evolution of central excise duties in india-1944 to 1985
TRANSCRIPT
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© K. G. Kulkarni
EVOLUTION
OF CENTRAL EXCISE DUTIES
IN INDIA
–
1944 to 1985
K. G. Kulkarni Supdt. Central Excise (Retd.)
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© K. G. Kulkarni
To my wife
Late Dr. Kalindi Kulkarni,
who inspired me
to undertake this passionate task.
Nothing can replace the loss,
No word can explain the pain,
But memories of you and
Your beautiful smile
Will be a treasure forever
Like a new minted coin
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© K. G. Kulkarni
Preface
This book contains the history of evolution of Central Excise Duties in India. This
evolution is only of historical importance. The period covered is from the 1944 to 1985 as
with effect from 01-03-1986, the Government of India adopted the internationally accepted
Harmonised System of Nomenclature (HSN). Under this system, everything under the Sun is
covered e.g. the previous tariff schedule contained only the commodity i.e. for example,
Cotton yarn (Tariff Item 18A) or Cotton Fabrics (Tariff Item 19). However, under HSN,
chapter 52 covers Cotton i.e. cotton raw, cotton carded, cotton slivers, cotton waste, cotton
fabrics etc. Under HSN, government has to choose which commodity is to be taxed and at
what rate and remaining items could be exempted in the tariff itself by indicating tariff rate as
„Nil‟.
The information contained in this book is a work of compilation of information from
various sources such as Notifications, Budget Speech, Trade Notices, Circulars, Tariff
Advices and other materials such as Court decisions, Tribunal decisions, decisions of Central
Government in Revision Application. I have also referred to the work of Kautilya,
“Arthashastra”.
I hope this work will be appreciated by all as this book contains a lot of information
relating to different commodities.
In completing this task, I shall not forget the important work of dictation and typing
done by my friend Mr. Deepak Dabade, who did it very sincerely. My thanks are also to Mr.
Solankar, Inspector of Central Excise, who helped me in getting some Circulars, Trade
notices etc. I am also thankful to my daughter-in-law Advocate Gauri Kulkarni, who helped
by reading my notes and rendering valuable suggestions from time to time. Last but not least,
thanks are also due to all my friends in Solapur, my home for last forty years.
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Prevalent currency during the period 1944 to 1985:
Upto 1958 (i.e. introduction of decimal system):
3 Pies = 1 Paisa
12 Pies or 4 Paisa = 1 Anna
16 Annas = 1 Rupee
From 1958 onwards (after adoption of decimal system):
100 Naye Paise = One Rupee
The nomenclature „Naye‟ was added to the currency after adopting decimal system to
indicate that it is the one hundredth part of Rupee (as old paisa was 64th
part of old one
rupee).
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CONTENTS
Chapter One Purpose and Scope of the Book
Chapter Two Introduction
Chapter Three Earlier Period
Chapter Four State Budget Control in Arthashastra
Chapter Five British Regime
Chapter Six Growth of Excise Duty in India
Chapter Seven Legislative History of Excise Duty in India
Chapter Eight Nature of Excise Duty in India
Chapter Nine Excise Duty – Taxable Event
Chapter Ten Types of Excise Duties
Chapter Eleven Administration of Excise Duties
Chapter Twelve Commodity Index
1 Sugar
1-A Confectionary
1-B Prepared or Preserved Foods
1-C Food Products
1-D Aerated Waters
1-E Glucose & Dextrose and Preparations thereof
1-F Maida)
2 Coffee
3 Tea
3-A Pan Massala
4-I Un-manufactured Tobacco
4-II (1) Cigars and Cheroots
4-II (2) Cigarettes
4-II (3) Biris
4-II (4) Smoking Mixtures
4-II (5) Chewing Tobacco
4-II (6) Snuff
4-II (7) Hookah Tobacco
5 Salt
6(i) Motor Spirit
6(ii) Power Alcohol
7 Kerosene
8 Refined Diesel Oil
9 Diesel Oil – Not otherwise specified
10 Furnace Oil
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11 Coal and Coke
11-A Petroleum products - Not Otherwise Specified
11-AA Petroleum Gases
11-B Omitted
11-C Omitted
11-D Omitted
11-E Electricity
12 Vegetable Non-Essential Oils
13 Vegetable Products
14 Paints and Varnishes
14-A Soda Ash
14-AA
Inorganic Chemicals, namely, Calcium, Carbide, Bleaching
Paste, etc.
14-AAA Organic Chemicals
14-B Caustic Soda
14-BB Sodium Silicate
14-C Glycerine
14-D Synthetic Organic Dyestuff
14-DD Synthetic Organic Products
14-E Patent or Proprietary Medicines
14-F Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations
14-FF Tooth Paste
14-G Acids
14-H Gases
14-HH Fertilizers
15 Soap
15-A Plastics
15-AA Organic Surface Active Agents
15-B Omitted
15-BB Omitted
15-C Starch
15-CC Molasses
15-D Polishes and Creams for Furniture, and Footwear
16 Tyres
16-A Rubber Products
16-AA Synthetic Rubber
16-B Wood and Articles of Wood
17 Paper and Paper Boards
18-I to III Man-made Fibres
18-IV Non-Cellulosic Waste, All sorts
18-A Cotton Yarn
18-B Woollen & Acrylic Spun Yarn
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18-C Silk Yarn
18-D Jute Yarn, All sorts
18-E Non-Cellulosic Spun Yarn
18-F Flax Yarn and Ramie Yarn
19 Cotton Fabrics
20 Silk Fabrics
21 Woollen Fabrics
22 Man-made Fabrics
22-A Jute Manufactures
22-AA Flax and Ramie Fabrics
22-B Coated Fabrics
22-C Linoleum
22-D Omitted
22-E Typewriter and Similar Ribbons
22-F Mineral Fibres and Yarn
22-G Floor Coverings
23 Cement
23-A Glass and Glassware
23-B Chinaware and Porcelainware
23-C Asbestos Cement Products
23-D Omitted
23-E Marble
24 Omitted
25 Iron and Steel Products thereof
25-A Omitted
26 Steel Ingots
26-A Copper and Copper Alloys
26-AA Iron or Steel, Products
26-B Zinc
27 Aluminium
27-A Lead
28 Tin Plates and Tinned sheets
28-A Electrical Stamping and Laminations
29 Internal Combustion Engines
29-A Refrigerating and Airconditioning Appliances
30 Electric Motors and Parts
30-A Power Driven Pumps
30-B Motor Starters
31 Electric Batteries
32 Electric Bulbs and Tube
33 Electric Fans and Regulators
33-A Wireless Receiving Sets
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33-AA Parts of Wireless Receiving Sets
33-B Electric Wires and Cables
33-C Domestic Electric Appliances
33-D Office Machines
33-DD Computer
33-E Electricity Supply Meters
33-F Musical System
34 Motor Vehicles, Tractors and Trailers
34-A Parts of Motor Vehicles, Tractors and Trailers
34-B Fork Lift Trucks and Platform Trucks
35 Cycles and parts of cycles other than motor cycles
36 Footwear
37-I Cinematograph Film Unexposed
37-II Cinematograph Film Exposed
37-A Gramophones and parts thereof
37-AA Tape Recorders
37-B Cinematograph Projectors
37-BB Television Images and Sound Recorders and Reproducers
37-C Photographic Apparatus and Goods
37-CC Television Cameras (including Video)
38 Matches
39 Lighters
40 Steel Furnitures
41 Crown Cork
42 Pilfer Proof Corks
43 Wooltops
44 Watches, Clocks and Timepieces
45 Safety Razor Blades / Weighing Machines
46 Metal containers, not elsewhere specified
47 Electronic Machines for games
48 Safe and Strong Boxes, etc.
48A Travel Goods
49 Rolling Bearings
50 Welding Electrodes
51 Coated Abrasives and Grinding Wheels
51A Hand tools and cutting tools
52 Bolts, nuts and screws
53 Zip or slide fasteners
54 Pressure Cookers
55 Vacuum Flasks
56 Playing Cards
57 Camphor
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58 Menthol
59 Sound and image recording articles
60 Adhesive Tapes
61 Electric Lighting Fittings
62 Tool Tips
63 Wire Ropes
64 Carbon Black
65 Rubber Processing Chemicals
66 Permanent Magnets
67 Graphide Electrodes and Anodes
68 All other goods, not elsewhere specified Chapter Thirteen Rules.
Chapter Fourteen Terminology.
Chapter Fifteen Formation of CEGAT, CBE&C
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CHAPER ONE - PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE BOOK
The scope and purpose of writing this book is, first, to give a general idea to the
common man – man in the street – who may not have any awareness of this taxation. This is
because Excise being an indirect tax, it was not visible to common man to that extent as that
of other direct taxes, like income tax, sales tax, etc, which have acquired public exposure.
Whereas it was the industrial community, like manufacturers, processors, etc, for whom this
tax has always been a topic of hot discussion.
Secondly, the present generation does not have any idea as to how, why and when the
duty of excise came into existence, its coverage, its implications and implementation, etc.
The system of excise, commodities brought into the excise net, the pattern of levy of the
excise duty and the laws and rules relating to excise duty, keep changing from time to time.
As readers will notice as they read through this book, these were set of rules framed by the
British with a chief motive to extract as much amount of taxation as possible from India so as
to enable them to transfer the revenue so generated to the British Government in London.
After independence, the set of rules have been amended keeping the assessee in view.
Especially, since the year 2000, the present system of granting exemptions to those
commodities, which do not generate assessable revenue, is the correct policy of tax
collection.
The principal intention of this book is to emphasize pre-1985 era, since from the year
1985 a system of internationally approved nomenclature, HSN was introduced by the
Government of India, thus giving the excise classification international standard.
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CHAPTER TWO - INTRODUCTION
It is my humble intention to give the history of excise and its evolution in India. This
book is a sincere effort to give an idea about the growth of excise duty in India, through the
colonial period and after the independence. This book is a compilation of the scanty record
now available and the author does not claim that the information contained in this book is
absolutely correct in as much as it is based on whatever record is available for use.
While dealing on this subject, I will elaborate more on the rules, that were framed
from time to time, than the Act of Excise. The Act merely gave the picture as to which
commodities were liable to excise duty, whereas it is the rules, which play an important role
in exploiting the idea of excise in generating revenue. In other words, Act was the objective
and the rules were the instrument to implement that objective. How the rules keep changing!
More industry-friendly the rules, more revenue they generate, even though, of late, their
number is reduced.
Readers will come across, against most of the consumer items, the words “tariff rate”
and “effective rate”. “Tariff rate” means the rate that has been fixed by the legislature
(Parliament) whereas the “effective rate” is the actual rate that is leviable for duty of excise.
These effective rates are fixed as per the Exemption Notification issued under Rule 8 of the
Central Excise Rules, 1944. The Government is empowered to issue such Exemption
Notifications fixing the rate not more than the tariff rate as prescribed by the Parliament, e.g.
when the tariff rate of any commodity is 20% ad valorem the Government can fix the duty
from 0 to 19.99% and under no circumstances the effective rate cannot be higher than the
tariff rate, which is illegal.
Of late, the use of computers has risen. Computer is a boon to mankind. Since
computer has got wide application and also it can be put to exhaustive use, their usage in
monitoring and collecting Excise Duty definitely a good source for the Government of
getting the manufacturing units within the excise net and to have proper control over them.
In the excise, there have been certain items which came under its purview much early,
like Salt (since the year1870), Sugar and Match sticks (both in the year1934), Tea and Coffee
(both in the year1944), which many generations have unwillingly paid taxes on these
commodities. The people of India were so accustomed to these taxes that they did not even
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feel the pinch of the burden of taxation. So dead were their feelings that Mahatma Gandhi,
the father of nation, aptly selected the item of Salt to instill the commotion of freedom into
their minds, which spread like a wild fire and dared to say „Quit India‟ to the British rulers
who ruled over India.
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CHAPTER THREE - EARLIER PERIOD
During the earlier period, the concept „protection‟ covered the entire social system,
which included education, health, transportation, communication, etc. For undertaking these
activities the state had to raise finance and, therefore, since long it has been the favourite
subject of all the rulers to raise finance. Taxes in the various forms, and on various
professions/jobs, were collected long before the British arrived in India.
The taxes were collected even before the Mughal period. During the Roman period
the taxes were collected though, however, the rate of tax was only about one per cent of the
value of the article involved.
Taxation in Ancient India:
(Manushyaanaam Vrittirarth
Manushyawatee Bhoomirityartha
Tasyaa Pruthivyaa Laabhpaalnopaaya
Shaastramarth Shaastramiti
(Adhikaran 15)
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(Man‘s livelihood depends on wealth. The land where man lives on earth is wealth.
The science, which deals with such acquisition of land and its maintenance, is the science of
wealth.)
In ancient India the taxation system was found in the treatise of the great thinker
Kautilya‟s “Arthashastra”. Kautiliya decided “artha” as vritti, i.e. livelihood manusya vrittir
arthah manusyavati bhumir ity artatah, tasyah prithivya lanhapalanosastram arthasastram
iti (15.1.1-2). Since very early times Artha has been regarded as one of the four purusarthas,
“goals of human life”, the other three being, Dharma, Kaama and Moksha.
In this connection, Artha is understood for the material well being as well as the
means of securing such well being, particularly, wealth.
According to Kautiliya, the definition of Arthashastra had a two-fold aim. First, it
sought to show how the ruler was expected to protect his territory. This protection (palana)
refers principally to the administration of the state. Secondly, it showed how a territory
should be acquired. This acquisition (labha) refers principally to the conquest of territory
from others that involved a consideration of a foreign policy of the state. These two, i.e.
protection and acquisition, covered the entire range of state activity. Arthashastra is thus the
science of statecraft and administration.
In order to do what is beneficial to the people, viz., Loksangraha, the state was
expressed to engage itself in various activities (karmas). The ruler was expected to undertake
works like settlement of virgin land (sunya nivesanam), building of dams (setubandha), tanks
and irrigational works, providing pastures for cattle (vraja), opening trade routes (vanik
patha) and many more similar activities which were specially prescribed in Chapter 2 of
Kautiliya‘s Arthashastra.
If rulers were righteous, people also were righteous, said Kautiliya. Even in
Mahabharata it was said yatha raja tatha praja. (As the ruler is, so are the ruled)
The effective administrative apparatus and enterprises depend on finance. Kautiliya
was keenly conscious of the fact that public finance was the backbone of the state. Evaluated
by the modern standards, Arthashastra is a unique authoritative text on public finance. While
Aristotle and Greeks condemned interest, trade and exchange, Kautiliya recognized their use
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and importance in the economy of national life. The principles on which the taxation system
was based were sound and reasonable. To use the language of modern economists, ability and
least sacrifice were the guiding principles of the framers of the financial regulations in the
ancient times.
The treasury had also its sources in revenue. Like a gardener, who plucks flowers
from the garden without cutting their roots, the ruler should collect revenue without
destroying the sources.
A proficient ruler was also expected to be a profound scholar. The reason is – “the
ruler is respected in his own country, but a scholar is respected everywhere – svadese pujyate
raja, vidvan sarvatra pujayate
In our times in India, the action oriented philosophy of Kautiliya had been restated by
Swami Vivekananda in his memorable words. ―Can anything be done unless everybody
exerts himself to the utmost? It is the man of action, the lion heart that the Goddess of
Wealth resorts to. No need of looking behind – forward. We want infinite energy, infinite
zeal, infinite courage and infinite patience. Then only will the great things be achieved.‖
Kautiliya is one of the greatest Indian thinkers, whose contribution deserves much
better study and understanding. His treatise Arthashastra means Economics. However,
Kautiliya did not use this word in the limited sense of Economics. He has defined
arthashastra as a science, which deals with sources of sustenance of mankind.
According to Kautiliya, the earth on which mankind lives is the true source of
sustenance and wealth of humanity. The science, which teaches one, the means to acquire,
i.e. to conquer as well, the means to protect, i.e. to maintain, the earth is called arthashastra.
Kautiliya‟s Arthashastra was primarily written as a guide for the king who was
expected to be able to rule with justice and equity to ensure protection and prosperity of his
subjects. Kautiliya‟s idea of arthashastra encompasses religion, statesmanship, international
relationships, espionage and counterespionage, wars, treatise, administration of law and
order, collection of revenue, rules of taxation, accounting of government revenue and
expenditure, detection of forty different types of frauds, punishment for concealed income,
administration of justice, disputes relating to property, crimes, regulation of industry, trade,
commerce, agriculture, mining, forestry, construction of palaces and forts and roads, etc.
There was hardly any area of human endeavour, which Kautiliya did not analyse in depth.
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He repeatedly stressed that the King must know all these subjects and be able to manage his
kingdom to ensure ever-increasing prosperity.
Mr. Earl Warren, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, while laying
the foundation stone of the American Embassy building in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, on 1st
September of 1956, remarked on the great significance of the fact that the diplomatic enclave
was named after Chanakya. He described Chanakya, also known as Kautiliya, as ―India‘s
first and greatest diplomat‖ and added ―I am conscious of the fact that even three hundred
years before Christ, India had a diplomat who wrote that a ruler should do nothing to
displease the people.‖ ―It proved‖, Mr. Warren, added, ―that Indian diplomats, so long ago
were imbued with a high social conscience.‖ He added further that the ―Government of
India has done a great service to a mankind by bringing all diplomatic missions together in
an integrated colony for the purpose of improving relations among representative of various
nations. India paid a fitting tribute to the memory of Chanakya, the celebrated sage
diplomat, who was the minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya and author of
Arthashastra, a treatise on statecraft and diplomacy.‖
During the period of Chanakya, Kautiliya‟s taxation was as under.
01) 1/6th
of the price of salt that was imported,
02) 16%, 20% and 11% respectively for measuring, weighing and scaling of
the goods that were sold in the market,
03) 4 maash each for testing and certification of weights and measures,
04) 1 kakan for each examination/scrutiny of weights and measures,
05) Octroi for entry into the territory -
a) 1.00 pan for the goods loaded on one animal,
b) 1.25 pan for each bullock-cart,
c) 1.00 mash for the goods carried on head,
d) 1.00 against importing an animal each, but 25% against sheep and goat,
06) Octroi against imports and exports -
a) 20% common,
b) 16.2/3% on fruits, flowers, dried fish, meat, grocery, etc,
c) in the range of 6.2/3% to 10% on wool, silk, cloth, liquors, elephant
teeth, turmeric, leather (hartal, manshil), etc.
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d) 4& to 5% tax on jaggery, sugar, salt, wood, yarn, cotton, animals,
medicines, etc.
07) 1/5th
in addition to the common taxes on the goods imported into the
city limits from the outside,
08) Water tax to be paid in the form of goods in the range of 1/5th
to 1/3rd
of the income,
09) 5 pan being the permission fee for performing plays or stage shows
to be paid by the theatre group, singers, magicians, etc.,
10) Prostitutes were required to pay their two days income each month,
11) Fishermen were required to pay 6th
part of their income when they
catch fish,
12) Octroi at the rate of 1/5th
to 1/6th
was required to be paid by the
merchants/traders upon importing the goods from foreign countries by
sea route; however, the goods damaged by water were exempted from
such octroi fee,
13) Ferrying charges were as under-
a) 1 mash per head
b)1 mash for small animal,
c) 2 mash for cow, horse, bull
d) 4 mash for camel buffalo,
e) 5 mash for bullock-card driven by one bull,
f) 6 mash for bullock-card driven by two bulls,
g) 7 mash for big cart,
h) 5 mash per sher of commercial goods,
i) double the rate for ferrying big rivers
14) every year the milkmen had to give (i) 84 kudav ghee, (ii) skin of dead
animals and (iii) specified tax,
15) 25% of the proceeds of the sales revenue generated by way of animal sale
was required to be paid to the King,
16) 1 mash licence fee per head for going out and coming into the country,
17) Cattle feed (grassland)
a) 1/4th
pan for camel, buffalo,
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b) 1/8th
pan for cow, bull, horse, donkey,
c) 1/16th
pan for other animals,
d) there use to be double the charge if the cattle remain in the cattle field
after eating grass,
e) four times more that of the payable was required to be paid for those
animals who stayed in the grassland,
f) old ox, castrated bull, newly delivered cow were exempted from
grassland taxation,
18) As regards the underground wealth -
a) 1/6th
to 1/3rd
of the valuation was eligible to be kept by the owner and
rest of the amount was required to be given to the King,
b) Wealth over and above the value of 1,000 pan belonged to the King,
c) Diamonds of whatever value were to be returned to the King.
Excise on Liquor:
„Suradhyaksa‟ was the Superintendent of Excise department who oversaw the
manufacture and sale of liquors. The state had monopoly over manufacture and sale of
liquors. Liquor houses were built outside the villages and consumption of liquor during the
daytime was strictly prohibited. Drunken people were allowed to go out of the liquor house,
instead facilities were provided for them to rest in the liquor house. The owner of the liquor
house was made responsible for the loss of personal property, if any, of the drunken people.
Revenue on sale of liquor and penalties on violations were the earning of the treasury.
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CHAPTER FOUR - STATE BUDGET CONTROL IN THE ARTHASAASTRA
The term “Budget” signifies estimation and organization of revenue and expenditure
of the state. A state will be sound and stable, which is well established on the sound financial
foundation, and sound & strong financial foundation is possible only on the basis of perfect
budgeting. Therefore, the budget plays a prominent role in the financial development of a
county.
Many writers have discussed various measures to improve a financial position of the
state for financial administration. The general management is to see that the expenditure of
the state should not forerun the revenue. It is amazing to note that the details of the fiscal
management recommended by Kautiliya are strikingly similar to the channels of modern
fiscal management. Kautiliya said all the efforts of the King had to be based on the strength
of treasury. So first of all, he went on adding, the King must look into that part of the
treasury, which was possible on account of nine elements that contribute towards it, namely -
i) Increase in commerce and trade,
ii) Good wishes of people of exemplary character,
iii) Arresting crime, such as robbery, etc.
iv) Reduction in the establishment expenditure,
v) Plenty of crops,
vi) Plenty of marketable goods,
vii) Freedom from calamity,
viii) Moderate taxes,
ix) Increase in the deposits of gold
The elements which cause adversities to the treasury were also identified by
Kautiliya, viz.,
Lack of spirit of seizing the opportunity,
Lending the state money on interest,
Illegal transactions
Misappropriation of state‟s funds,
Diminution of revenue,
Misappropriation of the valuables,
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Illegal exchange of goods and articles, and
Deflation.
Kautiliya contemplated raising the revenue of the state through several ways. Some
of them are as under.
a) Taxation (income from taxation),
b) Mining,
c) Excise,
d) Contribution, and
e) Miscellaneous.
Almost all commodities were made taxable including salt, water, personal income,
flowers, fruits, etc. Kautiliya was very clear in stating that the taxation should not cause
hardship to the consumers. He also took into consideration the expenditure on transit by
roadways as well as by waterways before the merchandise was assessed for taxation. The
ideal taxation rate according to Kautiliya was, 16% for regular commodities, for luxurious
items 32% and for other commodities, the rate was 8%.
Expenditure:
Contemplation and regulation of State Expenditure is as important as collection of
State Revenue.
According to Kautilya, the money may be spent at an appropriate time with a view to
achieve „trivarga‟ (three heads) namely „dharma‟, „artha‟, and „karma‟. Since the State is
given the responsibility of maintaining Army & Navy, the police, law and justice, medical
relief, sanitation measures, industries & manufacture etc., to mention a few items of
expenditure, were very large and amount of expenditure for the State used to be high. There
existed a clear indication of dividing the expenditure under „nitya‟ (plan) and „anitya‟ (on-
plan). Nitya is everyday expenditure and maintenance of large numbers of department‟s
expenditure and Anitya is on account of natural or man made calamities such as earthquakes,
floods, wars etc. etc., provision for which was made in State Budget.
Indeed, it is very much interesting to note that the Ex Finance Minister of India, Mr.
Yashwant Sinha, has fixed the rates of excise at 8%, 16% and 32% ad valorem, which is in
accordance with the taxation system in ancient India.
Law & Justice:
During the period of Kautilya, there were different branches of judiciary e.g. Civil,
Criminal, Tort, Contract, Limitation, Transfer of Property, Specific Relief. Kautilya suggests
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that only one person should not preside over the bench, it should be preferably be three
judges or one judge assisted by two other persons. The importance of evidence is the prime
element in the matter of justice during the ancient period like the modern times. The
credibility of the witness, his cross-examination etc. are also envisaged by Kautilya.
Although the aspect of limitation was considered, but it was not like the present times. There
were no counsels or advocates as we find in the modern times. Deterrent punishment was
given to the lawbreaker to ensure that the same offence is not repeated. Kautilya also
believed that implementation of the law is equally or even more important than framing the
law.
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CHAPTER FIVE - BRITISH REGIME
In India, until 1857, the British were fighting for the supremacy. At different periods
of time, the British acquired one territory after another, which belonged to the Indians. The
more their empire grew, more they needed the revenue. Salt was one of the articles that the
East India Company‟s servants attempted with more or less success to monopolise. In the
year 1865-67 Lord Clive established in Bengal a monopoly of the manufacture and sale of
salt with the sole object of providing adequate emoluments from the profits for the principal
persons concerned in the Government and of securing a share of revenue. This monopoly
was later extended to the other areas which fell to the East India Company by conquest or
otherwise.
The goods in the areas under the control of the company were subjected to town
duties, the imports from other areas attracted import duty. The duties on such imports were
called Inland Custom Duties and these duties were in substitution for the native system of
saver or transit duties on a number of different articles of merchandise. Inland Customs
Lines were established. The frontiers of these lines were shifted as the British acquired new
territories. To this the reference is found in the Manual of the Northern India Salt Revenue
Department.
―The Inland Customs Department was at this time at its zenith.
The business of the Department was simply to collect duties on
salt imported into the country as a source of revenue and to
prevent smuggling and to suppress the manufacture of earth
salt in the United provinces of Agra and Oudh. The Salt
Revenue Department in Punjab was controlled by the Punjab
Government.‖
The internal branch establishments were on an enormous scale. On 01.04.1868 there
were seventeen circles in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with as many European and
Eurasian officers in charge and as many as 1,260 subordinate officers were employed upon
preventive duties. The Great Customs Line, 2,472 miles in length stretched from Torbela on
the Indus (now in Pakistan) to the Mahanadi in the Sambalpur district of the Central Province
(present Bihar state) and was guarded by a strong army of 13,000 officers and men.
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Consignments of salt and sugar were liable to be examined on entering the jurisdiction of the
line, which was a zone of 10 to 15 miles in width and were actually examined at the chowkies
open to trade. This line was, in many places, a thick horny hedge, which was impassable by
man or beast with a high road alongside it. On this road peons on guard duty were posted at
night at regular intervals and the distance between the guards in the upper and more
important portion of the line being about a quarter of a mile. Messages could be sent up and
down the line by human voice, the guards and guard posts were regularly inspected and
patrolled and plains and fields on either side of the hedge or barrier were examined every
morning for tracks of head load smugglers.
This system of communication was in existence which I myself had witnessed while I
was on duty at Goa border. It was mandatory for the subordinate officers and inspectors to
prevent, e.g. smuggling, along the Goa border, which was done where the khambooks were
placed for the routine signatures of every officer on guard duty on the border. A book used to
be attached on each khambook, duly sealed, and the guard officer on duty was required to
sign in this book by putting his time of inspection. This book could not be removed without
the sanction of the higher officers and without breaking the seal.
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CHAPTER SIX - GROWTH OF EXCISE IN INDIA
Central Excise duty now formed substantial part of the revenue of our country.
The beginning of levy of excise in India appears to have started from 1894 with the
levy of duty on Cotton Yarn of finer counts and its extension was found in the year 1896
when the finer cloth was brought into the excise net. These were, however, abolished in the
year 1924-25.
There have been certain items which came under the purview of excise much early,
like Salt (since the year 1870), Sugar and Match sticks (both in the year 1934) Tea, Tobacco
and Coffee (all in the year 1944), which for generations have attracted payment of taxes.
It was in the year 1934, when the first state rationalization of Excise levy was
undertaken and their coverage was extended also to Steel Ingots, Mechanical Lighters in
addition to the items mentioned supra. By the year 1943, thus products of the organized
industries were brought into the excise net. Further following years also witnessed inclusion
of additional commodities into the purview of excise duty, which have been dealt with in
detail under respective chapter heading.
The year 1961 saw a policy change and in order to generate more revenue the duty of
excise was levied both on the raw materials and the intermediates like Soda Ash, Caustic
Soda, Glycerine, Coal tar, Dyes and its derivatives, zinc glass and glassware, patent and
proprietory medicines, cosmetics and toilet preparations, cellophane, chinaware and
porcelain.
In the Budget in year1963 a new concept for collecting revenue was introduced, that
is, surcharge at the rate of 10%, 20% and 33.1/3% of the basic excise duty was levied due to
China war.
In the Budget in the year1975, a new entry “Residuary Entry” was added, that is to
say, “All other goods not elsewhere specified”.
By the Budget in the year 1985, tariff schedule was taken out of Central Excises and
Salt Act, 1944, and a separate enactment was made, which is in existence till today, known as
Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986). This new tariff is based on the HSN
(Harmonised System of Nomenclature) system containing the item description that is
internationally present, that is to say, commodity in India having tariff description (say,
Cotton as chapter heading 52) will be having same chapter heading in rest of the countries.
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This unanimity is a result of Brussels Conference in which this system was adopted to which
numbers of nations are signatories. Under this standardized system first two digits indicate
chapter number, next two digits indicates heading and last two numbers represent sub
heading of the commodity in question, for example, 5205.11 means 52 is chapter heading, 05
is cotton yarn and 11 relates to single yarn
Under this Act, everything under the sun was subject to the duty of excise but also it
is true that it paved way for innumerable litigations.
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF EXCISE DUTY IN INDIA
Till the year 1943, the system adopted in India was that whenever any new Excise
imposts were proposed, the bill introducing it prescribed separate rules and regulations for its
administration, which took into account the special requirement of its levy and gave its
commodities a treatment appropriate to it.
In this way, by the year 1944, in India, there were as many as 16 separate enactments
for levy and collection of the duty of excise. Out of these 16 enactments, 9 enactments, viz.,
7 enactments related to Salt and 2 enactments related to Silver and Mechanical Lighters were
unimportant.
It was remaining 7 enactments or statutes covering commodities like (1) Motor Spirit,
(2) Sugar, (3) Matches, (4) Steel Ingots, (5) Tyres, (6) Tobacco, and (7) Vegetable Products,
were major revenue generating items. These seven statutes were consolidated into one Act –
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. This is why the word “excises” is mentioned in plural in
the said Act. This newly constituted act provided for the levy of Central Excise duty from the
whole of India including designated area.
“Excise” is a word of wide import. According to the dictionary, it is an indirect tax
on commodities manufactured, produced, sold, used or transported within the country.
According to Corpus Juris Secundum, the word “excise” means every form of indirect
taxation which is not a burden laid directly on persons or property or every form of change
imposed by the public authority for the purpose of raising revenue on the performance of an
act, enjoyment of privilege or engaging in an occupation.
The wide definition takes in all kinds of indirect taxes. However, whatever may be the
ordinary, natural, grammatical meaning of “excise” or the legislative or judicial practice in
other countries in regard to it, the term has acquired a restricted connotation in India on
account of the precise decisions, legislative powers between the Centre and the State.
In the year 1939, the term “duty of excise” was wide enough to include a tax on sales
under the Government of India Act, 1935, where power was expressly given to another
authority to levy a tax on sales. “Duty of Excise” had to be understood in the more restricted
sense than the expression would otherwise bear. (1984-15-ELT-7 (KER) refers)
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The definition of “Excise” in Webster‟s New International Dictionary gives in precise
terms the present state of excise as it evolved over a period of years. In doing so, it also
indicates the growing importance of excise as a source of. It reads -
(1) any duty, toll or tax,
(2) inland duty or impost levied upon the manufacture, sale or
consumption of commodities within the country; also a tax
upon pursuit or following certain support, trade or occupation
usually taking in this state for exactions for licenses.‖
Dr. Johnson, at the imminent risk of being subjected to prosecution for libel, defined
the word “Excise” in his dictionary as a “hateful tax levied upon commodities and adjudged
not by the common judge of property but wretches hired by those to whom excise is paid, can
hardly be ever forgotten.”
Thus based on the concept for duty on Salt, the Excise Duty is imposed on the goods
produced or manufactured (Entry 48, List I, 7th
Schedule to the Government of India Act,
1935; and Entry 84, List I, 7th
Schedule of the Constitution of India and the Section 3 of the
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 refers).
The meaning of “excise” as given in the English dictionary is, of course, very
comprehensive, as the writer of the dictionary has to include all possible uses to which the
word is put. In common parlance, the duty of excise is, more or less, connected with the
home manufacture or production even though its collection may be delayed till a later stage.
Stephen in his Commentary (Volume II, Chapter 7) following Blackstone‟s old definition
(Commentary (Volume 1, Chapter 8) has stated that “Excise duties are those duties which are
imposed by the Parliament upon the commodities produced and consumed in the country.
They are directly opposite in their nature to the Customs duties, for they are the inland
imposition paid on the consumption of commodities frequently upon the retail sale. This was
apparently based on the fact that about the middle of the 17th
Century there were Excise
duties laid on the makers and vendors of sale, etc.
In the Encyclopedia Britannica (Volume 8, Page 955, 14th
Edition) it has been pointed
out that in modern times; however, the term generally connotes a tax on articles of home
manufacture in contrast to the Custom duties, which are levied on certain articles that are
imported.
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In Halsbury‟s Laws of England, Hailasham Edition, Volume 28, Page 330, Note (a),
dictionary meaning has been adopted and the excise duties are taken to be the duties payable
on goods produced at home, whereas customs duties are the duties on the goods imported
into this country from abroad. The Excise duties now, however, comprehend other duties as
the entertainment duties.
An attempt is being made in this book to trace the growth of different items, details of
which are incorporated under items of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act,
1944. This is attempted on the basis of whatever records/instructions/circulars available now.
It is not claimed that the information is cent percent accurate but this is an honest and sincere
attempt to trace the history of growth of Excise duties in India, covering a span of about forty
years, right from 1944 to the year 1985.
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CHAPTER EIGHT - NATURE OF EXCISE DUTY IN INDIA
In our country, there is no definition of “excise duty”, neither in the constitution of
India nor under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, and hence this term has to be
interpreted in the natural sense. In the absence of any statutory definition of the expression of
“Excise Duty”, the question of its correct interpretation has often been a subject matter for
consideration of the courts. In a series of judgments, the Supreme Court of India had held
that the Excise Duty is essentially a tax on the production or manufacture of excisable goods
produced or manufactured within the country and is unrelated to the sale of the goods.
