Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example of 1)A) cellular structure.B) growth.C) responsiveness.D) metabolism.E) reproduction.

2) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella? 2)A) hookB) flagellinC) basal bodyD) filamentE) tubulin

3) Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE? 3)A) Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.B) Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.C) Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism.D) Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.E) Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.

4) Protein synthesis occurs in the 4)A) inclusion.B) nucleus.C) periplasmic space.D) cytoskeleton.E) ribosome.

5) Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms? 5)A) glycocalycesB) fimbriaeC) piliD) flagellaE) both fimbriae and glycocalyces

6) Short, hairlike structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called 6)A) fimbriae.B) cilia.C) flagella.D) pseudopodia.E) pili.

1

7) A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of 7)A) tumbles.B) negative chemotaxis.C) negative phototaxis.D) positive chemotaxis.E) positive phototaxis.

8) Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is TRUE? 8)A) A "run" results from clockwise movement of the flagellum.B) Prokaryotic flagella move in a whip-like manner.C) Prokaryotic flagella are anchored to the cell wall by means of the basal body.D) Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin.E) Treponema is an example of a bacterium that has a tuft of polar flagella.

9) Which of the following statements concerning pili is FALSE? 9)A) Pili are long, hollow tubules.B) Not all bacteria have pili.C) A bacterial cell will usually have only one or two pili.D) Pili facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells.E) Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella.

10) Which of the following may be a component of bacterial cell walls? 10)A) tubulinB) mycolic acidC) lipoteichoic acidsD) carrageenanE) both lipoteichoic and mycolic acids

11) Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain 11)A) lipopolysaccharide.B) waxes.C) carbohydrates.D) amino acids.E) tubulin.

12) Lipid A is a component of 12)A) lipopolysaccharides.B) bacterial glycocalyces.C) mycolic acid.D) cytoplasmic membranes.E) plant cell walls.

13) Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma lack cell walls. What sort of environment do they require forsurvival?

13)

A) isotonicB) a biofilmC) hypotonicD) hypertonicE) low temperature

2

14) Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by which of thefollowing processes?

14)

A) active transportB) diffusionC) osmosisD) facilitated diffusionE) group translocation

15) ATP is expended in which of the following processes? 15)A) active transportB) diffusionC) facilitated diffusionD) group translocationE) both active transport and group translocation

16) Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE? 16)A) Crenation results when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution.B) Osmosis stops when the system reaches equilibrium.C) During osmosis, water crosses to the side of the membrane with a lower solute concentration.D) Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will gain water.E) Osmosis requires a selectively permeable membrane.

17) Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of 17)A) mycolic acid.B) lipopolysaccharide.C) dipicolinic acid.D) glycoproteins.E) hopanoids.

18) The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT 18)A) anchoring cells to each other.B) cellular recognition and communication.C) transfer of genetic material between cells.D) strengthening the cell surface.E) protection against dehydration.

19) Which of the following is unique to archaea? 19)A) hamiB) LPSC) peptidoglycanD) fimbriaeE) pili

3

20)

The cells illustrated in Figure 3-1 are in a(n) ________ environment.

20)

A) passiveB) hypotonicC) isotonicD) hypertonicE) fluid mosaic

21) Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is TRUE? 21)A) Waste products and secretions are exported from the cell during endocytosis.B) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which liquids are brought into the cell.C) Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle.D) These processes occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.E) Endocytosis is a form of passive transport, whereas exocytosis is a form of active transport.

22) A lipid found in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes is 22)A) hopanoid.B) fatty acid.C) phospholipid.D) steroid.E) triglyceride.

4

23) Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE? 23)A) Centrioles are found in a region of the cell called the centrosome.B) Centrioles are composed of microtubules.C) Centrioles are found in all organisms except prokaryotes.D) Centrioles are believed to play a role in cellular processes such as mitosis and cytokinesis.E) The structure of centrioles is similar to that of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.

24) Which of the following is classified as a nonmembranous organelle of eukaryotic cells? 24)A) centrioleB) peroxisomeC) Golgi bodyD) endoplasmic reticulumE) mitochondrion

25) Which of the following is associated with the mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell? 25)A) chromatin B) inclusions C) cristae D) thylakoids E) nucleolus

26) Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT? 26)A) The rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis.B) The ER is a lipid storage organelle.C) The smooth ER has ribosomes associated with it.D) The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm.E) The smooth ER is a site of ATP synthesis.

27) Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a eukaryoticcell?

27)

A) Golgi bodyB) lysosomeC) nucleusD) smooth endoplasmic reticulumE) mitochondrion

28) Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that the former have 28)A) thylakoids.B) two lipid bilayers.C) cristae.D) DNA.E) 70S ribosomes.

29) Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY? 29)A) algae; glycocalyx presentB) plants; cellulose cell wallC) archaea; polysaccharide cell wallD) bacteria; peptidoglycan cell wallE) fungi; chitin, glucomannan and/or cellulose cell wall

5

30) Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE? 30)A) The endosymbiotic theory is not universally accepted.B) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells.C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cell.D) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.E) The cristae of mitochondria evolved from the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes.

31) Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton? 31)A) performs endocytosisB) aids in contraction of the cellC) gives shape to the cellD) packages cellular secretionsE) anchors organelles

32) The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of glucose isan example of

32)

A) plasmolysis.B) diffusion.C) osmosis.D) group translocation.E) facilitated diffusion.

33) Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane rapidlyand without the use of transport proteins?

33)

A) large molecules onlyB) small hydrophilic molecules onlyC) ions onlyD) small hydrophobic molecules onlyE) both ions and hydrophilic molecules

34) Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein? 34)A) diffusion onlyB) active transport onlyC) both facilitated diffusion and active transportD) facilitated diffusion onlyE) endocytosis only

35) Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of acid-fastbacteria?

35)

A) lipoteichoic acidB) N-acetylglucosamineC) mycolic acidD) endotoxinE) peptidoglycan

36) The cytoplasmic membranes of ________ contain phospholipids and proteins. 36)A) archaeal cellsB) eukaryotic cellsC) bacterial cellsD) both bacterial and eukaryotic cellsE) archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cells

6

37) Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of 37)A) eukaryotes only.B) bacteria only.C) archaea only.D) both archaea and bacteria.E) both archaea and eukaryotes.

38) Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by 38)A) eukaryotes.B) archaea.C) bacteria.D) all prokaryotes.E) nothing; no cells use both processes.

39) Some ________ use group translocation as a means of transport. 39)A) bacteriaB) archaeaC) protozoaD) eukaryotes and prokaryotesE) eukaryotes

40) Hopanoids are found in ________ cytoplasmic membranes. 40)A) archaealB) noC) eukaryoticD) bacterialE) prokaryotic

41) The cell walls of some ________ are composed of proteins. 41)A) eukaryotesB) bacteriaC) archaeaD) prokaryotesE) bacteria and eukaryotes

42) Cytoplasmic membranes of ________ are composed of phospholipids. 42)A) bacteriaB) archaeaC) eukaryotesD) prokaryotesE) bacteria and eukaryotes

43) Some members of ________ have hami. 43)A) bacteriaB) archaeaC) eukaryotesD) archaea and bacteriaE) bacteria and eukaryotes

7

44) ________ may have pili. 44)A) ProkaryotesB) EukaryotesC) ArchaeaD) BacteriaE) Both eukaryotes and bacteria

45) Cell walls composed of polysaccharide are found in 45)A) eukaryotes only.B) archaea only.C) bacteria only.D) archaea and eukaryotes only.E) archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.

46) Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids? 46)A) Gram-negative bacteria onlyB) archaeaC) Gram-positive bacteria onlyD) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteriaE) all prokaryotes

47)

What is the function of the cellular structure indicated by "c" in Figure 3.2?

47)

A) protect from dehydration onlyB) provide shape onlyC) attach to surfaces onlyD) attach to surfaces and protect from dehydrationE) provide shape, attach to surfaces, and protect from dehydration

48) Which of the following have a periplasmic space? 48)A) Gram-negative bacteria onlyB) Gram-positive bacteria onlyC) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteriaD) archaeaE) eukaryotes

8

49) Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane? 49)A) Gram-negative bacteria onlyB) Gram-positive bacteria onlyC) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteriaD) all prokaryotesE) archaea

50)

What is the function of the cellular structure indicated by "p" in Figure 3-3?

50)

A) protein synthesisB) packaging of materials for exportC) synthesis of lipidsD) ATP synthesisE) cell movement

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

51) Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and carbohydrates. 51)

52) Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest nutrients that have been brought into the cell throughphagocytosis.

52)

53) Bacterial protein synthesis can begin before the reading of the gene is complete. 53)

54) All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of proteins. 54)

9

55)

The processes illustrated in Figure 3-4 do not require energy input.

55)

56) Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of 50S and 30S subunits. 56)

57) Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells. 57)

58) Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease. 58)

59) Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids. 59)

60)

The short structures on the surface of the cell in Figure 3.5 are cilia.

60)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

61) In a(n) (hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic) solution, an animal cell can gain so much waterthat it may burst.

61)

62) The presence of a cell (wall/membrane) enables bacterial and plant cells to resist the effectsof hypotonic solutions.

62)

10

63) A higher concentration of solutes corresponds to a (higher/lower) concentration of water ina given solution.

63)

64) A(n) (symport/antiport/uniport) is a carrier protein that transports two substances in thesame direction across a membrane.

64)

65) Eukaryotic flagella are anchored by the basal body in the (cytoplasm/wall/membrane). 65)

66) The reserve deposits of starch or other compounds found in many prokaryotic cells arecalled (vacuoles/inclusions/nucleoid).

66)

67) Eukaryotic cells use a process known as (pinocytosis/phagocytosis) to obtain liquids fromtheir environment.

67)

68) Lipid (LPS/NAM/A/NAG) is a part of the Gram-negative cell outer membrane that canproduce fever, inflammation, and shock when it is released into the bloodstream.

