

InthisexamplewearecheckingthecountofscoresaspertheBinsvalues.Firstyouhavetoselectfourcellsandentertheformula=FREQUENCY(A2:A10,B2:B4)andthenpressCTRL+Shift+Entertochangeittoarrayformula.Youcanseeallthecellshasthesamecelladdressandcurlybrackettoindicateitisanarrayformula.

YoucanseetheresultsinthefourcellsfromA13:A16.Firstthisfunctionischeckinghowmanyscoresareatparorbelowthefirstbinvalue55,thenitcheckshowmanyscoresinbetween56to62(abovefirstbinvalueanduptosecondbinvalue).Thirditcheckshowmanyscoresareoccurringbetween63to75(abovesecondbinvalueanduptothirdbinvalue)andlastlyitcheckshowmanyscoresarethereabove75.

Pointstonote.

FREQUENCYalwaysreturnsanarraysoitshouldbeenteredasanarrayformulabypressingCTRL+Shift+Enterafterselectingallthecells.

Thenumberofelementsinthereturnedarrayisonemorethanthenumberofelementsinbins_array.SoiftherearethreeBinsvaluethenyoumustfirstselectfourcellsandthenentertheformula.

9.9.LARGEThisfunctionreturnsthekthlargestvalueinadataset.Forexampleifyouspecifythekvalueas1itwillreturnthelargestvaluefromthegroupandifyouspecify2itwillreturnthesecondlargestvaluefromthegroup.

Syntax:

=LARGE(array,k)

Parameterlist:

array-thedatasetfromwhichyouwanttoselectthekthlargestvalue.

k-integerthatspecifiesthepositionfromthelargestvalue,i.e.thekthposition.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-LARGE.xlsx

IntheexamplefilewearecalculatingthelargestvaluefromthegroupA2toA6usingtheformula=LARGE(A2:A6,1)andthelargestvalueinthegroupis900andifyouwantthesecondhighestyouhavetoputthesecondparameteras2andyouwillget500andsoon.

Youcanusethisfunctiontofindoutthefirst,secondandthirdpositioninaRaceorExam.

9.10.MAXThisfunctionwillreturnthelargestvaluefromacellrangeignoringlogicalvaluesandtext.

Syntax:

=MAX(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1–thenumberornumbersincellrange

number2–[optional}.1to255numbersforwhichyouwanttofindthemaximumvalue.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MAX.xlsx

InthisexamplefileyoucanseewearefindingthehighestvalueinBcolumnandthehighestdateintheCcolumn.

IntheSheet2wearefindingthehighestsalesvalueforeachmonthandalsofindingthesalespersonhighest.

9.11.MEDIANThisfunctionwillreturnthemedianofthenumbers.Themedianisthenumberinthemiddleofasetofnumbers,halfthenumbershavevaluesthataregreaterthanthemedian,andhalfthenumbershavevaluesthatarelessthanthemedian.Forexample,themedianof2,3,3,5,7,and10is4.

Syntax:

=MEDIAN(number1,[number2],…)

Parameterlist:

number1ismandatoryandsubsequentnumbersareoptional.1to255numbersforwhichyouwantthemedian.

Pointstonote.

Whenthetotalnumberofsuppliednumbersiseven,themedianiscalculatedastheaverageofthetwonumbersinthemiddle.

9.12.MINThisfunctionwillreturnthesmallestvaluefromsetofcells.

Syntax:

=MIN(number1,[number2],…)

number1ismandatory,subsequentnumbersareoptional.1to255numbersforwhichyouwanttofindtheminimumvalue.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MIN.xlsx

Inthisexamplewearegettingthesmallestvaluefromthegroupwhichistwo.

9.13.MINAThisfunctionreturnstheminimumvalueinalistofarguments,includinglogicalvaluesandtext.

Syntax:

MINA(value1,[value2],…)

Parameterlist:

Value1,value2,…value1isrequired,subsequentvaluesareoptional.1to255valuesforwhichyouwanttofindthesmallestvalue.

Pointstonote.