In fact, the excise duty is a tax charged on the manufacture or production of goods
and is not a tax on the sale or purchase of goods like purchase or sales tax. (1998(8) ELT-11
(Del) refers). The excise duty is an indirect tax whose incidence generally falls on the
consumption of goods. Though the event of the excise duty occurs at the time of the
production or manufacture of the goods, strictly speaking, it is a tax on the consumption of
the goods within the country of production. This is the well-known and well-accepted
concept of excise duty as well as in the law in this country. The excise duty is not directly on
the goods but on the activity of production or the manufacture of the goods and it is an
indirect tax, which the manufacturer or the producer of the excisable goods passes on and the
ultimate incidence is always on the consumer. (1984(24) ELT-507 (KAR)(D.B.) refers)
The commodity or the goods on which the excise duty is to be charged has to be seen
that (a) the levy must be upon the goods and (b) the taxable event must be the manufacture or
the production of goods. Further, the levy need not be imposed at the stage of manufacture or
production but can be imposed later so long as the character of the impost, i.e., it is a duty on
the manufacture or production, is not lost. (AIR-1962-SC-1281; AIR-1967-SC-1512 and
1986(24) ELT-507 (D.B.) refers)
Although the excise duty is an indirect tax, yet, between the manufacturer and his
customer, it forms part of the price of the goods sold or purchased. (1977(1) ELT (J-
65)(CAL) refers). The duty of excise is distinguishable from the sales tax but the excise duty
can be passed on to the consumer and, therefore, the consumer is as much interested as the
manufacturer himself in seeing to it that the provisions of laws are carried so that he does not
stand to lose. (1982(10) ELT-155 (GUJ) refers)
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CHAPTER NINE - EXCISE DUTY – TAXABLE EVENT
The excise duty is attracted the moment the goods are manufactured or produced
though its actual collection can be postponed to a subsequent date. (AIR-1962-SC-1006;
AIR-1962-SC-1281; AIR-1963-SC-1760; AIR-1967-SC-1512; AIR-1973-SC-225 and AIR-
1977-SC-1006 refers)
The taxable event in respect of duty of excise is the manufacture of goods and not
their removal. It can be levied at any convenient stage so long as the essential character of
the impost, i.e. it is the duty on manufacture or production, is not lost. Therefore, the method
of collection does not affect the essence of Excise Duty but only relates to the machinery of
collection for administrative conveniences. This inference is further supported by Section 4
of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, which deals with the determination of the value for
the purposes of Excise Duty. (AIR-1962-SC-1281 and 1983(12) ELT-326 (GUJ) refers).
The material point of time with reference to which the value is determined under that section
is the time of removal of the article chargeable with the excise duty from the factory and not
the time when it is manufactured or produced. Therefore, subject always to the legislative
competence of the taxing authority, the said tax can be levied at a convenient stage so long as
the character of the impost, i.e. it is the excise duty on the manufacture or production, is not
lost. (1985(19) ELT-329 (MP) refers).
Section 3 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, provides that there shall be levied
and collected the duties of excise, in such a manner as may be prescribed, on all excisable
goods, other than salt, which are produced or manufactured in India and at the rates set forth
in the Schedule. It is, therefore, clear that as soon as the goods in question are produced or
manufactured, they will be liable for the payment of excise duty. While Section 3 of the said
Act mentioned supra, lays down the taxable event, the rule 9 and rule 49 of the Central
Excise Rules, provide for the collection of duty. There is distinction between collection and
levy of duty. Moreover, there is, in theory, nothing to prevent the Central Legislature from
imposing a duty of excise on a commodity as soon as it comes into existence – no matter
what happens to it afterwards, whether it be sold, consumed or destroyed or given away. It is
for the convenience of the taxing authority that the duty of excise is collected at the time of
removal of the commodity that is manufactured or produced in India. (1987(32) ELT
234(S.C.) refers)
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Taxable event is not independent of liability to pay duty or from the levy of duty.
Thus there cannot be different taxable events for the different purposes. (1988(33) ELT
1813(T) refers)
The Madhya Pradesh High Court has taken the view that the crucial time for levy of
duty is the “time of removal” as envisaged by the rule 9A ibid and not the date of
manufacture or production of goods in the factory. (1982(10) ELT-97 (M.P.) refers)
When a marketable commodity is created, excisability follows, whether such a
commodity is sold or not, therefore, the sale or the ownership of the excisable goods is
absolutely irrelevant for the purpose of taxable event under the Central Excise law. (1985(20)
ELT 179(S.C.) refers). As such there is nothing wrong in collecting the excise duty at the
stage of removal. (1986(25) ELT 727(T) refers).
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CHAPTER TEN – TYPES OF EXCISE DUTY
There are different types of excise duties, i.e.
a) Basic Excise duty leviable under Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944;
b) Additional Duty of Excise, in lieu of Sales tax, leviable under the
Additional Duties of Excise (On Goods of Special Importance) Act,
1957;
c) Special Duty of Excise, leviable under the Finance Act, 1963; Special
Excise Duty, which is also known as Auxiliary Duty or the Regulatory
Duty was levied for the first time in the year 1963 as a surcharge on
selective commodities to raise the additional resources to meet out the
expenses of China War but has now been continued. These duties are
levied as per the Finance Act, 1963, where under the provisions of the
Central Excise Act and the Rules made there under have been made
applicable to the Special Excise Duties.
d) Additional duty leviable on the specific items under the Act,
Additional Duty of Excise on Textile and Textile Articles Act, 1978;
e) Additional duty on minerals and oils, leviable under the Mineral
Products (Additional Duties of Excise and Customs) Act, 1978
The above-mentioned additional duties were in addition to the duty of excise, special
excise duty or any other additional excise duty. The additional duties on the specific
commodities were leviable only with a view to either curb the demand or consumption of
those commodities or generate revenue sources from the commodities, which can for the time
being bear the extra load of taxation.
Cess:
Cess on excise duty was leviable on certain specified commodities under various acts.
Cess was a tax imposed for the specific purpose with reference to some goods. Therefore, it
caused obligation on the collecting agency to utilize the same only for the purpose for which
it was levied. However, because of this the Cess did not cease to be a tax. In fact, Cess was
of the nature of excise duty as it was with relation to the production of goods and the same
was collected at the stage of their removal from the factory, therefore, the Cess was not
distinguishable from the duty.
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At present, the Cess is leviable on various articles, such as Biris, Coal, Coke, Copra,
Cotton, Coffee, crude oil, iron, jute products, manganese, marine products, natural gas, lime
stone, oil extracted from oil seeds, rubber, sugar, tea, textile and textile machinery, tobacco
and the tobacco used for the manufacture of biris under various Acts.
Further, cess is leviable only when the manufactured goods are delivered at the place
of manufacture and at the time of removal from the factory and not before that, that is to say
the cess is leviable on such goods that are exchangeable and they do have marketability at the
time of their removal from the factory or the place of manufacture. Cess is not a tax on the
purchase or consumption of raw material but is on the manufacture and production of goods
from such raw material. Thus the Parliament is competent to levy Cess under Entry 84, List I
of the 7th
Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Today, the levy of excise duty under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, is on the
manufacture or production of goods, while in relation to the Cess, the Cess is leviable only on
the removal or clearance of goods. Therefore, exemption from the excise duty under rule
8(1) of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, does not mean exemption from the cess, unless such
Exemption Notification also refers to the relevant Act levying the cess.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN - ADMINISTRATION OF EXCISE DUTY
Physical Control
This control system was made applicable to manufactured Tobacco products such as
Biris, Snuff, Chewing Tobacco and other manufactured products like Khandsari Sugar,
Matchboxes, etc. Control on the unmanufactured tobacco commenced from the stage of
growing and curing the produce and continued till the unmanufactured product was about to
be consumed. This system envisaged control over storage and transport of non-duty paid as
well as duty-paid unmanufactured tobacco. Assessment of the goods was done by the
departmental officer under whose supervision the goods manufactured were removed. This
removal of goods was based on the strength of the document known as Transportation
Certificate issued by the departmental officers. The departmental officer also used to control
the transportation of unmanufactured tobacco products from the place of curing to the place
of warehouse and also controls the annual returns covering weight of tobacco for
transportation from the place of storage to the place of private warehouses and used to issue
Transport Permits.
Prior to 01.04.1958 there used to be a Range Office that consisted of one Inspector
and one Sepoy. The excise control was exercised on the basis of “physical control” in which
the inspector was responsible for controlling the factory by looking into production and he
was also responsible for removal of the goods produced on payment of duty. The documents
for this system were required to be prepared by the manufacturer of the goods and the same
were required to be countersigned by the inspector. This system was in vogue till the year
1969.
Self Removal Procedure
From the year 1969 onwards “Self Removal Procedure” was introduced by the
then Finance Minister (Late) Mr. Morarjibhai Desai. Thus a confidence was reposed by the
Government in the Licensees. The Government also published a booklet in the name and
style as “A Handbook on Self Removal Procedure” (Chapter VII- A, Rules 173A to 173P
refers, later this was substituted by Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue) by
Notification No.182/69-C.E. dated 14.07.1969). This was a bold step by the Government to
administer the duties, which were hitherto administered under the Physical Control system.
By way of this procedure a greater faith was shown and the whole idea behind this trust was
that the assessee was free to remove the goods at any time without waiting for the Inspector‟s
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presence. Response to this procedure from the manufacturing community was positive and
the excise revenue also showed an upward increase.
In this procedure the countersignature of the Range Officer was not required to be
taken and the manufacturer was free to remove the goods manufactured under his own
signature. Naturally the manufacturers accepted this procedure whole-heartedly, which still
continues.
Production Based Control System
In the year 1978 “Production Based Control System” was introduced, in which
case, more efforts were made on the aspect of production; however, the earlier system of Self
Removal Procedure was also prevailing in addition to the new system of Production Based
Control System. This type of control applied to those excisable goods, which were not
covered by the Record Based Control or the Compounded Levy Scheme.
Under Production Based Control System periodical and systematic checks were
exercised at various stages of production to ensure proper accounting of the goods produced
or manufactured by the manufacturer. Even receipts of the duty paid goods that were
received in the factory were also subjected to thorough checking. In this process the
manufacturer was required to submit the list of goods manufactured by him as also the rate of
duty applicable along with the applicable notification granting exemption to the product.
This list was known as Classification List and this list was a proof that the concerned
assessee was free to remove such goods manufactured by him on this basis as also on the
basis of price list. However, in case, the department did not agree with the rate of duty or the
variation in classification, invariably the concerned officer used to issue a show cause notice
to the assessee indicating the grounds of non-acceptance of classification or the variation in
the classification or the rate of duty, as the case may be. This was done with due respect to
the laws and with a view to give assessee the benefit of the principle of natural justice.
Record Based Control System
Under this system, the manufacturer was required to get the rate of duty approved
from the department similar to the system of Production Based Control. Thus the
manufacturer was in a position to assess his goods to the duty and was in a position to
remove the goods without any interference of the departmental officer but after the payment
of duty so assessable. For the purpose of payment of duty the assessee was required to
maintain an Account Current (Personal Ledger Account) in which he had to enter credit
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earned from time to time and debit the duty so paid at the time of removal of the goods. A
monthly return was required to be submitted (RT-12) giving therein the information relating
to the production and clearance of the goods manufactured, stock of excisable goods in
balance, extract of Account Current and the clearance documents, etc.
The Government had issued a Notification Number 24/86-C.E. dated 10.02.1986 in
this connection and about twenty items were covered under this system. This was a system
under which assessee‟s account books, invoices, dispatch advices, etc, were accepted and
more trust was reposed in the assessee.
Compounded Levy Scheme
The Government introduced this Scheme taking into consideration the Small Scale
or decentralized sector and covered the commodities like Cotton Fabrics manufactured by
Powerloom owners, Battery parts, Coarse Grains, Plywood, Khandsari Sugar, Embroidery,
etc. Intention of the Government behind introducing this scheme was to offer assistance to
the small-scale sector/decentralized sector to make them viable for their existence vis-à-vis
their growth.
Under this Scheme duty was fixed for a specified period on the basis of number and
types of machines installed. Further, assessee was absolved from day to day exercising
excise formalities regarding maintenance of accounts, removal of goods, etc.,
Multiple Officer Range
The Government made reorganization of the Central Excise department mainly to
overcome the following lacuna it experienced, specially when the commodity
Unmanufactured Tobacco was concerned, which was a major revenue source.
(1) Lack of elasticity – wastage of manpower during slack season as
also, on the contrary, inadequacy of manpower during busy season,
(2) Lack of intensive control over the densely growing areas owing to
dissipation of staff in (a) comparatively sparse growing area and
(b) control over transport, warehousing and wholesale dealer;
(3) Weakness in supervision arising out of remote control by Circle
Officers and
the Assistant Circle Officers through correspondence and
inspection including inspection of the office records;
(4) High cost of collection.
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The advantages of the Multiple Officer Range system were -
(1) Close range checking and supervision by the deputy superintendent
with consequent improvement in frequency, intensity and quality
of the supervision,
(2) A single set of Range records other than the Survey Book and such
other records required to be maintained by executive officers for
noting declarations, field checks, etc, was possible to be
maintained. Thus reducing the volume of the scriptory work that
was involved in proportion to the number of Single Inspector
Ranges constituted into the Multiple Office Range. Such records
were proposed to be maintained by a Lower Division clerk posted
in the Range, as a result relieving the executive officers of their
time for more extensive and intensive field checks;
(3) In view of the fact that a senior officer of the grade of Deputy
Superintendent was in-charge of the Range and work was proposed
to be done on a functional basis, it was possible to effect reduction
in the total number of Officers and Sepoys now employed in the
growing area. For example, in an area where, say, eight ranges
now exists with 8 inspectors, 8 supervisors and 8 Sepoys, it was
possible to create a Multiple Officer Range with, say, 1 Deputy
Superintendent, 4 Inspectors, 4 Supervisors, 4 Sepoys and 1 Lower
Division Clerk.
(4) Difficulties that were experienced in manning growing ranges
during leave vacancies were removed,
(5) On account of the fact that the Deputy Superintendent was able to
exert more proximate control over the Inspectors and Supervisors,
there were reductions in the opportunities for corruption,
(6) This scheme of Multiple Officer Range also enabled the
withdrawal of officers from out of the way places to a center where
better amenities for living existed;
(7) Officers were in a better position to consult each other on their
doubts and as the deputy superintendent was always available, they
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were able to get immediate instructions from him in various
matters on different occasions;
(8) Primary control became really effective and it was largely possible
to ultimately withdraw control, except statistical and preventive,
over the areas, which formed the periphery to the heavily growing
areas.
(Circular of Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue) bearing
number 40/102/5-CX dated 23.08.1956 refers.)
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CHAPTER TWELVE - COMMODITY INDEX
01. The following commodities were subjected to duty of excise.
Tariff Item
No. Commodity
Date of
imposition
of Excise
Duty
FOODS
1 Sugar 01.04.1934
1A. Confectionary 01.03.1968
1B. Prepared or Preserved Foods 01.03.1969
1C. Food Products 01.03.1970
1D. Aerated Waters 01.03.1970
1E. Glucose & Dextrose and preparations thereof 01.03.1970
1F. Omitted
2 Coffee 01.03.1944
3 Tea 01.03.1944
3A. Pan Masala 17.03.1985
BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
4-I. Unmanufactured Tobacco 01.04.1943
4-II (1) Cigars and Cheroots 01.04.1943
4-II (2) Cigarettes 29.02.1948
4-II (3) Biris 01.03.1975
4-II (4) Smoking Mixtures 01.03.1973
4-II (5) Chewing Tobacco 01.03.1975
4-II (6) Snuff 01.03.1975
4-II (7) Hookah Tobacco 01.03.1979
CRUDE MATERIALS EXCEPT FUELS
5 Salt 1870
MINERALS, FUELS, LUBRICANTS AND RELATED MATERIALS
6(i) Motor Spirit 01.04.1917
6(ii) Power Alcohol 30.09.1931
7 Kerosene 01.04.1922
8 Refined Diesel Oil 01.03.1956
9 Diesel Oil, N. O. S. 01.03.1956
10 Furnace Oil 01.03.1956
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11 Coal and Coke 01.07.1959
11A. Petroleum Products, N.O.S. 24.04.1962
11AA. Petroleum Gases. 28.02.1982
11B. Omitted
11C. Omitted
11D. Omitted
11E. Electricity. 01.03.1978
VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS
12 Vegetable Non-Essential Oils. 01.03.1956
13 Vegetable Products 01.04.1943
CHEMICALS
14 Paints and Varnishes 01.03.1955
14A. Soda Ash 01.03.1961
14AA.
Inorganic Chemicals, namely, Calcium Carbide, Bleaching Paste,
etc 01.03.1970
14AAA. Organic Chemicals 17.03.1985
14B. Caustic Soda 01.03.1961
14BB. Sodium Silicate 01.03.1964
14C. Glycerin 01.03.1961
14D. Synthetic Organic Dyestuffs. 01.03.1961
14DD. Synthetic Organic Products 01.03.1966
14E. Patent or Proprietary Medicines. 01.03.1961
14F. Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations 01.03.1961
14FF. Tooth Paste 01.03.1974
14G. Acids 24.04.1962
14H. Gases 24.04.1962
14HH. Fertilizers 01.03.1969
15 Soap 01.03.1954
15A. Plastics 01.03.1961
15AA. Organic Surface Active Agents 01.03.1966
15B. Omitted
15BB. Omitted
15C. Starch 16.03.1976
15CC. Molasses 19.06.1980
15D. Polishes and creams for footwear furniture, etc. 18.06.1977
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MANUFACTURED GOODS CLASSIFIED CHIEFLY BY MATERIALS
16 Tyres 01.04.1941
16A. Rubber Products. 24.04.1962
16AA. Synthetic Rubber 01.03.1970
16B. Wood and Articles of Wood. 24.04.1962
17 Paper and Paper Board 01.03.1955
18-I to III. Man made fibres 18.06.1977
18-IV. Non-cellulosic Wastes, all sorts. 01.03.1978
18A. Cotton Yarn. 01.03.1961
18B. Woollen and Acrylic Spun Yarn. 01.03.1961
18C. Silk Yarn 17.03.1972
18D. Jute Yarn – all sorts. 17.03.1972
18E. Non-Cellulosic Spun Yarn. 18.06.1977
18F. Flax Yarn and Ramie Yarn 18.06.1977
19 Cotton Fabrics 01.01.1949
20 Silk fabrics. 01.03.1968
21 Woollen Fabrics 01.03.1955
22 Man-made fabrics. 18.06.1977
22A. Jute Manufactures. 24.04.1962.
22AA. Flax and Ramie Fabrics 18.06.1977
22B. Coated fabrics. 01.03.1968.
22C. Linoleum 29.05.1971
22D. Omitted.
22E. Typewriter and similar Ribbons 29.05.1971.
22F. Mineral Fibres and Yarns 16.03.1976
22G. Floor Coverings. 01.03.1979.
23 Cement. 01.03.1954.
23A. Glass and Glassware. 01.03.1961
23B. Chinaware and Porcelain ware. 01.03.1961.
23C. Asbestos Cement Products. 24.04.1962.
23D. Omitted.
23E. Marble. 17.03.1985.
24 Omitted.
25 Iron and steel products thereof. 01.03.1960.
26 Omitted.
26A. Copper and Copper Alloys. 01.03.1961.
26AA. Omitted.
26B. Zinc. 01.03.1961.
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27 Aluminium. 01.03.1960.
27A. Lead. 20.08.1965.
28 Omitted.
28A. Electrical Stampings and Laminations. 01.03.1974.
MACHINERY AND TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT.
29 Internal Combustion Engines. 01.03.1960.
29A. Refrigerating and Airconditioning Appliances. 01.03.1961.
30 Electric Motors and Parts. 01.03.1960.
30A. Power Driven Pumps. 01.03.1969.
30B. Motor Starters. 29.05.1971.
31 Electric Batteries. 01.03.1955.
32 Electric bulbs and tubes. 01.03.1955.
33 Electric Fans and Regulators. 01.03.1955.
33A. Wireless receiving sets. 01.03.1961.
33AA. Parts of wireless receiving sets. 01.03.1968.
33B. Electric wires and cables. 24.04.1962.
33C. Domestic Electric Appliances. 01.03.1969.
33D. Office machines and apparatus. 01.03.1970.
33DD. Computers. 16.03.1976.
33E. Electricity Supply meters. 29.05.1971.
33F. Musical system. 18.06.1977.
34 Motor Vehicles, Tractors and Trailers. 01.12.1956.
34A. Parts of Motor Vehicles, Tractors and Trailers. 29.05.1971.
34B. Fork Lift Trucks and Platform Trucks. 29.05.1971.
35 Omitted.
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURED ARTICLES.
36 Footwear. 01.03.1954.
37-I. Cinematograph Film Unexposed. 01.03.1969.
37-II. Cinematograph Film Exposed. 01.03.1960.
37A. Gramophones and Parts. 24.04.1974.
37AA. Tape Recorders. 01.03.1974.
37B. Cinematograph Projectors. 29.05.1971.
37BB. Television image and sound recorders and reproducers. 28.02.1962
37C. Photographic Apparatus and Goods. 29.05.1971.
37CC. Television Cameras (including Videos) 28.02.1982.
38 Matches. 01.04.1934.
39 Lighters. 01.04.1934.
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40 Steel furniture. 01.03.1968.
41 Crown corks. 01.03.1968.
42 Pilfer Proof Caps. 01.03.1969.
43 Wool Tops. 01.03.1969.
44 Watches, Clocks and Timepieces. 18.06.1977.
45 Weighing machines. 18.06.1977.
46 Metal containers, not elsewhere specified. 01.03.1970.
47 Electronic machines for games. 28.02.1982.
48 Safe and strong boxes, etc. 01.03.1970.
48A. Travel goods. 17.03.1985.
49 Rolling bearings. 29.05.1971.
50 Welding electrodes. 29.05.1971.
51 Coated Abrasives and grinding wheels. 29.05.1971.
51A. Hand tools and cutting tools. 01.03.1994.
52 Bolts, Nuts and Screws. 29.05.1971.
53 Zip or slide fasteners. 29.05.1971
54 Pressure Cookers. 29.05.1971.
55 Vacuum Flasks. 29.05.1971.
56 Playing Cards. 29.05.1971.
57 Camphor. 29.05.1971.
58 Menthol. 29.05.1971.
59 Articles of a kind used for sound or sound and image recording. 28.02.1982
60 Adhesive Tapes. 29.05.1971.
61 Electric Lighting Fittings. 18.06.1977.
62 Tool Tips 01.03.1973.
63 Wire Ropes. 01.03.1973.
64 Carbon Black. 01.03.1973
65 Rubber Processing Chemicals. 01.03.1973.
66 Permanent Magnets. 01.03.1974.
67 Graphite Electrodes and Anodes. 01.03.1975
68 All Other goods, not elsewhere specified. 01.03.1975
In the following pages, I will go into the details of each of the above mentioned
commodity in order of their introduction to the duty of excise. Thus their sequence of
coming within the Excise ambit is maintained.
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© K. G. Kulkarni
TARIFF ITEM 1 - SUGAR
The honey bearing reed was merely another souvenir of the fabulous east when
Alexander brought some specimens home from India in 325 B.C. But as a mankind's sweet
tooth developed through the centuries, sugar cane became a factor in the international politics
having shaped the course of history in many politics including many of the archipelagos.
Sugar passes through five stages before it reaches the consumer in the white
granulated form. Initially, juice is extracted by passing the cane through rollers pressed
together by powerful hydraulic rams. The juice is then clarified by heating and liming and the
clear liquid is subjected to vapourize to remove excess water from the resulting thick syrup,
raw sugar is crystallised and dried in centrifugal machines.
Sugar is universally important item in peace and war. Most of the nations
strive for self-sufficiency.
Sugar was subjected to the levy of Excise Duty with effect from 01.04.1934. For the
purpose of levy of the said duty of excise the Government issued “Sugar (Excise Duty)
Order, 1934”, which was later on merged with the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. The
rules 83 to 92 related to the excise duty on sugar.
Initially, the definition of Sugar in the Central Excise Tariff, upto 1960, read as
―Sugar means any form of Sugar containing more than ninety per cent of sucrose‖. This
definition, however, did not contain any provision regarding the gradation of Sugar at the
time of the assessment and in order to come over this lacuna the definition mentioned supra
was amended with effect from 23.02.1960 which read as ―Sugar means any form of sugar in
which the sucrose content expressed as a percentage of the material dried to constant weight
at 105 degree Centigrade is more than ninety‖
Sugar (V.P. Sugar and Khandsari:
Sugar produced by the process known as “Vacuum Pan Process” was known as “V. P.
Sugar” and in case of the Sugar manufactured without employing Vacuum pan or Vacuum
evaporator was known as “Khandsari” sugar.
Palmyra Sugar
Palmyra Sugar means the sugar manufactured from jaggery obtained by boiling the
juice of the Palmyra palm. This sugar was exempted from the payment of Central Excise
Duty.
Compounded Levy Scheme for Khandsari Sugar
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Under this Scheme, the manufacturer, under rule 92A of the Central Excise Rules,
1944, was required to make an application for discharging his duty liability and he was
required to pay certain sum. The compounded levy was prescribed as per height and diameter
of the centrifugal machine and accordingly the rates were levied for individual units with the
aid of power and the units without the aid of power. The rates for the units that worked with
the aid of power were normally more than 25% of the duty liability of the units that worked
without the aid of power.
The set procedure for this scheme was very simple and the manufacturer who availed
the Compounded Levy Scheme, which also was known as “Special Procedure Scheme” was
required to make an application in proper form indicating his desire of availing this scheme.
This application was required to be made for each Sugar manufacturing season, i.e. from 1st
0ctober till 30th
September of the following year. The manufacturer, on payment of certain
sum, was exempted from the provisions of various rules, like
01. Rule 45 – Alteration of the movement of the factory equipments;
02. Rule 47 – Provision for storing the goods in Bonded Store Rooms;
03. Rule 48 – Exemption from B-2 Bond;
04. Rule 49 – Duty chargeable only on the removal of goods from the
factory premises or from the approved place of store;
05. Rule 50 – Non-excisable products not to be removed without
permission;
06. Rule 51 – Packing and weighment of goods;
07. Rule 51A - Removal of goods after payment of duty;
08. Rule 52 - Clearance on payment of duty;
09. Rule 52A - Goods to be delivered on gate pass;
10. Rule 53 - Daily stock account;
11. Rule 55 – Return of materials used and of goods manufactured;
12. Rule 83 – Maintenance of accounts at producing place of sugar,
whether exclusively or not, other than Khandsari and Palmyra;
13. Rule 223 - Stocks of excisable goods to be stored in an orderly
manner;
14. Rule 223A - Account of stock of goods in a factory or a warehouse to
be taken and the balance to be struck down;
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© K. G. Kulkarni
15. Rule 224 - Restriction on removal of goods;
16. Rule 224A - Cancellation of Central Excise documents;
17. Rule 229 - Provision of accommodation at factory or warehouse.
Thus it was clear that once the manufacturer had paid the compounded levy, he was
not required to do anything except maintaining a file containing Application for Special
Procedure and TR-6 Challans indicating the payment of said compound levy.
With effect from 01.03.1984 the duty on Khandsari Sugar was completely exempted.
Sugar (other than Khandsari/Palmyra sugar):
This type of sugar was also known as White Sugar.
During the British era in India the production of sugar was not sufficient to meet the
domestic requirements and hence sugar was imported. The sugar manufactured in Mauritius
and imported into India was popularly known as Mauritius Sugar. However, after
independence the Government took active interest and in the first and second five year plan
encouraged installation of sugar factories in the cooperative sector and thus helped boost the
sugar manufacture and sugar importation was reduced as much as possible.
A little deviation I make here. Before independence, there were made some successful
efforts to install sugar factory in the private sector, few of the names I do remember even
now are Ravalgaon Sugar Factory Limited and Saswad Mali Sugar Factory Limited (both in
the Bombay State then, now the state of Maharashtra) and Ugar Khurd Sugar Factory Limited
(in Bombay State then, now the state of Karnataka). Pioneer of sugar factories in the
cooperative sector was late Shri Vasantdada Patil who brought the farmers together,
encouraged them to produce sugar and formed a sugar factory of which the sugarcane
growers were the members. To acknowledge his efforts in the sugar field, the Government
had instituted Vasantdada Sugar Development Center in Pune, which conducts research and
development of sugar.
Coming back to the subject of Sugar from excise point of view, it was a plain truth
that sugar was manufactured from the sugarcane, which was an agricultural produce and it
depended much on the monsoon. In case of shortfall in rains, the same resulted in draught
condition and during the Sugar Season 1961- 62 and 1962 - 63 there was no sugar production
and as a result there was severe surge in sugar prices. As a precautionary measure the
Page 47 of 417
© K. G. Kulkarni
Government imposed a full control on this commodity from April 1963, which was,
continued upto 1966 - 67. In the Sugar Season 1967- 68, the Government adopted a policy of
partial de-control so as to encourage production of sugarcane and thereby sugar itself.
Government offered high prices as incentive to the sugarcane growers. In the modified
policy, major part of production of sugar was procured by the Government at a fixed price
solely for the distribution of controlled sugar to the domestic consumers and a portion of
sugar production was retained with the related sugar factories for sale in the free market and
this is how the words “Levy Sugar” and “Free Sale Sugar” came into existence.
This balanced policy adopted by the Government ensured that while the domestic
consumers obtained their requirements at a reasonable price fixed by the Government and
made available to the consumers in the Ration shops through public distribution system,
whereas, the sugar factories, on the other hand, were able to get the highest price for their
sugar in the market in terms of their free sale sugar quota and thus, in turn, were able to give
higher price to their sugarcane growers. During the Sugar Seasons 1967 - 68 and 1968 - 69
the sugarcane prices were quite substantially higher than the statutory minimum sugar cane
prices. The production of sugar went upto thirty six lacs metric tons and forty two lacs
metric tons in the Sugar Seasons 1968 - 69 and 1969 - 70 respectively. Thus sugar was
available to the domestic consumers in adequate quantity through controlled distribution
channel at a price fixed by the Government.
It is interesting to note that while the sugar was under price control including its
distribution and movement, sugar deliveries from the sugar factories to the market for free
sale were continued to be regulated in order to maintain reasonable and stable prices in the
market and to ensure availability of adequate supplies of sugar throughout the year at all
places in the whole of the country. By this judicious release of sugar it was ensured that
reserve stocks of sugar were available in the country to meet with any contingency. In order
to protect the interest of the sugarcane growers the control over minimum price of sugarcane
was continued and accordingly minimum sugar price was fixed for sugar crop in each Sugar
Season.
The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (Number 10 of 1955) was enacted by the
Government whereby it obtained the powers to control production, supply and distribution of
the essential commodities, which also included Sugar. Section 3(2)(f) of the said Act read as
under.
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© K. G. Kulkarni
―for requiring any person holding in stock any essential
commodity to sell the whole or a specified part of the stock to
the Central Government or a State Government or to an officer
or an agent of such Government or to such other person or
class of persons and in such circumstance and as may be
specified in the order.‖
However, the Government was forced to review the entire Sugar policy in the light of
the changed circumstances since substantial portion of sugar was obtained by the
Government the price for which paid by the Government to the sugar factories was not much
remunerative.
Therefore, in the month of May1971, the Government decided to remove all controls
on sugar prices and distribution thereof.
As per Section 3(c) of the said Essential Commodities Act, where any producer or the
manufacturer was required by an order made with reference to the clause (f) of the sub
section (2) of section 3 ibid to sell any kind of sugar, whether to the Central Government or
to a State Government or to an officer or an agent of such Government or to any other person
or class of persons, and either no Notification in respect of such sugar was issued under sub
section 3(a) or any such Notification having been issued, had ceased to remain in force, then
not withstanding anything contained in sub section 3(c) the producer or the manufacturer was
required to be paid
an amount therefore which was required to be calculated with reference to such price of sugar
as the Central Government, may, by order, determine having regard to -
i) the minimum price, if any, fixed for sugarcane by the
Central Government under this section,
ii) the manufacturing cost of sugar,
iii) the duty or tax, if any, paid or payable thereon; and
iv) the security of a reasonable return on the capital employed
in the business of manufacturing sugar, and difference
prices were determined from time to time for different areas
or for the different kinds of sugar.
The definition of producer or manufacturer was given by way of Explanation.
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During this period the Public Distribution System was in force. This system was
adopted in which case the Levy Sugar was cleared from the sugar factory under the Sugar
Control Order issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, the Government of India,
Ministry of Food & Agriculture, use to issue a release order for a certain quantity of Levy
Sugar to be released from each factory to be sold to the State Government or its nominee.
Thereafter, the State Government and the district authority concerned use to issue allotment
letters or sale notes of the said levy quota to the allottee units in their area or places specified
therein. Essentially the sugar factory was not allowed to clear any sugar from its factory
except by the relevant release orders issued by the Food Ministry. So rigid this legal set up
was that even for the factory canteen, sugar required was required to be released as per the
release order issued by the Government. This was strictly enforced by the Government to
ensure that the essential commodity is properly distributed at reasonable rates to all the
citizens without any discrimination.
The definition of “Levy Sugar” was that the sugar requisitioned by the Central
Government under clause (f) of sub section (2) of section 3 of the Essential Commodities
Act, 1955, and, naturally, the “free sale sugar” was the sugar other than levy sugar. This
system is still in vogue.
Different rates of duties of excise were charged for the levy sugar, like Basic Excise
Duty, Additional Excise Duty (in lieu of Sales tax) which were on the lower side in case of
Levy Sugar but on the higher side for free sale sugar. Cess of fourteen rupees per quintal was
also charged. Thus practically the levy sugar faced a tax of fifty two rupees per quintal and
in case of the free sale this tax amount was eighty five rupees per quintal.
Sugar was decontrolled with effect from 16.08.1978 as can be seen from the
Notification Number 153/78-CE dated 16.08.1978, where no reference was made relating to
levy sugar and hence the concessional rate of duty that was made applicable to the levy sugar
was done away with. This fact of decontrol was also not referred either in the Notification
Number 193/78-CE dated 03.11.1978 or the Notification Number 205/78-CE dated
01.12.1978.
By Notification Number 8/80-CE and Notification Number 9/80-CE, both dated
29.02.1980, control was re-imposed.
However, in case of the Sugar factories manufacturing sugar with the Vacuum pan
process exemption was granted for Basic Excise Duty and Special Excise Duty of rupees
Page 50 of 417
© K. G. Kulkarni
eighteen and paise fifty per quintal and rupees forty three and sixty paise per quintal
respectively
by the Notification No.134/80-CE dated 29.08.1980 being incentive to them in respect of
Levy Sugar and Free Sale Sugar respectively for higher production, which in other words
means the control was again imposed with effect from 01.03.1980.
Levy Sugar Equalisation Fund Act, 1976 (Number 31 of 1976) was enacted effective
from 16.02.1976 with a view to provide for the establishment of the fund and in the interest
of general public to ensure that the price of levy sugar remain uniform throughout India and
for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Sugar Cess Act, 1982 (Number 3 of 1982) was also enacted with effect from
19.03.1982 with a view to provide for the imposition of cess on sugar to be utilized for the
development of the sugar industry and for the matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto. By this Act sale price of sugar was determined as fifteen rupees per quintal;
however, though the factory sale rate was rupees fourteen per quintal under the Central
Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
Sugar Development Fund Act, 1982 (Number 4 of 1982) was enacted with effect
from 19.03.1982 with a view to provide for the advance activities for the development of
Sugar industry and for the matter connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Sugar Export Promotion Act, 1958 (Number 30 of 1958) was enacted with effect
from 16.09.1958 with a view to provide the exports opportunities for sugar in the public
interest and for the levy and collection under certain circumstances the additional duty of
excise on sugar produced in India. This act was enacted to ensure that the quantity which the
Government allocated for export was to be delivered to the export agency and in case of
failure to do so the additional penal duty of rupees forty five and paise fifty only was required
to be recovered from the defaulting sugar factory which was in addition to the Basic Excise
Duty and the Additional Excise Duty and the Cess, if any.
Vide the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) this tariff item was
renumbered and was placed under Chapter Heading number 17, to which two new items were
also added with effect from 01.03.1986, which read as under.
(1) 1701.31 – Sugar required by the Central Government to be sold under
clause (f) of sub section (2) of section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act,
1955 (Number 10 of 1955); and
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(2) 1701.90 – in respect of other (Free Sale Sugar)
For the purpose of administering Excise Duty on sugar rules (rule 83 to 92) were
framed under the Central Excise Rues, 1944, the motive or the purpose of which was as
under.
