evolving brains - limes the... · evolving brains terrence sejnowski hhmi salk institute university...
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Evolving Brains
Terrence Sejnowski
HHMISalk Institute
University of California, San Diego
Evolving Brains
Terrence Sejnowski
HHMISalk Institute
University of California, San Diego
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Levels of InvestigationLevels of Investigation
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“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of evolution”
T. Dobzhansky, 1973
“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of evolution”
T. Dobzhansky, 1973
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Francis CrickJames Watson
“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of DNA”“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of DNA”
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Natural SelectionNatural Selection
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DifferentiationDifferentiation
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DNA MethylationDNA Methylation
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Neurons Reactivate a DNA MethylationProcess from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Neurons Reactivate a DNA MethylationProcess from Pluripotent Stem Cells
R. Lister*, E.A, Mukamel* et al.. Science (2013)
Fraction oftotal mC
Highly methylatedin all cell types
Assumedunmethylated
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Neurons Accumulate DNA Methylation (mCH) During Brain Development
Neurons Accumulate DNA Methylation (mCH) During Brain Development
*DeFelipe et al. (1997); Huttenlocher et al., (1997)
R. Lister*, E.A, Mukamel* et al.. Science (2013)
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Precise Patterns of mCHPrecise Patterns of mCH
R. Lister*, E.A, Mukamel* et al.. Science (2013)
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Gene Expression is Correlated with mCHGene Expression is Correlated with mCH
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M. Margarita BehrensM. Margarita Behrens Eran MukamelEran Mukamel
Ryan ListerRyan ListerJoe EckerJoe Ecker
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Evolution of Body SegmentsEvolution of Body Segments
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Evolution of Ion ChannelsEvolution of Ion Channels
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Evolution of PhotoreceptorsEvolution of Photoreceptors
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Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
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Evolution of SynapsesEvolution of Synapses
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Brain InnovationBrain Innovation
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Evolution of the CortexEvolution of the Cortex
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Evolution of the CortexEvolution of the Cortex
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Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
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Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
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Felleman and Van Essen,1991
Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
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A Tale of Two VolesA Tale of Two Voles
Montaine
Prairie
Young, Nilsen, Waymire, MacGregor and Insel, 1999
Repetitive expansion
Montane
Prairie
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KE Family Tree
Evolution of LanguageEvolution of Language
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Cerebellum
Inferior Olive
Caudate Nucleus
Thalamus
Cortical Plate
Substantia Nigra
Inferior Olive
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Sydney Brenner
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What Makes Humans Human?What Makes Humans Human?
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DenisovanNeanderthalPresurfer
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What Makes Humans Human?• Language• Hypersociality• Joint attention • Learning• Writing
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John Allman
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John Allman
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Human BrainHuman Brain
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Zhang and Sejnowski, 2000
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Single Cell MethylomesSingle Cell Methylomes
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Deep LearningDeep Learning
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Picture CaptioningPicture Captioning
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Picture CaptioningPicture Captioning
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Dopamine NeuronsDopamine NeuronsActor Critic ModelActor Critic Model
Environment
Dopamine
Reward Prediction Error
Cerebral Cortex
BasalGanglia
Montague, Dayan and Sejnowski, 1996
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I should have shown a better result, a better outcome, and better content in terms of the game played, and I do apologize for not being able to satisfy a lot of people’s expectations. I kind of felt powerless.
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March 11, 2016: “AlphaGo can't beat me”
Ke Jie of ChinaKe Jie of China
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January 5, 2017: “After humanity spent thousands of years improving our tactics, computers tell us that humans are completely wrong.”
Ke Jie of ChinaKe Jie of China
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BRAIN InitiativeBrain Research through Advancing
Innovative Neurotechnologies
April 2, 2013
BRAIN InitiativeBrain Research through Advancing
Innovative Neurotechnologies
April 2, 2013 April 2, 2013
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Advisory Committee to the NIH Director
BRAIN 2025Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Working Group
JUNE 05, 2014
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Brain Activity Map
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BRAIN InitiativeBRAIN Initiative
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