Exam4Review

Exam4ReviewOutline

•  NervousSystem•  FemaleandMaleReproduc<veSystems•  EndocrineSystem

I’llmen<onafewthingsaboutDevelopmentalPathology(also:checkoutthesummaryIpostedon12/7).I’llleaveskinforyoutoreviewatyourleisure.

Thisreviewcoversthefollowing:

Nervous System

Pathology

Whatdoeseachofthesecellsdo?

•  Neurons•  Astrocytes•  Oligodendrocytes•  Microglia•  Ependymalcells

Ifapa<enthadablockageat1,whatwouldyoucalltheresul<ngdisorder?Howabout2?

1

2

Whatisawatershedinfarct?

Posteriorcerebralarteryarea

Anteriorcerebralarteryarea

Middlecerebral

arteryarea

InfarctatPCA/MCAwatershed

InfarctatACA/MCAwatershed

FocalCerebralIschemia

•  Whatcauseshemorrhagic(red)infarcts?•  Whatcausesischemic(pale)infarcts?•  WhataretransientischemicaUacks(TIAs)?

Hemorrhagic(L)vs.ischemic(R)infarc<on

Thrombus

Trauma<cVascularInjury

Namethethreekindsofintracranialhemorrhages.•  Wheredoeseachoccur?•  What’sthetypicalclinicalseYngineach?•  Howfastdoeseachoneprogress?

TumorsintheBrain

Brieflydescribefeaturesoftumorsarisingfrom:•  glialcells•  neurons•  meningealcells•  nervesheathcells

Mul<pleSclerosis

•  WhatisthebasicprobleminMS?•  Whatisthecause?•  Howdopa<entspresent?•  Whatdoyouseeinthebrain?

Mul<plesclerosis

AlzheimerDisease

•  WhatarethesymptomsofAlzheimerdisease?•  Whatisthepathologyinthebrain?

Alzheimerdisease:brainatrophy

Alzheimerdisease:plaques(L)andtangles(R)

ParkinsonDisease

•  WhatarethesymptomsofParkinsondisease?•  Whatistheunderlyingpathologyinthebrain?

Parkinsondisease(R):atrophyofsubstan<anigra

Parkinsondisease:Lewybody

MichaelJ.FoxandMuhammadAli

Hun<ngtonDisease

•  WhatarethesymptomsofHun<ngondisease?•  What’sgoingoninthebrain?

ReadthisstoryaboutKatharineandherfamily:hUp://www.ny<mes.com/2007/03/18/health/18hun<ngton.html

AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis

•  WhatarethesymptomsofALS?•  Whatistheunderlyingpathology?

StevenHawking

FemaleReproduc<ve

System

CervicalCarcinoma

•  Howcommonisit(now)?•  Whatcausesit?•  Whataretheprecursorlesionscalled?

Spectrumofcervicalintraepithelialneoplasia(CIN)

Uterus

•  Whatisendometriosis?•  Whatcausesendometrialhyperplasia?•  Whatcausesendometrialcarcinoma?•  Howdangerousisendometrialcarcinoma?

Ovaries

•  Whatisthemostcommonovariantumor?•  Whataretheriskfactorsforovariancarcinoma?•  Whatarethesymptomsofovariancarcinoma?

Surfaceepithelialtumors• Cystadenoma• Cystadenocarcinoma

Germcelltumors• Teratoma• Dysgerminoma• Yolksactumor• Choriocarcinoma

• Granulosa-thecacelltumor• Sertoli-Leydigcelltumor

Sexcord-stromaltumors

OriginofOvarianTumors

Breast

•  Whatisthemostcommoncauseofabreastlump?•  Whataretheriskfactorsforbreastcarcinoma?

Mostbreastlumpsarebenign

Male Reproductive

Pathology

Tes<s

•  Whatisthemostcommontypeoftes<cularcarcinoma?

•  Whatistheprognosis?

Prostate

•  Howdoesnodularhyperplasiatypicallypresent?•  Howdoesprosta<ccarcinomatypicallypresent?•  Why?

