example of the “requasud” laboratory network · 2013-06-30 · soil fertility and environment...
TRANSCRIPT
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Gilles Colinet
Malorie Renneson, Valerie Genot, Laurent Bock
Soil & Water systems, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege
Establishing Reference Systems on Soil Quality: Example of the “ReQuaSud” Laboratory Network
in Wallonia – Belgium
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S iL Presentation of research activities about
In our department
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Soil & Water as major spheres of the environment
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The Soil & Water Systems as a key to understand the functionning
Sustainability of activities?
State of Natural Resources?
Which policies?
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Evaluation, spatialisation and
monitoring of soil quality
Our research themes
Soil survey, soil mapping &
pedometrics
Soil fertility and environment
Characterization and
management of contaminated soils
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Our questions Which methodology to implement Soil Reference Systems in Walloon region and valorize existing data ?
PhD X. Legrain…
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Geomorphopedological sketch of Wang Jia
catchment (Yunnan, China)
Soil mapping and land evaluation in the Tropics
Former projects (1997-2001)
Our questions
Now : Philippines, China, Africa
PhD P. Rushemuka
G. Calalang …
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Sustainable agriculture - nutrients needs - limitations - environ. functions - sensibility
N leaching
Requasud Grenera
Soil conditions in forest ecosystems
PhD, thesis: Rwanda, China, Phillipines IPRL
Impact of human activities on soil fertility and environment
Our questions PhD :
V. Genot C. Vandenberghe
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AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONNEMENT
Two divergent aspects
What are the best practices of fertilization to conciliate crop production and environmental quality ?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, pesticides
Our questions PhD : B. Bah
M. Renneson
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Uncontaminated soils
arable land
Soils under intensive agriculture
gardens Marketing gardens
Contaminated soils
Mining activies Calaminary sites
Contamination Soil - legume
transfers
Remediation / biodiversity conservation
forest
Pedogeochemical background
Metallic trace elements
Belgium, China, Congo
Biogeochemical cycles and human activities
Our questions
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What is the fate of trace elements in contaminated soils ?
PhD A Lienard and D. Kaya Muyumba
Heavily contaminated sites and areas affected by atmospheric fallouts
Solid phase
Soil solution
MTE
Bioavailability
Hydrosystems
Our questions
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INTRODUCTION
Establishing Reference Systems on Soil Quality: Example of the “ReQuaSud” Laboratory Network
in Wallonia – Belgium
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Introduction What is soil quality ?
The agronomist point of view
Soil suitability for agronomic productions : limitations
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Introduction
The agronomist point of view
Analysis aims at determining what to apply and when in order to... maximize yield
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Introduction Aims of soil analysis
The agronomist point of view
Soil characteristics determine production function.
Mg deficiency
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Introduction Aims of soil analysis
The agronomist point of view
First limitation to use of fertilizer : the price !
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Yield Cost Benefit
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Introduction Aims of soil analysis
The agronomist point of view
Second limitation to use of fertilizer : the environment : NO3, P
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Introduction Aims of soil analysis
Now : soil quality and ecosystemic services... includes social
consideration Multipurpose surveys Indicators
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Introduction What is a Reference System about soil quality ?
Reference System about soils = Soil Information System = Geographical Information System about soils Spatial distribution
Properties
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Introduction What is a Soil Information System ?
A tool to support decisions about
soil management
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Introduction
Questions to answer with a SIS :
The pH measured in my field is 6.4. Is that good for
maize cropping ?
What is the « normal » value for Mg content in one
given area ?
What is the percentage of soils with contaminations
in pesticides in that county?
Can I extrapolate field trial results to my research
area ?
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Introduction Soil analysis is a crucial tool to support decision regarding both agronomic and environmental issues. However, quality of procedures is not restricted to the work within the laboratory but should apply to the whole chain from soil sampling to decision taking.
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ASBL REQUASUD
Non profit organization
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REQUASUD
Created in 1989
A network of laboratories for (soil) analyses .