Rule 83 - Daily account of cane received, crushed and sugar produced;
Rule 84 - Maintenance of separate accounts, returns for each kind of
sugar;
Rule 85 - Determination of distribution of sucrose content of sugar;
Rule 86 - Return of damaged sugar for refining, notice of removal,
etc;
Rule 87 - As above
Rule 88 - Provided that during the period -
(a) any sugar received in the factory for crushing only, shall,
both before and after crushing , be stored separately from
sugar which was produced in the factory;
(b) where sugar was received for crushing only, the
manufacturer was required to maintain correct and separate
daily account in the proper form in respect of all sugar to
which sub rule (2) applied. He was required to submit a
monthly abstract in the proper form to the collector within
five days of close of each month; and
(c) if any sugar, to which sub rule (2) applied was mixed,
before or after crushing, with sugar produced in a factory,
the entire quantity was subject to duty assessment as if it
was produced in that sugar factory;
Rule 89 - Declaring analytical particulars of intermediate or residual
products;
Rule 90 - Declaration regarding manufacture of sugar from Palmyra
products;
Rule 91 - Stock taking;
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© K. G. Kulkarni
Rule 92 - Drawing of samples for the purpose of excise being
representative of the whole content or vessel from which it was taken
out.
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TARIFF ITEM 1A - CONFECTIONARY
This item was brought within the Excise net in the year 1968, which consisted of
Confectionary and Chocolates, falling under Tariff Item 1A of the First Schedule to the
Central Excises and Salt Act 1944. An exemption Notification Number 88/68-C.E. dated
30.04.1968 to the Item “Confectionary and Chocolates” to an aggregate quantity of 20 MT
cleared in a financial year by or on behalf of one manufacturer or one or more factories for
whom exemption from the whole of the duty of excise thereon was granted. This Exemption
Notification was a conditional one, that is to say, the said exemption was not applicable to
those manufacturers whose clearances for the home consumption exceeded 40 MT.
By Notification Number 170/68-C.E. dated 07.09.1968, the Government granted full
exemption to the Indian confectionary, namely, Rewadi, Patasha, Batashi, Mishri, Talmashiri.
Certain clarifications of points of doubts regarding Confectionary and Chocolates
were raised by the trade when the Government clarified that under Item A “Confectionary
and Chocolates” only those items of confectionary and chocolates would be subjected to duty
which will clearly fall within the specified items mentioned in the tariff itself. It was further
clarified that duty paid chocolates used for coating of cakes, pastries and ice creams would
not come within the purview of item number 1A. Indian sweets like Rewadi, Mishri,
Talmashiri, though boiled sweets, in which case it was not the intention to tax such products
and other similar products like pedha, barfi, rasgulla, Patasha or Batashi, elaichi dana, etc,
were allowed to be cleared without payment of duty of excise. Further, it was also clarified
that compressed tablets and sticks, commonly known as peppermints, lozenges, sweetened
cigarettes, etc, falling within the category “Candies” were also not exigible to the duty of
excise.
As regards sub item (ii) of item 1A it was clarified that chocolate is composed
essentially of cocoa paste and sugar, usually with the addition of flavouring and cocoa butter,
milk, coffee, hazel nuts, almonds, orange peels, etc, were also sometimes added.
Provisions of proforma credit under rule 56A of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, were
also extended to this commodity. It was clarified that the term “Confectionary and
Chocolates” was excluded for the purpose of levy and collection of Central Excise duty and
this item was amended in the Budget for the year 1970, which read as under.
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© K. G. Kulkarni
―1A. Confectionary, Cocoa Powder and Chocolates in relation to the
manufacture of which any process is ordinarily carried on with the aid
of power, namely -
1. Boiled sweets, toffees, caramels, candies, nuts (including
almonds) and fruit kernels coated with, sweetening agent and
chewing gums
2. Cocoa Powder,
3. Drinking chocolates, chocolates in the form of granules or
powders,
4. Chocolates in the form of blocks, slabs, tablets, bars, pastilles
or croquettes or in any other form not elsewhere specified,
whether or not containing nuts, fruit kernels or fruits.‖
It was clarified that Chewing Gum Paste was something like cashew nut and almonds
when cooked with sugar becomes confectionary and, therefore, the Chewing Gum Paste was
not brought within the excise net and this was not considered as a confectionary item for the
purpose of the levy of excise duty.
Effective rate of duty in respect of this item was twenty per cent ad valorem in the
year 1979.
After the introduction of Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) this
tariff item was classified under Chapter Heading 17 and 18 of the First Schedule, that is to
say, Sugar Confectionary including white chocolate, not containing cocoa, fat and oil was
covered under Chapter 17 and cocoa butter, cocoa powder, chocolate ingredients, containing
cocoa were covered under Chapter 18.
At present the rate of duty of excise is sixteen per cent ad valorem.
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© K. G. Kulkarni
TARIFF ITEM 1B - PREPARED AND PRESERVED FOODS.
This item was brought under the Excise net on 01.03.1969, the description of which read
as under.
“1B. Prepared and Preserved Foods put up in unit containers and
ordinarily intended for sale, including preparation of vegetables, fruits,
milk, cereals, flour starch, birds‘ eggs, meat, meat offal‘s, animal blood,
fish, crustaceans or mollusk, not elsewhere specified and leviable to duty
at the rate of fifteen per cent ad valorem.
The list of items exempted was as under
1. Sausages and the like of meat, meat offal or animal blood;
2. Other prepared or preserved meat or meat offal;
3. Meat extracts and meat juices, not leviable to duty;
4. Prepared or preserved fish, including caviar and caviar
substitutes,
5. Crustaceans and mollusks, prepared or preserved;
6. Soups and broths, in liquid, solid or powder form;
7. (a) Bottled or canned fruits (other than nuts) specified under
Part V of the Second schedule to the Fruit Products Order,
1955, issued by the Central Government under Section 3 of the
Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (Number 10 of 1955);
(aa) Bottled or canned vegetables specified under Part V of the
Second Schedule to the Fruit Products Order, 1955, issued by
the Central Government under Section 3 of the Essential
Commodities Act, 1955 (Number 10 of 1955);
(b) Sauces, ketch up and the like;
8. Jams being cooked preparations, whether or not containing
added, sugar, tomato puree and tomato paste;
9. Fruit syrups, crushes, squashes, cordials, fruit juice, mango
nectar, fruit juice concentrate, fruit pulp concentrate, vegetable
juice, ginger cocktail, ginger beer, ginger ale, synthetic syrups
and sherbets and ready to serve beverages (but excluding
aerated
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waters),
10. Corn flakes, wheat flakes, pearl barley, oats and beans,
11. Dehydrated peas, dehydrated vegetables,
12. Skimmed milk powder but excluding such powder specially
prepared for feeding the infants;
13. Condensed milk and condensed skimmed milk, in both cases
whether sweetened or not;
Preparations with a basis of flour of starch, of malt extract or
of malted barley and milk foods, which by simply mixing with
or boiling in milk or water, can be used for making beverages,
invalid foods and gruels, whether or not containing cocoa, but
excluding baby foods, that is to say, foods specially prepared
for feeding of infants;
14. Table jellies or jelly crystals, custard powders, ice-cream
powders.‖
However, as per Notification Number17/70-CE dated 01.03.1970, followed by other
amending notifications, the following products were not deemed to be prepared or preserved
foods falling under this Schedule, namely -
i) Meat edible meat offal, fish, crustaceans or mollusks which have
only been chilled, frozen, salted, preserved in brine, dried or
smoked;
ii) Crustaceans, in shell, simply boiled in water;
iii) Pickles,
iv) Chutney,
v) Nuts, including cashew nuts and ground nuts, in any form;
vi) Any article of “Prasad” or “Prasadam” (like palani panchamritam,
intended for offering in any place of worship;
vii) Sago, Vermicelli, Arrow root;
Following products were not liable to the duty of excise,
1. Pop Corn,
2. Masala powder, Rasam powder, Sambar powder, Curry
powder,
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3. Peanut Butter and Salad Oil,
4. Malt Extract, Preparation of Macaroni, Spaghetti and
Vermicelli;
5. Dehydrated Peas and Vegetables;
6. Ready Mixed Puri, Idli, Dosa, Wada, Gulab Jamun and Jilebi
7. Fried, roasted and salted potato chips and wafers, banana chips
and peas or other vegetables and dals and pulses, even though
so sold in unit containers they were not eligible under item 1B
as was stated in the Ministry of Finance (Department of
Revenue & Intelligence) letter Number B-5/1/69/CX-1 dated
03.04.1969. In this connection, the expression “unit
containers” used in tariff item 1B means a container in which
prepared or preserved food is intended to be sold by the
manufacturer. It may be a small container like tin, can, box,
jar, bottle or bag in which the product is sold by retail, or it
may be a large container like drum, barrel or container, in
which the product is packed for sale to other manufacturers of
dealers. In short, “unit containers” means a container, whether
large or small, designed to hold a predetermined quantity or
number which the manufacturer wishes to sell whether to a
whole or retail dealer or to another manufacturer.
8. Tamarind concentrates, etc.
Pineapple fruit, conversion of pineapple into slices, for sale in sealed cans did not amount
to manufacture.
With regard to the Cerelac© Instant Wheat Milk Cereal, it was considered that “Cerelac©
Instant What Milk Cereal” was not liable to the duty of excise under Serial Number 14 of the
Notification Number 17/70, mentioned supra, but it was liable to be included under the category
“Baby Foods” which was excluded from the purview of the said Serial Number 14.
It was also considered that Textured Soya Protein, though classifiable under Tariff Item
1B, the same was not liable to duty as it did not fit into any of the items mentioned under the
Notification Number 17/70-CE dated 01.03.1970 (As amended)
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The Indian multi purpose food is inexpensive and concentrated nutritious food in which
seventy per cent is oil seed flour was exempted as it was designed (prepared) particularly for the
children in low-income group among whom the incidence of protein deficiency was very high.
The conditions attached to the explanation were (1) the oil seed flour contents should not be less
than seventy per cent of the total weight; (2) the protein contents should not be less than thirty
nine per cent; and (3) the ex-factory price of such preparation was not to exceed rupees three per
kilogram.
Extract from the Indian Standards Specifications for Indian Multi purpose Flour Number
IS: 3137-1965 read as under.
―Indian multi purpose flour, as now developed by the Central Food
Technological Research Institute, Mysore, is a blend of edible ground nut
flour, Bengal gram flour and/or skimmed milk powder fortified adequately
with calcium salts and some essential vitamins. The product may be
suitably flavoured or spiced. This formulation has been used as the basis
for production in units currently in operation.‖
By a Notification Number 105/69-CE dated 03.04.1969 the following were exempted
upto a value of rupees fifty thousand in a financial year,
a) Fruits and Vegetables, prepared or preserved, with or without
sugar, salt, spices or mustard;
b) Jams, fruits, jellies, fruit puree and fruit pastes, being cooked
preparations and fruit juices and vegetable juices
This was the beginning of grant of clearance value based exemption. It was also clarified
that value means that value as arrived at under Section 4 of the Act.
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TARIFF ITEM 1C - FOOD PRODUCTS
Biscuits, Pasteurized Butter and Pasteurized or Processed Cheese were taken out from
item 1B and they were placed at item 1C of the First Schedule and the rate of duty leviable
was ten per cent ad valorem, the description of which read as under.
―Food products, in or in relation to the manufacturing of
which any process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of
power, the following, namely –
1) Biscuits,
2) Pasteurized/Mercerized Butter; and
3) Pasteurized or Processed Cheese‖
The crucial word “pasteurization” has not been defined in the Act or in Brussels
Tariff Nomenclature. However, the Prevention of Adulteration of Food Act, 1954, and
Prevention of Adulteration of Food Rules, 1955, gave definition and the standard or quality
under rule 5, which read as under.
―The term pasteurization, when used in association with
milk and milk products means heating milk and milk products
by a heat treatment as mentioned to sixty degree centigrade
below and boiling to a suitable temperature before distribution
of pasteurized milk or milk products shall show a negative
phosphate test. The term ―pasteurization‖ and similar terms
shall be taken to refer to the process of heating every particle
of milk or milk products to at least sixty degree centigrade and
holding at such temperature continuously for at least thirty
minutes or heating it to at least 71.5 degree centigrade and
holding at such temperature continuously for at least fifteen
minutes or at an approved temperature time combination that
would serve to give a negative phosphate test.
All pasteurised milk and milk products shall be cooled to
a temperature of ten degree centigrade or less and shall be
maintained there at until delivery.‖
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By the Notification Number 150/77-CE dated 10.05.1980, Butter cleared by Military
Dairy Farm was exempted as also the butter used for the manufacture of ghee.
There arose a question to the classification of rusks, that is, whether they were
biscuits, when under Tariff Advice Number 5/72-CX 1, it was clarified that rusks were
nothing but toasted bread, when small pieces of bread are defined so as to render them hard
and crisp quality and some times these were sweetened also. While rusks were made from
bread, the biscuits are made from wheat flour, fat and sugar. Biscuits contain high
percentage of fat and sugar as compared to the rusks. Rusks were not known as biscuits in
the market.
The goods, rusks, covered by erstwhile item 1C (1,2 AND 3) were now classified
under Chapter Heading 19, 4 and 4 respectively of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff
Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 1D – AERATED WATERS
On 01.03.1970 this item was carved out from general 1B and was brought into the
Excise net as tariff item 1D, the description of which red as under.
―Aerated waters, whether or not flavoured or sweetened and whether
or not containing vegetable or fruit juice or fruit pulp‖
The account of the production of Aerated Waters was directed to be done after the
bottles were filled and capped.
As per Hyderabad Trade Notice dated 17.08.1977, Aerated waters not containing
carbon dioxide was not classified as “aerated waters” but it was, nevertheless a beverage and
was assessable to duty of excise under tariff item 1B of the First Schedule.
Aerated waters, only branded and produced with the aid of power alone, were leviable
to the excise duty, whereas unbranded and those produced without the aid of power were
exempted by a Notification Number 18/70-CE dated 01.03.1970. It was also explained that
“Aerated Waters” meant “beverages which have been charged with carbon dioxide gas under
pressure. They must be known as Soda Water or Carbonated drinks also. The tariff
definition is wide enough to cover all sorts of aerated water whether it be plain soda or a
beverage containing fruit juice or fruit essence or aromatic substance. However, by virtue of
an exemption notification, the levy has been confined to only those aerated waters, which
were produced with the aid of power and were sold under a brand name. Both these
conditions, viz., brand name and use of power were satisfied before aerated water actually
becomes liable to duty. If either of these conditions were not fulfilled, the aerated water
becomes entitled to the complete exemption. It was not necessary to extend any excise
control, including licensing, to non power operated units and to power operated units which
do not sale their aerated waters under a brand name.”
A loss of one half per cent was fixed in respect of beverages of bottles after the stage
of filling, occurring due to handling in case of movements from the place manufacturing to
the bonded store room and at the time of clearance.
This item further underwent change by the Budget for the year 1977 and the revised
description read as under.
―ID. Aerated waters, whether or not flavoured or sweetened and
whether or not containing vegetable or fruit juice or fruit pulp -
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1) Aerated waters which are only charged with carbon dioxide
gas under pressure and which contain no other added
ingredient,
2) All others.‖
The duty of excise that was made applicable effective from 18.06.1977 was twenty
five per cent and fifty five per cent ad valorem respectively for the item (1) and (2) above.
However, this tariff item 1D again was changed in the budget 1983 to read as under.
―1D. Aerated Waters, whether or not flavoured or sweetened and
whether or not containing vegetable or fruit juice or fruit pulp -
1) Aerated waters which are only charged with carbon
dioxide gas under pressure and which contain no other added
ingredient –
a. for each unit container containing 200 mm or less;
b. for each unit container containing more than 200 mm;
c. Others
This tariff item again was changed subsequently, which read as under.
―1D. Aerated waters, whether or not flavoured or sweetened and
whether or not containing vegetable or fruit juice or fruit pulp
1. Aerated waters which are only charged with carbon dioxide
gas under pressure and which contain no other added
ingredient -
a) for each unit container containing 200mm or less,
b) for each unit container containing more than 200mm;
c) Others,
2) aerated waters other than those falling under sub item (1) -
a) for each unit container containing 200mm or less,
b) for each unit container containing more than
200mm,
c) Others.
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TARIFF ITEM 1E - GLUCOSE AND DEXTROSE
Glucose and Dextrose came to be added to the list of First Schedule with effect from
01.03.1970.
However, with effect from 28.05.1971, the said tariff item 1E, Glucose and Dextrose,
was replaced by the following description, that is to say,
―1E. Glucose and Dextrose and preparations thereof -
1) Glucose in whatever form including Liquid Glucose,
Dextrose, mono hydrate and anhydrous dextrose,
2) Preparations of Glucose and Dextrose in which the
reducing sugar expressed anhydrous dextrose amount to
more than eighty per cent by weight.‖
Initially, this tariff item was leviable to the duty of excise at the rate of ten per cent ad
valorem.
By letter dated 24.07.1975, the Government clarified that if glucose and dextrose,
after repacking and labeling, answers the description of “Patent and Proprietary Medicines,”
it will attract the duty of excise as applicable under tariff item 14E in addition to the duty
already paid under tariff item 1E. However, on the contrary, if the product do not conform to
the description of tariff item 14E or if the product was marketed as nutrient item only then no
further duty was required to be paid as applicable to the tariff item 14E. Incidentally, this
view was set aside by the Hon‟ble Madhya Pradesh High Court as was seen in the decision
reported in 1980-ELT (598)(MP).
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TARIFF ITEM 1F - MAIDA
The tariff item 1F, Maida, product of wheat, known commercially as maida, obtained
by milling the cleaned, hard or soft wheat or lends thereof in a roller flour mill, came on the
tariff schedule on 28.05.1971, which entry read as under.
―1F. Maida – 10 paise per kilogram‖
The Government issued orders to the effect that consequent upon the issue of the
Notification Number124/71-CE dated 10.06.1971, exempting Maida, falling under tariff item
1F and further it was also clarified that no refund were to be granted as the Notification
mentioned supra had a prospective effect and hence no refund was to be granted in respect of
the duty collected between the period 29.05.1971 to 09.06.1971.
The excise duty on “Maida” was imposed under the Finance Bill Number 27 of 1971,
presented to the Parliament on 28.05.1971. On the same day, a declaration was made under
Section 3 of the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act, 1931, and on this basis duty was
collected between the period 29.05.1971 to 09.06.1971. The Act passed did not levy excise
duty on Maida as was proposed in the Finance Bill. The duty so collected was refunded
(1981 ELT 66 (MAD) refers)
However, this item was omitted from the tariff schedule with effect from 10.06.1971.
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TARIFF ITEM 2 - COFFEE
This tariff item was brought on the Tariff Schedule on 01.03.1944, the description of
which read as under.
―2. Coffee means commodity derived from the fruit of the rubiaceous
plant and includes raw coffee, cured coffee, uncured coffee, roasted
and prepared coffee.‖
Under Rule 15 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, every year, every grower of an
excisable unmanufactured product was required to make a full declaration in respect of all the
land upon which he was to grow the product. The control on Coffee was exercised as was
exercised in respect of Unmanufactured Tobacco. It was decided to discontinue the annual
registration of Coffee plants in sparse growing areas and such registration was replaced by
every five years. Exemption from both declaration as well as obligations under rules 15 and
16 ibid respectively was granted. Coffee being a perennial crop, the number of parts
belonging to grower once brought in Survey Records was not like to alter materially for
several years and hence the registration was replaced every five years.
The expression “Coffee” includes “Coffee Powder”. There was no indication that the
legislature desired to exclude the coffee powder from the classification of “Coffee” (1962-13-
SRC-290(MAD) refers) The expression “Coffee” generally covered coffee beans or the
coffee seeds whether roasted or prepared whereas “French Coffee” was made by an
admixture of coffee powder and chicory powder and as such “French Coffee” was not coffee
as was held by the Deputy Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (1962-13-STC-457(Mad)
and (1975(35) STC 493(Bom) refers)
Coffee seeds intended for sowing were exempted from the purview of Excise Duty.
However, a condition was prescribed that Coffee seeds were got to be approved to the
satisfaction from the authority concerned.
Liberia and Excelsia coffee was assessed to duty at the concessional rate of duty of
rupees seventy five per quintal.
Coffee is not an article of food. On an integral reading of the tariff item 25 relating to
Coffee, tariff item 1B relating to Prepared and Preserved Foods, Tariff item 1C relating to
Food Products of particular type mentioned therein, the residuary tariff entry number 68 and
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exemption notification number 55/75-CE dated 01.03.1975, Coffee cannot be treated as an
article of food. (1984(15) ELT 32(AP) refers).
As per Section 2(f) and 3 of Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, duty on mixture of
coffee and chicory was not a double taxation. An article was required to be taxed only once
as raw material and after it was manufactured and converted into the different taxable goods
and then again as another taxable item altogether. The two levies cannot be treated on the
same goods so long as they are two different commercial commodities. Since the mixture of
coffee and chicory was a distinct commercial commodity from „coffee‟, therefore, there was
no question of double taxation on the same commodity. (1984(15) ELT-32 (AP) refers)
Under the control of the union of the Coffee industry, in order to provide for the
Coffee development, the Central Government enacted Coffee Act, 1942 dated 02.03.1942
(Number 7 of 1942). This act authorized the Government to collect the duty of excise of
rupees eleven and paise eighty only per quintal, or as the Central Government was to decide,
from the registered coffee estate to be furnished by the internal sale quota allotted to it to
sale in the Indian market, whether such coffee was actually sold or not. Thus the relief
relating to coffee for sale in India by the Coffee Board was available to coffee growers. This
act is still on the statute book and the coffee producers are enjoying the reliefs.
At present this commodity attracts nil rate of duty.
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TARIFF ITEM 3 - TEA
Before embarking on the excisability of tariff item Tea I would like to put forth some
interesting facts. While I was hunting for the work material on this subject I came across a
book “East India Company”, published sometime in the year 1945. I found history of this
commodity in this book. So valuable was the information that I cannot resist but to give some
of the interesting facts here.
About 1650 a new commodity that was destined to prove not only of profound
commercial but also of far-reaching political significance, was brought into England in the
holds of the East India Company‟s ships from India. Although foreign to England, this new
importation – destined to become the national drink of Great Britain – had been known
through out the Far East for many centuries before the Christian era as sha, cha or te.
The earliest record of this oriental herb dates back to the year 2737 B.C., when its
virtues were first extolled by the great emperor Chin Nung and its merits as both a medicinal
and stimulating beverage praised. Significant of the popularity of tea throughout the Celestial
Empire in the centuries that followed Chin Nung‟s demise is the fact that in 793 A.D. tea was
placed on the list of commodities subject to tax in China.
From its Oriental birth place, tea migrated to the Japanese islands when followers of
the Buddhist faith crossed the Korean Straits in 588 A.D. and introduced the cultivation of tea
plants (together with Buddhist image and sutras) into Kyushu, the most southerly island of
what was then known, because of its situation east of China, as The Land of The Rising Sun.
That same century, tea was also carried by proselytizing Chinese monks across the snow
covered passes of the Himalayas into the venerable center of Buddhism, India, where a
flourishing trade had been carried on since Biblical days with Near Eastern lands bordering
the Persian Gulf and the blue waters of Mediterranean.
Apart from the interesting story of tea mentioned above, it is the basic thing every
Indian must know is that the important task of the East India Company was to import tea
from the areas where it grew and sell it in the world with a motive to earn money.
As to the excise Levy on Tea, came to be imposed on 01.03.1944. The tariff
definition underwent change by the Parliament Act, known as “Tea (Alteration in Duties of
Excises) Act, 1958 (Number 15 of 1958). Then this tariff item came to be known as tariff
item number 14.
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With effect from 27th
/28th
of September 1958, the tariff definition of Tea was
amended to read as under.
“14. ―Tea‖ includes all varieties of the product known commercially
as Tea and also includes Green Tea
I. Tea all varieties, except package tea, falling within sub item (2)
of this item,
II. Package Tea, that is to say, tea packed in any kind of container
containing not more than sixty pounds net of tea.‖
By the Notification mentioned supra the Central Government fixed the following rates
of duties on all varieties of Tea, except Package Tea,
i) Under item 14(2) of the new excise tariff, excise duty on
Package Tea was to be levied and collected at the rate of
twenty one naye paise per pound plus the duty for the time
being leviable on „Tea, all varieties‟ under item 14(1) of the
Central Excise tariff, if not already paid. The excise duty on
„Tea, all varieties except package tea‟ was to be fixed by the
Central Government by a notification at a rate not exceeding
nineteen naye paise per pound;
ii) These rates of excise duty were to come into force from the
midnight of 27rh/28th
of September 1958.
The Government also cleared in this regard as to how the tariff was to be actually
operated, namely,
a) „Tea, all varieties, except Package Tea‟ was assessable to duty at different rates,
according to the zones in which coffee was produced. Every care was
necessarily taken that the assessment of excise duty on tea was made correctly,
b) Unless there was any definite reason to believe to the contrary, loose tea utilized by
package tea factories other than the Garden factories in the manufacturing of
package tea was to be deemed to have paid the excise duty at the appropriate
rate applicable to it under the new tariff. Excise duty at the rate of twenty one
naye paise per pound only was, therefore, to be collected on all package teas
cleared from such factories after the midnight of 27th
/28th
September, 1958.
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c) Package Tea manufactured by the garden factory was subjected to the duty at the
rate of twenty one naye paise per pound plus the excise duty for the time being
leviable on „Tea, all varieties, except Package Tea,‟ if such duty was not
already paid.
Further, the duty on „Tea, all varieties, except Package Tea‟ was fixed by the Central
Government by its Notification Number 96/58-CE dated 28.09.1958. However, the aforesaid
Notification provided that the rate of duty leviable on tea manufactured in one zone from
green leaves grown in another shall be the rate applicable to the zone in which such leaves
were produced.
Under Customs Notification Number 242/58 and Number 243/58 effective export
duty on tea was fixed at twenty six naye paise per pound effective from 28.09.1958.
The Government, for the purpose of providing for the control by the union of Tea
industry, including the control in pursuance of the International Agreement known in force,
of the cultivation of tea, in and of the export of Tea from India and for that purpose to
establish Tea Board and to levy the duty of excise on Tea produced in India, passed “Tea Act,
1953 (Number 29 of 1953) and by this act the Government remained the authority to assess
and collect the cess on tea produced in India as it may decide.
The cess was to be collected at the rate not exceeding fifty paise per kg or as the
Central Government was to fix the different rates and the Government was authorized to levy
different rates for the teas of all varieties, different grades and different locations where the
tea was grown/produced.
The Government, as regards export, stated the following:
i) „Tea, all varieties except Package Tea‟. The new tariff was introduced in
order to help the “common teas” to compete in the world markets;
ii) While the rate of export duty for all kinds of teas was the same, the rates of
excise duty thereon were different. In view of the amendments made under
the MF (DR) Notification Number 98/58 and 99/58 dated 28.09.1958 no
rebate of excise duty was admissible on „Tea, all varieties, except Package
Tea‟ exported out of India on and from 28.09.1958. Consequently, there was
no adjustment, as hitherto, between the customs and excise heads of account
in so far as „Tea, all varieties, except Package Tea‟ was concerned;
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iii) Package Tea - In the case of exports of Package Tea, refund of excise duty
was admissible at the rate of twenty one naye paise per pound under the
Notification 98/58 and 99/58 dated 28.09.1958. The usual procedure of
adjustment of excise duty towards export duty was continued to be followed in
respect of Package Tea.
iv) Export under Bond - Export of tea under bond was not permissible under
MF(DR) Notification Number 97/58 dated 28.09.1958.
Prior to the introduction of Finance Bill, 1963, tea was not permitted to be exported
under Bond but only on payment of duty; however, by the Finance Bill, 1963, the export duty
on tea of all varieties was abolished and rebate on excise duty was restricted and the simple
procedure for export was made applicable thus the export of tea became more beneficial for
the Tea industry.
The Government had issued Tea Waste (Control) Amendment Order, 1961, and under
sub clause (f) of clause (2) „Tea Waste‟ was defined, which read as under.
―(f)‘tea waste‘ means tea sweepings, tea fluff, tea fibre and stalky tea
containing more than fifty per cent of stalks (other than tender stalks)
by weight, the weight of leaves and stalks being obtained after drying
100 degree centigrade and determined under identical conditions, but
does not include tea conforming to the specifications for tea laid down
under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, or green tea
stalks or tea seed.‖
In order to safeguard and promote the interest of small growers and encourage them
in organizing into co-operative societies, the Government allowed ten per cent exemption in
Basic Excise Duty (Notification Number 181/65-CE dated 27.11.1985 refers). Tea produced
by bought leaf factory was also exempted.
The expression “Bought Leaf Factory” means a tea factory, which has purchased
more than two thirds of the green leaf from the growers having land holding less than ten
acres.
By the Tea (Amendment) Bill, 1967, which was introduced in the Parliament on
09.06.1967, with a view to further amend the Tea Act, 1953. By this bill the Government
decided to replace the cess on teas exported by a cess on all teas produced in India. The cess
became leviable at the rate of four paise per kg on all teas produced in India. Later, with
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© K. G. Kulkarni
effect from 15.11.1978, this cess was raised to eight naye paise per kg. The cess was
collected in the same manner as Basic Excise Duty as leviable on Tea. However, the Cess on
tea waste, which was enjoying exemption from excise duty, was also exempted from the cess.
The Prime Minister, on 05.05.1970, announced in the Lok Sabha, the decision of the
Government to limit the excise duty on tea to seventy paisa per kg in the case of those tea
gardens whose average realization in the past three financial years on all their sales in the
approved auction centers was less than rupees five per kg. This was implemented by issuing
the Notification Number 131/70-CE dated 07.06.1970. This was further reduced to sixty
paisa per kg in the case of co-operative societies of the tea farmers under the Government‟s
letter dated 15.12.1970.
Tea produced in Zone III (Darjeeling) was exempted in excess of twenty paise per kg
under the Notification dated 31.12.1983. This reduction in duty was done in exercise of the
powers conferred under rule 96F of the Central Excise Rules, 1944. It was mainly done to
alleviate the sickness of the Tea industry and as per the recommendations of the Commerce
Ministry.
With effect from 01.04.1985, after the introduction of Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986) this item was classified under Chapter Heading 9 of the Schedule to the
Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985.
At present the tariff rate is rupee one per kg.
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TARIFF ITEM 3A - PAAN MASSALA
The commodity, namely, Paan Massala, was introduced under the Excise Tariff with
effect from 17.03.1985, when it was placed at item number 3A, which also included both
branded and non-branded Paan Massala.
There was a built in definition of this commodity, which read as under.
―Paan Massala, that is to say, any preparation containing betel nuts
and any one or more of the ingredients such as lime, catcha,
cardamom, copra and menthol put up for sale in unit containers and
commonly known as ―Paan Massala‖.
As per the letter issued by the Ministry of Finance, bearing F No.B-4/3/75-TRU dated
12.09.1975 Paan Massala was not covered under the expression „chewing tobacco‟. The
mere fact that Paan Massala contained duty paid tobacco and could be chewed by itself
without betel leaves or nuts did not render it to duty liability as chewing tobacco.
By a Notification dated 17.03.1985, the Unbranded Paan Massala, was fully
exempted.
With effect from 01.03.1986, Paan Massala was classifiable under Chapter Heading
21.06 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
Initially the tariff rate of duty of excise was twenty per cent ad valorem. Tariff value
for Paan Massala was fixed on 02.06.1998 and further in the year 01.03.2002, said article
Paan Massala was made leviable to the duty of excise at the rate of fifty percent of its retail
sale price.
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TARIFF ITEM – 4 TOBACCO
Entire Unmanufactured Tobacco was brought under the excise net with effect from
01.04.1943 and for effective administration “Tobacco (Excise Duty) Rules, 1943, were
formulated, which, later on, were merged with the Central Excise Rules, 1944, of which Rule
15 to Rule 42 of Chapter IV of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, dealt with the
Unmanufactured Tobacco.
The definition was given and which read as Note 3 to Chapter 24 of the Central
Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986), is reproduced below.
1) ―Tobacco‖ means any form of tobacco, whether cured or uncured
and whether manufactured or not and include the leaf, stalks and
stems of the tobacco plant but did not include any part of a tobacco
plant while still attached to the earth.
2) Manufacture include any process, incidental or ancillary, to the
completion of a manufactured product; and
3) In relation to tobacco include the preparation of cigarettes, cigars,
cheroots, biris, cigarette or pipe or hookah tobacco, chewing
tobacco or snuff.‖
The difference between the Unmanufactured Tobacco and the Unmanufactured
Tobacco Products was that the former was a tobacco where tobacco was produced or
manufactured and the latter was the products of tobacco, e.g. cheroot, biris, snuff, etc,
manufactured from out of the unmanufactured tobacco.
For effective administration of Unmanufactured Tobacco, the area under the tobacco
cultivation was divided into four categories, that is to say,
1) Red Area - having concentrated growing area,
2) Amber Area - having cultivation on commercial scale but not so
dense as in the red area,
3) Green Area - sparse growing areas where the average holding of
land is ten cents or less per grower but may include larger
individual holdings; and
4) White Area - having holding of less than ten cents generally and
inaccessible area with poor communication
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The colour scheme was introduced purely for the administrative convenience. The
pattern of control depended according to the classification of the growing areas. The full
normal control was exercised on all tobacco cultivation and trade areas. Neither exemptions
nor relaxations of any control in amber area were ordered but workload was less and such
areas had smaller personnel than in the red area. The colour scheme intended to emphasize
the relative importance of the work involved therein. There were four distinct stages of work
to be done by the Excise officers during crop season, namely -
a) Registration - recording of the area under cultivation in the
Survey Book,
b) Crop survey - recording condition of the crop after personal
visits to the land where the tobacco was cultivated,
c) Verification - verification of cured tobacco with curers after
crop was harvested and cured,
d) Disposal - account of disposal of cured tobacco by the
curers.
These four stages of work were planned by the senior officer meticulously to ensure
that entire tobacco cured was brought within the Excise net. In fact, the real control started
with the curers. In so far as the growers were concerned, the control was limited to the extent
necessarily with the gathering of the basic data regarding area under tobacco cultivation and
tobacco varieties grown. It was also necessary to ensure that all the grown tobacco (except
that allowed for personal consumption) found with the grower was invariably sent to the
curer‟s premises. Certain steps were also prescribed for senior officers like Assistant Circle
Officer, Circle Officer and Assistant Collector (now – Assistant Commissioner).
The responsibility for giving declaration under rule 15 and 16 was squarely on the
shoulders of both the grower and curer. Provisions with regard to the furnishing of this
declaration at the time of the visit of the Excise officer was withdrawn and instead of that
provision a new provision was made for filing such declaration either personally or by the
registered post.
The growers/curers in such of the areas, as were declared by the Collector as Sparse
areas, were exempted from the requirement of furnishing such declaration as prescribed
under rule 15 and 16 ibid. Thus in case of the sparse area only those growers/curers were
covered who cultivated or produced tobacco over and above the exemption limit. Certain
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quantity of tobacco which was for personal consumption of growers / curers was exempted
from the purview of taxation, which was popularly known as PC (personal consumption).
The quantity of PC was 60 pounds or 27 kgs per grower / curer. This exemption appears to be
in consonance with the principles of taxation prescribed by Kautilya, where salt produced by
self was exempted.