Argumentscanbenumbers;names,arrays,orreferencesthatcontainnumbers;textrepresentationsofnumbers;orlogicalvalues,suchasTRUEandFALSE,inareference.

Ifanargumentisanarrayorreference,onlyvaluesinthatarrayorreferenceareused.Emptycellsandtextvaluesinthearrayorreferenceareignored.

LogicalvaluesTRUEevaluateas1andFALSEevaluateas0(zero).

Argumentsthatareerrorvaluesortextthatcannotbetranslatedintonumberscauseerrors.

Ifyoudonotwanttoincludelogicalvaluesandtextrepresentationsofnumbersinareferenceaspartofthecalculation,usetheMINfunction.

ThisisthesamelikeMINfunctionexceptituseslogicalvaluesandtextrepresentationsofnumbersinareferenceaspartofthecalculation

9.14.SMALLThisfunctionreturnsthekthsmallestvalueinadataset.Forexampleifyouspecifythe

kvalueas1itwillreturnthelowestvaluefromthegroupandifyouspecify2itwillreturnthesecondlowestvaluefromthegroup.

Syntax:

=SMALL(array,k)

Parameterlist:

array-arangeofcellsfromwhichtoextractsmallestvalues.

k-anintegerthatspecifiesthepositionofthesmallestvalue.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SMALL.xlsx

IntheexamplefilewearecalculatingthesmallestvaluefromthegroupA2toA6usingtheformula=SMALL(A2:A6,1)andthesmallestvalueinthegroupis100andifyouwantthesecondhighestyouhavetoputthesecondparameteras2andyouwillget300andsoon.

10.Text10.1.CHARThisfunctioncovertsanormalnumbertothecharacteritrepresentsintheANSIcharacterset.

Syntax:

=CHAR(number)

Parameterlist:

number-Anumberbetween1and255.

CHARcanbeusefulwhenyouwanttospecifycharactersinformulasorfunctionsthatareawkwardorimpossibletotypedirectly.Forexample,youcanuseCHAR(10)toaddalinebreakinaformulaonWindows,andCHAR(13)toaddalinebreakontheMac.

10.2.CLEAN

Thisfunctionremovesanynon-printablecharactersfromtext.Sometimesifyouimportdatafromotherdatabasesitmaycontainnon-printablecharacters.

Syntax:

=CLEAN(text)

Parameterlist:

text-thetexttoclean.

Note:TheCLEANfunctionremovesthefirst32(non-printable)charactersinthe7-bitASCIIcode(values0through31)fromtext.AlsoinUnicodecontainsothernonprintingcharacters(values127,129,141,143,144,and157).

ForexampleiftheA2cellhasthisformula=CHAR(9)&“Monthlyreport”&CHAR(10)therewillbeleadingandtrailingnon-printablecharacters.SotoremovethatyoucanusetheCLEANfunctionlikethis,=CLEAN(A2).BeforeenteringtheCLEANfunctionjustcheckthelengthofthecellA2usingLENfunctionitwillbe16whereastheactuallengthshouldbe14,additional2isthenonprintablecharacters.

10.3.CODEThisfunctionreturnstheANSIvalueofasinglecharacterorthefirstcharacterinatext.TheANSIcharactersetusedbyWindowstoidentifyeachkeyboardcharacterbyusingauniquenumber.Thereare255characterinANSIset.ForExampleANSIcodeforletterAis65,ANSIcodeforletterais97,ANSIcodeforletterBis66.

Syntax:

=CODE(text)

Parameterlist:

text-thetextforwhichyouwantanumericcode.

10.4.CONCATENATEThisfunctionjoinsseveraltextitemsintoonetextitem.CONCATENATEfunctioncombinestextfromdifferentcellsintoonecell.Intheexamplefileenter=CONCATENATE(A2,B2)inthecellC2andyoucanseethecombinedtextinC2.

