Evolution of Europe’s Political Geography – Chapter 7

• Byzantine Empire – Byzantium• Ottoman Empire – Constantinople• Republic of Turkey - Istanbul (Kemal Ataturk)• Split of Roman Empire between east and west• Split of Catholic Church - Byzantine/Orthodox

Church• Charlemagne - King of Franks• Feudal Europe • Brandenburg (Berlin), Ostmark (Vienna)

Hapsburg Empire: Germans, Slavs, Hungarians (German was dominant language)

in 1911

Revolutions and rise of Nationalism• Nationality = identity with a group of people who share a common

allegiance to a particular country• Nation-state• Examples

– Denmark– Nation-states in Europe

• Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality• Imperialism

– French Empire - Napoleon Bonaparte– British Empire– German Empires:

• 1st Reich - Holy Roman Empire• 2nd Reich - German Empire 1871• 3rd Reich - Nazi German Empire - Adolph Hitler

– Unification of Italy - 1860s• Unification & breakup

– Prussia, East Prussia – Kaliningrad– Yugoslav Federation – Josep Tito– U.S.S.R. - breakup and former Soviet republics– Czechoslovakia

Nation-states in Europe

Figure 7-15

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities?

• Multinational states– Multiethnic state

• A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity

– Example: the United States

– Multinational state• A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own

distinctive national identity– Example: the United Kingdom– Example: Russia (the largest multinational state)

• Revival of ethnic identity

Former U.S.S.R.

Ethnicities in Russia

Figure 7-18

• Adygea• Dagestan• Chechnya• North Ossetia• Ingushetia• Karachay-Cherkessia• Kabardino-Balkaria• Kalmykia• Mari-El• Mordvinia• Chuvashia• Tatarstan• Udmurtia• Bashkortostan • Komi • Karelia

Autonomous Russian Republics

The European Union

EU Enlargement

The EUROEuropean Central Bank Eurozone

Schengen Area

NATO in Europe

Other European Organizations

• European Coal and Steel Community– Now part of EU

• EFTA

• CIS

Devolution and Regionalism in Europe

Regionalism and Devolutionary movements – Nations without states

• France: Corsica (Corse), Brittany (Breton), Alsace (German), Occitanian - Provence (Langue d'Oc)

• Spain: Basque Country (Euskera), Catalonia (Catalan), Galicia (Gallego), Andalucia

• Belgium: Flanders (Flemish), Walloonia (Walloon French)• United Kingdom: Scotland (Scots Gaelic), Wales (Welsh), Northern Ireland

(Catholic Ulster Irish)• Italy: Mezzogiorno – Sicily, Sardinia; South Tiroleans• Czech Republic: Bohemia, Moravia• Slovakia: Magyar, Ruthenia• Croatia: Orthodox Serbs - Krajina Republic• Bosnia-Herzegovina: Serbian Republic, Catholic Croats, Muslim Bosnians

Kosovo (Albanians)• Romania: Magyars – Transylvania• Greece: Macedonians, Albanians• Moldova: Russians – Trans Dniester• Ukraine: Crimea (Russians), west Catholic, east Orthodox

Autonomous and de-facto Republics in the former Soviet States (the CIS)

• Ukraine– Crimea

• Moldova– Transnistria (Trans-Dniester)

Languages in Southeastern Europe

Ethnic Cleansing and Balkanization

• Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia– Bosnia-Herzegovina – Croatia– Kosovo

The Balkans in 1914

The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.

Ethnic Regions in former Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

Bosnia-Herzegovina: Internal Republics

•Republic of Srpska

•Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic)

Republic of Kosovo

Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Autonomous Regions in SpainGalicia

BasqueCountry

Catalonia

Valencia

Language Divisions in Belgium

Other Devolutionary Regions• Wales/Cymru• Brittany/Bretagne• Corse/Corsica• Crimea• South Ossetia• Abkhazia• Chechnya• Dagestan• Ingushetia• North Ossetia

Urban Geography “Towns and Cities” – Chapters 8-9

• Greek and Roman cities• Medieval cities• Renaissance cities• Industrial cities• Modern cities• Post Modern/Post Industrial cities• Soviet cities• Post-soviet cities• European cities versus American cities