68)

69) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of (protein/lipid/carbohydrate) synthesis. 69)

70) Fibrous structures some archaea use for attachment to surfaces are(hami/fimbriae/fimbriae).

70)

71) A (capsule/slime layer/matrix) is a type of glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell. 71)

72) Goli bodies are examples of a (membranous/non-membranous/cellular) organelle. 72)

73) The semiliquid matrix of the nucleus is called the (cytoplasm/nucleoid/nucleoplasm). 73)

74) A structural molecule found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons, flagella, cilia, and centrioles is(flagellin/tubulin/fibrin).

74)

75)

The process illustrated in Figure 3-6 occurs in (eukaryotic/bacterial/archaeal) cells.

75)

11

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

76) Compare and contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

77) Compare and contrast archaea and bacteria, with particular attention to the features that lead to their placementin separate taxa.

78) Most antibacterial drugs disrupt or destroy bacterial cellular characteristics that are different from those ofeukaryotic cells or that may not even be present in eukaryotic cells, an idea termed 'selective toxicity'. List anddescribe at least three cellular features of bacteria that could be targeted to inhibit or kill a bacterial pathogen.

79) Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have inner membranes with much greater surface area than their outermembranes. Discuss the contribution of the extensive inner membranes to the roles of these organelles.

80) Describe how the structure of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane relates to its function of selectivepermeability.

12

Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED3

1) C2) E3) C4) E5) E6) B7) E8) C9) E

10) E11) B12) A13) A14) B15) E16) C17) C18) C19) A20) B21) C22) A23) C24) A25) C26) D27) E28) A29) A30) B31) D32) D33) D34) C35) C36) D37) A38) A39) A40) D41) C42) E43) B44) D45) D46) C47) D48) A49) A50) C

13

Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED3

51) TRUE52) FALSE53) TRUE54) FALSE55) TRUE56) FALSE57) FALSE58) TRUE59) FALSE60) FALSE61) hypotonic62) wall63) lower64) symport65) cytoplasm66) inclusions67) pinocytosis68) A69) lipid70) hami71) capsule72) membranous73) nucleoplasm74) tubulin75) bacterial76) Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid, a region within the cytoplasm where the DNA is found, but this region is not

surrounded by a membrane. Eukaryotic cells, however, have a true nucleus that is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.Additionally, eukaryotic cells have a variety of membranous compartments known as organelles within the cell,whereas prokaryotes do not have membranous organelles. Prokaryotic cells tend to be smaller and less structurallycomplex in general than eukaryotic cells. Even though the two types of cells may have various structures in common,such as cell walls and flagella, these structures can vary widely in their molecular composition.

77) Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, whereas archaeal cell walls are composed of a variety ofcarbohydrate forms but never peptidoglycan. The flagella of the two groups of prokaryotes have several differences,including size, manner of assembly, and function. Although both have fimbriae, archaea have a distinctive attachmentstructure called a hamus that is somewhat like a barbed grappling hook. Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes lackphospholipid, a membrane lipid found in both bacteria and eukaryotes. The ribosomes of archaea and bacteria are ofsimilar size, but some ribosomal components of archaea are more like those of eukaryotic ribosomes than those ofbacteria. RNA metabolism in the two prokaryotic groups differs, and the archaeal genetic code is more like that ofeukaryotes than that of bacteria.

78) 1) Cell wall: The cell wall of almost all bacteria contains peptidoglycan, a molecule absent in eukaryotic cell walls.Gram-negative cell walls contain unique molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and structures such as porins, whichare not present in eukaryotic cells. Additionally, human cells do not have a cell wall at all.2) Ribosomes: Bacterial ribosomes have a 70S structure, whereas eukaryotic ribosomes have an 80S structure. Thisdifference is enough to allow some drugs to preferentially affect bacterial ribosomes while leaving eukaryoticribosomes unharmed.3) Cellular appendages: Although both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can have flagella, the two types of cells usestructurally different types of flagella. Furthermore, many bacteria have fimbriae and pili, which are not found oneukaryotic cells.4) Cell membrane: Most cells use a phospholipid bilayer with inserted proteins as a cell membrane; however, bacterialcell membranes may contain hopanoids, which are absent in eukaryotic cell membranes.

14

Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED3

79) Both organelles use metabolic processes embedded in lipid membranes to generate to produce cellular energy. Thecristae of mitochondria produce ATP. The thylakoids of chloroplasts are the site of light energy capture and conversionto cellular energy. The extensive surface area of the folded inner membranes allows both organelles to produce muchmore energy than would otherwise be possible.

80) The structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane are explained in the fluid mosaic model. The cytoplasmicmembranes of bacterial cells are composed of phospholipids, which create a semipermeable barrier to the cell's outerenvironment. The only molecules that can easily cross the membrane are small, lipid soluble molecules. Other types ofmolecules must use the wide variety of transport proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer to cross themembrane. In this way, the cell can control the concentration of both its nutrients and its waste products. Thecytoplasmic membrane can also be used for energy production and for photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells.

15