Youmayhavenoticedthatthefirstandlastnamesdon’thaveaspaceinbetween.That’sbecauseCONCATENATEwillcombineexactlywhatyoutellittocombine,andnothingmore.Ifyouwantpunctuation,spaces,oranyotherdetailstoappearinthecell,you’llneedtotellCONCATENATEtoincludeit.

Toaddaspace,wecansimplyaddanotherargument:””(twodoublequotesaroundaspace).Makesurethethreeargumentsareseparatedbycommas:

=CONCATENATE(A2,”“,B2)

Liketheaboveexampleyoucanaddacomaorawordoranyothercharacterinbetweenthenames.

10.5.DOLLARThisfunctionconvertsanumbertotextformatandappliesacurrencysymbol.

Syntax:

=DOLLAR(number,[decimals])

Parameterlist:

number-thenumbertoconvert.

decimals–[optional]-thenumberofdigitstotherightofthedecimalpoint.Defaultis2.Ifdecimalsisnegative,numberwillberoundedtotheleftofthedecimalpoint.

Usagenotes:

TheDOLLARfunctionconvertsanumbertotextusingcurrencynumberformat.Thenumberformatusedis$#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00).

TheTEXTfunctionisamoreflexiblewaytoachievethesameresult,sinceitcanconvertnumberstotextincurrencyformatandothernumberformatsaswell.

Thecurrencysymbolusedisbasedonlanguagesettingsofthecomputer.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-DOLLAR.xlsx

10.6.FIXEDThisfunctionroundsthenumbertofixednumberofdecimalsandreturnsastext.

Syntax:

FIXED(number,[decimals],[no_commas])

Parameterlist:

number-thenumberyouwanttoround.

Decimals-thenumberofdigitstotherightofthedecimalpoint,thisisoptional,defaultis2.

no_commas-alogicalTRUEorFALSEforincludingcommasinthereturnedtext,thisisoptional.FALSEoromittedwillhavecommasasusual.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-FIXED.xlsx

10.7.LEFTThisfunctionreturnstheleftmostcharactersfromatextvaluebasedonthenumberofcharactersyouspecify.

Syntax:

=LEFT(text,[num_chars])

Parameterlist:

text-thetextfromwhichtoextractcharacters.

num_chars-[optional]thenumberofcharacterstoextract,startingontheleftsideoftext.Default=1.

LEFTwillextractdigitsfromnumbersaswell.

10.8.LENThisfunctionreturnsthenumberofcharactersinatextstring.

Syntax:

=LEN(text)

Parameterlist:

text-Thetextforwhichtocalculatelength.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-LEN.xlsx

InthisexamplewearecheckingthelengthofeachtextusingtheLenfunctionandyoucanseethelengthofthelastword‘This’isshownas5whereasthereareonlyfourcharactersintheword‘This’.Thisisbecausethereisasinglespacecharacterafterthecharacter‘s’.IfyouwanttoremovetheexcessspaceyoucanusetheTRIMfunction.

10.9.LOWERThisfunctionconvertstexttolowercase.

Syntax:

=LOWER(Text)

Parameterlist:

text-thetextinaworksheetcelltobechanged.

Thetextargumentcanbe

acellreferencelikethis=LOWER(A1)

awordorwordsenclosedinquotationmarkslikethis=LOWER(“THISISFUN”)

aformulathatoutputstextlikethis=LOWER(CONCATENATE(A4,A5,A6)),willmergeallthedatainthecellA4,A5andA6andchangethecasetolower.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-LOWER.xls

10.10.MIDThisfunctionreturnsaspecificnumberofcharactersfromatextstring,startingatthepositionyouspecify.

Syntax:

=MID(text,start_num,num_chars)

Parameterlist:

text-thetexttoextractfrom.

start_num-thelocationofthefirstcharactertoextract.

num_chars-thenumberofcharacterstoextract.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-MID.xls

10.11.PROPERPROPERcapitalizesthefirstletterineachwordofatextvalue.Asyoucanseeinexamplegivenbelowthefirstletterofthewordiscapitalized.

10.12.REPLACEThisfunctionreplacetextbasedonlocationandreturnsthealteredtext.