Simultaneously, a provision was made for the Summary Assessment to assess all the
growers/curers in all the tobacco growing areas. The Government also made it clear to the
Departmental officers in giving powers to make Summary Assessments under rule 37A ibid,
the Government did not contemplate that the exercise of such powers should not be
arbitrarily. It was emphasized that the Summary Assessments were required to be done only
under exceptional circumstances, that too after careful consideration of (1) area under
cultivation, (2) condition of crop, (3) average yield in the area in that year, (4) fertility of the
soil, (5) availability of the irrigation facility, and (6) other relevant factors. It was also
mandatory to issue a notice to the grower/curer before undertaking such an exercise. Also it
was directed that as far as possible the Summary Assessments be made only in such cases
where there was a sufficient evidence to prove that the grower/curer had surreptitiously
disposed of the tobacco crop and such a summary assessment was to be the best judgment
and be looked upon the same as a penal provision.
Frequency of the visits of the officers to the Amber areas was restricted to two instead of
usual four visits in all the remaining tobacco growing areas. Thus it was mandatory for the
grower/curer in all the four tobacco growing areas to declare the area under tobacco
cultivation.
Initially, the Tobacco Growing Range Office consisted of one inspector, one
Supervisor and one sepoy only. However, the Government felt that this system suffered from
(a) lack of elasticity,
(b) wastage of man power during the slack season,
(c) inadequacy of man power during the busy season;
(d) lack of intensive control over the densely growing areas owing to
dissipation of staff comparatively in spares growing areas,
(e) control over transport, warehousing and wholesale dealers;
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(f) weakness in supervision arising out of remote control by the Circle
Offices through correspondence and inspection including the
inspection of the office records, and
(g) high cost of revenue collection.
In order to remove above lacunas, it was decided to reorganize the Tobacco Growing
Ranges on the following lines, initially on an experimental basis in the year 1956, however, it
was made regular with effect from 01.04.1958.
1) In heavy tobacco growing areas in place of single inspector range the
same were as far as possible grouped into Multiple Office Range;
2) Such grouping meant concentrating some officers at certain selected
centers within the heavy growing areas. Each Multiple Office Range
had three or four inspectors and three or four supervisors and one
lower division clerk. The whole team was controlled by a Deputy
Superintendent who was the Range Officer of the Multiple Range
Office
3) The Deputy Superintendent was empowered to depute necessary staff
for different types of work and utilize them to the best advantages;
4) The actual field work was conduced through the parties consisting of
an inspector, supervisor and a sepoy. The entire jurisdiction of the
Multiple Office Range was divided into as many compact sectors as
were the parties available with the range and each sector was put in
charge of one such party;
Advantages of the above-mentioned Multiple Office Range System were as under.
1) Close range checking and supervision by the Deputy Superintendent with consequent
improvement in frequency, intensity and quality of the supervision;
2) A single set of range records other than the survey book and such other records
required to be maintained by the executive officers for noting declarations, field
checks, etc, were maintained, thus reducing the volume of the scriptory work now
involved in proportion to the number of Single Inspector Ranges constituted into the
Multiple Office Range, such records were maintained by the lower division clerk
posted in the range thus releasing the executive officer‟s time for more intensive and
extensive field checks;
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3) In view of the fact that a senior officer of the grade of the Deputy Superintendent was
in charge of the Range and the work was done on functional plan basis it was always
possible to effect reduction in the total number of officers and sepoys employed in the
tobacco growing areas, e.g. in an area where, say eight ranges existed with eight
inspectors, eight supervisors and eight sepoys, it was possible to create a Multiple
Office Range with, say, one Deputy Superintendent, four inspectors, four supervisors,
four sepoys and one lower division clerk;
4) The difficulties experienced in manning growing ranges in “Leave vacancies” was
also removed,
5) On account of the fact that the Deputy Superintendent was having proximate control
over the inspectors and supervisors, there was a reduction in opportunities of
corruption,
6) This scheme also facilitated the withdrawal of the officers from out of the way places
to a center where better amenities for living were existing;
7) Officers were better able to consult each other on their doubts and as the Deputy
Superintendent was always available the officers also were in a position to take
immediate instructions from him in different matters at different times when the need
arose;
8) If primary control became really effective, it was ultimately possible, largely due to
withdraw control, except statistical land preventive, over the areas, which forms the
periphery to the heavy tobacco growing areas.
In the scheme growers/curers were required to declare the area under tobacco
cultivation to the department. The Department took a note of this declaration and entered
these particulars in statutory record, namely, Survey Book, at the end when the tobacco was
ready for inspection for the office who visited the actual field and weighed the tobacco
(annual returns) and the tobacco was permitted to be transported to private bonded warehouse
under transport certificate, viz., TP3.
By this system, the Government ensured that the entire tobacco grown in the field was
effectively accounted for the purpose of the levy of excise.
In the gone days, for an officer working in the tobacco growing area maintaining of
records like diary, map of the jurisdiction, Survey Book, etc, was a cumbersome but a routine
job. However, among the documents, Survey Book was very vital one, it represented both -
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his performance and tobacco statistics. This book showed functioning of the department in as
much as it also encompassed both sides, that is to say, revenue collector and revenue payer
hence, I give hereunder, in a nutshell, little more information that the Survey Book contained.
SURVEY BOOK
There use to be two Survey Books, a small one intended for 200 growers and a large
one intended for 500 or more growers to be issued by the Range office. Survey Book was a
register of Declarations and Annual Returns to be maintained by the small growers and curers
and it was divided in four parts, i. e.
a. Land Entry (Part I),
b. Crop Entry (Part II),
c. Annual Returns (Part III), and
d. Accounting (Part IV).
Land Entry (Part I) of the said Survey Book contained the following -
a) In column (1) serial number, running serial numbers
were to be entered,
b) In column (2) name of the grower/curer was to be
entered
c) In column (3) survey number was to be entered
d) In column (4) to (9) visits of the officer, varieties
grown/cured, hectare-wise area specifying variety
grown/cured therein, estimated weight of the variety
grown/cured, number of licenses issued/renewed
and signature/thumb impression of the grower/curer
was required to be entered
Crop Entry (Part II) contained the following particulars -
a) In column (10) date of the visit of the officer,
b) In column (11) verification of the area/hectarage,
c) in column (12) estimated yield in kgs per hectare,
d) last column (13) was for the comments of the
visiting officer regarding crop condition,
Annual Return (Part III) related to the -
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a) In column (14) date of the visit of the officer,
b) In columns (15) to (18) information such as land
area in hectare actually used for each variety
grown/cured, variety-wise net quantity, yield per
hectare and signature/thumb impression of the
grower/curer was filled in,
Accounting (Part IV) dealt with consumption, assessment, clearances effected and
balance remained, i.e.,
a) Column (19) visit of the officer,
b) Column (20) meant for the quantity allowed for personal
consumption,
c) Column (21) assessment of Central Excise duty,
d) Column (22) covered clearances under TP2 or TP3,
e) Column (23) was for CBSR in kgs,
f) Column (24) was for the quantity used for agricultural
purpose/destroyed in kgs,
g) Column (25) total quantity accounted for in kgs,
h) Column (26) for the balance left unaccounted for in kgs,
and
i) Column (27) contained remarks of the visiting Excise
officer.
Unmanufactured Tobacco was decentralized in view of the fact that it was an
agricultural product and with a view to ensure that the entire produce was brought under the
books of accounts and the duty of excise was paid thereon hence the detailed scheme. In this
scheme, the growers/curers, private warehouses, wholesale and retail dealers, were also
covered. Numerous checks were prescribed to avoid evasion of the Central Excise duty.
As a first major effort of rationalization and simplification with a view to eliminate
excise control over tobacco growers/curers, warehouse licensees, small dealers, it was
proposed to withdraw the excise duty from unmanufactured tobacco (Tariff item 4-I, Notes
on Budget Changes, 1979-80, A39 (1979) ELT (Volume 3) refers). The short fall in revenue
was proposed to be made good partially by revising the existing rates of duties on
manufactured tobacco products. The rates of duty on cigarettes were stepped up as a revenue
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measure. Some relief was provided for specific period in respect of cigarettes, handmade
biris, dutiable chewing tobacco and snuff, when produced out of pre-budget duty paid
unmanufactured tobacco. Unbranded hookah tobacco also was proposed to be exempted
from the excise duty purview.
Extract of the speech of the then Hon‟ble Finance Minister was as under.
―I now turn to the proposal of far reaching significance. This
concerns unmanufactured tobacco excise on which dates back to the
year 1943. This levy brings the excise machinery into contact with a
large unmanufactured tobacco from excise duties, including additional
excise duties and thus, relieved at one stroke, nearly a million tobacco
growers, curers, small dealers and warehouse licensees from excise
control. I have no doubt that this bold decision to do away with a
vexatious levy – a legacy of the colonial era – will be widely welcomed
by the farmers in the tobacco growing tracts of our country. This
measure would involve loss of Central Excise revenue of the order of
Rs.121.20 crores. I, however, propose to recoup Rs.115.71 crores of
this loss through suitable upward adjustments in the rates of duties on
manufactured tobacco products‖
Thus, the Tobacco history of excise duty that started on 01.04.1943 came to an end on
01.03.1979 by way of abolition of excise duty on unmanufactured tobacco.
CHAPTER 4-II (1) – CIGARS AND CHEROOTS
The manufacturer of Cigars and Cheroots was required to take a licence for
manufacturing Cigars and Cheroots inasmuch as he was required to follow certain rules that
were framed under the Act. No cigars or cheroots or waste arising during the manufacture
thereof was allowed to be stored in a bonded warehouse and it was not to be stored along
with the unmanufactured tobacco. Packing was to be done only in the approved types of
packets and covering. Labels were subject to strict audit as to its utilization.
Under Notification 53/76-CE dated there was exemption granted to the unbranded
cigars and cheroots subject to certain conditions attached. Under the Notification No.56/76-
CE dated 16.03.1976 and Number 40/78-CE dated 01.03.1978 (as amended) no additional
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duty of excise was payable and concessional rate of duty was available respectively to the
unbranded cigars and cheroot sector.
Incidentally, since India was ruled by the British for over one hundred years, I cannot
resist temptation but to state that cheroots, for which Churchill was known for, were not
much popular among the British officers who stayed in India for some reason or the other.
CHAPTER 4-II (2) - CIGARETTES
As per the Notification Number 100/85-CE dated 01.03.1985, “Adjusted Sale Price,
in relation to each cigarette contained in a package of cigarettes, meant the unit price arrived
at by dividing the sale price of such package by the number of cigarettes in such package.
Provided that in the case of cigarettes having a sale price exceeding rupees
seventy per thousand, the adjusted sale price in relation to each cigarette contained in
a package of cigarettes was, where the sale price of such package was fixed after the
date of issue of this notification, and
a) such sale price was in excess of the sale price of a like package as sold
immediately before such date; or
b) such packages were packed for retail sale for the first time only after such
date,
meant the unit price arrived at -
a) in a case falling under clause (a), by reducing the sale price by an
amount equal to such excess or an amount calculated at the rate of
rupees ten per thousand, whichever was less and by dividing the
sale price of such package as so reduced by the number of
cigarettes in such package; and
b) in a case falling under clause (b), by reducing the sale price of such
package by an amount calculated at the rate of rupees ten per
thousand, and by dividing the sale price of such package as so
reduced by the number of cigarettes in such package
Provided further that where the cigarettes were packed in packages
(whether or not containing the same number of cigarettes) but the unit prices
of the cigarettes in different packages as arrived at in accordance with the
foregoing provisions of this Explanation were not the same, the adjusted sale
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price in relation to each cigarette in every such package was to be the highest
of such prices.
“Cigarettes packed in packages” meant the cigarettes which were packed for retail
sale, in packages which (a) contain ten or twenty cigarettes, and (b) boar a declaration
specifying the maximum sale price thereof as the amount specified in the declaration plus
local taxes only.
“Sale price” in relation to a package of cigarettes, meant the maximum price
(exclusive of local taxes only) at which such packages were sold in accordance with the
declaration made on such package.
With regard to the dutiability of “Oily Cigarettes” (that is to say, cut cigarettes rods
when they came in contact with the lubricating oil used for the machine in the process of
manufacture got contaminated) it was held that oily cigarettes may look like cigarettes but the
same were non-smokable and could not be bought and sold as cigarettes in the market as such
they were not liable to the duty of excise. (1981 ELT 847 (CBE&C) refers)
Duty was imposed on the cigarettes whatsoever was the brand, trade name or the
description. Therefore, by converting Viscount cigarettes into Cavendar cigarettes by re-
processing or re-manufacturing did not in any manner change the class of goods. Since
Tariff Item 4 did not distinguish between one brand of cigarettes from another, therefore, the
restriction of rule 173L(3) was inapplicable for refund of duty on returned cigarettes. (1982
ELT 495 (Government of India) refers)
CHAPTER 4-II (3) - BIRI
As regards the process of manufacture of biris at a factory it can be said that there
were two different ways of getting biris manufactured, i.e., some people were manufacturing
biris in the factory, whereas some people, especially female class, were manufacturing biris
at their homes. For the sake of workers manufacturing biris, that is to say, rolling tobacco into
biris, at home were provided tendu leaves, tobacco, labels and threads. Biris so prepared at
home were subject to scrutiny in the factory and damaged, improper and cut biris were
separated and were not counted, treating them as „chaat biris” payment of which was not
made to the workers who manufacture them at their homes. Thus quality or approved biris
were packed in a bundle that contained twenty five biris each, known as “katta”. Such 20
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kattas,s (one thousand in numbers), were further packed in a gunny bag to be delivered to the
market either for wholesale or for retail.
Under the Notification Number 33/82-CE dated 28.02.1982 exemption was available
to the first clearance of biris upto a quantity of twenty lacs. As also under the yet another
Notification Number 111/83-CE dated 01.03.1983, there was available a partial exemption to
biris if they were manufactured from out of the duty paid biris.
Central Excise duty was not at all leviable on non-branded biris irrespective of the
fact whether such non branded biris were manufactured by the licensed biri manufacturers or
others and cleared as such. However, non-branded biris manufactured by the manufacturers
who manufacture both labeled and non-branded biris were subject to proper accounting and
were to be cleared under nil duty AR-1/Gatepass giving therein full details of the consignee.
Manufacturers engaged exclusively in such biris were not required to take Central Excise
licence so long such biris from the whole remained exempted e of the duty of excise leviable
thereon.
CHAPTER 4-II (4) - SMOKING MIXTURE
Smoking Mixtures for pipes and cigarettes were enjoying partial exemption in the
duty of excise as per the Notification Number 33/79-CE dated 01.03.1979.
4-II (5) - CHEWING TOBACCO
The process of manufacture of Chewing Tobacco was very much interesting, that is to
say, Jaggery juice when sprinkled on raw tobacco and when cutting the same into strips by
shearing machine, the resulting tobacco was known as „Nice tobacco‟. This nice tobacco was
allowed to dry for few days further to which were added flavouring essences.
Chewing Tobacco was also known as “Khara Masala”, “Kimam”, “Dokta”, “Zarda”,
“Sukha”, “Surti”, etc.
Chuna katha supari hand mix:
Chewing Tobacco was mostly enjoyed by that class of people who, either could not
afford the branded Chewing Tobacco or were having hand to mouth living, by mixing chuna,
katha, cut pieces of betel nut (supari) with raw, cut into small particles tobacco in their hands
and thus got their kick assuaged.
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CHAPTER 4-II (6) - SNUFF
Notification Number 36/79-CE dated 01.93.1979 granted exemption to this
commodity.
CBEC Circular Number 22/75 dated 10.06.1975 clarified that (1) snuff, whether used
by inhaling or as a dentifrice was dutiable, and (2) tobacco powder, if cleared in the form of
snuff even though without flavouring and without adding any other ingredients like lime, etc,
were considered as fully manufactured snuff for the purpose of the levy of Central Excise
duty if the product was known commercially as „snuff‟.
Ipco Dental Creamy Snuff was generally applied for strengthening weak and spongy
gums, the main ingredient of which was snuff. Since its essential character was snuff and
other things were added to it to change its physical condition so as to make acceptable to the
customers, it continued to remain snuff and was taxed accordingly. (1968 22 STC 160
(Gujrat) refers)
CHAPTER 4-II (7) - HOOKAH TOBACCO
Hookah Tobacco enjoyed exemption under the Notification Number 37/79-CE dated
01.03.1979.
There were the items, (i.e. 4-II (1) to 4-II (7) which did not generate as much revenue
as was garnered by tobacco itself and there was a contrary position that the establishment
expenses were more than the revenue actually received.
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TARIFF ITEM 5 - SALT
Salt was the very first item that was excised as early as in the year 1870 by the
British. By that time, since the British Raj had expanded considerably equally it was
necessary to get revenue – both for their survival in India and to transfer part of the revenue
to their principals in London – and as such more and more articles came to be taxed by way
of excise duty.
It was interesting to note the definition of “Salt”, which was as under.
―Salt include swamp salt, spontaneous salt and salt or saline
substance from the earth.‖
“Dandi Yatra”, a historic march by Mahatma Gandhi compelled the then British
Government to abolish duty on salt.
For administering the duty of excise, certain rules, i.e. Rule 100 to Rule 138, were
framed but these are not on the statute book now.
Besides levy of excise duty on salt, a cess of 14 paisa per forty kgs was also leviable
under Salt Cess Act dated 26.12.1953, (Number 49 of 1953). The said Act provided for levy
and collection of a cess on salt for the purpose of raising funds to meet the expenses incurred
in the salt organization maintained by the Government and also as a measure in connection
with the manufacture, supply and distribution of salt.
By a Notification dated 18.02.1960, all salts manufactured in a private factory, the
area of which exceeded ten acres but did not exceed one hundred acres was exempted from
the payment of one half of the cess leviable thereon under Section 3 of the Salt Act, 1953.
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TARIFF ITEM 6 TO 10 – PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
The Government of India, by the Act Number 38/60 dated 20.09.1960, substituted the
entire First Schedule. Thus the items Motor Spirit, Kerosene, Refined Diesel Oil and
Vaporising Oil, Diesel Oil-Not Otherwise Specified, and Furnace Oil, were placed as Tariff
Item Numbers 6,7,8,9 and 10 respectively, the definitions of which read as under.
6-MOTOR SPIRIT:
Motor Spirit, that is to say,
i) any mineral oil (excluding crude mineral oil) which has its flashing
point below seventy-six degree of Fahrenheit‟s thermometer and which
either by itself or in admixture with any other substance, is suitable for
use as fuel for internal combustion engines; and
ii) power alcohol, that is to say, ethyl alcohol of any grade (including
such alcohol when denatured or otherwise treated), which, either by
itself or in admixture with any other substance, is suitable for being
used as aforesaid.
Explanation I: “Mineral Oil” means an oil consisting of a single liquid
Hydrocarbon or a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons (except for
associated impurities derived from petroleum, coal, shale, peat or any
other bituminous substance and includes any similar oil produced by
synthesis or otherwise;
Explanation II: “Flashing Point” shall be determined in accordance
with the tests specified in this behalf in the rules made under the
Petroleum Act, 1934 (Number 30 of 1934)
However, this item was amended by Finance Act with effect from 01.03.1982 that is
to say,
1) the flash point was reduced to 25 degree of Centigrade
thermometer, and
Explanation II was substituted as under –
2) ―Flash point shall be determined in accordance with
the tests specified in this behalf in the rules made under the
Petroleum Act, 1934 (Number 30 of 1934)‖
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7. KEROSENE:
Kerosene, that is to say, any mineral oil (excluding mineral colza and turpentine
substitute), which has a flame height of eighteen millimeters or more and is ordinarily used as
an illuminant in oil burning lamps.
Explanation I: The expression “mineral oil” has the meaning assigned
to it in Explanation I to item number 6.
Explanation II: “Flame Height” shall be determined in the apparatus
known as the smoke point lamp in the manner prescribed in this behalf
by the Central Government by Notification in the Official Gazette
This item was amended with effect from 01.03.1982 by the Finance Act, 1982, and
the following was substituted -
―7. Kerosene (which is ordinarily used as an illuminant in oil burning
lamps) and aviation turbine fuel, that is to say, any mineral oil
(excluding mineral colza oil and turpentine substitute), which has a
smoke point of eighteen millimeters or more and has a final boiling
point not exceeding three hundred degrees of Centigrade thermometer
-
i) Aviation Turbine Fuel,
ii) Others
Explanation I: The expression ―mineral oil‖ has the meaning assigned
to it in Explanation 1 to Item Number 6.
Explanation II: ―Smoke Point‖ shall be determined in the apparatus
known as the Smoke Point Lamp in the manner specified in this behalf
by the Central Government by Notification in the Official Gazette.
Explanation III: “Final Boiling Point” shall be determined in the
manner specified in this behalf by the Central Government by
Notification in the Official Gazette.
8. REFINED DIESEL OILS AND VEPORISING OIL.
Refined Diesel Oils and Vaporising Oil, that is to say, any mineral oil (excluding
mineral colza oil and turpentine substitute) which has its flashing point at or above seventy
six degrees of Fahrenheit‟s thermometer and satisfies either of the following requirements -
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I. the oil has a flame height of ten millimeters or more but less than eighteen
millimeters; or
II. the oil has a flame height of less than ten millimeters but has a viscosity of
less than one hundred seconds by Redwood I Viscometer at one hundred
degrees of Fahrenheit‟s thermometer, and contains less than one quarter of one
per cent by weight of any bituminous substance,
a) Refined Diesel Oil,
b) Vaporising Oil,
Explanation: The expressions “mineral oil”, “flashing point” and
“flame height” have the meanings respectively assigned to them in
Explanation I and II to item Number 6 and in Explanation II to Item
Number 7.
This item was amended by the Finance Act, 1982 with effect from 01.03.1982 and the
following was substituted, namely,
9. Refined Diesel Oil, that is to say any miracle oil
(excluding mineral colza oil and turpentine substitute), which
has its flash point at or above twenty five degrees of
Centigrade thermometer, and satisfies either of the following
requirements -
i) the oil has a smoke point of ten millimeters or
more
but less than twenty millimeters; or
ii) the oil has a smoke point of less than ten
millimeters but has a viscosity of less than fifty
seconds for Redwood I Viscometer at 37.8
degrees of Centigrade thermometer and
satisfies the following conditions -
a) the oil leaves carbon residue of less
than 25 percent by weight when tested
by Ramsbottom Carbon Residue
apparatus, and
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b) the oil is lighter in colour than 0.04
Normal Iodine solution when tested by
colour comparison test.
Explanation I: The expression ―mineral oil‖ and ―flash point‖ have
the meanings respectively assigned to them in Explanation I and II to
Item Number 6, and the expression ―smoke point‖ has the meaning
assigned to it in Explanation II to Item Number 7;
Explanation II: ―Carbon residue‖ and ―colour comparison test‖ shall
be determined or done in the manner specified in this behalf by the
Central Government by Notification in the Official Gazette;
Explanation III: This item does not include -
a) base mineral oils (suitable for use in the
manufacture of lubricating oils and
greases), including mineral oils commonly
known as ―Transformer Oil base stock‖ or
―Transformer Oil Feed Stocks; and
b) Lubricating Oils, including spindle oil,
flushing oil and jute batching oils.
9. DIESEL OIL (NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED):
Diesel Oil (Not Otherwise Specified), that is to say, any mineral oil, which
i) has a flame height of less than ten millimeters,
ii) contains one quarter of one per cent or ore by weight of any bituminous substance;
&
iii) possesses a viscosity of less than one hundred seconds by Redwood I Viscometer
at one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit‟s thermometer.
Explanation: The expressions “mineral oil” and “flame height” have
the meanings respectively assigned to them in Explanation I to Item
Number 6 and in Explanation II to Item Number 7.
This item was amended by the Finance Act, 1982 with effect from 01.03.1982 and
substituted as under.
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―9. Diesel Oil, Not Otherwise Specified, that is to say, any mineral oil
which –
i) has a smoke point of less than ten millimeters,
ii) possesses a viscosity of less than one hundred seconds by
Redwood I Viscometer at 37.8 degree of Centigrade
thermometer;
iii) leaves carbon residue of not less than 25 per cent by
weight when tested by Ramsbottom Carbon Residue Apparatus,
and is as dark as or darker than 0.04 Normal Iodine solution
when tested by colour comparison test.
Explanation I: The expression ―mineral oil‖ and ―smoke point‖ have
the meanings respectively assigned to them in Explanation I to Item
Number 6 and Explanation II to Item Number 7 and the expressions
―carbon residue‖ and ―colour comparison test‖ have the meanings
assigned to them in Explanation II to Item Number 8.
10. FURNACE OIL:
Furnace Oil, that is to say, any mineral oil, which -
i) has flame height of less than ten millimeters,
ii) contains one quarter of one per cent or more by
weight of any bituminous substance; and
iii) possesses a viscosity of one hundred seconds or more
Redwood I Viscometer at one hundred degrees of
Fahrenheit‟s thermometer.
Explanation: The expression “mineral oil” and “flame height” have the
meanings respectively assigned to them in Explanation I to Item
Number 6 and in Explanation Number 7.
However, by the Finance Act, 1982, with effect from 01.03.1982 this item was
amended and substituted to read as under.
―10. Furnace Oil, that is to say, any mineral oil which –
i) has a smoke point of less than ten millimeters;
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ii) possesses a viscosity of one hundred seconds or
more by Redwood I viscosity at 37.8 degrees of
Centigrade thermometer;
iii) leaves carbon residue of not less than 25 per
cent by weight when tested in Ramsbottom
Carbon Residue Apparatus, and
iv) is as dark as or darker than 0.04 Normal Iodine
solution when tested by colour comparison test.
Explanation I: The expression ―mineral oil‖ and ―smoke point‖ have
the meanings respectively assigned to them in Explanation I to Item
Number 6 and Explanation II in Item Number 7 and the expressions
―carbon residue‖ and ―colour combination test‖ have the meaning
assigned to them in Explanation II to Item Number 8.
Explanation II: This item does not include –
(a) base mineral oils suitable for use in the manufacture of
lubricating oils and greases; and
(b) lubricating oils including axle oil.‖
TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 11 - ASPHALT AND BITUMEN AND TAR
The Government, by the Petroleum Products ACT, 1960 (Act Number 38 of 1960)
dated 20.09.1960, also placed Asphalt and Bitumen (including Cut Back Bitumen and
Asphalt), natural or produced from petroleum or shale, as Item Number 11 of the said First
Schedule.
However, with effect from 01.03.1982,by the Finance Act, 1982,this item was
amended and substituted to read as under.
―11. Coal (excluding lignite) coke all sorts, including calcined
petroleum coke; asphalt bitumen and tar -
i) Coal and coke not elsewhere specified,
ii) Petroleum coke, other than calcined petroleum coke;
iii) Calcined Petroleum Coke; and
iv) Asphalt and bitumen (including Cutback Bitumen and
Asphalt), natural or produced from Petroleum or Shale,
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Tar, distilled from coal or lignite and other mineral
tars, including partially distilled tars and blends of
pitch with creosote oils or with other coal tar
distillation products.‖
By Finance Act, 1958 dated 28.04.1958 “Mineral Oil (Additional Duties of Excise
and Customs) Act, 1958, was enacted by which the Government was empowered to levy and
collect the excise duty in respect of Kerosene, Motor Spirit, Refined Diesel Oil and
Vaporising Oil, Diesel Oil (Not Otherwise Specified) and Furnace Oil at the effective rate of
six paisa per imperial gallon, fourteen paisa per imperial gallon, seven paisa per imperials
gallon, three paisa per imperial gallon, rupees eleven and paisa sixty four per ton and rupees
thirteen and paisa ninety one per ton respectively. The above rates were in addition to the
duties of excise chargeable on such goods under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944,
which were revised with effect from 27th
/28th
September 1961.
TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 11A - MINERAL FUELS, LUBRICANTS
By the Budget 1962, after Item 11, under the heading “Mineral Fuels, Lubricants and
related materials” the below mentioned item was added as Item Number 11A, that is to say,
―11A. All products derived from refining of crude petroleum or shale
(whether gaseous, liquid, semi-solid or solid in form), not otherwise
specified, including refinery gases, lubricating oil and greases, waxes
and coke‖
However, by the Finance Act, 1982, with effect from 01.03.1982, this item was
amended and the following was added, namely -
1) Mineral Turpentine Oil,
2) Waxes,
3) (a) Base material oils (suitable for use in the manufacture
of lubricating oils and greases) including mineral oils,
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commonly known as Transformer Oil Base Stock or
Transformer Oil Feed Stock,
(b) Lubricating Oils, (including Spindle Oils, Flushing
Oils, Jute Batching Oils and Axle Oils) and Lubricating
Greases,
4) Others.
TARIFF ITEM 11-AA - PETROLEUM GASES
By the Finance Act, 1982, the Government introduced and inserted therein
Petroleum Gases as the tariff item placed at number 11AA, the description of which read as
under.
―11A. Petroleum Gasses, that is to say,
1. Liquefied Petroleum Gasses, and
2. Other Petroleum Gasses and Gaseous Hydrocarbons
derived from refining of crude petroleum or shale.”
TARIFF ITEM 11B - LUBRICATING OIL
This item came on the Tariff Schedule for the first time by the Finance Act, 1972,
dated 16.03.1972 and was placed at number 11B of the First Schedule, the description of
which read as under.
―11B. Lubricating Oil, namely -
1) Lubricating Oils and greases obtained by straight blending of
mineral oils, and
2) Lubricating oils and greases obtained by compounding of
mineral oils with any other ingredients.‖
However, the Finance Act, 1984, later on deleted this item from the First Schedule. It
is interesting to note that even though this tariff item remained on statute book for a period of
two years it created controversies. In regard to the interpretation of this act, the Calcutta
High Court maintained that Mineral Oil had the meaning assigned to it in the Explanation to
the Item Number 6. (1984(15) ELT-365 (Cal) refers). Further, in yet another decision the
Madras High Court stated that Specialty Oil was not lubricating oil hence it was classifiable
under the tariff item number 68 and not under the tariff item 11B. (1992(57) ELT-227 (Mad)
Refers)
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TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 11C - CALCINED PETROLEUM COKE
This item was brought on the tariff schedule effective from 29.05.1971; however, the
same was deleted with effect from 31.03.1982.
TARIFF ITEM 1D - COAL / COKE BRIQUETTES
This item came on the tariff schedule by the Budget 1978 and was placed at number
11D but the same was stood deleted from the tariff schedule with effect from 01.03.1982.
TARIFF ITEM 11E - ELECTRICITY
By Notification Number 205/84-CE dated 01.101.1984, the duty of excise was for the
first time imposed on the Electricity. This was done under the First Schedule of the Central
Excises and Salt Act, 1944, and this commodity was placed as Tariff Item Number 11E.
The matter as to whether the electricity was goods was examined by the Hon‟ble
Supreme Court and deciding the electricity as goods the Supreme Court also stated that
merely because the electricity was not tangible, it would be movable property since it can be
transmitted, transferred, discovered, stored, processed, etc, in the same way as the movable
property. (AIR 1970 SC 732 refers).
The Notification Number 52/78-CE dated 01.03.1978 granted exemption to the
electricity on captive consumption subject to the condition that generating and consumption
of electricity was done at one and the same place. Scope of this Notification was considered
by the Hon‟ble Tribunal and it was maintained that for the purposes of the Notification
Number 52/78 ibid it was not necessary that the concerned activity was to be within the
boundary wall of the industrial unit, rather on a reasonable interpretation of the Notification,
any such facility, that was something which either physically or functionally or both was
considered as included within the scope of the „industrial unit‟. Considering this, the
township, including hospitals, estate office, schools, nursery, guest house, barracks of
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security forces and outside contractors doing testing work outside the boundary wall were
not eligible for the exemption as they were neither functionally not physically can be said to
be a part of the industrial unit.
The question arose whether the staff quarters were included with the purview of the
said Notification Number 52/78 ibid, it was decided that since there was no scope for
inclusion of the staff quarters of a factory as the term industrial unit was legitimately eligible
only the manufacturing premises and thus for that purpose the staff quarters were not
covered by the said Notification Number 52/78 ibid.
The benefit of exemption Notification Number 52/78-CE dated 01.03.1978 was
extended to the extent of the electricity used in the staff canteen, administrative office, etc,
which were situated in the premises of the industrial units generating there own electricity.
However, such an exemption was available only in respect of the electricity, which was
generated by a generating station and used in the said station, including its auxiliary plants.
Further, the said exemption covered the electricity supplied to only such staff as, by
compulsion or operation requirements that were housed in the premises of the said
generating station, such as fire brigade operational staff for powerhouse, etc.
The electricity used in the Water Treatment Plant situated within the premises of the
industrial unit for purification of water and portion of purified water that was supplied to its
workers colony located far off from the factory premises, was eligible to get exemption from
the duty of excise under the Notification mentioned supra (Bombay Collectorate Trade
Notice Number 13/83 dated 04.02.1983 refers)
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TARIFF ITEM 12 - VEGETABLE NON ESSENTIAL OILS
The Government, with effect from 01.03.1956, by Finance Act, 1956, imposed new
excise duty on Vegetable Non-Essential Oil (Item 1 to 3), for the first time, at the tariff rate
of rupees seventy per tone (i.e. six paisa per pound). This facility was applicable only in
respect of the Vegetable Non-Essential Oil, produced with the aid of power. Also there
provided the exemption under the Notification dated 01.03.1956 for the Vegetable Non
Essential Oil produced without the aid of power. Further, first one hundred and twenty five
tons of Vegetable Non-Essential Oil cleared by any manufacturer for the home consumption
in each financial year was exempted with effect from 01.04.1956. Besides, under the same
Notification Vegetable Non-Essential Oil first cleared by any manufacturer for home
consumption upto a maximum of ten tons during the month of March 1956, was also
exempted.
Initially, there were only two categories of the manufacturers under the excise control,
i.e. (1) the manufacturers who do not employ power in any of the processes of manufacture
and (2) the manufacturers employing power whose annual output was not more than one
hundred twenty five tons and they were not required to pay any Central Excise duty.
Only Non-Essential Vegetable Oils were made excisable, i.e.
(A) Ground nuts Oil,
(B) Sesamum Oil,
(C) Linseed Oil,
(D) Rape and Mustard Oil,
(E) Niger and Karadi Oil,
(F) Cotton Seeds Oil,
(G) Cocoanuts Oil, and
(H) Mahua Oil;
whereas the essential oils, which were also known as „Ethereal or Volatile Oils, such
as
(A) Sandalwood Oil,
(B) Gernium Oil,
(C) Eucalyptus Oil,
(D) Ginger Grass Oil,
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(E) Turpentine Oil,
(F) Thymol Oil,
(G) Cinnamon Oil,
(H) Ajowan Oil,
(I) Palma Rose Oil,
(J) Rose Oil,
(K) Lemon Grass Oil,
(L) Lanaloe Oil, and
(M) Khus Oil,
were not brought under the excise net.
Essential Oils that are sourced from or available with say, flowers, leaves, seeds or
stems of the plants, generally in minute quantity. One important feature of these oils is their
volatility and, therefore, they were often described as „volatile oils or „ethereal oils‟.
Examples of such oils are Lemon Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Turpentine Oil, Clove Oil, etc. These
oils are produced, generally, by distillation processes of solvent extraction, have a pleasant
fragrance and are largely used in the manufacture of medicines, perfumery and flavouring
essences.
All oils of vegetable origin which are not „essential oils, as described above, fall into
the category of „non-essential oils‟ which are generally obtained from fruits, seeds and
kernels of fruits from which they are separated mainly by applying mechanical pressure,
such as Coconut Oil, Linseed Oil, Caster Oil, Groundnut Oil, Sesamum Oil, Rape and
Mustard Oil, Cotton Seed Oil, Mahua Oil, Niger Oil and Karadi Seeds Oil,
Hereunder is a list of dutiable and non-dutiable oils.
