evolutionary changes and salmon - institute of the ... · 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 year calif...
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![Page 1: Evolutionary Changes and Salmon - Institute of the ... · 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Year Calif Oregon Wash Total Coho salmon harvest Why? ... Robin Waples, NOAA Ruth Shaw, U](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022014/5b4289167f8b9a2e058b9367/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolutionary Changes and Salmon
Tom Quinn
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steelhead
sockeye
chum
pink
coho
Chinook
masou
cutthroat
Salmo
Salvelinus
Oncorhynchus
After Hendry & Stearns; Crespi
Pacific salmon(semelparous)
AAtlantic salmon & brown trout
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Study area
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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995Year
CalifOregonWashTotal
Coho salmon harvestWhy?
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ESA scorecardNot
Species E T C Listed
Chinook 2 7 1 7Chum - 2 - 2Coho - 3 2 1Cutthroat - (1) 1 4Pink - - - 2Sockeye 1 1 - 5Steelhead 2 8 2 3
Totals 5 22 6 24
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A great deal of effort (and money) has gone into evaluating demographic effects of the 4Hs
Hydropower
Harvest
Habitat
Hatcheries
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EvolutionaryEcological
Hatchery Harvest Habitat Hydropower
Data source:Made up
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Can salmon evolve fast enough to persist in
human-altered environments?
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Eggs
Spawners
Parr
Smolts
1-ocean
15%
60%
18%
3%Sexual
selection
Typical stage-specific survival rates
Columbia RiverChinook salmon
Steve Schroder
(~4000)
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Some key questions:
• Can phenotypic plasticity help buffer salmon against anthropogenic changes?
• What type of anthropogenic changes require the most dramatic evolutionary response?
• How fast can salmon evolve in response to anthropogenic change?
• To what extent are the evolutionary changes reversible?
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SymposiumBackground
Robin Waples, NOAA Ruth Shaw, U. Minnesota
Salmon PrimerTom Quinn, U. WashingtonMary Power, UC BerkeleyRay Hilborn, U. Washington
Evolution PrimerStevan Arnold, Oregon
StateAndrew Hendry, McGillSonia Sultan, WesleyanJeff Hutchings, DalhousieJoel Kingsolver, UNCMichael Whitlock, UBCRichard Law, U. York
Case studiesMaureen Purcell, USGS, SeattleBill Bradshaw, U. Oregon
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1. Size-selective harvest2. Disease prevalence and resistance3. Climate change4. Selective loss of habitat types 5. Effects of dams on water flow and temperature6. Habitat fragmentation & population structure7. Snake River fall chinook salmon
Workshop topics
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John Williams, NWFSCJay Hesse, Nez Perce TribeBilly Connor, US Fish & Wildlife ServiceSteve Arnold, Oregon State Nils Ryman, Stockholm U.Jeff Hutchings, Dalhousie U.
[Rich Zabel, NWFSC][Robin Waples, NWFSC]
Snake River fall chinook salmonWork group
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Habitat loss (impassable dams)Habitat quality
Impediments to migrationFlow & TemperatureTurbidity, pH, gravel, etcEstuary
HatcheryHarvestInvasive species
Snake River fall chinook salmonAnthropogenic factors
Why me?
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Size at date
2004 1950
90 mm70 mm
Snake River fall chinook salmon
B. WilliamsUnpubl. data
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Size at date
Threshold for smolting
2004 1950
Smolt – adult survival
3x higher for yearling life history
yearling subyearling
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Can it be explained by drift?No – would require Ne ~ 10 (est Ne ~ 1000)
Can it be explained by environmental changes and phenotypic plasticity?Perhaps – but no quantitative analysis
Can it be explained by evolution?Yes – required evolutionary rate falls within empirical range (assuming h2 = 0.4)
Rate of phenotypic change:2 sd in 50 years = 12 generations
Stevan Arnold model (after Lande 1976)
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Heritability in Chinook salmon
Growth rate 0.3Age at maturity 0.2 – 0.6Precocious male maturation 0.1 – 0.5Disease resistance up to 0.8
Heath et al.Hankin et al.
Hard
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Future of EvoSalmon?Products
ReportOverview paperPaper for Mol. Ecol.Special issue of journal?
NESCENT workgroups?Research
Andrew Hendry
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1. Evolutionary effects on functionality of ecosystems?
2. Do human activities that are causing the effects need to be controlled?
3. Could management changes alter evolutionary effects?
4. Further research?
Policy Questions
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