Syntax:

=REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)

Parameterlist:

old_text-Thetexttoreplace.

start_num-Thestartinglocationinthetexttosearch.

num_chars-Thenumberofcharacterstoreplace.

new_text-Thetexttoreplaceold_textwith.

Pointstonote.

UsetheREPLACEfunctionwhenyouwanttoreplacetextbasedonitslocationinastring.

UseFINDorSEARCHtofindthelocationoftexttoreplaceitifit’snotknowninadvance.

UseSUBSTITUTEtoreplacetextbasedoncontent.

10.13.REPTThisfunctionrepeatsatextagivennumberoftimes.

Syntax:

=REPT(text,number_times)

Parameterlist:

text-thetexttorepeat.

number_times-thenumberoftimestorepeattext.

10.14.RIGHTThisfunctionreturnstherightmostcharactersfromatextasperthenumberofcharactersyouspecify.

Syntax:

=RIGHT(text,[num_chars])

Parameterlist:

text-thetextfromwhichtoextractcharactersontheright.

num_chars-[optional]thenumberofcharacterstoextract,startingontheright.Optional,default=1.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-RIGHT.xls

10.15.SEARCHThisfunctionwillreturnanumberrepresentingthelocationoftextinastring.Forexample=SEARCH(“a”,”Orange”)willreturn3as“a”isinthethirdposition.

Syntax:

=SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)

Parameterlist:

find_text-thetexttofind.

within_text-thetexttosearchwithin.

start_num-startingpositioninthetexttosearch.Optional,defaultsto1.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SEARCH.xls

ThisfunctionissamelikeFINDfunctionandthemaindifferenceisSEARCHallowstheuseofwildcardsandisnotcase-sensitive.

SEARCHallowsthewildcardcharactersquestionmark(?)andasterisk(*),infind_text.The?matchesanysinglecharacterandthe*matchesanysequenceofcharacters.Tofindaliteral?or*,useatilde(~)beforethecharacter,i.e.~*and~?.

10.16.SUBSTITUTEThisfunctionwillsubstitutenewtextintothetextstringagainsttheoldtextyouspecify.ItisliketheFindandReplaceintheExcel.

Syntax:

=SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,[instance])

Parameterlist:

text-Thetexttochange.

old_text-Thetexttoreplace.

new_text-Thetexttoreplacewith.

instance–Optionalargument;ifnotsupplied,alloccuranceofold_textarereplacedwithnew_text.

Pointstonote.

SUBSTITUTEiscase-sensitiveanddoesnotsupportwildcardslike?or*.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-SUBSTITUTE.xls

Inthefirstentrywearesubstitutingthenamejohnwithvijay.

Inthesecondentrywearedoingthesamethingbutsincetheforthparameterwehavegivenas1itwillsubstituteonlythefirstoccurrence.

SinceSUBSTITUTEfunctioniscasesensitiveitwillnotsubstitutethesecondoccurrenceofjohnwithvijayinthethirdentry.

10.17.TThisfunctionreturnsthetextreferredtobyvalue.

Syntax:

T(value)

Parameterlist:

Value-thevalueyouwanttotest.

Ifvalueisorreferstotext,Treturnsvalue.Ifvaluedoesnotrefertotext,Treturns””(emptytext).

YoudonotgenerallyneedtousetheTfunctioninaformulabecauseMicrosoftExcelautomaticallyconvertsvaluesasnecessary.Thisfunctionisprovidedforcompatibilitywithotherspreadsheetprograms.

10.18.TEXTThisfunctionconvertsanumbertotextandletsyouspecifythedisplayformattingbyusingformatstrings.Forexample,supposecellA1containsthenumber43.8.Toformatthenumberasadollaramount,youcanusethefollowingformulaTEXT(A1,”$0.00”)andyouwillgettheanswer$43.8.

Youcanalsoaddatexttotheprecedingformulalikethis=TEXT(A1,”$0.00”)&”perMiles”togettheanswerlikethis$43.8perMiles.