(A) Essential (Non-Dutiable) Oils:
01. Oil of Bitter Almonds, 02. Ajama,
03. Aniseed, 04. Bergamot,
05. Cajeput or Kayaputi, 06. Cardamom,
07. Carraway, 08. Cassia,
09. Cinnamon, 10. Citron,
11. Citronella, 12. Cloves,
13. Eucalyptus, 14. Geranium,
15. Ginger Grass, 16. Lavender
17. Lemon, 18. Lemon Grass.
19. Mace, 20. Myrbane,
21. Nirole, 22. Nutmeg,
23. Orange, 24. Otto Rose,
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25. Palma Rose 26. Patchoule,
27. Peppermint, 28. Pimento,
29. Rosemay, 30. Russa Grass.
(B) Vegetable (Non-Essential) Oils (Dutiable Oils)
01. Almond (Expressed) 02. Arachis,
03. Castor, 04. Cocoanut,
05. Cotton Seeds. 06. Groundnuts,
07. Jinjili, 08. Til,
09. Sesamum 10. Linseed,
11. Mahua Fat, 12. Mustard or Rape Oil
13. Olive, 14. Palm,
15. Palm Kernel, 16. Pea Nut,
17. Poppy Seeds Oil, 18. Oil (usually refined groundnut oil)
19. Shea Butter 20. Poppy Seeds Oil,
21. Tung Oil, 22. China Wood,
23. Karadi Seeds Oil, 24. Tobacco Seed Oil,
By Finance Bill, 1957, the rate of excise duty leviable on the Vegetable Non-Essential
Oils was increased from rupees seventy per ton to rupees one hundred twelve per ton.
The “slab” exemption from Excise Duty of 125 tons cleared by any manufacturer in a
financial l year was reduced to 75 tons. Further, the excise duty on (a) Vegetable Non
Essential Oils (other than Cotton Seed Oil) and (b) Cotton Seeds Oil, similarly cleared by a
manufacturer in excess of seventy five tons but not in excess of one hundred and twenty five
tons was reduced to rupees seventy and rupees thirty five per ton respectively. However,
prior to this new slab exemption, where any quantity of seventy five tons was cleared under
the existing conditions (which was modified) no steps to recover duty on the quantity already
cleared in excess of the limit now fixed was not taken.
Where the raw oil, in which case proof of payment of duty is not available, is
purchased by a factory either for refining or for using it in the manufacture of vegetable
products, the rate that was charged on the refined oil in such case was nil on clearances not
exceeding seventy five tons but on clearances exceeding the limit of seventy five tons but
not exceeding one hundred twenty five tons the said rate was rupees seventy per ton and for
the clearances in excess of one hundred twenty five tons the rate of excise duty was rupees
one hundred and twelve per ton in a year.
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In refining raw vegetable oils (for production of refined oils or for further
manufacture into vegetable product) the acidity is neutralized with alkali. The „soap stock‟
produced in these operations was decomposed by a few factories with mineral acids for
recovering what is known as „acid oil‟. The acid oil thus obtained was a mixture of neutral
oil and free fatty acids, the latter varying from thirty five per cent to eighty per cent, usually
round about fifty per cent. After the careful consideration the Central Board of Excise and
Customs decided that the above said „acid oil‟ should not be considered as liable to duty as
Vegetable Non Essential Oil and that „acid oil‟ was to be construed as a recovered product
consisting of a mixture of neutral oil and free fatty acids the fatty acid oil content being not
less than thirty five per cent.
In case of Vegetable Non Essential Oil the equipment meant for weighment of seeds,
separated hulls and the oil cakes were very essential so as to make out the proper co-relation
of the quantity of oil seeds taken for crushing with the quantities of oil and oil cakes
produced therefrom and as such the Board by its letter dated 15.10.1957 made it mandatory
to install such equipments.
Proforma Credit as contemplated under rule 56A of the Central Excise Rules, 1944,
was introduced with effect from 01.03.1963. The effect of this ruling was to extend the
Proforma Credit Procedure (Rule 56A) to vegetable products and soaps. The procedure was
already made applicable to the commodities like Paints and Varnishes, Textiles, etc.
A manufacturer of Vegetable products, soaps, Paints and Varnishes, was in a position
to obtain duty paid processed oil from an oil mill and was a in a position to get proforma
credit for the amount of the duty of excise so paid. However, this Proforma Credit was
permissible only in respect of the duty paid for the period on or after 01.03.1963 and not in
respect of the duty paid prior to this date of 01.03.1963. Similarly, no credit was given for
the duty on oil purchased otherwise than from a manufacturer of processed Vegetables Non
Essential Oil.
In case of solvent extracted oil issued at concessional rate the credit admissible was
the actual amount paid and not the amount calculated on the full rate of duty.
In-Bond movement of non-duty paid processed oil was not allowed.
Thus the manufacturer of vegetable products of Paints and Varnishes or soap were
eligible to obtain duty paid processed oil, crude oil, measle and were in a position to get the
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proforma credit/modvat credit for the amount of the duty paid. The facility of exporting the
excess goods was also extended to the Soap Manufacturers.
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TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 13 - VEGETABLE PRODUCTS
“Vegetable Products” means any vegetable oil or fat which, whether by itself or in
admixture with any other substance, had, by hydrogenation or by any other process, been
hardened for human consumption and attracted the duty of excise at the rate of ten per cent ad
valorem.
However, the vegetable product which was having a melting point above forty five
degree Centigrade was not assessable under the Tariff Item 13 as it was extra hard and was
not fit for human consumption which was made clear by the Board under its letter dated
21.05.1977.
As regards the scope of this tariff item to be eligible as the vegetable product the
department had maintained that only such oils which have been hardened but not hardened
too high to be unable to consume by the human being was a well known practice and the
same was based on the tariff definition. (1984(18) ELT 331 refers).
Hardening has a very limited purpose of, among other things, improving the colour,
taste, preservation and raising the melting and could not render edible an inedible oil was
proved by the fact that it was employed to render many oils more suitable for industries like
soap making and other industrial uses. All the oils “hardened for human consumption” were
themselves edible and did not require hardening, by hydrogenation or any other process to
make them edible. (1984(18) ELT 331 refers)
The definition of the expression “Vegetable Product, given below tariff item 13 of the
Central Excise Tariff made it clear beyond any doubt that it contemplated vegetable product
which was fit for human consumption. Since the super hardened Groundnut Oil and super
hardened Palm Oil were not fit for human consumption and hence could not be used for the
edible purposes since they were having a melting point above forty four degree centigrade,
therefore, they were not classifiable under tariff item 13. Further, it was also decided that
because there was no other specific tariff item under which duty was leviable on these
products hence these products were liable to duty under the Residuary Item 68 of the Central
Excise Tariff.
Incentive Scheme for increased use of Cotton Seed Oil and Soybean Oil was first
introduced in the month of July 1960. Thereafter, it was reviewed from time to time.
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The rice bran oil of edible grade, Mahua oil, Watermelon Seed oil, Sal Seed Oil and
Mayo Kernel Oil were, when used in the manufacture of vegetable products, were eligible for
concessional rate of duty.
With effect 01.03.1986, Vegetable Products, falling under Chapter Heading 15.04
were excisable to duty at the rate of eight per cent ad valorem. Under SSI exemption
Notification the goods falling under Chapter 15 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986) were eligible for exemption upto the First slab of rupees one hundred
lacs.
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TARIFF ITEM 14 – PAINTS AND VARNISHES
This item was re-numbered as item number 14 by the Act Number 38 of 1960 dated
20.09.1960.
The definition of “Roller Coating Composition” was revised vide the MF (DR&I)
letter dated 17.01.1968
“Special types of composition including enamels and varnishes,
pigmented as well as un-pigmented, designed for application by a
coating machine, which consists of a series of cylindrical rollers. The
composition is picked up by one of the first rollers, rotating in a trough
containing the said composition, and is evenly distributed over the last
roller and thence to the flat surface of mild steel, tinned iron or other
suitable sheets.
Among other properties, roller coating compositions are required to
possess sufficient adhesion and flexibility to permit ―drawing‖ by a
stamping machine, without serious cracking or flaking.‖
Interestingly, the department experienced difficulties in determining weight-volume
relationship in respect of certain varieties of paints/varnishes that were assessable under this
item on the basis of volume but which were cleared on weight basis. Central Board of Excise
and Customs, therefore, considered that, until further instructions, the Collector may accept
weight volume ratio of different varieties of products furnished in writing by the
manufacturers concerned subject to occasional test checks, wherever necessary samples in
airtight containers were required to be sent to the Chief Chemist for surprise checks of the
declarations of weight volume relationship.
Following is the list of articles liable to the duty of excise.
01. Aircraft Dopes,
02. Chrome colours,
03. Iron blues (other than soluble Prussian blue which has been
exempted from duty),
04. Lacquers for pencils,
05. Plastic Lacquers, and
06. Chlorinated Rubber Paints.
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Following is the list of items that were not liable to the duty of excise.
1. Treated Oils,
2. Lithographic Varnish,
3. Varnish Foots,
4. Stand Oils,
5. Linseed Oils,
6. Solvents and Thinners,
7. Liquid Stenciling Ink,
8. Printing Ink, Other than Roller Coating Composition,
9. Etching chemical compositions,
10. Pickling solutions,
11. Polishes in paste, semi solid or solid like floor polish, car
polish, boot polish, metal polish, etc.
12. Paint and Rust removers,
13. Wood Preservatives,
14. Adhesives, Other than those based on nitro cellulose,
15. Sealing Wax,
16. Disinfectants,
17. Insecticides,
18. Seaming solutions,
19. Natural and synthetic resin and gums,
20. Compounds solid or semi solid used for lagging, roofing of
Insulation
21. Enamelware, namely, articles made by coating low melting
glass into metal by a process of fusion,
22. Litharge.
By Notification No. 23/55-CE dated 29.04.1955, the following items were exempted
from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon under Section 2 of the Central Excises
and Salt Act, 1944, namely –
1. Minerals employed either as extenders, suspending agents
or fillers or as diluents, namely -
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Barytes, Bauxite, Bentonite, China Clay, Celestite,
Limestone and Chalk (including precipitated chalk),
Fuller‟s earth, Gypsum, Mica, Silica, Asbestine, Talc, Slate,
2. Natural black minerals, namely –
Graphite, Limentite black and Manganese dioxide,
3. Carbon black,
4. Oxide of iron pigments – all colours, natural and synthetic,
5. Soluble Prussian Blue (Washing Blue),
6. Lake colours and Pigment Dye Stuffs, and
7. Anti-fouling Toxics, namely – Arsenic Oxide, Oxide of
Mercury, Sub Oxide of Copper.
Red Lead, White Lead, Zinc Oxide and Leaded Zinc Oxide were exempted from duty
under the Notification Number 21/55-CE dated 28.04.1955, subject to the condition that the
concerned items were used in the manufacture of rubber, glass, pottery and other ceramic
goods and the procedure prescribed under Chapter X was to be observed.
Nitro Cellulose Lacquers, falling under tariff item number 22(III)(i) were exempted
under the Notification Number 38/55-CE dated 01.08.1955 produced by a manufacturer
whose output of such lacquers did not exceed 1,000 imperial gallons per year.
Putty was considered as falling under the tariff item number 22 of the Central Excise
Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
Zinc Oxide used in the manufacture of rubber soles for footwears was exempted from
the duty of excise, whereas the same, i.e. Zink Oxide, was considered as liable to the duty of
excise irrespective of its purity and use.
The following products were treated as non-excisable.
1. Tar Plastic,
2. Shalitex Sealing Compound,
3. Shalitex Premier,
4. Shalibond BS,
5. Shalibond CS‟
6. Shalibond S,
7. B.O.C. Hot Meal Grease,
8. Shell Cardimum Compound,
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9. B.O.C.V.T.S., and
10. Hot Power Expansion Joining Compound.
The question regarding classification of “Gasket Shellac Compound” was raised when
the Board, as per their Tariff Advice Number 4/1974 opined that the Gasket Shellac
Compound which was used as sealing compound in fixing Engine Head Gasket not
classifiable under tariff item number14 of the Central Excise Tariff as the said item number
covers only such products which commercially known and sold or ultimately used as
“pigments, colours, paints, enamels, varnishes, blacks and cellulose lacquers.”
As per Board‟s letter dated 14.01.1974,Titanium dioxide conforming to the chemical
formula TiO2, that is to say, a minimum of 96% TiO2 in the case of Anatase grade and a
minimum of 94% TiO2 in the case of Rutile grade were assessable to the duty of Central
Excise under tariff item 14(I)(i) (now 14(i)(ii)) of the Central Excise Tariff Act.
The exemption was granted under the Notification Number 117/64-CE dated
30.05.1964 to Nitro Cellulose Lacquers, clear and pigmented, falling under the tariff item
number 14 provided (i) the lacquer was used exclusively in the manufacture of jari, (ii) the
manufacturer did not undertake manufacture of any other product liable to duty under this
item, and (iii) the total quantity of the lacquer produced by the manufacturer during the
financial year did not exceed 110 kilo litres.
Exemption was also granted under the Notification Number 262/76-CE dated
16.10.1976 to Nitro Cellulose Lacquers actually consumed in the process of coating
cellophane with such Nitro Cellulose Lacquers so as to make such cellophane moisture proof
from the appropriate duty of excise leviable on such Nitro Cellulose Lacquers as is equivalent
to the duty of excise on that quantity of such Nitro Cellulose Lacquers as are equal to the
quantity of the residue (that is to say the solvent) left over after such coating subject to the
condition that such residue is used in the manufacture of such Nitro Cellulose Lacquers.
Nitro Cellulose Lacquers, if produced in Ordinance Factories belonging to the Central
Government and if produced with an intention for consumption for Defence purposes or for
the supply to the Central Government departments, was also exempted under the Notification
Number 35/85-CE dated 17.03.1985.
The Government of India gave a somewhat liberal exemption to the „gilding solution‟
since the persons making this solution were small manufacturers of artificial jari. It was
directed to be considered and applied only to the micro lacquer manufactured by jari makers
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for their captive consumption, that is to say, by dissolving the gilding solution for
manufacture of exclusive jari only and not in the manufacture of any other paints and
varnishes.
Emulsion and Paste made by the Textile mills for printing fabrics from the duty paid
dyes was considered to be non excisable.
Paints and Varnishes produced by a non-power operated unit was also exempted
under the Notification dated 01.03.1970. Further, Paints and Varnishes falling under Chapter
Heading 14 were exempted from the duty of excise leviable thereon subject to certain
conditions attached.
Cement, Marble powder and Bitumen used for making Mosaic floor/Tiles, these
terrazzo and mosaic tiles did not attract excise duty under the tariff item number 14(3)(i).
With effect from 01.03.1963, the Proforma/Modvat Credit facility was extended to
this commodity under rule 56-A of the Central Excise Rules, 1944. However, this facility
was available only in respect of duty paid on or after 01.03.1963 and not in respect of duty
paid before that date.
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TARIFF ITEM 14A - SODA ASH
This item was placed on the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1961 attracting
thereto the duty of excise at the rate of rupees two per quintal.
Soda Ash in liquid form was not liable to the duty of excise since the term Soda Ash
applied only to solid product obtained after the wet bicarbonate of soda was passed through
calciners and as the liquid form was not marketable commodity but the same was meant only
for captive use. (Circular letter Number 2(Soda Ash)/61 dated 09.06.1961)
Soda Ash if used for purification of brine within the factory of production was
exempted upto three per cent of Sodium Chloride contents of the common salt put into
process of purification of brine from the whole of the duty of Central Excise leviable thereon.
The cost of packing material and charges for branding, packing and stitching of
various kinds of Soda Ash varieties falling under item 14A was includible in the assessable
value under Section 4 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (1983-ELT 776(Guj) refers).
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TARIFF ITEM 14AA - INORGANIC CHEMICALS
This item came on the Tariff Schedule for the first time with effect from 01.03.1970.
Inorganic Chemicals, namely, (1) Calcium Carbide, (2) Bleaching Paste and
Bleaching Powder, (3) Sodium Hyposulphite, (4) Bicarbonate of Soda, (5) Bichromates of
Potassium or Sodium Hydrogen Peroxide and (6) Potassium Permanganate, were subjected to
the duty of excise at the rate of fifteen per cent ad valorem.
As per Budget Circular Number 14/70 dated 29.05.1970 “Bleach Liquor” being
solution and not a powder or paste was not liable to excise duty under the Central Excise
Tariff.
Existing definition of Hydrogen Peroxide under tariff item 14AA of the Central
Excise Tariff was to cover Hydrogen Peroxide in all forms including that in liquid form
whether concentrated or diluted. (Bangalore Trade Notice Number 138/17 dated 24.07.1971
refers)
As per Budget Circular Number 24/71 dated 18.09.1971, Bichromate of Sodium,
whether in concentrate of liquid form even when the percentage of water content in the
solution was more than fifty per cent, came within the mischief of tariff item number 14AA.
As regards Potassium Permanganate, both, the Budget Circular Number 9/71 and MF
(DR&I) Circular Number B-9/1/71-CX II dated 22.07.1991, stated that subsequent
refinement and/or change in the physical form of Potassium Permanganate which had earlier
been cleared on payment of duty were not to be subjected to any further duty of excise under
tariff item 14AA of Central Excise Tariff.
As per Tariff Advice Number 33/82 dated 28.06.1982, „impure‟ Calcium Carbide
used in the manufacture of Acetylene Gas was classified under tariff item 14AA of the
Central Excise Tariff.
With regard to Caprolactum recovered from wash water, the Board‟s letter Number
102/2/74-CX dated 01.08.1975, mentioned that Central Excise duty was not attracted where
the Caprolactum was recovered from duty paid caprolactum contained in the wash water.
As regards Caprolactum from nylon waste, the MF (DR&I) letter Number 107/4/76
CX-3 dated 26.02.1977 had stated that the recovery of caprolactum from waste nylon yarn
products was a process of „manufacture‟ and hence the recovered caprolactum was liable to
the duty of Central Excise.
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Calcium Carbide – In naked form and used in the generation of acetylene gas within
the factory of manufacture was not „goods‟ because it did not attain the material form and
purity as was required by the Carbide of Calcium Rules, 1937, hence it was not liable for
Central Excise duty under Tariff Item 14AA. (Delhi High Court decision, 1978 ELT 9J-121)
refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 the Inorganic Chemicals have been classified under
Chapter Heading 28 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986) and currently the duty of excise is at the rate of sixteen per cent ad valorem. Besides
SSI exemption for clearance value upto a slab of first rupees one hundred lacs is also
available to this industry.
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TARIFF ITEM 14AAA - ORGANIC CHEMICALS
This item came on the tariff schedule for the first time with effect from 17.03.1985.
The chemicals, namely
(1) Acetic Acid;
(2) Acetic Anhydride;
(3) Acetone
(4) Phenol, and
(5) Methanol
were leviable to the excise duty at the rate of fifteen per cent ad valorem; whereas fifty per
cent ad valorem duty of excise was leviable on the chemicals, namely Caprolactum, and
Dimethyl Terephthalate.
However, by a Notification, the effective rate of duty for chemical, caprolactum,
cleared was fifteen per cent ad valorem and if such Caprolactum and Dimethyl Terephthalate
was produced out of nylon polymer waste by the process of recycling was exempted.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the classification of these chemicals was changed to
read as under.
Name of the Chemical Revised Classification Number
1. Acetic Acid 2915.10
2. Acetic Anhydride 2915.20
3. Acetone 2914.10
4. Phenol 2907
5. Methanol 2905.10
6. Caprolactum 2933
7. Dimethyl Terephthalate 2917
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TARIFF ITEM 14B - CAUSTIC SODA
This item came on the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1961.
Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash, whether in solid form or in lye, both these
commodities were assessed to the duty of excise at the rate of fifteen per cent ad valorem.
Procedure for accounting of production and issues of Caustic Soda was that the
Caustic Soda was first produced in the form of lye. This lye was either cleared as such for
use in the producing factory or outside of the factory of production or part of it was cleared
and part used in the manufacture of caustic soda flakes or solid caustic soda. Obviously,
therefore, the method of maintenance of RG-1 and EB-4 accounts will depend upon the
nature and type of caustic soda produced and the nature of clearances.
In practice, the caustic soda initially in the form of lye was pumped to “receiving” or
“service” tanks. One or two tanks were set apart as storage tanks where were fed from the
service or receiving tanks. All these tanks must be calibrated. Clearance of lye took place
from the storage tanks. For the purposes of RG-1, the dip measurement of each tank was to
be taken at a fixed time each day. From the volume so ascertained and the strength of the lye
the weight of one hundred per cent caustic soda was to be calculated. The day‟s production
was represented by the difference between this quantity and the opening balance of the
previous day plus the quantity issued, if any, during this period. The exit valves of the tanks
need not be sealed.
Clearances of lye were either by pipeline for use in the factory or by tank trucks and
tank wagons. In the case of pipeline and tank wagon clearances, the quantity was to be
computed with reference to the dip readings of the discharging tank and the density of the
lye. For tank truck clearances, the quantity was ascertained by weighment and density. In
such cases, the need for maintaining a separate EB-4 did not arise and RG-1 was the
sufficient record. Quantities of lye cleared for use within the factory for manufacture of flake
or solid caustic soda was to figure as clearances in RG-1 with a suitable remark that they
were taken for the purpose of captive consumption within the factory itself.
As regards drawal of sample for the purposes of assessment instructions as contained
in the Board‟s Circular letter bearing F. No.4/2/61 CX-VI dated 05.05.1961 were required to
be followed.
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Once a week, and by surprise, a sample from each tank containing lye was required to
be drawn immediately after the production was ascertained by the manufacturer and sent to
the Chemical Examiner for report on the strength of the lye. On receipt of the test report, the
accuracy of the manufacturer‟s accounts in the RG-1 was required to be verified and if there
were differences found in the strength, necessary investigations were required to be initiated.
Caustic Soda Lye was concentrated and then fused to produce solid caustic soda or fused and
chilled to produce flakes. These were filled in drums of containers of pre-determined tare. As
the product came out of the plant at a very high temperature, it was not always possible to
weigh the containers immediately. Wherever possible, the weight ascertained on the day of
production was entered into the RG-1 and the quantity deposited in the approved storeroom
was shown in EB-4. Where such weighment was only done after the drums became cool,
there was no alternative but to indicate in the RG-1 only the number of drums filled each day
and to enter the quantity when these drums were cooled and weighed. After weighment and
marking, the containers sent to the storerooms were required to be shown in EB-4.
All containers for caustic soda were required to be marked, as far as practicable, with
the particulars, in addition to any other marking the manufacturer may have in use, namely,
(1) number or letter denoting the series, (2) serial number of the package, (3) trade name, if
any, (4) gross weight, and (5) net weight.
It was decided that the factories using Soda Ash and/or Caustic Soda for the
purification of brine was allowed duty free Soda Ash powder or Caustic Soda upto a
maximum of three per cent and the method of calculation was that on the Common Salt (e.g.
the equivalent one hundred per cent common salt in the brine solidation) and not on the total
production of Caustic Soda in the factories.
Caustic Soda recovered from spent caustic soda lye obtained during the
manufacturing of rayon and spent caustic soda lye or black liquor obtained during the
manufacture of paper and mercerizing of textiles in the factory was exempted by a
Notification dated 09.11.1968.
In so far as dutiability of this item was concerned Board‟s letter dated 05.05.1961 was
very specific which stated that caustic soda in lye form used for making solid caustic soda in
the same factory was not to be taxed at the lye stage but duty of excise was to be charged
when it was converted into solid form.
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With regard to the Caustic Soda Solution - recovery of „Caustic Soda‟ - through
physical process (i.e. filtration, evaporation or concentration, which were all the processes of
purification) or chemical processes (involving chemical or electro-chemical reaction) from
spent caustic soda lye or black liquor obtained during the manufacturing and/or processing of
either excisable or non-excisable goods, in the same integrated factory in which the caustic
soda initially taken for use during the said manufacturing and/or processing operation was
already paid the appropriate duty of excise or the additional duty leviable under Section 2A
of the Indian Tariff Act, 1934 (Number 32 of 1934), as the case may be, did not legally
constitute “manufacture” of a new commodity within the definition of Section 2(f) of the
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, and hence no further excise duty was leviable on such
Caustic Soda so recovered under the same item number 14B of the Central Excise Tariff
Schedule. As such the existing Notification number 191/68-CE dated 09.11.1968 was
redundant, as it had no effect. However, to avoid the confusion, it was not considered
necessary to rescind the said Notification Number 191/68-CE dated 09.11.1968
With effect from 01.03.1986, this tariff item was classified under sub heading number
2815.00 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 14BB - SODIUM SILICATE
This tariff item came on the statute book on 01.03.1964 and the rate of the duty of
excise was rupees eight per quintal but the effective rate of duty was only rupees four per
quintal.
This tariff item was included in the tariff to counteract the effect of the total
exemption granted to the non-power operated Soap industry. As the Sodium Silicate was
mainly used as a builder and filler in the manufacture of household and laundry soap, mostly
by the non-power operated sector. Thus, in effect, this was a levy on the non-power operated
sector.
The waste material in the form of sludge was distinct and easily distinguishable from
Sodium Silicate and hence no permission was required for such destruction of waste. No
accounting of such was also required to be made in RG-1.
Mere dilution with water of duty paid Sodium Silicate did not amount to manufacture
since no new substance known for the market was brought into existence and hence no duty
was leviable on this activity.
With effect from 01.03.1969 the duty was shifted from specific rates to ad valorem
rates and the tariff rate for this commodity was fixed at twenty five per cent ad valorem with
effect from 01.03.1969.
Notification Number 154/70-CE dated 01.08.1970 exempted the Sodium Ortho
Silicate, Powder and refined liquid Sodium Silicate in excess of five per cent ad valorem
subject to the observance of Chapter X procedure and the Assistant Collector was satisfied
that the subject sodium silicate was also an industry other than the soap industry.
As per Tariff Advice Number 18/78 dated 23.03.1978, Sodium Silicate Glass Lump
were classifiable under the item number 14BB as the description of the said item was no
restricted to sodium silicate in any particular form.
Colloidal Sodium Silicate was exempted under the Notification Number 154/70.
Colloid is a reference to the dimension of the particles of the substance and not a factor of its
state of purity or the nature of material which was made clear by the Tribunal in their
decision reported in 1984(16) ELT 365.
Caustic Soda in Lye form used for making solid caustic soda in the same factory was
not liable to the duty of excise at the lye stage but the duty was to be charged when it was
converted into solid form.
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Recovery of „Caustic Soda‟ through physical process (i.e. through filtration,
evaporation or concentration which were all the processes of purification) or chemical
processes (involving chemical or electro-chemical reaction) from spent caustic soda lye or
black liquor obtained during the manufacturing and/or processing of either excisable or non-
excisable goods, in the same integral factory in which the caustic soda initially taken for use
during the said manufacturing and/or processing operations was already paid the appropriate
duty of excise or the additional duty of excise leviable under Section 2A of the Indian Tariff
Act, 1934 (Number 32 of 1934), as the case may be, did not legally constitute “manufacture”
of a new commodity within the definition of Section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt Act,
1944, and hence no further duty of excise was leviable on such caustic soda so recovered
under the same item number 14B of the Central Excise Tariff Schedule. As such the existing
Notification Number 191/68-CE dated 09.11.1968 was redundant, as it had no effect.
However, to avoid confusion, it was not considered necessary to rescind this Exemption
Notification Number 191/68-CE dated 09.11.1968.
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TARIFF ITEM 14C - GLYCERINE
Glycerine came on the tariff schedule on 01.03.1961 and the tariff rate was rupees
seventeen per quintal.
Crude Glycerine obtained from the Glycerine plant was stored in tanks for further
distillation and production refined Glycerine, like dynamite glycerine, etc. (half refined
Glycerine) was supplied to other refiners or was exported as such. This was a stage of
manufacture and the duty liability accrued thereon. For the purpose of accounting in RG-1,
however, the packed quantity was taken as manufactured and the duty collected at the time of
removal of the same. If and when Crude Glycerine was either exported or delivered to other
refineries or cleared on payment of duty in such case, the quantity so exported or delivered or
cleared was shown as the quantity „manufactured‟ and removed as such.
With effect from 18.06.1977 the tariff rate was changed from specific to ad valorem
and as such the revised rate of duty was fixed at sixteen per cent ad valorem.
As per Chandigarh Collectorate Trade Notice Number 80/77 dated 22.09.1977, if
Glycerine was removed from the factory of its production in crude form the duty of excise
was required to be paid at the stage only and no further duty of excise was attracted even if
Crude Glycerine so cleared was later on refined elsewhere. However, if the Crude Glycerine
was refined in its factory of production this activity attracted the duty of excise at the time of
its clearance being refined glycerine.
Board‟s letter Number 6/1/64-CX dated 05.02.1966 made it clear that in respect of
losses in storage and in transit of crude Glycerine an allowance not exceeding 0.5% on either
side was allowable depending upon the various factors involved. Variation upto 0.1 already
available under the Board‟s letter dated 17.10.1963 was applicable to only pure glycerine.
Delhi Collectorate Trade Notice Number 59/CE-76 dated 29.04.1976 stated that soap
of glycerine which was obtained in the process of manufacture of shampoo, dettol or greases
and was in a marketable condition and commercially so recognized (notwithstanding that the
same was actually not marketed) before the manufacture of shampoo, dettol or grease was
excisable under tariff item number 15 or 14C as the case may be.
Hyderabad Trade Notice Number 131/66 dated 16.01.1967 described that Glycerine
and Castor Oil of IP or BP standard was to be assessed to the duty of excise under tariff item
14C and 12 respectively of the Central Excise Tariff. In cases, where a manufacturer of
Patent and Proprietary Medicines had brought duty paid Glycerine or Castor Oil from
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outside and cleared them in smaller packs intended for use, no further duty was required to
be paid in respect of such Glycerine or Castor Oil
With effect from 01.03.1986, Glycerine was classified under the Chapter Heading
15.06 of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
SSI exemption was granted to this industry, as also the exemption in clearance value
of first slab of rupees one hundred lacs was also made available to this industry.
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TARIFF ITEM 14D-
DYES DERIVED FROM COAL TAR & COAL TAR DERIVATIVES USED IN ANY
DYEING PROCESS-ALL SORTS
This item came to be excised on 01.03.1961 and the rate of duty of excise was fifteen
per cent ad valorem.
As per the Board‟s letter dated 04.11.1961, Lake colours and Pigment dyestuffs were
used like pigments and did not fall within the scope of the tariff item 14D of the First
Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944.
As to the scope of this item it was stated in the Board‟s letter dated 13.04.1976 that
levy under this item was sustainable only when such products (other than Pigment
Dyestuffs) were commercially recognized and used in India in dyeing.
Synthetic food colours were exigible to the duty of excise under this tariff item but the
natural food colours, which were not synthetic food colours, were not liable to Central
Excise duty.
According to the Tariff Advice Number 4/1965-CX dated 23.02.1965, Benzidine was
not assessable to duty under item 14D because it was not a dye but an intermediate product
forming a base in the manufacture of dye and it was not used directly for dyeing purposes.
Board‟s letter dated 08.04.1965 also made it clear that artist‟s colours in pastel form
were chargeable to the duty of excise under tariff item 14 (Paints and Varnishes) and not
under the tariff item 14D.
The Board, by its yet another letter dated 22.04.1965 in connection with the subject
item stated that Pastel colours, Pastel Crayons, Oil Crayons, School Chalks, Tailor Chalks,
Textile Crayons and Lead Strips were neither assessable to the Excise duty under tariff item
14 nor under tariff item 14D as these were generally now known as „pigments‟, „colours‟,
„paints‟ or „synthetic dyestuffs‟ and these were manufactured clay, colouring matter, a small
quantity of pigment and binding agent like wax and Plaster of Paris.
The Board under its letter dated 13.09.1968 specified that the dyes were considered as
fully manufactured for accounting in RG-1 when they were packed in container for
consumer sale.
Board‟s letter dated 11.08.1970 made it clear that Oil or Spirit soluble colours were
classifiable as Synthetic Organic Dyestuffs under tariff item 14D.
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By Budget 1972, the Tariff Entry 14D was replaced to read as under -
―14D. Synthetic Organic Dyestuffs (including Pigment Dyestuffs) and
Synthetic Organic Derivatives used in any dyeing process‖
Dyes, namely, Solubilised Vats, Rapid Fast Colours, Rapidogens and Fast colours
salts, manufactured from any other dye on which the duty of excise or countervailing customs
duty was already paid (Notification Number 180/61 dated 23.11.1961 refers)
The Board under its letter dated 03.09.1981 stated that both Alpha Napthol and Alpha
Naphthylamine were not liable to Central Excise duty under tariff item 14D of the Central
Excise Tariff but it was liable to be classified under Residuary Item Number 68 ibid. The
Board under its another letter dated 19.12.1981 applied the above justification also to the
tariff item Ortho Toludine Base or Toludine Dihydro Chloride base and decided that this item
was outside the purview of item 14D and was liable to be classified under Residuary Item 68.
Para Amino Phenol and Meta Phenylene did not merit classification under this tariff
entry. Also Beta Picolines and Gamma Picolines were held to be not liable to duty either
under tariff item number 68 (Rubber Processing Chemicals) or under tariff item 14D
(Synthetic Organic Dyes).
Phthalocyanine Blue Aqueous Paste was classifiable under the Tariff Item 14D as per
Board‟s letter dated 24.10.1979.
As per the Tariff Advice of the Board dated 26.09.1979 Meta Nitro Para Toludine
was assessable to duty under tariff item 14D.
The Board under its letter dated 25.05.1978 categorically had stated that Resorcinol
Organic Chemical was not classifiable under item 14D but under Residuary Item 68.
Phthalogin Brilliant Blue including other similar base products and Copper Complex
was treated under tariff item 14D.
Vats Paste was produced by blending vats powder with glycerine, etc, on which the
appropriate duty of excise was required to be paid - vats paste was not chargeable to duty.
As to the distinction between synthetic organic dyestuff and pigment dyestuff, the
Hon‟ble Tribunal decided that the CCCN and its notes did not, in terms, spell out the
distinction between the “S.O. Dyestuffs” and “Pigment dyestuffs”. However, based on the
definition of pigments in standard works of reference, it could be said that SO dyestuffs were
substances which were soluble in water or in other solvents and in the dissolved condition
are used to dye or colour other materials. On the other hand, pigment dye was said to be
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pigment based dyes, pigments being inert, stable, insoluble in water and substantially
insoluble in any medium but which can be mechanically dispersed in medium. Therefore, in
conclusion, the pigment dyestuffs included in tariff item 14D were those which in the first
place were synthetic organic substances and did not fall in the categories of pigments
specified in tariff item 14 while synthetic organic substances and inorganic pigments were
outside the purview of tariff item 14D. (1984(17) ELT-135 refers)
This item applied either to a synthetic organic dyestuff or to a synthetic organic
derivative used in a dyeing process and Beta Napthol was neither a synthetic organic nor the
same was used in dyeing process. It was used as an intermediate for manufacture of „other
dyes‟, rubber, chemicals and as such it falls outside the ambit of tariff item 14D and,
therefore, Beta Naphthol were not classifiable under tariff item 14D. The same was also not
liable for the countervailing duty.
The word „used‟ under tariff item 14D of the Central Excise Tariff means
predominantly used or commonly used and not rarely used or occasionally or capable of
being used.