OBJECTIVES:
Harmonization of analyses between the different
laboratories (methods and results)
Harmonization of fertilization advices
Tools for sampling
…
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REQUASUD
Sampling
Soil Analysis
Fertilization advice
Interpretation
500 g sample represent 4,000 – 5,000 T of soil
Importance of error on the final result
The information collected during the sampling influence the interpretation of the analysis and hence advices
Steps from sampling to fertilization advice
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Sampling
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Sampling
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The choice of the sampling strategy comes from the farmer.
How many samples ?
– Choice 1 : The same number of samples than the number of sampling sites.
Sampling strategy
Sampling strategy
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The choice of the sampling strategy comes from the farmer.
How many samples ?
– Choice 1 : The same number of samples than the number of sampling sites.
– Choice 2 : samples in the major sampling sites.
Sampling strategy
Sampling strategy
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The choice of the sampling strategy comes from the farmer.
How many samples ?
– Choice 1 : The same number of samples than the number of sampling sites.
– Choice 2 : samples in the major sampling sites.
– Choice 3 : Sampling without taking into account sampling sites.
Sampling strategy
Sampling strategy
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– Circle in the center of the zone (au centre de la zone de prélèvement (about 15 m in diameter)
– The zigzag strategy
Sampling strategy into the sampling site
Sampling strategy
Sampling strategy
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Sampling strategy
Minimum 14-16 increments.
Adapt the material to the quantity that is necessary. Samples have to be homogenized and separated to obtain between 300 and 500 g.
Roebroeck, 2009
Schartz
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
History of land use
Pedological criteria
Topographic criteria
Micro-climate criteria
Field management
Concept of sampling site
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO Tool for support decision developped by REQUASUD : REQUACARTO
http://requacarto.cra.wallonie.be
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
Objectives
Help the sampler to define homogeneous sampling sites.
Use the information of the sampling sites to interpretation analyzes results.
Tools used Orthophotoplans
SIGEC
Digital Soil Map of Wallonia.
Soil database of REQUASUD
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http://requacarto.cra.wallonie.be
Mapping tool : REQUACARTO Public access
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
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Chosen laboratory
Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO Private access for samplers and laboratories
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
• GeoID
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
• GeoID
• Informations concerning the plot
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
• GeoID
• Information concerning the plot
• Soil information
Information relating to the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia. Presentation of information related to soil type as a table directly usable by samplers.
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
• GeoID
• Informations concerning the plot
• Soil information
• Information concerning sampling sites
Matching soils to provide a mapping of homogeneous sampling areas on the parcel. No samples in areas representing less than 5% of the plot. 1 sampling area = 1 fertilization advice
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
• GeoID
• Informations générales sur la parcelle
• Informations pédologiques
• Informations relatives aux zones de prélèvement
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
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Mapping tool : REQUACARTO
Genot V., Buffet D., Legrain X., Goffaux M-J., Cugnon T., Oger R., Bock L. & Colinet G. (2011). Pour un échantillonnage et un conseil agronomique raisonné, les outils d'aide à la décision. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 15 (S2), 657-668
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Soil analyses
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Soil analyses
Harmonization of soil analyses in the different laboratories
Development of new protocols:
Example: DIP « Disponible immédiat de prédiction » =
available in water
Example
unit / ha
Solution of soil
DIP
CEC
exchangeable
Total
Not available
P2O5 0 - 50 500 5.000
K2O 0 - 100 500 50.000
Solution of soil
D.I.P
Usual analyses
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Precision and Accuracy in soil analysis
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Organization of Interlaboratory comparisons
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Organization of Interlaboratory testing schemes
23 parameters ;
3 testing schemes in the year according to a standardized
procedure :
Distribution Analysis Statistical analysis Reporting
6 samples * 2 repet / 6-8 laboratories
Every step is precisely scheduled in time, forms are unified.