Syntax:

=TEXT(value,format_text)

Parameterlist:

value-Thenumbertoconvert.

format_text-Thenumberformattouse,mustappearindoublequotationmarks.For

example“m/d/yyyy”or“#,##0.00”

Completelistofformat_textisthereinthesitehttps://support.office.com.

10.19.TRIMThisfunctionwillremoveextraspacesfromtextfrombeginningandend.TRIMremovesextraspacesfromtext,leavingonlysinglespacesbetweenwordsandnospacecharactersatthestartorendofthetext.

Syntax:

=TRIM(text)

Parameterlist:

text-Thetextfromwhichtoremoveextraspace.

TRIMisusefulwhencleaninguptextthatisbeeninsertedfromotherSoftwares.AlsoTRIMcanbeusedbeforeusingaVLOOKUPfunctiontocleartheextraleadingandtrailingspaces.

10.20.UPPERThisfunctionisusedtochangethecaseoftheletter,inthiscasetouppercase.

Syntax:

=UPPER(Text)

Text-thetextinaworksheetcelltobechanged.Thetextargumentcanbe

acellreferencelikethis=UPPER(A1)

awordorwordsenclosedinquotationmarkslikethis=UPPER(“ThisisFun”)

aformulathatoutputstextlikethis=UPPER(CONCATENATE(A4,A5,A6)),willmergeallthedatainthecellA4,A5andA6andchangethecasetoupper.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-UPPER.xls

10.21.VALUEThisfunctionisusedtoconverttexttoanumericvalue.TheVALUEfunctionconverts

textthatappearsinarecognizedformat(i.e.anumber,date,ortimeformat)intoanumericvalue.

Syntax:

VALUE(text)

Parameterlist:

text-thetextenclosedinquotationmarksorareferencetoacellcontainingthetextyouwanttoconvert.

Normally,Excelautomaticallyconvertstexttonumericvaluesasneededbutinsomecaseswemaygetdatafromothersoftware’sthatwilllooklikenumbersbutwillbeintextformatandwewillnotbeabletodoanycalculationonthat,inthiscasewehavetoconvertthetexttonumericalvalue.

Iftextisnotinoneoftheseformats,VALUEreturnsthe#VALUE!errorvalue.

10.22.FINDThisfunctiongetthelocationoftextinastringandreturnsanumberrepresentingthelocation.

Syntax:

=FIND(find_text,within_text,[start_num])

Parameterlist:

find_text-Thetexttofind.

within_text-Thetexttosearchwithin.

start_num-[optional]Thestartingpositioninthetexttosearch,defaultsto1.

Checktheexamplefileexceltovba.com-FIND.xls

Firstformulawearefindingwheretheletter“i”starts.

Secondformulawehaveaddedthethirdparameter4soFINDwillsearchfromfourthletteronlyandwillignorethe“i”whichisthethirdletter.

Thirdformulawearefindingtheword“doing”fromthesentenceHowareyoudoing?

FourthformulaagainwearesearchingtheworddoingsinceFINDiscasesensitivewe

willgetthe#VALLUEerror.

Pointstonote.

FINDwillreturn#VALUEiffind_textisnotfoundinwithin_text.

FINDiscase-sensitiveanddoesnotsupportwildcards.

ConclusionHopeyouhavelearnednewthingsfrommybookExcelFormulas.

IftheselessonshavehelpedyouandfounditusefulpleasewriteareviewforthisbookonAmazon,themorereviewsthelessongets,theeasiertheotherswillbeabletofindit.ItakereviewsseriouslyandalwayslookatthempersonallyandifIthinkyourreviewisuseful,Iwillmarkitas“helpful”.

Onceagainthankingyouforreadingthisbook.

ExamplefilecanbedownloadedfromExceltoVBA.com

Passwordisexcelformulas@2016

AbouttheAuthorHi,mynameisVijayKumarandI‘amcrazyaboutlearningaswellasteachingExcel.ThisbookisacompilationoftheknowledgeIhaveacquiredbyteachingaswelllearningExcelfromthepastfewyears.

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