According to the Commissioner of Sales Tax, “neel”, that is to say, “ultramarine
blue” was sold under different trade names such as Skylark, Robin, etc. It was a pigment got
from Pais Lazuli Artificial (made by mixing clay, carbonate of soda, sulphur and resin). It
cannot be used to impregnate tissues when the material was in a raw state to yield more
permanent results and was not capable of being fixed to the fabric. As and when it was used
on the fabric it was fugitive, not fast to light, not resistant to action of water and was not
capable of diluting acids or alkalis. It was used after the clothes were washed usually at the
first rinsing and that with each rinsing it got washed away. It could not resist or withstand the
use of detergents or washing soda, which was alkaline in nature. Nor did it fall under any of
the various categories of dyes. Thus “ultramarine blue” (i.e. “neel”) was neither a direct dye
nor a mordent.
SSI Exemption was extended to this commodity for the first time on 01.03.1978 by
the Notification Number 71/78-CE dated 01.03.1978 and in respect of First clearance of
rupees five lacs cleared from 01.04.1978 was exempted from the whole of the duty of excise
leviable thereon. Later on this limit of rupees five lacs was increased to rupees fifteen lacs in
the year 1982 and thereafter SSI exemption is still continued to this commodity.
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With effect from 01.03.1986 this tariff item was classified under the Chapter Heading
29 and 32 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986). This
commodity was already enjoying SSI exemption and so also exemption from the whole of
the duty of excise leviable thereon for clearance value upto first rupees one hundred lacs was
available
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TARIFF ITEM 14DD - SYNTHETIC ORGANIC PRODUCTS
This item was brought into the Excise net for the first time on 01.03.1966 and was
placed at tariff entry number 14DD, the description of which read as under.
―14DD. Synthetic Organic product of a kind used as organic
Luminophores products of the kind known as Optical Bleaching
Agents, substantive to the fibre.‖
As to the scope of this product, the Board under their letter dated 17.06.1966 clarified
that as regards the Optical Bleaching Agents; the same was not restricted only to the pure (or
commercially pure) chemical compound, which was responsible for the effect, which it
imparted to the fibres. The expression “products of a kind known…” used in the tariff
description was significant and covered the chemical compound, standardized preparations
known to be ordinarily used for the purpose and the further diluted preparations known to be
used for the same purpose. Also the pure chemical compound had such a high strength that
unless it was standardized by mixing with glauber salt, etc, it could not be used on the
fabrics, as a whitener, the fabric got tinted.
With regard to the Optical Bleaching Agent, the Board, in its letter dated 04.01.1967,
had stated that mere repacking of duty paid Optical Bleaching Agents with or without a
change in the band name did not amount to manufacture within the meaning of Section 2(f)
of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. Where, however, the article has undergone further
processing such as formulation or dilution with other ingredients, such process was treated as
„manufacture‟ and the finished goods were liable to the duty of excise under tariff item 14DD
of the Central Excise Tariff, provided the final product was sold as a new article, e.g. under a
different brand name.
Neroglo being Synthetic Organic product having fluorescent properties was
classifiable under the tariff item 14DD of the Central Excise Tariff. (1982 ELT
527(Government of India) refers.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the Synthetic Organic Products were classified under
the Chapter Heading 32.04 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986).
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SSI exemption was also available to this commodity and the industry enjoyed
exemption in the clearance value upto the first rupees one hundred lacs for the whole of the
duty of excise leviable thereon.
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TARIFF ITEM 14E - PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES.
Patent and Proprietary Medicines, defined under clause (d) of the Section 3 of the
Drugs Act, 1940 (Number 33 of 1940), not containing alcohol. This tariff item was
introduced for the first time by Finance Bill, 1961, with effect from 01.03.1961, and was
placed at tariff entry number 14E and the rate of duty of excise applicable was ten per cent ad
valorem.
In respect of tariff item 14E, preparations containing alcohol were specifically
excluded so that duty on such preparations was able to be collected by the State Government
under the provisions of Medical and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duty) Act, since in the
Central Excise Act the duty of excise was leviable only in respect of the proprietary
medicines not containing alcohol.
The term “Patent and Proprietary Medicines” as defined in Clause (d) of the Section 3
of the Drugs Act, 1940 (Number 33 of 1940) means “a drug which is a remedy or
prescription prepared for internal or external use of human being or animals and which is not
for the time being, recognized by the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization
of the World Health Organisation or in the latest edition of the British Pharmacopoeia or the
British Pharmaceutical Codex or any other pharmacopoeia authorized in this behalf by the
Central Government after consultation with the Drugs Technical Advisory Board.
For the sake of practical convenience a Patent and Proprietary Medicine was said to
be one, which was in the official list in the latest edition of any of the following seven
pharmacopoeias recognized under the Drugs Act.
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia;
2. International Pharmacopoeia;
3. British Pharmacopoeia;
4. British Pharmaceutical Codex;
5. United States Pharmacopoeia;
6. National Formulary of the United States of America; and
7. State Pharmacopoeia of the Union of Soviet States of
Russia
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The Government, vide Finance (2) Act, 1962 (Number 2 of 1962) dated 22.06.1962,
substituted the Tariff Entry and also added the Explanation, which read as under.
―14E. Patent or Proprietary Medicines not containing alcohol, opium,
Indian Hemp or other narcotic drugs or other narcotics other than
those medicines which are exclusively Ayurvedic, Unani, Sidha or
Homeopathic‖
Explanation: ‗Patent or Proprietary Medicines‘ means any
drug or Medicinal preparation in whatever form, for use in the
internal or external treatment of or for the prevention of
ailments, in human beings or animals, which bears either on
itself or on its container or both, a name which is not specified
in a monograph in a Pharmacopoeia, Formulary or other
publications notified in this behalf by the Central Government
in the Official Gazette or which is a brand name, that is, a
name or a registered trade mark under the Trade and
Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (Number 43 of 1958) or any
other mark such as a symbol, monogram, label, signature or
invented words or any writing which is used in relation to that
medicine for the purpose of indicating or so as to indicate a
connection in the course of trade between the medicine and
some person the right as a proprietor or otherwise to use the
name or mark with or without indication of the identity of that
person.‘
In pursuance of the above Explanation, the Government issued a Notification Number
32/62-CE dated 24.04.1962, which read as under -
―In pursuance of Explanation 1 to the Item Number 14E of the First
Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (Number 1 of 1944)
and of Explanation 1 to Item 28(37) of the First Schedule to the Indian
Tariff Act, 1934 (Number32 of 1934), Central Government hereby
notifies all editions of the following Pharmacopoeia, Formularies and
other publications for the purposes of the said Explanation, namely-
1. The British Pharmacopoeia;
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2. The British Pharmaceutical Codex;
3. The Indian Pharmacopoeia;
4. The United States Pharmacopoeia;
5. The International Pharmacopoeia;
6. The State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR;
7. The National Formulary of the USA;
8. The National Formulary of India;
9. The Dental Formulary of USA; and
10. The British Veterinary Codex.‖
The Hon‟ble Madras High Court had observed that item 14E referred to Patent and
Proprietary Medicines other than those which were exclusively Ayurvedic, Unani, Sidha or
Homoeopathic. The connection between the medicine and the manufacturer for falling under
this item should be such so as to indicate that the manufacturer has a propriety interest in the
medicine. (1978 ELT (J-478)(MAD) refers)
Madhya Pradesh High Court had decided that the “Patent or Proprietary Medicines”
in tariff item 14E must be a drug or medicinal preparations. Although there was no definition
of drugs contained in the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, yet the definition of drugs in
Section 3(d) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, inter alia, showed that drugs included
other than food intended to affect the structure of function of any human body. The
expression of any drug or medicinal preparations as used in the Explanation to Item14E
defining Patent or Proprietary Medicines indicated that the words medicinal preparations
were used in the same sense as drugs. Therefore, the scope of Patent and Proprietary
Medicines in the Tariff Entry14E must be understood in accordance with the provisions of
the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940”. (1980 ELT-598 (MP) refers)
Distilled Water: Important decision was taken by the Central Board of Excises and
Customs, under their letter Number 24/20/63-CX-1 dated 07.02.1963 in regard to the
Distilled Water when used for injection, was considered as a drug under the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act, 1940, and hence it was liable to the duty of excise under Tariff Heading 14E.
Essence of Chicken: It was held that Essence of Chicken, which did not contain any
other ingredient of therapeutic or prophylactic, did not come under the definition of Patent
and Proprietary Medicines. It was not a medicine since neither it was used for curative
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purposes nor it was so prescribed. It was under Serial Number 6 of the Schedule to the
Notification Number
17/20-CE dated 01.03.1970 since it was a broth. (1978 ELT (J-21)(Andhra Pradesh) refers)
Zinc Oxide Adhesive Plaster PVC Tapes: This item was not liable to the Central
Excise duty under tariff entry number 14E as it had no therapeutic properties and it was used
essentially as a supportive to hold dressings.
Plaster of Paris Powder: This powder was not liable to the duty of excise as a Patent
or Proprietary Medicines. As also Plaster of Paris was not subjected to the Central Excise
duty as it was not considered.
Oxygen Gas: Oxygen Gas used for medicinal purposes, even if it satisfied, otherwise,
the definition of Patent or Proprietary Medicines under the tariff entry 14E was not subjected
to the Central Excise duty as per the directives of the Board.
Injections: Injections were medicines for „internal use‟ and hence they came under
the definition of Patent and Proprietary Medicines and as such were liable to the Central
Excise duty.
Ayurvedic Injections: Ayurvedic Medicines, in the form of injections, were treated as
Patent and Proprietary Medicines and the same were exigible to the duty of Central Excise.
Gammexane: Gammexane, which was the trademark of Benzene Hexachloride
manufactured by M/s. Imperial Chemical Industries, was primarily used as an ingredient in
various concentrations in insecticidal preparations such as dusting powders, sprays,
emulsions, for destruction of flies, insets, bugs, mosquitoes, etc. It was also used for the
manufacture of veterinary dips and sprays for destruction of tick, flea, louse on cattles.
Ointments and emulsions containing about one per cent of Gammexane had also been
mentioned as a good cure for scabies and head lice of human beings. Gammexane was not a
product liable for the duty of excise under tariff entry 14E. Gammexane, when intended for
use as an insecticide, was not liable for Central Excise duty under tariff item 14E as per letter
bearing number 24/61/64/CX-1 dated 31.10.1964 issued by the Central Board of Excise and
Customs.
Saccharine: Saccharine being a sweetening agent having no therapeutical value and
therefore, did not qualify for inclusion into the tariff entry number 14E – Patent and
Proprietary Medicines.
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Surgical Dressings: Surgical Dressings, comprising bandages, gauge, lints, plasters,
etc, were considered as “drugs” for the purposes of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and the
manufacturers of surgical dressings were required to take the Excise licence for manufacture
of the same from the State Drugs Controller. These dressings were either medicated or non-
medicated. Medicated dressings having therapeutic property, were considered as medicinal
property for the purpose of Central Excise duty as per the Trade Notice dated 23.11.1974.
Pharmacopoeial Preparations: As per the Explanation given below the Tariff Entry
14E of the Central Excise Tariff, any drug or medicinal preparation, which bore on itself or
on its containers a name which was specified in a monograph in a pharmacopoeia, formulary
or other publications as notified in that behalf by the Central Government in the Official
Gazette, were to be treated as non excisable. The Government of India, for that purpose,
notified vide their Notification Number 32/62 all editions of ten pharmacopoeias, formularies
and other publications. It, therefore, follows that any medicinal preparation appearing in any
of the editions of the publications appearing in the foregoing notifications will not attract the
Central Excise duty unless marketed under a brand name or trade name.
Life Saving Drugs: Government, with a view to take good care of its citizens,
conducted broad survey of the life saving drugs and under the Notification Number 160/66-
CE dated 08.10.1966 and Number 116/69-CE dated 03.05.1969 exempted the following -
1. Quinine and its salts, Tota Quina and Cinchona Febrifuge;
2. Dapsone;
3. Isoniazid, Para amino salicylic Acid and its salts
(Note: Granules of para amino salicylic acid were eligible for
exemption under tariff item number 4 only if they conform to
the standards of the National Formulary of India, 1966)
4. Insulin - All types;
5. Iodochlorohydroxy quinoline, Di iodohydroxyquinoline and
salts of Emetine,
6. Ethionamide;
7. Cycloserine and Cycloserine Tartrate,
8. Pyrazinamide;
9. Thiacetazone;
10. Chlorohydroxyquinoline;
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11. Morphazinamide Hydrochloride;
12. Dihydroemetine Dihydrochloride;
13. Chloramphenicol and its esters for oral and parenteral use.
14. Penicillin and Streptomycine including Dihydrostreptomycin in
their pure form or as salts or as derivatives and intended for
oral or parenteral use;
15. Ethambutol Hydrochloride (Tibutol);
16. Chlorequine Phosphate;
17. Amodiaquine Hydrochloride;
18. Clofazimine;
19. Tolbutamide (oral antidiabetic);
20. Metrondazole;
21. Diethyl Carbamazine citrate;
22. Piperazine and its salts;
23. Refampicin;
24. Tetracycline Hydrochloride;
25. Chloroquine Sulphate;
26. Primaquine Phosphate;
27. Pyrimethamine;
28. Mepacrine Hydrochloride;
29. Chloroquine Diphosphate;
30. Doxycycline (with its salts and esters);
31. Erythromycin (with its salts and esters); and
32. Mebendazol.
It was observed that the expression “derivative” was wide in its scope and Ampicillin
Sodium Salt of a derivative did not cease to be a derivative of Penicillin as such and,
accordingly, the exemption was ordered to be made available as was explained by the
Board‟s letter dated 30.05.1984.
Under Notification Number 105/61-CE dated 20.04.1961, Clinical samples were
exempted subject to the conditions that (a) such clearances of clinical samples were limited to
a quantity not exceeding five per cent by value of the total duty paid on clearances during the
preceding month of all types of Patent and Proprietary Medicines; (b) samples were intended
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for free supply to hospitals or for a test in a laboratory, and (c) such samples were packed in
forms distinctly different from the regular packs of the said medicines and each clinical
sample was marked clearly and conspicuously “Samples, Not for sale”.
This Notification was replaced by the Notification Number 48/77-CE dated
01.04.1977 and the only change made therein was that the clearances in a month were limited
to four per cent and further it was also laid down that in respect of Patent and Proprietary
Medicines the exemption under the Notifications was available only for the period of three
years from the date of the first clearance of the said medicine from any factory of
manufacture.
By Finance Act, 1976, the Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duty) Act,
1955, was amended by which the definition of “Narcotic Drugs” or “Narcotics” was deleted
consequent upon this amendment, the medical preparations containing barbiturates,
chloroform, chloral hydrate, ether and other anesthetics or tranquillisers outside the scope of
Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duty) Act, 1955. These medicinal preparations
were liable to be assessed to the duty of excise under tariff item 14E with effect from
16.03.1976.
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102
TARIFF ITEM 14F – COSMETICS AND TOILET PREPARTIONS
The goods covered by the item „Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations‟ were, for the first
time, brought on the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1961, attracting the duty of
excise at the rate of twenty five per cent ad valorem and the description of which read as
under.
―14F. Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations, not containing Alcohol or
Opium, Indian Hemp or other Narcotic Drugs or Narcotics, namely -
i. Face Cream and Snow,
ii. Face Powder,
iii. Talcum Powder,
iv. Hair Lotion, Cream and Powder
The powders wholly intended for therapeutic purpose will qualify for assessment
under Patent and Proprietary Medicines under tariff item number 14E, attracting a duty of
excise at the rate of ten per cent ad valorem and not under the Cosmetics and Toilet
Preparations, attracting a duty of excise at the rate of twenty five per cent ad valorem.
For the period from 01.03.1961 to 28.02.1974, Tooth Paste, whether medicinal or
otherwise, was not subjected to Excise duty.
Shampoos were also not assessable to under tariff item 14F.
In case, where a puff was added to the container and form an element of cost of the
Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations, its price was to be added for the purpose of computation
of excise duty thereon.
„Dusting Powder‟ or „Cutting Powder‟, which generally contain more than ninety per
cent of talc and free from starch, were classified under tariff item 14 of the First Schedule.
With effect from 01.03.1964, the entire tariff definition was changed and the amended
definition read as under.
―14F. Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations, not containing Alcohol or
Opium, Indian Hemp or other Narcotic Drugs or Narcotics, namely -
i) Preparations for the care of the skin, beauty or make-up
preparations and manicure or pedicure preparations
such as beauty creams, vanishing creams, cold creams,
make-up creams, cleansing creams, skin foods and skin
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tonics, face powders, baby powders, toilet powders,
talcum powders and grease paints, lipsticks, eye
shadow and eye brow pencils, nail polishes and
varnishes, cuticle removers and other preparations for
use in manicure or chiropody, sun burn preventive
preparations and sun tan preparations, barrier creams
to give protection against skin irritants, personal(body)
deodorants, depilatories.
ii) Preparations for the care of the hair, such as
brilliantine, perfumed hair oils, hair lotions, pomades
and creams, hair dyes, shampoos whether or not
containing soap or organic surface active agents,
iii) Shaving Creams, whether or not containing soap or
organic surface active agents.
Explanation I: ―Alcohol‖, ―Opium,‖ ―Indian Hemp,‖
―Narcotic Drugs‖ and ―Narcotics‖ have the meanings
respectively assigned to them in Section 2 of the Medicinal and
Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act, 1955.
Explanation II: This item includes Cosmetics and Toilet
Preparations whether or not they contain subsidiary
pharmaceutical or antiseptic constituents or are held out as
having subsidiary curative or prophylactic value.
Explanation III: This item includes unmixed products, only
when they are in packing of a kind sold to the consumer and
put up with labels, literature or other indications that they are
for use as the cosmetics or toilet preparations or put up in a
form clearly specialized to such use.‖
The rate of duty was revised upwards to one hundred and five per cent ad valorem;
however, the effective rates for Perfumed Hair Oil put up in a unit container was assessed to
the duty of excise at the rate of twenty per cent and other Perfumed Oil was fully exempted..
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The above cited revised definition of this commodity did not bring within its ambit
preparations like lipstick, nail polishes, hair removers and such other products, which were
not preparations for the care of skin.
Olive Oil, Lanolin Petroleum Jelly or Kaolin were considered as outside the scope of
this item.
The Hon‟ble Tribunal, as regards the scope of this item, decided that unlike tariff item
15A, not an entry, riddled with scientific and technical expressions; therefore, the sense of
these expressions, as ordinarily understood by trade and consumers, will have to be given a
precedence over their technical sense. (1985(19) ELT 562(T) refers).
As per the Tariff Advice Number 36/82 dated 13.07.1982 of the Central Board of
Excise and Customs, Vaseline falls under Tariff Item 14F as “Cosmetics”.
Eye Shadow, Eye Shadow Four-In-One, Hi-Fi Fluid Liner, Shadow play, Erace
Sparkling Eyes, Gardex (both dry and wet), Roll-On-Deodorant and Mascara were
classifiable under tariff item 14F(i) of the Central Excise Tariff as per Tariff Advice of the
Board bearing Number 96/81 dated 03.09.1981.
The ingredients of Lip Salve did not have any therapeutic properties, further the
preparation was for chapped lips and as such the same did not classify under Drugs but under
Cosmetics under the tariff item 14F as per Board‟s letter number 103/1/76-CX 3 dated
26.10.1977.
As regards Puffs, in cases where Puff was added to the container and formed an
element of cost of the Cosmetic product, its price was liable to be assessed for the sake of
duty of excise at the appropriate rate prevalent at that time.
Different kinds of rouges in the form of cream or powder or in any other form fall
within the category of preparations for the care of skin and the duty of excise was attracted
under the tariff item number 14F(i) of the Central Excise Tariff.
Further, with regard to the Hair Conditioner, the Hon‟ble Tribunal has decided that as
per the manufacturer‟s literature on carton container of the Sun Silk Hair Conditioner read
with the expert‟s affidavit in support of the evidence, the Sun Silk Hair Conditioner was not
classifiable under tariff item number 14F(ii) at the material time but was classifiable under
item 68, Residuary Item, from the date of its insertion in the tariff. Though it satisfied the
criteria of being termed as a hair lotion that it is in the form of an emulsion and that it is
capable of being poured and used on the hair, yet these read with the technical books cited by
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the department, which refers hair conditioner as cream or lotion, did not add upto an effective
rebuttal of evidence produced by the Appellants as to how the traders, users, dealers and
experts in our country understood this term. (1985 (19) ELT 562 (T) refers).
Hair dye was classifiable as Hair Lotion. “Esola Cone” contains, apart from ninety
per cent water and perfumery material, ingredients like Lead Acetate and Sodium
Thiosulphate, the ingredients, which have the properties of giving colour to the hair and was
advertised as Hair Darkener. In other words, the product was intended to be used solely for
darkening the hair or blackening grey hair. From the point of view of composition and the
ingredients of the product it was not possible to say that the hair dye was not to be regarded
as hair lotion. The use of the product as hair darkener though relevant factor was not
determinative of the matter. (Bombay High Court Appeal Number 12 of 1967 in
Miscellaneous Number 465 of 1965 refers).
Nycil Medicated Powder was an article of medicine and not the toilet product since
„Nycil powder‟ by its very nature and composition had the property of curing or preventing
skin and other ailments or acting as a remedial agent in various diseases. It was advertised as
an article containing medical properties.
Consequent on the test of the articles, that is to say, Royal Series Musk and Cobra
Brand Jasmine, it was found that a sweet and pleasant smell was emerging from these
articles. These articles did not require sufficient time to the odoriferous element to evaporate
and, therefore, they were covered under the category of „perfumes‟. (1976 Tax Law Reporter
2018 (Madras) refers)
SSI exemption was first extended to this industry by the Notification Number 71/78-
CE dated 01.03.1978. Later this exemption was extended to the clearance value of first one
hundred lacs.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods under this category were classified under
Chapter Heading 33.03 to 33.07 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 14FF - TOOTH PASTE (INCLUDING DENTAL CREAM)
This was a totally new item added by the Finance Bill, 1974 to the excise coverage.
As to the scope of this item, it is pertinent to note that this item was specific and
related to the toothpaste whether medicated or otherwise. Thus the toothpaste even if
contained Ayurvedic ingredients it was eligible for the duty of excise.
Toothpaste (including dental cream) was exempted from so much of the duty of
excise leviable thereon as was in excess of ten per cent ad valorem by the Notification
Number 118/79-CE dated 16.03.1979 as amended by the Notification Number 106/80-CE
dated 19.06.1980.
Gudakhu contained tobacco, dust, molasses, lime powder and red ochre in various
proportions was essentially a tobacco product and did not specify the specifications published
by the Indian Standards Institution (Vide IS: 6356 OF 1971) for toothpaste and hence was not
covered within the purview of this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986, toothpaste was classifiable under Chapter Heading
33.06 of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) and
attracted the duty of excise at the rate of sixteen per cent ad valorem.
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TARIFF ITEM 14G - ACIDS
This item, Acids, namely, Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid and Sulphuric Acid,
(including fuming acids and anhydrides thereof) was brought on the statute for the first time
on 24.04.1962.
If Sulphuric Acid was used for producing Nitric or Hydrochloric Acid within the
same factory, the duty of excise was required to be paid only on Nitric or Hydrochloric Acid,
finally manufactured and not on Sulphuric Acid used in their manufacture.
Where duty paid Sulphuric acid was used in the manufacture of Nitric or
Hydrochloric acid by another manufacturer or in another factory, a set off of the duty paid on
the Sulphuric Acid was given provided proof of payment of duty on that acid was clearly
established. This system was to apply mutates mutandis to other acids and gases as well, for
example, Chlorine converted to Hydrochloric Acid.
No rebate of adjustment of duty paid on acids used in the manufacture of other
excisable goods, even if in the same factory, was admissible. Thus Sulphuric acid used in the
manufacture of Rayon will be liable to the full duty of excise.
Where spent acids were reutilized buy concentration or regeneration to produce
commercial acids, the regenerated product was liable to the Excise duty. Collector was
required to study concrete cases and intimate whether in their view it was desirable in such
cases to give a set-off in respect of the duty initially paid on the acid returned for re-
concentration as spent. The basis on which this was to be worked was also simultaneously
suggested.
Under the authority of Section 3(2) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, the
Government by a Notification Number 100/62-CE dated 25.05.1962 fixed the tariff value
with effect from 24.04.1962 as under.
Description Tariff Value / MT
1. Nitric Acid of strength not exceeding 72% Rs.650/- ad valorem
2. Hydrochloric Acid of strength no exceeding 35% Rs.180/- ad valorem
3. Sulphuric Acid
a) strength exceeding 95% but not exceeding 98% Rs.140/- ad valorem
b) strength exceeding 98% Rs.160/- ad valorem
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However, the above tariff was superceded by the Notification Number 189/62-CE
dated 10.11.1962. A provision was made for changing lower tariff value for the reduced
strength.
Acids, namely, Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid and Sulphuric Acid, manufactured in
Ordnance Factories belonging to the Central Government were exempted from the purview
of the duty of excise with effect from 24.04.1962.
Quantitative exemption of SSI unit was provided to this commodity by the
Notification Number 203/62-CE.
Sulphuric Acid used for -
a) drying air in the air tower;
b) demineralization of water (deionisation of water), and
c) generation of oxides of Nitrogen for use as catalyst was exempted
from the Central excise duty
d) used for the manufacture of Fertilizers was exempted in full.
Effective from 01.03.1979 full exemption was granted to Nitric Acid.
As per Tariff Advice dated 03.09.1981, Sulphur Trioxide produced for captive
consumption in the manufacture of Chloro-sulphonic Acid was eligible for duty under Tariff
Item 14G of the Central Excise Tariff.
Madras Collectorate Trade Notice dated 23.09.1981 clarified that Oleum (Fuming
Sulphuric Acid) was classifiable under tariff item 14G of the Central Excise Tariff but was
not entitled for the benefits of Notification Number 81/75-CE dated 22.03.1975 when used in
the manufacture of Caprolactum.
By letter dated 18.09.1965, relating to the duty liability, it was brought to the notice of
the Government of India that the duty paid Oleum (Fuming Concentrated Sulphuric Acid
over 104% strength) was used as a dehydrating agent in the process of manufacture of DDT.
In the dehydration process the highly concentrated acid got diluted and its strength was
reduced to 60-65% and some impurities also got mixed with it. This impure diluted acid was
thereafter hydrolysed with the aid of super heated steam which help increase the strength of
the acid to 70% and reduces the impurities to some extent. The resultant diluted acid with
less impurity was then used in the manufacture of fertilizers like Superphosphates in the same
or other premises. A doubt was raised whether such a diluted acid used in the manufacture of
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fertilizers was liable to duty. Since the acid obtained after dehydration and hydrolysis
remained the same on which duty was assessed and recovered it was not liable to duty again
under item 14G of the Central Excise Tariff.
The question of charging excise duty on Sulphuric Acid, which was not consumed or
issued out of the factory but was in cyclic operations, did not arise in view of the following
facts and reasons.
(A) Sulphuric acid that had gone into integrated or cyclic process of
absorption of moisture and consequent dilution thereof initially was duty paid. It was
difficult to hold it to be a manufacture of Sulphuric Acid since no new product
emerged in the aforesaid cyclic process. Mere dilution did not amount to
manufacture.
(B) Similarly, no new product emerged when diluted sulphuric acid regained
its strength, in this very cyclic process when mixed up with absorbing acids carrying
sulphur trioxide.
(C) Throughout the cyclic process it remained to be sulphuric acid only, which
has undergone a mere process of dilution and regaining its strength.
(D) The sulphuric acid in the cyclic process was not consumed or used so as to
become any other newly manufactured product. (MF (DR) letter Number 104/1/77
CX dated 23.09.1977 refers).
With effect from 01.03.1986, the three commodities mentioned supra were classified
under the Chapter Heading 28.06 (Hydrochloric Acid), 28.07 Sulphuric Acid, and 28.08
Nitric Acid of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 14H - GASES
This item was brought on the Tariff Schedule for the first time on 24.04.1962.
The description of which read as under.
“14H. Compressed, liquefied or solidified gases, namely,
1. Oxygen,
2. Chlorine,
3. Ammonia,
4. Carbon dioxide (Carbonic acid),
5. Refrigerator Gas, not otherwise specified, such as
Sulphur dioxide and Freon.
As to the duty structure, there was a duty of Excise leviable at the rate of ten per cent
ad valorem for Oxygen, Chlorine and Ammonia and for Carbon dioxide (Carbonic Acid) and
for Refrigerator Gas the same was fifty per cent ad valorem and twenty per cent ad valorem
respectively.
As per the Notification Number 101/62-CE dated 25.05.1962, Ammonia and Carbon
dioxide used in the manufacture of Fertilizers was exempted when used within the factory of
production.
Ammonia was also exempted from the duty of excise if it was supplied to Heavy
Water Plants at Baroda and Tuticorin and this exemption was effective from April, 1972.
The following were also exempted but conditionally, that is to say -
1. Oxygen (a) if used in the manufacture of heavy water within the
factory of production
(b) if used in the manufacture of Medicinal Grade
Oxygen,
(c) if used in the manufacture of fertilizers
2. Chlorine (a) if used in the manufacture of chlorate calcium or
bleach liquor of Soda.
(b) Bleach liquor of Sodium Hypochlorite solution
within the factory of production of such chlorine
3. Ammonia (a) if consumed within the factory of production of such
ammonia in refrigeration plant,
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(b) if used in the purification of gases in synthesis,
(c) in maintenance of pressure in the plant of
manufacture of ammonia itself,
(d) if used in the manufacture of fertilizer
4. Carbonic Acid (a) if intended for the bonafide use of
(i) hospital (Carbon dioxide),
(ii) research laboratories,
(iii) universities and
(iv) fire services;
(b) if used for the defence establishments,
(c) if used for industrial purposes.
5. Acetylene (a) exempted if procured in portable generator by the
reaction of water dripping slowly on calcium carbide,
b) if used in undissolved condition within the factory of production of
acetylene in the manufacture of PVC Resin factory under Tariff
C) gases allowed to escape in the atmosphere by flare system
or otherwise, and
d) if manufactured by laboratories for its own use
As per the Tariff Advice Number 109/81 dated 23.09.1983, „Burnt Sulphur‟ obtained
as waste after manufacture of Hydrogen Sulphide Gas falls outside the purview of levy of the
duty of excise.
According to yet another Tariff Advice Number 83/81 dated 24.08.1981, Carbon
dioxide gas produced in distilleries and fertilizer factories or in any other factory was not
treated as eligible for covering under tariff item 14H of the Central Excise Tariff so long as
the gas did not conform to the marketable grade as prescribed in the specifications by the
Indian Standards Institution and such gas was properly classifiable under tariff item 68, i.e.
Residuary Items.
As per Tariff Advice Number 68/81 dated 22.06.1981, Acetylene gas (or for that
matter any gas) falling under tariff item 14H produced in a continuous and uninterrupted
process of manufacture and used captively, was not to be classifiable under tariff item 14H if
it was impure and did not conform to the relevant ISI standard/specifications or trade
nomenclature of the commodity
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In view of the Tariff Advice Number 60/81 dated 26.02.1981 the Sulphur dioxide
produced in a Sugar factory which was not of a refrigerant quality was not to be classified
under tariff item 14H of the Central Excise Tariff.
Oxygen Gas of ninety nine per cent purity and above, produced as a by-product in the
process of hydrogenation was properly classifiable under the tariff item 14H of the Central
Excise Tariff as per Tariff Advice Number 129/81 dated 24.11.1981.
Ammonia Gas used for „start up‟ activities of the Ammonia Plant for manufacture of
fertilizers was eligible for exemption under the Notification Number 145/71-CE dated
26.06.1971.
The question of excisability of Wet Chlorine Gas under tariff item 14H of the Central
Excise Tariff was re-examined and the relevant tariff advice number 45/78 dated 21.08.1978
specified that as per the observations (i) the gas was not compressed chlorine as understood
in technology and (ii) on the test of marketability this Wet Chlorine Gas was not sold as
chlorine gas and also the ISI specifications did not recognize it as chlorine gas.
According to Madras Collectorate Trade Notice Number 154/82 dated 02.08.1982,
Carbon dioxide for food preservation in transit or prior to export in trucks/railway wagons
could not be considered as industrial use and was not to qualify for the exemption as
contemplated in the Notification Number 7/65-CE dated 30.01.1965.
According to MF (DR) letter number 114/26/72/CX-3 dated 05.07.1994 the Oxygen
Gas used for cracking raw naphtha in the manufacture of fertilizers qualified for the
exemption from the duty as embodied in the Notification Number 145/71-CE dated
26.07.1971.
Sniff Gas (also known as Waste Gas) in an affluent produced during the manufacture
of liquid chlorine and it contained non condensable gaseous impurities was not to be
classified as compressed, liquefied or solidified chlorine gas under tariff item number 14H,
notwithstanding the fact that it contained certain percentage of chlorine. (Tariff Advice 6/73
dated 28.04.1973 refers)
According to the Central Board of Revenue letter number 7/4/62-CX dated
24.11.1963, in regard to the storage and pilferage losses, in the case of Liquid Petroleum Gas
a cumulative allowance upto a maximum of 0.5% was allowed for loss due to „natural cases‟
in storage, handling, etc, at the refinery site; however, loss due to pilferage, whatever small
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the quantity, there was no set off against the aforesaid allowance and the duty was to be
charged on all such losses arising out of proved pilferage.
Kiln Gas was neither Carbon dioxide nor Compressed Carbon dioxide. The gas
produced through the kiln was a mixture known both to the trade and service as kiln gas, one
of the constituents of which was, no doubt, Carbon dioxide. The gas, which was generated in
these cases was neither liquefied nor solidified and was therefore neither liquefied nor
solidified Carbon dioxide assuming that it could be termed as Carbon dioxide. It could not be
called Compressed Carbon dioxide as understood in the market among those who deal in
compressed Carbon dioxide. Compressed Carbon dioxide was generally understood as
Carbon dioxide compressed in cylinders with pressure ranging from 1,000 to 1,800 pounds
per square inch. The mere fact that at one stage or the kiln gas was pressed at 40 to 45
pounds per square inch by a pump or otherwise could not mean that it was compressed
Carbon dioxide. Therefore, the Kiln Gas was not Carbon dioxide nor compressed Carbon
dioxide so as to attract the levy under tariff item number 14H of the First Schedule to the
Central Excise Tariff Act, (Number 5 of 1986) (1978 ELT J-336 refers)
„Compression‟ as contemplated under item number 14H was „compression‟ as was
generally understood in the trade. Since it did not satisfy the specifications prescribed by the
ISI the gas in question could not be treated as Compressed Gas – Chlorine or otherwise.
(1978 ELT J-713 (Government of India) refers)
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TARIFF ITEM 14HH - FERTILIZERS
This item came for the first time on the tariff schedule with effect from 01.03.1969.
Packing and repacking could not be regarded as process of manufacture in the case of
commodities, which did not find mention under section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt
Act, 1944.
Pressmud and Oilcakes were not fertilizers.
Agricultural filtered trace elements or micronutrients or soil stabilizers were not
dutiable. Behind this policy, the intention of the Government was to charge duty of excise
only on main fertilizers, which supply nitrogen potash or phosphorus to the plants. Products,
which were included in the Schedule to the Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1957, were along
liable to the duty of excise under tariff item 14HH.
Rock phosphate satisfying the fineness specified in the Fertilizer Control Order, 1957,
that is to say, the material was required to pass through completely 6.3mm IS sieve and not
less than twenty per cent of the material was required to pass through 150 micron IS Sieve
only was eligible to be treated as fertilizers for the purpose of duty of excise under tariff item
14HH.