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Organization of Interlaboratory testing schemes
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MRE2005 MRE2012 RQ13984 RQ13985 RQ14500 RQ14525
EIL 13-1 - valeurs observées et limites de tolérancepHKCl1N
Tolérance Valeur assignée
Labo 1 - Labo 3 - Labo 4 - Labo 5 - Labo 6 - Labo 8
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Organization of Interlaboratory testing schemes
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Suivi de la répétabilité (r%) - laboratoire 01pHKCl1N
LABO 01
RESEAU
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Organization of Interlaboratory testing schemes
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LABORATOIRE N°1:
graphique des z-scores - pHKCl1N
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Organization of Interlaboratory testing schemes
Labo 03 : pente de la droite
Labo 06 : pente de la droite
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ora
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Valeurs assignées
EIL 13-1 Mn disp. (mg/kg TS)
Etude de la justesse sur le domaine des analyses
VA
Labo 01
Labo 02
Labo 03
Labo 04
Labo 05
Labo 06
Labo 07
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Evaluation of diversity of
studied properties
analyze according to
reference methods and
spectral analysis
Selection of a calibration
set representative of the
population
Calibration model Regression PLS
Prediction of a new sample
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy Elaborating a predictive model – based on a “local approach”
global approach
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Dried soils
Wet soils
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Dried soils
Predicted parameters: CEC, TOC, NT, % d’argile, pH and humidity Division of the database :
• Cultures • Pastures • Gardens
Résultats des prédictions
CEC Argile COT_SK COT_WB N_Kj pHH2O pHKClN pHKCl01N HUM
Unité cmol+/kg % g/100g g/100g g/kg - - - %
SECV (global) 3.30 5.05 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.43 0.51 0.32 0.50
SEP (local) 1.48 2.94 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.24
RPD (SEP) 2.5 2.1 3.5 4.7 3.6 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.2
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Dried soils
Wet soils
Predicted parameters: CEC, TOC, NT, % d’argile, pH and humidity Division of the database :
• Cultures • Pastures • Gardens
Predicted parameters: % humidity, TOC and clay content
Humidity (%): 3057 samples • min: 6.6 % • max: 35.5 % • mean: 19 % • quality of prediction: 95% of samples are predicted • SEP = 0.7%
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Fertilization advices
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Fertilization advices
Soil offer Exports
Lost Plant
Needs
How ?
Diagnostic field
Diagnostic sample
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Fertilization advices
Soil offer Exports
Lost Plant
Needs
How ?
Diagnostic field
Diagnostic sample
Analysis
Extrapolation
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Fertilization advices
For phosphorus : definition of the soil offer
Clay content : measured or estimated
pH Dapp : measured or estimated % Stone : measured or estimated
P
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Fertilization advices
Soil offer Exports
Lost Plant
Needs
How ?
Diagnostic field
Diagnostic sample
Estimated
Calculated
Laboratory expertise
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Fertilization advices
Genot et al., 2011 http://www.requasud.be/img/page/publication/Cr2451_Requasud_LD.pdf
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Fertilization advices
Ca, Mg, K : concept of ideal Basic cation saturation ratio
(Bear and Toth, 1940s)
Ca
Mg
K
Acidity
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Fertilization advices
REQUAFERTI
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Example of a dedicated soil Information System :
The REQUASUD survey about fertility of Walloon soils
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Fertility of Walloon soils
1980 1990 2000 2010
1999
First brochure Second brochure
2005 2012
Third brochure
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Fertility of Walloon soils
100,000 samples during 2003-2008 Parameters:
pH
COT
Available elements :
P
K
Mg
Ca
Cu
In cultures and pastures
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Fertility of Walloon soils
Spatialisation by REGIONAL TYPOLOGICAL SOIL UNITS Combination of GPS and administrative georeferences
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Fertility of Walloon soils pH in cultures
pH in pastures
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Fertility of Walloon soils
requasol.requasud.be
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Fertility of Walloon soils
3 levels of zoom :
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Fertility of Walloon soils
Statistics of the soil
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Conclusion
Sampling
Analysis
Advice
Interpretation
The REQUASUD project allowed to develop regional tools for different end-users
↘↘↘ Error
Development of a mapping tool to improve sampling Training for sampling
Harmonization of interpretation… Software REQUAFERTI
Ringtests Use of reference materials Harmonization of analytical protocols
NIR
Reporting