Evolution-The genetic change in a species over time.

In order to better understand evolution youneed to understand the word species at a high school level.

Species- A group of organisms that are similar that can breed and make offspringthat make viable offspring (babies that whengrown up can make babies)

1. More offspring are created than survive and reproduce.

3. There is a struggle to survive. (Competition)

1809-1882

Charles Darwin – Father of the Theory of Evolution Through Natural Selection

2. There is variation among the offspring.

(Due to sexual reproduction mutations & gene shuffling. Crossing over during meiosis)

4. The individuals that are best suited to the environment survive, reproduce and the future generations look like them.

hand

Adaptive radiation

Natural Variation•Results in different phenotypes for a trait•Caused by genetic variety due to

•Sexual reproduction•Mutation•Crossing over •Gene shuffling

Yeti Crab

Chapter 16 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery

Theory of Evolution through natural selectionexplains how modern organisms evolved through descent from common ancestors.

White-faced Saki Money

Sucker-footed Bat

Star-nosed mole

Pink Fairy Armadillo

Komondor dog

Blobfish

Aye-aye

Angora Rabbit

Artificial Selection vs. Natural Selection

Man chooses

Nature chooses

Evolutionary Fitness

It is not the fastest or the strongest but those that are best adapted to the environment that survive.

Teaching evolution makes some people uncomfortable….so….Why teach it?

Teaching evolution makes some people uncomfortable….so….Why teach it?

Evolution is here and you may have helpedit happen.

Evolution is here and you may have helpedit happen.

Evolution is here and you may have helpedit happen.

Youtube Extreamly Drug Resistant Tuburculosis XDR-VOA Story

Embryology

• Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development.

Chicken Human Mouse

Human Embryo

Early embryonic stages of all

vertebrates are similar - a 4 week old human

embryo has gill pouches and a tail,

two trademarks of all vertebrate embryos,

even ones that do not have gills or tails at

birth.

Evolutionary Biologist

Homologous structures –

structures that are similar in anatomy (structure) but different in function

Forelimbs of mammals are constructed from the same skeletal elements - the ancestral forelimb

became specialized for many

different functions

Homologous Stuctures

DNA Comparisons

History of Earth according to Hutton and Lyell

1780s - 1830s Hutton and Lyell’s Principles of Geology concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are still going on today.

Paleogeologist

Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

The breakup of Pangea

Fossil Evidence from Pangea

Strata

Paleogeologist: Fossil Record

Microbial (procaryotic cells) 3,500

Complex (eucaryotic cells) 2,000

First multicellular animals 670

Shell-bearing animals 540

Vertebrates (simple fishes) 490

Amphibians 350

Reptiles 310

Mammals 200

Nonhuman primates 60

Earliest apes 25

Australopithecine ancestors of humans

4

Modern humans 0 .15 (150,000 years)

A partial skeleton and indirect evidence from skeletal fragments indicate that Ar. ramidus may have walked upright. Although considered to be one of the most primitive hominids, Ar. ramidus shares some novel characteristics with much later hominids, namely aspects of its teeth. The molars of Ar. ramidus are smaller than are those of any of the Australopithecus species.

Ardipithecus ramidus was discovered in December 1992. Although not nearly as old as Orrorin tugenensis, Ar. ramidus is much more widely accepted by the scientific community as a hominid than is O. tugenensis, and thus is considered by some to be the oldest-known hominid.

Physical Anthropologisthominid evolution

Evolutionary Biologist

• Vestigial structures

                                                                                                                       

  

Appendix: not used by modern humans, ancestors used to digest tough plant fibers.

Goose bumps: not used by modern humans,ancestors used to raise thick hair to keep warm.

Tail bone: not used by Modern humans, ancestors used to support tail.

Leg bones: Not used by modern whales, ancestors used to walk on land.

Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed

Evolution of pesticide resistance in response to selection.

YOU can make it happen!

Patterns of Biodiversity (different organisms within an area)

1.Different , yet ecologically similar , animalspecies inhabited separated but ecologicallysimilar, habitats. = similar habitats have species with similar jobs

Different yet related animal species oftenoccupied different habitats within a local area.

Some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living animals.

Lamark got it wrong! He though that animals passed on acquired characteristics.Lamark missed the mark!

Malthus reasoned that if human populationgrew unchecked there wouldn’t be enough living space and food for everyone.