The crushed basic slag, which was used in India as a soil conditioner for acidic soils
was considered as falling outside the scope of tariff item 14HH of the First Schedule.
It was considered that the product decalcinised and degelatinised bones obtained, as
waste residue, was classifiable as Fertilizers under tariff item 14HH.
The Board, under their letter dated 28.08.1972, had clarified that technical or
chemical grade of products whether specifically mentioned in the Fertilizer (Control) Order
or not was outside the purview of the tariff item 14HH, if they were not marketed, bought and
sold or known in the market as „fertilizers.‟
By the Tariff Advice Number 25/74 dated 31.10.1974 it was stated that the expression
“Mixed Fertilizers” was to cover only “mixtures of fertilizers” which were produced by
blending, mixing of granulating duty paid fertilizers (two or more processes) with only
substance wherein such mixtures were produced by physical actions and without chemical
reactions.
Non-power operated mixed fertilizers were not liable to any further duty of excise,
even if after packing, stenciling, printing of the gunny bags, showing the name of the
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manufacture, descriptions of fertilizers, quantity contained in the bags, etc, was done with the
aid of power. (MF) (DR) Circular bearing Number B-6/5/69-CX 1 dated 20.03.1969 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were covered
under the Chapter Heading 31.01 to 31.05 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act,
1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 15 - SOAP
By Finance Act, 1955 (Number15 of 1955) dated 27.04.1955, Soap was brought
within the excise net for the first time and was placed at tariff item number 16, however, the
same renumbered as tariff item number 15 with effect from 20.05.1962. The definition of
Soap read as under.
―15. Soap, that is to say, all varieties of the product known
commercially as Soap, in or in relation to manufacturing of which any
process was ordinarily carried on with the aid of power including
steam for heating.‖
There were three categories of soap as under.
1. Soap, household and laundry manufactured in any factory whose
output of such soaps exceeded one hundred twenty five tons a year.
a. in plain bars of not less than one hundred pound
weight,
b. Other sorts
2. Soap, toilet manufactured in any factory whose output of such soap
exceeded fifty tons per year,
3. Soaps, other house hold and laundry or Toilet
As regards the scope of the tariff item number 15, the High Court of Bombay, had
clarified that for the purpose of classification of a product under tariff item number 15, what
was important was not whether such a product was used or conventionally understood to be
used as soap but what was important was whether the said article was commercially known
as „soap.‟ (1980 ELT 298(Bom) refers)
With regard to the scope and coverage of the tariff entry and sub entries of tariff item
number 15, the Hon‟ble Tribunal has also decided that it was not only permissible to look at
contemporary documents in order to ascertain the intent and meaning of words in the statute
but they could be used as aids in arriving at a proper understanding of the statute. The
legislative history of tariff item number 15 and the relevant documents concerning this tariff
item in Explanatory memorandum were relevant for the interpretation of this tariff item on
the basis of the rule of contemporenea expositio because these documents did not do any
violence to the language of this tariff item. (1984(18) ELT 431 refers)
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According to book, “History of Unilever”, published in the year 1954, for the purpose
of soap making, Caustic Soda and Salt, Nut Oils like palm kernel and coconut, hard fats like
tallow, palm oil and bone grease, soft oils like groundnut, soybean, whale, olive, cotton seed,
castor and maize were all utilized With these materials what was called „soap base‟ was
prepared and with the additions of the different materials like silica, builders like sodium
silicates, sodium phosphates, sodium carbonates, etc, or with the addition of perfumes and
colours different types of soaps meant for different purposes were prepared.
1st clearance of 125 tons and 50 tons for household and laundry soaps respectively
were exempted in respect of the clearances effected between the period 01.08.1955 to
31.03.1956. However, the exemption limit was reduced to fifty and twenty five tons in
respect of the clearances of household and laundry soaps respectively with effect from
24.04.1962.
With effect from 01.03.1986 items hitherto falling under the Chapter 3 of the First
Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, were classified under the Chapter 34 of
the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
A question was raised whether pumping the raw material with the aid of power into
the elevated storage tank and cutting the soap into soap chips was a process of manufacture
done with the aid of power or not and it was decided that this was the process of manufacture
done with the aid of power and accordingly relevant exemption was not available.
As per the Notification Number 28/64-CE dated 01.03.1964 (as amended by the
Notification Number 27/33-CE dated 01.03.1973, the Central Government exempted the soap
in or in relation to the manufacture of which no process was carried on with the aid of power
or with the aid of steam for heating and falling under tariff item number 15 of the First
Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt ct, 1944 (Number 1 of 1944) from the whole of the
duty of excise leviable thereon.
In exercise of the powers conferred by sub rule (1) of Rule 8 of the Central Excise
Rules, 1944, the Central Government exempted each variety of -
i) soap, household and laundry, falling under sub item (1) of item
15 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act,
1944 (Number 1 of 1944), and
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ii) soap, other sorts, falling under sub item (2) of the item 15 of
the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944
(Number 1 of 1944)
from so much of the duty of excise leviable thereon, as was equivalent to the amount of duty
calculated at the rate of twenty two rupees and fifty paise per metric tonne of such soap
subject to the condition that the percentage of neem, karanj, kusum and sal oils or a
combination thereof was not less than three in the total oil used in the manufacture of such
soap.
Provided that in the case of use of such oils in excess of three per cent, the aforesaid
exemption shall be increased further by seven rupees and fifty paise per metric tonne of soap
for each such percentage point increase and where the percentage point increase was in
fraction, the increase shall, in respect of such fraction, be calculated accordingly.
Provided further that the exemption available under this notification in relation to
each variety of soap falling under sub item (1) of the tariff item 15 or, as the case may be, sub
item (2) of the item 15 shall be calculated separately and the exemption available in relation
to one variety of soap under sub item (1) or sub item (2), as the case may be, shall be adjusted
only against the duty leviable on that variety of soap,
Provided also that where the amount of duty calculated under this notification was in
excess of the duty leviable for the time being on soap but for the exemption then, no part of
the amount so in excess was to be refunded to the manufacturer of adjusted against the duty
leviable on such soap.
Explanation I: The expression „total oil‟ included saponifiable materials such
as all oils and fats of vegetable origin, all oils and fats of animal and of fish origin,
tallow, hydrogenated vegetable oils and products, acid oils, fatty acids, rosin and such
oils, fats and saponifiable matters as contained in the soap stocks and soap scraps.
Explanation II: In this notification, the amount of exemption was to be
calculated at the option of the manufacturer, either on the basis of individual charge or
on monthly basis;
Provided that where the manufacturer opts for the exemption on monthly
basis, the individual charges in which the percentage of neem, karanj, kusum and sal oils or a
combination thereof was less than three, was to be excluded fro the eligibility of concession
on such monthly basis.
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Provided further that where a manufacturer exercises such option, he was
eligible to vary the same during the financial year only once after giving one calendar
month‟s notice in writing to the proper officer.
Central Government exempted each variety of (i) soap, household and laundry, and
(ii) soap, other sorts – both the items falling under sub item (1) and (2) respectively of item
15 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (Number 1 of 1944) –
made from indigenous rice bran oil or from a mixture of such oil with any other oils, from so
much of the duty of excise leviable thereon as was equivalent to the amount of duty
calculated at the rate of three rupees and fifty paise per metric tonne of such soap for each
additional percentage point increase and where the percentage point increase was in fraction,
the increase, in respect of such fraction, was to be calculated accordingly in the use of such
rice bran oil which was in excess of twenty five per cent of the total oils used in the
manufacture of such soap:
Provided that the exemption available under this notification in relation to
each variety of soap, falling under sub item (1) of item 15, or as the case may be, sub item (2)
of item 15, was to be calculated separately and the exemption available in relation to one
variety of soap under sub item (1) or sub item (2), as the case may be, was to be adjusted
only against the duty leviable on that variety of soap,
Provided also that where the amount of duty calculated under this notification
was in excess of the duty leviable for the time being on soap but for the exemption, then no
part of the amount so in excess was to be refunded to the manufacturer or adjusted against the
duty leviable on such soap.
Explanation I: The expression „total oil‟, included saponifiable
materials, such as all oils and fats of vegetable origin all oils and fats of
animal and of fish origin, tallow, hydrogenated vegetable oils and
products, acid oils, fatty acids, rosin and such oils, fats and saponifiable
matters as contained in the soap stocks and soap scraps.
Explanation II: In this notification, the amount of exemption was, at
the option of the manufacturer, to be calculated, either on the basis of
individual charge or on monthly basis.
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Provided that where the manufacturer exercises such option, he was eligible to
vary the same during the financial year only once after giving one calendar month‟s notice in
writing to the proper officer.
Under Notification Number 83/83-CE dated 01.03.1983 exemption was granted to the
Small Scale Units with effect from 01.03.1983.
Set off of duty on the use of duty paid goods fallings under tariff item number 68 was
allowed to this commodity under the Notification Number 201/79-CE dated 04.06.1979.
From the speech of the Finance Minister, while piloting the Finance Bill for the year
1979-1980,it was apparent that the Legislature never intended that toilet soap was to come
within the ambit of household and laundry soap. Household and laundry soap was always
considered as a distinct and different product from toilet soap.
Under the Notification Number 19/84-CE dated 01.03.1984, the exemption to laundry
soap produced by the units owned by Khadi and Village Industries Commission or any
organization approved by the said Khadi and Village Industries Commission was granted.
According to the Central Board of Revenue‟s letter bearing number 38/14/61-CX 3
dated 03.07.1961, though a licence was required to be obtained from the Drugs Controller for
the manufacture of certain Medicated Soaps, but, keeping in view that these were
commercially known as soaps, the correct classification was under the tariff item number 15.
Soap or Glycerine which was obtained in the process of manufacture of shampoo,
dettol or crease and was in a marketable condition and commercially so recognized
(notwithstanding that they were not actually marketed) before the manufacture of shampoo,
dettol or grease were excisable under the tariff item number15 of 14C, as the case may be, as
per the Tariff Advice Number 17/76 and confirmatory letter of the Board dated 15.05.1978.
Mere repacking of duty paid Optical Bleaching Agents, with or without a change in
the brand name did not amount to manufacture within the meaning of the Section 2(f) of the
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. Where, however, the article underwent further
processing such as formulation of dilution with other ingredients, such process was treated to
be the process of manufacture and the finished goods thereof were liable to the duty of excise
under item 14DD of the tariff schedule provided the final product was sold as a new article,
for example, under a different brand name. The Board, however, allowed set off to such
manufactures of the duty already paid on the unprocessed Optical Bleaching Agents against
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the duty leviable on the manufactured goods. (Board‟s letter bearing F, Number 27/3/66 CX
VI dated 04.01.1967 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this category were classified
under the Chapter Heading 34 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 15A - PLASTIC
This commodity was brought into the Excise net for the first time by Finance Bill,
1961 and the same was made effective from 01.03.1961 and was placed at Tariff Entry
Number 15A, the description of which read as sunder.
―15A. Plastic, all sorts, namely -
i) Moulding powders, granules and flakes (thermo setting
and thermo plastic)
ii) Polyethylene films, lay flat, tubings and PVC Sheets,
that is to say, Polyvinyl chloride sheets.‖
By their letter dated 14.03.1961, the Government clarified that the Central Excise
duty on Plastic was leviable at one stage only. The levy was to be made at the first stage
when the raw materials attract duty for the first time. The polyethylene films, lay flat tubings
and PVC sheets made exclusively out of moulding powder, granules and flakes (mentioned in
tariff item 15A(i) which had already been paid of excise or countervailing Customs duty at
the stage of granule shape was not liable to the duty of excise at a second stage.
By Finance Bill, 1962, the following entry was inserted with effect from 22.06.1961,
namely -
iii) Not otherwise specified
With effect from 29.04.1964, this tariff item 15A was substituted to read as under.
―15A. Artificial or Synthetic Resin and Plastic
materials and the articles thereof -
1) Artificial or Synthetic Resin and Plastic Materials, in any form,
whether solid, liquid or pasty or as powder, granules or flakes or in
the form of moulding powder, the following namely -
i) Condensation, poly-condensation and polyaddition
products, whether or not modified or polymerized, including
phenoplast, Aminoplast, Alkyds, Polyurathane, Polyallyl Esters
and other Unsaturated Polyesters;
ii) Polymerisation and copolymerisation products
including polyethylene and polytetrahaloethylene,
polyisobutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl
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acetate, polyvinyl chloroacetate and other polyvinyl
derivatives, polyamides, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic
derivatives and coumarone indene resins, and
iii) Cellulose acetate (including di or tri acetate), cellulose
acetate butyrate and cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate
propionate, Ethyl cellulose and Benzyl cellulose, whether
plasticised or not, and plasticised cellulose nitrate.
2) Articles made of plastics, all sorts, including tubes, rods, sheets, foils,
sticks, other rectangular or profile shapes whether laminated or not,
and whether rigid or flexible, including lay flat tubings and polyvinyl
chloride sheets.
Explanation: For the purpose of sub item (2) ‗Plastics‘ means
the various artificial or synthetic resins or plastic material
included in sub item (1)
Process of manufacture of Polyethylene:
1. The main raw material for the manufacture of polyethylene is
ethylene alcohol produced from Molasses by distillation
process. The alcohol is dehydrated in a converter to produce
ethylene.
2. Ethylene is purified before being compressed and polymerised.
3. Then Polyethylene is separated, cut into granules, which are
tested and blended before packing.
The provision of Rule 191A and 191B of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, apply to
plastic manufacturer by which the manufacturer can export under claim for rebate of duty of
excise on the excisable goods used in the manufacture of plastic and the manufacturer was
permitted to export plastic under bond in terms of the rule 191B ibid.
The facility of Audit type of control was extended to this commodity with effect from
April, 1963. The advantage of this facility was that the physical presence of the Central
Excise officer was eliminated and the manufacturer was eligible to clear the goods under his
signature and without the countersignature of the Central Excise officer. However, certain
conditions were attached to this procedure. This procedure could be withdrawn by the
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Collector at any time and without assigning any reason whatsoever (This appears to be
arbitrary and capricious – Authors comments)
Silicones were excisable under this tariff item as per the Tariff ruling number 10/65-
CX.
Ester Gums which were obtained by modification of natural resin or Resinic Acid
were not covered under this tariff item as per the letter dated 31.03.1965 issued by the Board.
By Finance Bill, 1982, this item was once again amended which read as under.
“15A. Artificial or Synthetic Resins and Plastic and other materials,
articles specified below, that is to say,
1. Condensation, polycondensation and polyaddition
products, whether or not modified or polymerized, and
whether or not linear (for example – phenoplasts,
aminoplasts, alkyds, Polyallyl esters and other
unsaturated polyester, silicones); polymerization and
co-polymerisation products (for example –
polyethylene, polytetrahaloethylene, polyisobutylene,
polystyrene, polyvinyl chloroacetate and other
polyvinyl derivatives, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic
derivatives, coumarone indene resins), regenerate
cellulose, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate and other
cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and other chemical
derivatives of cellulose, plasticised or not (for example,
collodions, celluloid);
vulcanized fibre; hardened proteins (for example,
hardened casein and hardened gelatin) natural resins
modified by fusion (run gums), artificial resins,
obtained by esterifications of natural resins or of resinic
acids (ester gums); chemical derivatives of natural
rubber (for example – chlorinated rubber, rubber
hydrochloride, oxidized rubber, cyclised rubber); other
high polymers, artificial resins and artificial plastic
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material, including alginic acid, its salts and esters,
linoxyn
2. Articles of material described in sub item (1), the
following, namely -
Boards, sheeting, sheets and films, whether
lacquered or metallised or laminated or not, lay
flat tubings not containing any textile material,
3. Polyurethane foam,
4. Articles made of polyurethane foam.
Explanation I: Sub items (1) did not include
a) polyurethane foam,
b) artificial waxes,
c) starches, including dextrin and other
forms of modified starches.
Explanation II : In sub item (1) “condensation, polycondensation,
polyaddition, polymerization and co-polymerisation products” are to
be taken to apply only to the goods of a kind produced by chemical
synthesis answering to one of the following descriptions –
i. artificial plastics, including artificial resin,
ii. silicones,
iii. resols, liquid polyisobutylene and similar artificial
polycondensation or polymerisation products.
Explanation III: Sub item (1) was to be taken to apply to materials in
the following forms only -
a) liquid or pasty including emulsions, dispersions and
solutions;
b) blocks, lumps, powders (including moulding powders),
granules, flakes and similar bulk forms;
c) waste and scrap
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TARIFF ITEM 15AA - ORGANIC SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
This item was brought on the Tariff Schedule for the first time on 01.03.1966 by the
Finance Bill, 1966 and was placed at Tariff Item Number 15A and there was levy of Excise
Duty at the rate of twenty per cent ad valorem.
By the Notification Number 101/66-CE dated 17.06.1966, full exemption was granted
to the following attaching thereto certain conditions, that is to say,
Sr. No. Description Condition attached
1. (a) Sulphonated Castor Oil, commonly known Nil
as Turkey Red Oil
(b) Sulphonated Fish Oil
(c) Sulphonated Sperm Oil
2. Orange Surface Active agents (other than If in or in relation to the manufacture
soap); surface active preparations and and packing of such surface active
and washing preparations, whether or not agents, surface-active preparations
containing soap. and washing preparations no process
was ordinarily carried on with the aid
of power or of steam for heating;
3. Surface-active preparations and washing If in respect of surface-active agents
washing preparations containing less than or surface-active preparations used in
five per cent by weight of the principal active the manufacture of such surface-
ingredients active preparations and washing
preparations the appropriate amount
of excise or the additional duty under
Section 2A of the Indian Tariff Act,
1934 (Number 32 of 1934) had
already been paid or where such
surface active agents or surface
active preparations are purchased
from the open market on or after
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the 20th
day of January, 1968.
4. Emulsifiers, wetting out agents, softeners If in respect of surface active
and other like preparations intended for agents used in the manufacture of
use in any industrial process. such emulsifiers, wetting out agents,
softeners and other like preparations
the appropriate amount of duty of
excise or the additional duty.
The above Notification was made effective from 1st day of March, 1963.
As per the Notification Number 208/69-CE dated 27.08.1969, exemption to Organic
Surface-Active Agents (other than soap) and Surface-Active Preparations, whether or not
containing soap, falling under tariff item number 15AA of the First Schedule to the Central
Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (Number 1 of 1944) was granted from the whole of the duty of
excise leviable thereon provided such organic Surface-Active Agents or Surface-Active
Preparations, as the case may be, satisfied the condition that the difference between the
surface tension value of distilled water and the surface tension value as determined by
stalagmometer of the liquid obtained by treating one gram of the Organic Surface-Active
Agent or the Surface- Active Preparations, as the case may be, with 100 milliliters of distilled
water was not to be more than twenty dynes per centimeter at the same temperature.
With regard to the scope of this item, the Tariff Advice Number 20/82 dated
21.04.1982 had made it clear that the Tariff Item Number 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff,
need not necessarily be wholly water soluble but will qualify to be classified under the
abovesaid item if it satisfied any of the properties listed hereunder.
1. Solubility: A substance must be soluble at least in one phase of a liquid
system.
2. Amphipathic Structure,
3. Orientation at interface,
4. Absorption at interface,
5. Miscelle formations
6. Functional properties -
i) detergency,
ii) foaming,
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iii) wetting,
iv) emulsifying,
v) solubilising,
vi) dispersing
As per the Tariff Advice Number 91/81 dated 03.09.1981, Synthetic Tanning Agents
(Syntans) were classifiable under the Tariff Item Number 15AA or the Tariff Item Number
68 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, depending upon the results of chemical analysis, use of
the goods, trade parlance, etc. It was also considered that Syntans could be categorized into
five broad groups with their classification as under.
Category Classification
a) Phenol and/or Naphthalene Sulphonic Acid Condensates Tariff Item 68
b) Mixtures of Synthetic tanning agents with inorganic salts Tariff Item 68
and/or natural tanning material
c) Products based on Synthetic Resin Tariff Item 15AA
d) Dispersing Agents Tariff Item 15AA
e) Fat Liquorising Agents Tariff Item 15AA
Tariff Ruling Number 6/69 dated 26.08.1969 made it clear that Cationic products
formed by the interaction of formaldehyde and dicyandiamide and used as die fixing agents
for improving wash-fastness of the dye on the fabric are surface active agents falling under
tariff item number 15AA.
D.W.A. was classifiable under tariff item number 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff.
The product was not qualified for the complete exemption under the Notification Number
208/69-CE dated 27.08.1969, but it was eligible for the exemption under Serial Number 4 of
the Notification Number 101/66-CE dated 17.06.1966 if the Surface-Active Agents used in
its manufacture were duty paid.
Cochin Trade Notice Number 1/73 dated 29.01.1973 made it clear that Scouring
Powder conforming to IS Specifications 6047:1970 was outside the purview of the Tariff
Item Number 15AA whereas Scouring Powders containing O.S.S.A. in excess of 4.5% and
water soluble ingredients less than eighty (like Biz, etc) which did not satisfy the ISI
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Standards relating to scouring powders but have a high percentage of water insoluble
ingredients and perform essentially the same functions of Scouring Powders as per IS
Specifications were still “Scouring Powders” and hence the same were not liable to excise
duty under Tariff Item 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff.
According to the letter issued by the Board bearing number 24/26/68 CX-3 dated
23.11.1968, Amine, an aqueous solution of Synthetic Resin (a condensation product of
formaldehyde and amide) and known in the market as a “Surface-Active Agents” was
classifiable under the Tariff Item Number 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff.
As regards Shampoos containing Surface-Active Agents, the MF (DR) letter Number
B-2/9/66-CX 1 dated 17.06.1966, stated that „Shampoos‟ not containing soap but Surface
Active Agents, duty on Surface Active Agents was liable to be collected under the Tariff
Item Number 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff if they did not enjoy exemption and have not
already borne the appropriate duty of excise.
MF(DR) letter Number 14/7/67/CX 3 dated17.02.1968, clarified that Celex Powder or
Celex Lye, did not come within the scope of the Central Excise Tariff Item 15AA.
“Disposal A.C.” AND “Agral II Cone” in powder form so long as these were obtained
out of “Disposal A.C.” and “Agral II Cone” in liquid form which had already paid the duty of
excise under Tariff Item 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff were not liable to the duty of
excise again under that tariff item. (MF (DR) letter Number 14/3/68 CX 3 dated 16.02.1972
refers)
As regards Washing Preparation, the MF (DR&I) letter dated 17.06.1966 made it
sufficiently clear that merely because a calcium compound. Instead of a sodium compound,
was used in a preparation which was ordinarily used for washing cleaning purposes of the
kind indicated in Brussels Tariff Nomenclature could not be taken it out of the scope of the
Tariff Item Number 15AA of the Central Excise Tariff.
Insecticides, Pesticides, Disinfectants, Pharmaceutical emulsions and Fire
extinguishing preparations did not fall within the scope of the Tariff Item Number 15AA,
even though some quantity of surface active agent or preparation was used in their
manufacture. However, the duty of excise was leviable on surface active agents or the
preparations so use, unless otherwise exempted. This was clarified by the letter dated
17.06.1966 issued by the MF (DR&I)
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As per the Board‟s Tariff Advice dated 10.01.1980, Diethylaminoethanol (“Diethol”)
was not eligible for the classification under the Tariff Item 15AA of the Central Excise
Tariff.
As per the Notification Number 101/66, mere use of the power in transferring the raw
material from the motor tank to the storage tank could not be said to be the use of power in
the process of manufacture of the final produce because it was not a process of manufacture
(1981 ELT 617 (Guj) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, this commodity was classified under the Chapter
Heading 34 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) and
was exigible to the duty of Excise at the rate of sixteen per cent ad valorem though the
exemption from the duty of excise leviable thereon was granted in the clearance value upto
the slab of rupees first one hundred lacs
This commodity also enjoyed SSI exemption with effect from 01.03.1986.
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TARIFF ITEM 15B - CELLOPHANE
Cellophane, that is to say, any film or sheet of Regenerated Cellulose, came on the
Tariff Schedule, for the first time, with effect from 01.03.1961 and was placed at Tariff Item
Number 15B of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, attracting the
duty of excise at the rate of twenty per cent ad valorem.
The special procedure by which the countersignature of the inspector was not required
for removal of goods on payment of duty under a cover of gate pass was extended to this
commodity attaching therewith certain conditions, such as approval of prices, payment of
duty, etc, was continued and there was no relaxation. This was imposed with effect from
01.03.1982.
By Finance Bill, 1982, this tariff item was omitted.
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TARIFF ITEM 15BB - POLYESTER FILM
With effect from 01.03.1981, a new item was carved out from the tariff item 15A and
was numbered as tariff item number 15BB, describing it as “Polyester Film” which attracted
the duty of excise at the rate of fifty per cent ad valorem.
By the Finance Bill, 1981, Explanation II was substituted as under, that is to say,
―Explanation II: This item did not include -
(a) Polyester films, and
(b) Electrical insulating fittings or parts of such insulators or
insulating fittings
However, this item was omitted by the Finance Bill, 1982.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 39 of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 15C - STARCH
This tariff item was brought within the Excise net with effect from 16.03.1976 and
was placed at Tariff Item Number 15C, attracting the duty of excise at the rate of sixteen per
cent ad valorem, the description of which read as under.
―15C. Starch (including Dextrin and other forms of modified
starches) All Sorts, in or in relation to the manufacture of which any
process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.‖
Under the Notification dated 16.03.1976, Starch consumed within the factory of
production was exempted if it was used in the manufacture of Sago (Tapioca Globules).
Starch used in the manufacture of modified starch was also exempted from the duty of
excise leviable thereon when used captively.
Starch was also exempted from the duty of excise leviable thereon if it was used
captively in the manufacture of Glucose and Dextrin in the factory of production.
Exemption was also available to the following under this tariff item.
1. Tamarind Seed Powder (Tamarind Kernel Powder)
2. Guar Gum,
3. Sago, being essentially a food product which did not fall in
the category of starches or modified starches, falling under the
tariff item number 15C; and
4. Tapioca Flour – This was a product distinct from the Tapioca
Starch and this was not liable to the duty of excise under the
tariff item number 15C.
SSI exemption was also granted to this commodity by the Notification Number 83/83-
CE dated 01.03.1983.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 11.03 of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986).
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CHAPTER 15CC - MOLASSES
Prior to 19.06.1980, Molasses was leviable to the duty of excise under Residuary item
Number 68 of the First Schedule. However, with effect from 19.06.1980, a separate tariff
item, namely, Item Number 15CC, was created but with effect from 01.03.1986 the Central
Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) was implemented and thus with effect from
01.03.1986, Molasses was classified finally under the Chapter Heading 17.03 of the Schedule
to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
Initially, Molasses was subjected to the duty of excise at the rate of thirty rupees per
MT. This rate of duty was continued upto the year 1988, when it was doubled, i.e. sixty
rupees per MT. Further, however, this rate of duty of excise was doubled, i.e. one hundred
twenty rupees per MT with effect from 01.03.1989 and with effect from 01.03.1991 it was
again increased to rupees one hundred fifty per MT. This rate was further increased to rupees
two hundred per MT with effect from 01.03.1993.
By the Finance Bill, 1994, the Specific rate of duty was changed to Ad valorem and
this change from specific to ad valorem led to a number of litigations. It is pertinent to note
here that some factories have distilleries and many others do not have the facility of
distillation of molasses for converting molasses into ethyl alcohol. There was a good deal of
sale of molasses in the open market by the factories that do not have distillation facility in
their sugar factory. Thus the comparable prices of molasses under rule 6(b)(i) of the Central
Excise (Valuation) Rules, 1975, were very much available. As per the provisions contained in
the said rules of Central Excise (Valuation) Rules, 1975, if the comparable prices are
available the same were to be applied for captive consumption also. The department adopted
the provisions of rule 6(b)(ii) ibid and issued number of demands, which were declared as
unsustainable under the law by the Hon‟ble Tribunal and based on this decision the
department switched over to specific rate of duty of rupees five hundred per MT. But, it is a
sad thing that till this decision came the sugar factories were unnecessarily harassed which is
bad in law.
By a Notification Number 86/80-CE dated 19.06.1980, the Molasses produced with
the process other than Vacuum Pan Process was exempted from the duty of excise.
Specific rate of five hundred rupees per MT was also prescribed on Khandsari
Molasses, falling under the sub heading number 1703.90 of the Schedule to the Central
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Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986). In so far the Khandsari Molasses was
concerned; the duty was required to be paid on such molasses, which was used in the
manufacture of alcohol. Khandsari Molasses used for the manufacture of goods other than
alcohol was fully exempted. In the case of Khandsari Molasses the collection of duty was at
a consumption point in contrast to the collection of duty at the point of clearance. The
burden of tax was cast on the procurer of Khandsari Molasses and as a sequel to these
changes the Central Excise Law was also amended.
Molasses used in the manufacture of Animal Feed was fully exempted; however, a
condition was fixed that the movement of the goods was to be made in keeping with the
procedure as laid down in Chapter X under the Central Excise Rules, 1944.
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TARIFF ITEM 15D - POLISHES AND CREAMS
This tariff item was brought into the Excise net for the first time by Finance Bill,
1977, with effect from 18.06.1977, and was placed at Tariff Entry Number 15D, attracting
the duty of excise at the rate of fifteen per cent ad valorem, the description of which was as
under.
―15D. Polishes and Creams for footwear, furnitures, floor, leather,
metals, motor vehicles and glass scouring powder and paste.‖
Under this tariff item the duty of excise was leviable on polishes and creams for
footwears, furnitures, floor, leather, motor vehicles, metals and glass scouring powders and
pastes but therein the French Polish was not included because French Polish was covered
under the tariff item 14 – Paints and Varnishes.
As per Bombay Trade Notice Number 14/77 dated 04.07.1977, this tariff item also
did not include abrasive powders (when not mixed), whitening for footwear, dyes for
chamois leather footwear, oils and greases for leather dressing (including degras and artificial
degras), dry cleaning fluids and stain removers.
By its letter the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue) bearing number
38/1/77-TRU dated 20.07.1977 it was clarified that Mahua de-oiled cake powder and soap
nut powder, without having any added ingredient, was not included in the scope of tariff item
number 15D of the Central Excise Tariff.
The goods covered by this item, when manufactured not with the aid of power, were
fully exempted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon as per the Notification
dated 15.07.1977.
This commodity also enjoyed SSI exemption that was extended by the Notification
83/1985 dated 17.03.1985.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 34.05 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 16 - TYRES
This commodity was brought on tariff schedule on 01.04.1941.
By budget circular 2/73 dated 16.04.1973, the term “ Tyres” in the Central Excise
Tariff was defined to cover inner tubes also.
With effect from 01.03.1981, the description of this Tariff Item was substituted to
read as under.
“16. Tyres.
Tyres means a pneumatic tyre in the manufacture of which
rubber is used and includes the inner tube, the tyre flap and the
outer cover of such a tyre -
(A) 1) Tyres for motor vehicle and tyres for vehicles or
equipments designed for use off the road,
2) Tyres for tractors, including agricultural tractors,
3) Tyres for trailers.
(B) Tyres for cycles and cycle-rickshaws,
i) Tyres,
ii) Tubes,
iii) All other tyres.
Explanation I: ―Motor Vehicle‖ means all mechanically propelled
vehicles, other than tractors, designed for use upon roads,
Explanation II: ―Motor Vehicles‖, ―tractors, including agricultural
tractors‖ and ―trailers‖ shall include a chassis but shall not include a
vehicle running upon fixed rails.‖
With effect from 01.03.1983, sub item (1) of tariff item number 16 was substituted to
read as under.
―I. (1) Tyres for motor vehicles and tyres for vehicles or equipments,
designed for use off the road -
(a) Tyres for two wheeled motor vehicles, namely, scooters,
motor cycles, mopeds and auto-cycles,
(b) Others.
(2) Tyres for tractors, including agricultural tractors,
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(3) Tyres for trailers -
(a) Of sizes, namely, 7.50-16 and 9.00-16,
(b) Others‖
A revised tariff item of existing item number 16 was substituted which read as under.
Sr. No. Sub Item No. Description of Tyres
_____ __________ ___________________________________________________________
1 I(1) Tyres for two wheeled and three wheeled motor vehicles, falling under sub
item (1) of the Item 34 of the said First Schedule.
2. -- --
3. I(1) Tyres for powered cycles and powered cycle rickshaws, falling under sub
item I(1) of Item No.34 of the said First Schedule.
4. I(1) Tyres for saloon cars, falling under sub item I(2) of Item No.34 of the said
First Schedule.
5. I(2) Tyres (excluding flaps) for agricultural tractors, falling under sub item 11
of the Item No.34 of the said First Schedule.
6. -- --
7. -- --
8. II Tyres for cycles and cycle rickshaws, falling under Item No.68 of the said
First Schedule.
9. IV Tyres specifically designed for use of animal drawn vehicles or handcarts
Explanation: For the purposes of this Notification -
(a) “agricultural tractor” means -
(i) a tractor of Draw Bar Horse Power 50 and below,
(ii) a tractor of Draw Bar Horse Power exceeding 50
if an officer not below the rank of an Assistant
Collector of Central Excise is satisfied that such tractor
is used solely for agricultural purposes,
(b) “powered cycle” or “powered cycle rickshaw” means a
mechanically propelled cycle or, as the case may be, mechanically
propelled cycle rickshaw, which may also be pedaled, if any
necessity arises for so doing.
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Original Equipments Manufacturers of tyres of tractors, trailers, cycles and cycle
rickshaw tyres and the tyres designed for use of animal drawn vehicles or handcarts were
exempted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon.
With effect from 01.03.1981, tariff description of this item again underwent a change
and the amendment that was effected read as under.
Sr. No. Sub Item No. Description
_____ ________________________________________________________________________
1. I(1)(a)(i) Tyres for two wheeled motor vehicles
2. I(1)(b)(i) Tyres for three wheeled motor vehicles of sizes 4.00-8,4.50-8 and
4.50-10
3. I(1)(b)(i) Tyres for Saloon cars of rim sizes
(i) 14 inches and below, and
(ii) 15 inches and above but not exceeding 17 inches
4. I(1)(b)(i) Tyres for motor vehicles other than Sr. No.3 and 4 above of sizes,
(A) (i) 9.00-13, 7.00-17, 6.00-20, 6.50-20, 7.00-20, 7.50-20
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(ii) 8.25-20 and 8.25-15
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(iii) 9.00-2
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(iv) 10.50-16, 10.00-20, 11.00.20 and 10.00-22
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(v) 12.00-20, 14.00-20,10.00-24, 11.00-24 and 12.00-24
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(B) (i) 6.70-15 and 7.00-15, 6.50-16 and 7.00-16
(a) Rayon Tyres,
(b) Nylon Tyres,
(c) Radial Tyres
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(ii) 6.00-16
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(iii) 7.50-16
(iv) 7.00-16
5. I(1)(2) (a) Front Tractors Tyres
6. I(1)(2) (a) Rear Tractor Tyres of Rim sizes, namely,
(i) 28 inches and below
(a) Rayon Tyres
(b) Nylon Tyres
(ii) Above 28 inches
7. I(1) (b) (i) Tyres for trailers of Rim sizes, namely,
(a) 7.50-16
(b) 9.00-16
TUBES
8. I(1) (a) (i) Tubes for tyres of two wheeled motor vehicles
9 I(1) (b) (ii) Tubes for tyres of three wheeled motor vehicles of
sizes, namely -
(a) 4.00-8,
(b) 4.50-8, and
(c) 4.50-10
10. I(1) (b) (ii) Tubes for tyres of Saloon Cars of Rim sizes,
namely,
(a) Not exceeding 15 inches,
(b) Exceeding 15 inches but not exceeding 17
inches
11. I(1) (b) (ii) Tubes for tyres of other Motor Vehicles of Rim
sizes, namely
(a) Below 20 inches,
(i) 6.00-16 and 5.50-16
(ii) Others
(b) 2O inches
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(c) Above 20 inches
12. III(2) Tubes for tyres of vehicles or equipment designed for use off the
road of rim sizes not exceeding 25 inches
13. II(2) (b) Tubes for front tractor tyres,
14. III(2) (b) Tubes for rear tractor tyres
15. I(1) (b) (ii) Tubes for tyres of trailers of sizes 7.50-16 and 9.00-16.
16 IV(2) All other tubes
17 I(1)(a)(iii) or
I(1)(b)(iii) or
I(2)(c) or Flaps, All Sorts
III(3) or
IV(3)
Explanation: For the purpose of this notification –
(a) Tyres and Tubes for Saloon cars of Rim sizes 12 inches
shall include tyres and tubes for vans of size 4.50-12;
and
(b) Tyres and Tubes for Saloon cars of Rim sizes 15 inches
shall include tyres and tubes for vans of size 6.40-15.
