exc 7770 psychoneurological & medical issues in special education susan b. brown, ph.d. kennesaw...
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EXC 7770 Psychoneurological &
Medical Issues in Special Education
Susan B. Brown, Ph.D.Kennesaw State University
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Definitions:
Psychoneurology: of, relating to, or concerned with psychology and neurology especially in their clinical aspects http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=psychoneurology
Neuropsychology: a science concerned with the integration of psychological observations on behavior and the mind with neurological observations on the brain and nervous system http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm
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Approaches to study of brain: animal research people with brain damage/mental illness lab experiments with primates/humans brain-imaging technology
chemical composition CAT MRI electrical transmission EEG SQUID BEAM blood-flow patterns PET
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Chapter 1 (Drubach, 2000)Brain
3 pints 3 pounds
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Brain function Receive: uses sensory/perceptual
processes to take in objects/events Process: draws on memory & problem-
solving to process Act: translates thought & decision into
behavior & language Affect: controls emotions & feelings Control: controls body systems
The Secret Life of the Brain : Mind Illusions
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Drubach (2000) Structure of the Brain Neurons Neurotransmitters Glial Cells Brain Structure
Cerebellum Brainstem Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cerebrum Hemispheres Spinal Cord
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Neurons Regulate cognitive activity Specialized Collaborative
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NeurotransmittersNeuroscience for Kids - Neurotransmitters)
Produced by enzymes Stored in vesicles Communication (autoreceptors – feedback) Electrochemical
Excitatory Inhibiting Depolarize
Selective Synapse
Receptor Enzymes Reuptake Glial ingestion
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Glial cells glial cells - multiple sclerosis encyclopaedia
Support & Nourishment (astrocytes) Neurotransmitter ingestion Remove waste Mesh structure
Insulation (oligodendrocytes, Schwann cell Myelin sheath Faster conduction
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Alterations in neuronal communication Inadequate level of neurotransmitter
production Decrease in number of presynaptic
neurons Faulty mechanism for release of
neurotransmitters Enzyme levels in synapse Reuptake functions Receptors available
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Cerebellum
Coordination of movement Motor learning
Cognition Motor planning Rate of information processing Memory
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Brain Stem Command Center Nuclei
Muscle movements Organ control Regulating consciousness
Information highways Axons transmitting information from brain Axons transmitting information to brain
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Reticular formation
Central core of the brain stem Regulates attention & flow of sensory
information into a general level of attention
Fluctuates in 90 minute cycles (chemical net to increase/decrease information flow)
High in AM, drop until below consciousness to sleep at night
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ThalamusHypothalamusCensor & gatekeeper
Arousal Relay sensory
information to brain Coordindation of
movement Sensory & motor
integration Autonomic
functions Memory
Homeostasis, or maintaining the body's status quo
Neural signals to the autonomic system
Endocrine signals to/through the pituitary
Controls body weight and appetite
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Basal Ganglia Movement Cognition
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Amygdyla Part of the basal
ganglia Emotional
processing Emotional memory
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Autonomic Nervous Systemhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html
runs bodily functions without our awareness or control
Sympathetic system: "fight-or-flight" response
Parasympathetic system: slowing the heart, constricting the pupils, stimulating the gut and salivary glands, and other responses that are not a priority when being "chased by a tiger“
The state of the body at any given time represents a balance between these two systems.
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Cerebrum HierarchicalHemispheres
Functional lobes:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
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Frontal Lobe Initiators &
command post for movement
Left frontal lobe – motor functions of language
Personality
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Sensory Lobes
Temporal Lobe Processing
auditory information
Left – Meaning of language
Occipital Lobe
Processing visual information
Parietal Lobe
Processing sensory information
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Brain Connectivity: Hemispheres
Left Brain Right Brain
LogicalSequentialRational
AnalyticalObjectiveLooks at
parts
RandomIntuitiveHolistic
SynthesizingSubjectiveLooks at wholes
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Corpus Callosum
Communication between brain hemispheres
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Spinal Cord Information from brain to body:
Fibers Roots Motor neurons Carry information in opposite direction
Information from body to brain: Sensory receptors Roots Proprioception
Reflexes
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Attention Perception Memory Association Responses
The Brain: Information Processing System
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Information Processing System
SSenses Sensory
StoreAttention Perception
Long-term memory
Short-term memory
R
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Functional Organization
Receptors Electrochemical impulses Axons to thalamus – gatekeeper forms units Primary processing – modality specific Secondary processing – modality specific Tertiary processing – integrate across
modalities & affective components (limbic)
Input Output