evolutionary thought timeline + chap 9 and 10 organisms life histories and evolutionary fitness
TRANSCRIPT
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Evolutionary Thought Timeline+ Chap 9 and 10
Organisms
Life Histories and Evolutionary Fitness
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Bit of review
• Convergent Evolution -
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Convergence
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Eutheria Metatheria
ancestor
Theria
Convergence
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• Cactacea
• Euphorbacea
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Adaptation
• Pre-Darwinian idea– Old School Adaptation:
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a detour…
Very brief history of evolutionary thought
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Evolutionary Thought Timeline
• Wallace
• DarwinMid-late 1800s
Process but not mechanism of inheritance“Evolution via natural selection”“Descent with modification”
New Ideas?
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• Lack of knowledge on age of Earth
• “Species are fixed” constraint
• Lack of scientific methodology
• “Separate creation” constraint
Some problems constraining the development of the theory
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Major Tenets of Darwin and Wallace
• Evolution does occur
• Change is gradual
• Millions of species
(fossil and extant) descended
from a single ancestor
• Primary process called
Natural Selection Tim
e“specialization”
ancestor
fossil
extant
fossil
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Features of Evolution via Natural Selection
• Population produces far more individuals than can survive.
• Population has variability in most features
• Features are heritable
• Certain variants incur relative reproductive advantage
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Variation in heritable traits
Elimination of certain variants
Reproduction of survivors
Result: increases the frequency of certain variants
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Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
• Monk / Gardener
• Geneticist
• Experiments with Plant Hybrids (- peas)
• Provided mechanism of inheritance
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Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)
• Russian geneticist• Lab evidence for natural selection (Drosophila)
– (previous research was field observation based)• Architect of “Modern Synthesis”
– Integration of genetics and evolutionary theory– Mutation – raw material for natural selection
• Concerned with misuse of theory in society
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Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)
• German training medical student – natural historian
• Architect of “Modern Synthesis”– Integration of genetics and evolutionary theory– Isolating mechanisms and population level
evolution (Biological species concept)
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George Gaylord Simpson (1902-1984)
• Paleontologist
• Architect of “Modern Synthesis”– Fossil record lends evidence to theory of
Darwin and Wallace.– Evolution is not on a predetermined, directed
path.
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Adaptation
• Old School – evolutionary process by which organisms become better suited to environment
• New School – genetically determined characteristic that enhances the ability of an individual to cope with its environment.
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Velvet mite
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Life History Notes
• Mojave Desert
• Burrow in sand
• Main food source:– Grounded termites– Termite “fall-out”
• Moderate temperatures
• 1st sunny day after a rain (>8mm)
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Daily Migration
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Emergefrom
burrow
yes
no
Stayin
burrow
Burrow
Termite fall-out?
yes
no
Find Mate?
FavorableConditions?
Breed
♂
♀
Lay eggs
yes
no
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The cost of making a wrong decision.
• Emerge at wrong time:– No food – can lead to death
– No mate – can lead to reduced RO
– No herd effect – can lead to death via predation
Those variations of the population become rareIOW – Big cost to making wrong decision.
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Migrant birds
• Migration is energy demanding:– Staging areas to fatten up.– If no, then fail.
• The “bad weather versus predator avoidance” trade-off– Bad weather:
• Fatten-up to survive until better conditions
– Predator avoidance• Requires maneuverability – proportional to lean body mass.
– The choice:• Fatten up? Payoff prior to bad weather or season.• Remain lean? Payoff during times of high predation risk.
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Features of Evolution via Natural Selection
• Population produces far more individuals than can survive.
• Population has variability in most features• Features are heritable• Certain variants incur relative
reproductive advantage
– Fitness is one component of big picture
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Fitness
• Fitness:– Generic:– Genetic:
• Genotype:
• Phenotype:
VP = VG + VE + VGxEVariation in population
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VP = VG + VE + VGxE
Natural Selection acts here – random?
Alleles – different genetic information for same gene
A type – produces Enzyme “A”B type – produces Enzyme “B”O type – produces no enzyme
Tall gene Short gene
Good nutrition
Poor nutrition shortest
tallest int.
int.
E
G
Loci for different genes
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A B
Alleles – genetic variability in the population
Allelic variation arises from MUTATION
DNA RNA Protein
m
Central Dogma:
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Mutation
• Stochastic changes in genetic material• Caused by:
– Internal• Misrepair of DNA• Misreading of DNA by RNA
– External (Environmental)• http://www.evol.nw.ru/labs/lab38/spirov/hazard/mutagen_lst.html
• Radiation (UV)
• Most are harmful or “neutral”• Provides palette for Natural Selection
Not-random
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Select
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Citrus Scale in California
1 example of selection leading to evolution
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Evolution of sexual preference in Drosophila
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…Back to VP
• Even though there is variability in the phenotype, there is still only a particular range of environmental conditions that any given organism (or population) can occupy
• Organism – unit of natural selection – “Activity Performance Space”
• Population – unit of evolution – “Distribution”
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• Thermo-tolerance graph (warm-blooded orgs)
• “Activity Performance Space” (Resource utilization curve) – the “optimum” environmental conditions…
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Regulation of temp
Time spent at each location varies throughout year
Desert Iguana
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Microhabitat selection favors “optimum” conditions -
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Cactus Wren
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Figure 9.8
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Figure 9.7
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Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens BBS Summer Distribution Map, 1994 - 2003
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Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis BBS Summer Distribution Map, 1994 - 2003
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Figure 9.9
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Acclimation across species
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Two porcelain crab species in N. Pacific
Petrolisthes cinctipesP. eriomerus
Other crabs
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Coverage
P.c.P.e.
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• P.c. can handle being out of water longer
• They don’t shift to anaerobic respiration as soon
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• PC can recover from cold temps
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Added respiratory anatomy