EndocrinePathology

Pituitary

Hyperpituitarism•  Toomuchanteriorpituitaryhormone(s)(canyounamethem?)

•  Whatisthemostcommoncause?•  Howmightthepa<entpresent?

Hypopituitarism•  TooliUleanteriorpituitaryhormone(s)•  Whataresomecauses?

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism•  Whataresomesymptoms?•  WhatisthemostcommoncauseintheUS?

Hypothyroidism•  Whataresomesymptoms?•  WhatisthemostcommoncauseintheUS?•  Whatisthemostcommoncauseinunderdevelopedcountries?

Namethetypeofthyroidi<sassociatedwitheachToyStorycharacter,anddescribewhythenamefits.

Non-Neoplas<cThyroidDiseases

Gravesdisease•  Whatistheclinicaltriadofsymptoms?•  Whatisthecause?

Goiter•  Whatdoes“goiter”mean?•  Whataresomecauses?•  Whatisthemechanism?

Neoplas<cThyroidDiseases

•  Ifsomeonehasathyroidnodule,whatisthemostlikelycause?

•  Namethefourtypesofthyroidcancer.•  Whichonehasthebestprognosis?•  Whichoneisthemostcommon?•  WhichoneisseeninMEN?Whichkind,MENIorII?

Whatthyroidtumordoesthismakeyouthinkof?Why?

AdrenalGlands

Cushingsyndrome•  Toomuchofwhathormone?•  Whatarethefourcauses?•  Whataresomesymptoms?

AdrenalGlands

Addisondisease•  TooliUlewhat?•  Whatisthecause?•  Whataresomesymptoms?•  Whyistheskinbronze?

Waterhouse-FriderichsenSyndrome•  TooliUlewhat?•  Whatistheusualcause?•  Whataresomesymptoms?•  Isitdangerous?

AdrenalMedullaTumors

Pheochromocytoma•  Celloforigin?•  What’sthemajorsymptom?•  Whyisitthe10%tumor?

Neuroblastoma•  Celloforigin?•  Whogetsit?

Whatendocrinedisorderdoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?

Whatendocrinedisorderdoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?

Whatendocrinedisorderdoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?

Whatendocrinedisorderdoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?

Whatendocrinedisorderdoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?

Whatendocrinedisorderdothesepa<entsmostlikelyhave?

MEN

•  WhataretheMENsyndromes?•  Whyaretheysobadforthepa<ent?

WhichMENsyndromeisassociatedwiththisman?

•  Whattumorsarethesepa<entslikelytoget?

•  Whatisthegene<cabnormality,andwhyisitlikethisman?

WhichMENsyndromeisassociatedwiththisman?

•  Whattumorsarethesepa<entslikelytoget?

•  Whatisthegene<cabnormality,andwhyisitlikethisman?

DevelopmentalPathology

Typesofgene<cabnormali<es

Trisomies XY Microdele/onMicroduplica/on

AD Repeats

21 Klinefelter Prader-Wili Marfan FragileX

18 Turner Angelman

13 DiGeorge

Whattrisomydothesethreeboyshave?Howdoyougetatrisomy?Namesometypicalfindingsandrisksinthissyndrome(whatisthenameforthe

palmarfinding?).Nameanddescribetwoothertrisomies.

?

Whatsexchromosomeabnormalitydoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?Whatishiskaryotype?Whatsymptomscouldhehave?

Whatsexchromosomeabnormalitydoesthispa<entmostlikelyhave?Whatmightherkaryotypebe?Whatsymptomscouldshehave?

ThisliUleboyhasDiGeorgesyndrome.Whatisthechromosomalabnormalityinthissyndrome?Whataresometypicalcharacteris<csofthissyndrome?

ThisliUlegirlhasPrader-Willisyndrome.Whatisthechromosomalabnormalityinthissyndrome?Whataresometypicalcharacteris<csofthissyndrome?

Thesepa<entshaveFragileXsyndrome.Whatisthegene<cabnormality?Whataresomeofthesymptoms?