As per the Cochin Trade Notice Number 221/67-CE dated 29.08.1967, the Tyres for
tractor trailers were correctly classifiable as “As Other Tyres” under sub item (3) of tariff
item 16 of the Central Excise Tariff.
As per Board‟s Budget Circular Number 2/73 dated 16.04.1973, the term “Tyres” in
the Central Excise Tariff was defined to cover inner tubes also. Any reference to “Tyres” in
a Notification issued under the Central Excise Tariff, thus automatically covered the inner
tubes also unless otherwise specifically excluded. In view of the above position, the rubber
products made either wholly or partly of the rubber and used for repairing of inner tubes was
liable to the duty of excise leviable thereon.
As regards tyres for the dumpers, coal haulers, bulldozers, scrappers, draglines and
excavators, tyres and tubes, which are designed as such to be fitted to such equipments, were
liable to be classified within the meaning of the term “Motor Vehicles” and were assessable
to the duty of excise under the sub item (i) of the Item Number 16 of the Central Excise
Tariff. Tyres and tubes meant for other equipments not classifiable under sub items (1) and
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(2) of Item 16 were liable to the duty of excise as for “All Others” under sub item (3) of the
said item.
Tyre flaps cleared with or without inner tubes and outer tubes were classifiable under
tariff item number 16. (1984 ECR 1183(CEGAT) refers)
Retreading of old tyres was not a process of manufacture since it did not bring into
existence a commercially distinct or different entity as the old tyre retains its original
character or identity as a tyre though it increases the performance or serviceability as a tyre.
(1979 ELT (J-593)(S.C.) refers)
Fork Lift Tyres were classifiable under sub item (3) of tariff item 16 of the Central
Excise Tariff and not as “Motor Vehicles” under sub item (I) of tariff 16 ibid. (1980 ELT
563(Bom) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were reclassified
under the Chapter Heading 40.02 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 16A - RUBBER
This item was brought within the Excise net by the Finance Bill, 1962, with effect
from 24.04.1962 and was placed at Tariff Entry Number 16A of the Central Excise Tariff, the
description of which read as under.
―16A. Rubber products, namely,
i) Latex foam sponge,
Plates, sheets and strips unhardened, whether
vulcanized or not and whether combined with any
textile material or otherwise,
ii) Piping and tubing of unhardened vulcanized rubber,
iii) Transmission, conveyor or elevator belts or belting of
vulcanized rubber.‖
By the Notification Number 197/67-CE dated 29.08.1967, the Government exempted
Piping and Tubing of Unhardened Vulcanized Rubber, falling under sub item (3) of tariff
item number 16A from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon, which read as under.
―1. Piping and Tubing designed for use as component parts of
medical or surgical instruments or of sports goods;
2. Piping and tubing designed for use in laboratories provided each
piece of such piping and tubing was manufactured in length not
exceeding three metres and has a bore of a diameter not
exceeding 1.27 centimeters,
3. Piping and Tubing designed to be or converted in the factory of its
production into component parts of machinery articles
(including typewriters), provided such component parts did not
perform the function off conveying air, gas or liquid,
4. Piping and tubing designed for use –
(a) as handle grip for perambulators,
(b) as hydraulic or air brake hose in motor vehicles,
(c) as bicycle pump or motor pump connection but having
inner diameter not exceeding 5mm and outer diameter not
exceeding 12mm and bicycle valve, and
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(d) in the manufacture of bushes, washers and rings.‖
Rubber Cess was leviable as per the provisions contained in the Rubber Act, 1947
(Number 24 of 1947) dated 18.04.1947. This cess provided for the development under the
control of the union of Rubber industry. The tariff rate was fifty paise per kg and the
effective rate of duty was Rupees three and paise fifty per tonne.
By Notification Number 71/68-CE dated 01.04.1968, exemption to plates, sheets and
strips unhardened was granted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon.
By the Notification Number 208/72-CE dated 14.10.1972 exemption to cushion
compound used within the factory of production for further production of rubber products,
falling under the said sub item and which were used for resoling, retreading or repairing of
the tyres, including the products commonly known as tread rubber, camel back, cushion gum,
tread gum and tread packing strips, was granted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable
thereon.
Exemption to rubber products if the rubber compound content was less than twenty
five per cent by weight from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon was under the
Notification Number 18/74-CE dated 23.02.1974.
Under the Notification Number 83/83-CE dated 01.03.1983 small units were
exempted from the purview of Central Excise duty.
As per Pune Collectorate Trade Notice Number 36/82 dated 15.03.1982, exemption
was not available to the Aprons and Cots, if cleared as accessories, which Notification, i.e.
Notification Number 197/67-CE dated 29.08.1967, was otherwise available for rubber piping
and rubber tubing used for the manufacture of component part of machinery.
Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 59/81 dated 23.06.1981 specified that raw rubber
preserved latex, latex concentrate, smoked rubber sheets, crepe rubber, crump rubber, etc,
was outside the purview of Central Excise Duty. However, Masticated Rubber in sheet form
made out of raw rubber treated with Carbon Black before and after it was masticated in a
sheet form, was within the ambit of tariff item number 16A(2) attracting the duty of excise
leviable thereon.
Sanforizing Belts were classified as conveyor belt, which used to be flat or which had
troughed edges that prevent the material being carried from spilling over, under tariff item
16A(4) since conveying of cloth was an essential function of the said Sanforizing belt.
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According to the Board‟s letter number 8/1/62-CE 8 dated 09.05.1962, „Sponge
Rubber‟ which was commonly used in rubber chappals or rubber footwear, if made from
rubber in any form other than latex, by using the mical expanders (as opposed to air in the
case of rubber made out of latex,) the said Sponge Rubber was not covered by the definition
of the product „Rubber‟.
As regards Trimmings, which were collected before the product was cured, Central
Board of Revenue‟s letter Number 8/5/62-CX 7 dated 03.04.1963, made it clear that, the
same were not treated as manufactured rubber product and as such no duty was charged but
cured trimmings and scrap were treated as products liable to the duty of excise under the
tariff item 16A.
Vaculag was classifiable under tariff item 16A(2) (1982 ELT 508 (Government of
India) refers)
MF (DR) Circular letter No. Rubber 2/68 dated 02.04.1968, with regard to the
Hydraulics or Brake Hose, made it clear that where a unit produces a hose assembly out of
duty paid rubber tubing, the same was not to be assessed to the duty of excise again under the
tariff item 16A(3); however, where the rubber piping or tubing was not presented for
assessment as such but was converted directly into wire covered piping or tubing or fitted
with nozzles, etc, in an integrated factory, such piping or tubing was exigible to the duty of
excise leviable thereon under tariff item 16A where the value of the wiring or other fitments
did not exceed fifty per cent of the value of the product.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff were classified under
the Chapter Heading 40 of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number
5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 16AA - SYNTHETIC RUBBER
By the Finance Bill, 1970, a new item was brought under the Excise cover with effect
from 01.03.1970 and was placed at Tariff Entry Number 16AA, the description of which read as
under.
“16AA. Synthetic Rubber, including Butadiene Acrylonitrile Rubber,
Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Butyl Rubber, Synthetic Rubber Latex,
including pre-vulcanised synthetic Rubber Latex.”
Further, by the Finance Bill, 1981, for the tariff item number 16AA, the following was
substituted, that is to say -
“16AA. Synthetic Rubber, including Synthetic Rubber Latex and pre-
vulcanised Synthetic Rubber Latex.
Explanation: In this item, the expression “Synthetic Rubber” is to
be taken to apply to -
(a) unsaturated synthetic substances which can be irreversibly
transformed into non-thermoplastic substances by
vulcanization with sulphur and which, when so vulcanized as
well as may be (as well as without the addition of any
substance such as plasticizers, filters or reinforcing agents not
necessary for the cross linking) can produce substances
which, at a temperature between 18 degree and 29 degree
centigrade, will not break on being extended to three times
their original length and will return, after being extended to
twice their original length, within a period of five minutes, to
a length not greater than one and a half times their original
length.
Such substances include CIS Polyisoprene (IR),
polybutadiene (BR), polychlorobutadiene (CR),
polybutadienestyrene (SBR), polychlorobutadiene-
acrylonitrile (NCR), polybutadiene acrylonitrile (NBR) and
butyl rubber (IIR),
(b) thioplasts(TM), and
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(c) natural rubber modified by grafting or mixing with artificial
plastic material, de-polymerised natural rubber and mixtures
of unsaturated synthetic substances with saturated synthetic
high polymers, provided that all the above mentioned product
comply with the requirements concerning vulcanization,
elongation and recovery in (a) above.
Rubber compounding which did not involve grafting or mixing the natural rubber with
artificial plastic material or depolymerising of natural rubber or mixing of unsaturated synthetic
substances with saturated high polymers and hence such rubber compounds was not covered
within the scope of the tariff item number 16AA. (Chandigarh Collectorate Trade Notice
Number 61/81 dated 15.04.1981 refers)
The Supreme Court of India had delivered its verdict that as regards the item Vinyl
Pyridine Latex was classifiable under rubber raw in view of its chemical composition and the
physical properties. (A.I.R. 1977 S.C. refers)
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TARIFF I TEM 16B - WOOD AND ARTICLES OF WOOD.
This item was brought under the Tariff Schedule by the Finance Bill, 1962, and was
placed at Tariff Item Number 16B with effect from 24.06.1962, the description of which read as
under.
“16B. Plywood, Block Board, Lamin Board, Batten Board, Hard or Soft
Wall Boards or Insulating Board and Veneered Panels, whether or not
containing any material other than wood, cellular wood panels, building
boards of wood pulp or of vegetable fibre, whether or not bonded with
natural or artificial resins or with similar binders, and artificial or
reconstituted wood being wood shavings, wood chips, saw dust, wood
flour or other ligneous waste agglomerated with natural or artificial
resins or other organic binding substances in sheets, blocks, boards or the
like -
(i) Plywood for Tea chests when cut to size panels or sheets and
packed in sets; and
(ii) All Others.‖
By Finance Bill, 1982, the effective rates of duty of excise on plywood and boards were
substituted, that is to say -
Sr. No. Item Effective rate of duty
1 Commercial Plywood 20%
2 Batten Boards and block boards (including flush doors) having both 20%
faces of commercial plywood and veneered sheets and panels made
up of strips of wood glued between two outer veneers.
3. Insulation boards and hard boards 10%
4. Marine plywood and aircraft plywood. 10%
5. Veneered particle boards excluding particle boards with decorative 20%
veneers on one or both faces,
6. Plain Particle Boards, Nil
7. Decorative plywood made from commercial plywood on which the Nil
appropriate amount of duty has been paid in the process of manufacture
of radio cabinets, meter boxes or components of furniture,
8. Improved wood, all sorts, whether in sheets, blocs or any blocks or any 20%
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other form, including articles of improved wood.
Explanation: In this notification “commercial plywood” means all
varieties of plywood other than
(i) Decorative plywood;
(ii) Fireproof plywood,
(iii) Flameproof plywood,
(iv) Structural plywood,
(v) Marine plywood,
(vi) Aircraft plywood and
(vii) Plywood for tea chests when cut to size in panels or sheets and
packed in sets which conforms to the relevant IS Standards of the
Indian Standards Institution;
(viii) Plywood for tea chests when cut to size in panel or sheets and
packed in sets and supplied by the manufacturer thereof directly to
the tea factory.
The Hon‟ble Tribunal has decided that in regard to the scope of this item, the words „or
the like‟ in tariff item 16B qualify the last category of plywood and did not qualify the preceding
category mentioned in that item which was separated from the category by the word‟ and‟.
Therefore, the „flush door‟ has nothing to do with words „or the like‟.(1980 ELT 684 (Del)
refers)
Wood shuttles made mainly of wood to which other fixtures like washers, tips, jaw, rings,
bolts, etc, were fixed and which were used in powerlooms were classifiable as improved wood
under tariff item 16B or as item not elsewhere specified under tariff item number 68 (Thane
Collectorate Trade Notice dated 07.01.1985 refers)
Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 45/79 dated 28.09.1979 stated that “structural plywood”
was to cover “concrete shuttering plywood” also.
With regard to the insulation and unveneered particle boards, the boards having the
characteristics attributed to „Sitatex‟ and „Sitawall‟ varieties of the board was classifiable as
insulation boards under the tariff item number 16B and those having the characteristics attributed
to „Sitapack‟ was classifiable as unveneered particle board (Tariff Advice dated 25/78 dated
16.05.1978 refers)
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Wipcheck and Wiptread Floor Boards and Chequered plywood are classifiable under
tariff item number 16B as per Tariff Advice Number 62/78 dated 16.10.1978.
As per the Board‟s Circular Number 1/Plywood/67 dated 07.08.1967, Commercial
plywood, particle boards, hard boards, etc, affixed with laminated plastic sheets, that is to say,
melamine glossy films are not classifiable as decorative since the very essential requirement of
decorative plywood or decorative boards that they should be veneered was not fulfilled.
Plywood was to be treated as „decorative plywood‟ if either all the veneers were matched
at the joints for figures and colour and the grains and colour characteristics systematically
arranged or at least the decorative veneers were matched at the joint for colour. (Central Board of
Revenue‟s letter bearing number 9/25/63/CX-7 dated 15.03.1964 refers)
Veneers sheets/panels made up of strips of wood glued between two outer veneers falling
under tariff item number 16B was classifiable as „Batten Board‟ as per the advice of he Board
bearing Number 30/76 dated 30.11.1976.
As per Central Board of Revenue‟s letter bearing Number 22/10/60 CX-7 dated
15.09.1962, Vulcanised Fireboard could not be treated either as plastic laminated board under
tariff item number 15A or as Board falling under tariff item 16B of the Central Excise Tariff.
Compreg was not covered by any type of board, specified under tariff item number 16B
and therefore the same was not excisable (Board‟s letter Number 62/3/73 CX 2 dated 03.12.1973
refers)
According to MF (DR) Tariff Advice Number 1/72 dated 22.01.1973, two sheets of wood
glued and pressed together with grains of right angles and known in the trade parlance as „two
layered plywood‟ was excisable under the tariff item number 16B of the Central Excise Tariff.
Vide its letter bearing number 9/30/62 CX-8 dated 06.01.1994, the Board made it clear
that the „Bobbin Ends‟ should be considered as „Lamin Boards‟ for the purpose of tariff item
number 16B. Therefore, it was necessary to ensure that only such „Laminated Wood‟,
which was meant for conversion into Bobbin Ends was treated as not liable to duty, wooden tiles
made out of the taxable varieties of „plywood‟, ‟lamin boards,‟ etc, were not to be cleared duty
free.
As per Tariff Advice Number 21/75 dated 17.06.1975, it was clarified that the Bamboo
Faced Plywoods are more akin to plywood than board and, therefore, they were to be treated as
plywood and accordingly duty was to be charged at the plywood stage as commercial plywood
and subsequent alterations were to be ignored.
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With regard to the excisability of tennis and badminton bends, the letter, issued by the
Board bearing Number 9/8/62 CX-7 dated 28.06.1962, had made it clear that strips of wood used
in the manufacture of rackets take the shape of compete bends even before these were bonded
and since these bends themselves as such can hardly be termed as boards, such bends, which
were not bounded into lamin boards prior to bending were not assessable to the duty of excise
under the tariff item number 16B.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classified under the
Chapter Heading 44 of the schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
and at present the rate of the duty of excise is at the rate of sixteen per cent ad valorem. This
commodity has also been granted SSI exemption upto the first clearance of rupees one hundred
lacs from the whole of the excise duty leviable thereon.
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TARIFF ITEM 17 - PAPER
This commodity was brought into the Excise net for the first time by the Finance Act,
1955 (Number 15 of 1955) and was placed at Tariff Entry Number 21, which, however, was
renumbered as tariff item number 17 with effect from 20.09.1960, the definition was as
under.
“17. Papers, All Sorts, including Pasteboard and Millboard and
Cardboard, but excluding Strawboard, in or in relation to the
manufacture of which any process was ordinarily carried on with the
aid of power -
1. Printing and Writing Paper,
2. Wrapping Paper
a. Kraft Paper and
b. Brown paper.
3. Paper Special Varieties –
a. Blotting Paper, Toilet Paper, Target
Paper, Tissue Paper (Other than Cigarette
tissue), Teleprinter Paper, Typewriting
Paper, Manifold Paper, Bank Paper and
Bond Paper,
b. Cigarette Tissue,
4. Paper - Not otherwise specified including Art
Paper, Chrome Paper, Tubsized Paper, Cheque
Paper, Stamp Paper, Cartridge Paper,
5. Paper Board,
a. Duplex and Triplex Paper,
b. Pulp Board,
c. Other Board,
i. Coated Board, (Art, Chrome and
Board for playing cards)
ii. Mill Board,
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d. Board, not otherwise specified, including
Manila and Corrugated Board.‖
As per Board‟s letter bearing number 36/21/55-CXM dated 20.05.1955, “strawboard”
means the board manufactured out of straw, grass and bagasse.
First 1,000 tons of Mill Board papers of all kinds, falling under the tariff item number
21(5)(c)(ii) of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
were exempted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon under the Notification
Number 37/55-CE dated 01.08.1955.number
Commercially recognized Handmade Paper was also exempted from purview of the
excise duty as from the licensing controls.
Cream Wove and Maplitho varieties of papers, weighing below eighty five grams per
sq meter were classifiable as Printing and Writing paper, covered by the tariff item number
17(3) of the Central Excise Tariff. The heavier varieties of these papers were not
distinguishable from Offset and Cartridge paper of higher weights per sq meter which were
considered as drawing papers according to the definition given by the Tariff Commissioner.
In view of this the Board decided that Creanwove and Maplitho paper varieties of papers
weighing Eighty five gms per sq. mtrs and above not to be classified as Printing and Writing
Paper but as Cartridge paper under tariff item 17(1) of the Central Excise Tariff.
Unbleached Printing Paper was classified under tariff item number 17(3) of the
Central Excise Tariff.
A question of classification of Bleached Embedded Paper came up for consideration
when the Director General of Technical Development advised that the expression “Bleached
Embedded Paper” generally meant machine dried and machine finished Bleached paper
which was used for wrapping of match boxes. The classification of machine dried paper was
made as Wrapping Paper, falling under the Tariff Item number 3 of the Chapter Heading 17
of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
Carbon Paper and Stencil Papers were considered as Stationary items not coming
within the purview of tariff item 17 of the First Schedule.
Bituminised Waterproof Paper was leviable to the duty of excise, falling under sub
item (2) of tariff item 17 of the Central Excise Tariff.
The duty paid on Kraft Paper was eligible for set off/proforma credit.
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Impregnated Paper which was reported to be marketable was classified under tariff
item number 17(2) of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
In view of the definition of the Tissue Paper in various dictionaries of paper and also
as per Indian Standards Institute publications, the Tissue Paper was decided as other than
Cigarette Tissue Paper and to be taken to mean that the paper, white or coloured, machine
finished or machine glazed or other finish of a substance not exceeding 25 gms per sq mtrs.
This commodity was covered under the Chapter Heading 48 of the First Schedule to
the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) and subjected to the duty of excise at
the rate of sixteen per cent ad valorem.
This commodity also enjoys exemption from the whole of the duty of excise leviable
thereon in clearance value upto the first slab of rupees one hundred lacs.
SSI exemption has also been granted to this commodity
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TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 18 (I to IV)
Rayon and Cellulosic Fibres and Yarns, was brought into the revenue net with effect
from 21.12.1956 by Finance (2) Act, 1956 when the tariff rate was one rupee and eight annas
and was placed at item number 26..
With effect from 22.09.1960 this item was renumbered as tariff item number 18.
By Finance Bill, 1962, the following explanation was added
“Explanation: „Rayon and Synthetic Fibres and Yarns‟ shall be
deemed to include man-made fibres and yarn made out of man-made
fibres.”
By Finance Bill, 1975, this item was substituted by the following
―18. Rayon and Synthetic Fibre and Yarn including textured yarn in or in relation to the
manufacture of which any process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of power –
i. Fibres and Yarns, other then textured yarn,
ii. Textured Yarn
Explanation I: Fibres and Yarn, other than textured yarn, shall be
deemed to include –
i. man made fibre;
ii. spun (discontinuous) yarn containing not less than
ninety per cent by weight of man-made fibres
calculated on the total fibre content;
iii. man-made filament (continuous) yarn into which
coils, crimps or loops are not set, and
iv. man-made metallic yarn.
Explanation II: ―Textured Yarn‖ shall be deemed to include man-
made filament yarn, into which are set coils, crimps or loops.
Explanation III: ―Base Yarn‖ means yarn falling under sub item (i) of
this item from which the Textured Yarn has been produced.‖
Prior to its inclusion into the tariff schedule, this item related to Rayon and Synthetic
Fibres and Yarns and by the Finance Bill, 1977, with effect from 18.06.1977 the following
entry was substituted.
―18-I. Man Made fibres, other than mineral fibres -
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(i) Non Cellulosic,
(ii) Cellulosic.
18-II. Man Made Filament and Yarns,
(i) Non Cellulosic
(a) Other than textured,
(b) Textures,
Explanation: ―Textured yarn‖ means yarn that has been processed to
introduce crimps, coils, loops or curls along the length of the filaments
and shall include bulked yarn and stretch yarn
(ii) Cellulosic,
(iii) Metallised
18-III Cellulosic Spun Yarn, that is to say, yarn in which man made
fibre of cellulosic origin predominates in weight and, in or in
relation to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power –
(i) not containing, any man made fibres of
non cellulosic origin,
(ii) containing man made fibres of non cellulosic origin.
Explanation I: ―Count‖ means the size of grey yarn (excluding any
sizing material) expressed in English count.
Explanation II: For multiple fold yarn, ―count‖ means the count of
basic single yarn.
Explanation III: Where two or more of the following fibres, that is to
say,
a) man-made fibre of cellulosic origin,
b) cotton,
c) wool or acrylic fibre, or both,
d) silk (including silk noil)
e) jute (including Bimlipatam Jute or Mesta fibre),
f) man-made fibre of non-cellulosic origin, other than
acrylic fibre;
g) flax,
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h) ramie
in any yarn are equal in weight, then, such one
of those fibres, the predominance of which
would render such yarn fall under that sub
item or item (hereafter in this explanation
referred to as the applicable sub item or item)
among the sub items and item numbers 18-III,
18-A, 18-B, 18-C, 18-D, 18-E, 18F-I and 18F-
II, which , read with the relevant notification,
if any, for the time being in force issued under
the Central Excise Rules, 1944, involves the
highest amount of duty, shall be deemed to be
predominant in such yarn and accordingly
such yarn shall be deemed to fall under the
applicable sub item or item, as the case may
be‖.
By Finance Bill, 1978, the following sub item was added:
IV. Non-Cellulosic waste, all sorts.
Explanation: This item includes only wastes arising in,
or in relation to, the manufacture of man-made fibres
(other than mineral fibres) and man-made filament
yarns.
The scope of item 18 of the Central Excise Tariff has necessarily to be confined to
only what is known to the market as yarn such as spun yarn, filament yarn or mono filament
yarn with or without twist and is distinguishable from twine having different name, physical
characteristics and different uses. (1980 ELT 185(Government of India) refers.
The Commissioner of Sales Tax, in order to answer the description of Yarn held that
in the ordinary commercial sense must have two characteristics, first, it should be a spun
strand, and, second, such strand should be primarily meant for use in weaving, knitting or
rope making. (1975 35 STC 634 (S.C.) refers).
As understood in dictionary and commercial sense, (1) the word „yarn‟ is neither
defined in the Central Excise Act nor in the Rules. The dictionary meaning of „Yarn‟ is fibre,
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as of cotton, wool, silk, flax, spun and the fibre in order to answer the description of the yarn
must have two characteristics, firstly, it should be a yarn and secondly, such strand should be
primarily meant for use in weaving, knitting and rope making, and (2) the dictionary meaning
of „Yarn‟ is fibre, as of cotton, wool, silk, flax, spun and prepared for use in weaving,
knitting, etc. (1985(19) ELT 35(Madhya Pradesh) and 1985(19) ELT 329(Madhya Pradesh)
respectively refers.
Nylon waste imported for the purpose of recovery of caprolactum by
depolymerisation process was exempted from countervailing duty under Notification Number
26B/72 dated 18.02.1972 (1984 ECR 267 (CEGAT) refers)
There is distinction between yarn and strand, that is to say, yarn is different from
„strand‟ inasmuch as the „strand‟ is given a definite twist measured in turns per metre or per
inch in order to make a yarn. (1982 ELT 191 (Government of India) refers.
Tariff item 18-ii covers and imposes duty on the textured yarn produced out of base
yarn; therefore, there is no question of double levy of duty. (1982 ELT 296(Government of
India) refers.
While commenting on the point that process of sizing was not manufacture it has been
held that the sizing was nothing but the dipping of the yarn into a solution, which imparts
strength and facilitates the process of weaving. In fact, merely it is physical process. If the
effect of the process is reversed after the process of weaving is incomplete, the sizing
compound is completely washed off and the fabric is desized. Therefore, the process of
sizing of the yarn would not amount to manufacture as envisaged by section 2(f) and make it
a different excisable commodity. (1981 ELT 887 (Del) (D.B.) refers).
In cases where the yarn is used for captive consumption and is not cleared in sized
form from the spindle point, there is no question of including the weight of sizing material for
the purpose of levy of duty and, therefore, it is the weight of the unsized yarn, which should
properly form the basis of levy of duty. (1982 ELT 705 (Government of India) refers.
It is only the weight of the unsized yarn as it emerges at the spindle stage that has to
be taken into consideration for the purpose of levy of duty on the yarn. (1983 ELT 326 (Guj)
refers.
The expression „predominance in weight‟ can have two different meanings. One is
that the fibre should be the major constituent of the fabric, that is, it should comprise more
than fifty per cent of the weight of the fabric and the other is that it should be the single
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largest constituent of the fabric. The normal and logic approach in deciding such question
would be to consider whether a particular fibre constitutes the bulk of the fabric not whether
it happens to be the single largest constituent irrespective of its quantum. (1984(19) ELT 35
(MP).
While maintaining polypropylene tow and polypropylene staple fibre were not
identical, it was held that the tow was an entangled mass of fibre while staple fibre was not
entangled but was obtained in a subsequent process and, therefore, tow was not the same
thing as fibre. (1982 ELT 752 (Government of India) refers.
Slagwool is a man-made fibre. The expression “man-made fibre” construed in plain
terms, it means – “Fibers which do not occur naturally but which are made by man, that is to
say, other than natural fibres. Examples of natural fibres are cotton, jute, wool, etc, which are
either grown as commercial crop or occur on the skin of animals.” Slagwool cannot be
called a natural fibre in that sense. No doubt it is a mineral fibre, but mineral fibres can be
both natural as well as man-made. Asbestos is a natural mineral fibre as it occurs naturally
and is simply to be mined or extracted. On the other hand, slagwool and glasswool are man-
made mineral fibres because they do not occur naturally and they have to be manufactured by
man in factories. There is no doubt that it is a man-made fibre and not a natural fibre. Since
there is no stipulation in the tariff item as to the use to which man-made fibres should be
capable of being put, the fact that slagwool is usable only for thermal insulation and not for
spinning of yarn will not stand in its way of being classified under tariff entry 18 of the
Central Excise Tariff. (1983 ELT 1866 (T) refers).
Yarn cleared for captive consumption should be assessed at the spindle stage. Instead
of selling yarn the same is consumed internally for the purpose of weaving the fabrics and the
sizing is done only in respect of the yarn used as warp after the yarn is taken from the
spinning to the weaving department. Therefore, the yarn is to be assessed on its form and
weight in which it is cleared – meant for captive consumption at the spindle stage. (1982 ELT
636 (Government of India)
For application of the provisions of rule 9 allegations has to be established beyond
doubt, that is to say, allegations of clandestine manufacture and the removal of yarn was not
established beyond doubt, the provisions of rule 9 were not applicable. (1981 ELT 851
(CBE&C) refers)
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As regard the distinction between „yarn‟ and „twine‟, it has been held that the „yarn‟
must have two characteristics. First, it should be spun strand and, second, such strand should
primarily meant for use in weaving, knitting or rope making. The twine yarn satisfies both
the conditions. (1980 ELT 249 (Bom) refers)
There was no change in the description of this item till 01.03.1986 and with effect
from 01.03.1986 this item was covered by the Chapters 54 and 55 of the Schedule to the
Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 18A - COTTON YARN
This item was brought into the excise net for the first time by the Finance Act, 1961
and was placed at tariff item number 18A of the Central Excise Tariff with effect from
01.03.1961, the item description of which read as under.
“18A. Cotton Twist, Yarn and Threads, all sorts, in or in relation to
the manufacture of which any process was ordinarily carried on with
the aid of power -
1) of 35 or more counts - Fifteen naye paise per kg
2) of less than 35 counts – Ten naye paise per kg
Explanation: For multiple fold yarn, the count means the count
of the basic single yarn”.
10 British counts = 8.5 New French Counts
The above description was, however, replaced by the Finance Bill, 1964, which read
as under.
“18A. Cotton Twist, Yarn and Threads, all sorts, sized or unsized, in
all forms including skeins, hanks, cops, cones, bobbins, pirns, spools,
reels, cheeses, balls or on warp beams, in or in relation to the
manufacture of which any process was ordinarily carried on with the
aid of power -
1) of counts 29 or more - One rupee per kg
2) of counts less than 29 - 50 naye paise per kg
Explanation: 1) “Count” means the size of grey yarn expressed
as the number of 1,000 meter hanks per one half kilogram,
2) For multiple fold yarn, “Count” means the count of the
basic single yarn.”
By the Finance Bill, 1972, the description of this tariff item again underwent a change
when the following was substituted, that is to say -
“18A. Cotton Twist, Yarn and Thread, all sorts, containing not less
than ninety per cent by weight of cotton calculated on the total fibre
content, whether sized or unsized, in all forms including skeins, hanks,
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cops, cones, bobbins, pirns, spools, cheese, reels, balls or on warp
beams, in or in relation to the manufacture of which any process was
ordinarily carried on with the aid of power -
1) of counts 29 or more - Five rupees per kg
2) of counts less than 29 - One rupee per kg
Explanation: 1) “Count” means the size of grey yarn
(excluding any sizing materials) expressed as the number of
1000 metre hanks per one half kilogram,
2) For multiple fold yarn, “Count” means the count of the
basic single yarn.”
By the Finance Bill, 1982, the Tariff Item 18A was again changed and substituted as
under.
“(xviii) In Item No.18A, in the second column, for entries (i) and (ii),
the following entries shall be substituted, namely -
i) not containing any man-made fibre of non-cellulosic origin,
ii) containing man-made fibres of non-cellulosic origin”
As regards the effective rate of duty of excise for Cotton Yarn, other than Hanks
(plain reels)(that is to say, all others), shown in column (4) of the table in the Notification
Number 45/64-CE dated 01.03.1964, the effective rates were made applicable also to Cotton
Twist or Threads. With effect from the date of issue of the amending notification, therefore,
the following changes were made in the manner of assessment of “Cotton Twist” or
“Thread”, namely -
i) When “Cotton Twist” or “Thread” cleared out of a manufacturer‟s
factory for sale it was exigible to duty at the appropriate rates as
shown in column (4) of the said Notification,
ii) When “Cotton Twist” or “Thread” used for weaving in a
composite textile mill, the same attracted the duty at the standard tariff
rate or the compounded rate, as the case may be,
iii) When “Cotton Twist” or “Thread” manufactured with the aid of
power out of cotton yarn on which appropriate amount of duty was
paid at the rates prescribed in column (3) of the Notification Number
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45/64-CE dated 01.03.1964, the differential duty between column (4)
and column (3) was required to be paid by the said manufacturer.
The rates of duty applicable to “Cotton Twist” or “Thread” were determined with
reference to the count of the basic single grey yarn from which such Cotton Twist of Threads
were made.
Appropriate Special Excise Duty of Excise was leviable if the Cotton Yarn used in the
manufacture of Cotton Twist or Threads was unsized and subsequently sized with the aid of
power.
As per the Board‟s letter bearing F. No.9/27/61 CX II dated 19.06.1964, irrespective
of the fact whether or not spoolers, rewinders of Cotton Yarn were required to pay
differential Central Excise Duty and have to take Central Excise Licence as the process of
rewinding, etc, done with the aid of power, was process of manufacture in terms of Section
2(f)(iv) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944.
As regards the dutiability of Cotton Yarn cleared on payment of Central Excise duty
prescribed in column (3) of the table to the Notification Number 45/64-CE dated 01.03.1964
which was further subjected to the processes like bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing, etc, MF
(DR & Company Law) Circular No.9/39/64 CX II dated 02.07.1964, made it clear that so
long as the hank form of the Cotton Yarn was not converted into some other form by any one
of the manufacturing processes specified in sub section (f)(iv) of Section 2 of the Central
Excises and Salt Act, 1944, the question of any further duty to be leviable did not arise.
Processes like bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing, etc, not being one of the specified
manufacturing process this alone did not, therefore, entail any further duty. However,
subsequent to bleaching, dyeing, etc, the yarn is subjected to warping, beaming, winding,
reeling, such yarn was liable for the duty of excise. The above however, did not affect the
position of bleached/dyed/mercerized yarn cleared in the form of hanks from a spinning mill,
which in terms of the above referred notification attracts the duty as prescribed in column (4)
of the table thereto.
With the adoption of French Count System in respect of Cotton Yarn under the 1964
Budget, Cotton Yarn of NF 33.9 to be rounded off to NF 34 French Count for the purpose of
the Notification No.45/64-CE dated 01.03.1964 did not arise, which, in other words, means
that Cotton Yarn of these counts was assessable to the appropriate rate of duty with reference
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to the entries against Sr. Nos. 3 and 3A of the table to the abovesaid Notification respectively.
(MF(DR & Company Law) letter bearing F. No.9/33/64 CX-II dated 10.09.1964 refers)
A question came up for the duty liability in respect of Cotton Yarn purchased by
Composite Textile Mills from the open market and used for weaving of Cotton fabrics. In
this connection, it was observed that a distinction was required to be made between (a) those
manufacturers of Cotton fabrics who pay Cotton Yarn duty at the full tariff rates and (b)
those manufacturers of Cotton fabrics who opted to pay the Cotton Yarn duty at compounded
rates.
As regards category (a) it was possible to treat them as manufacturer of Cotton Yarn
for the reason that the yarn purchased by them from the open market was no doubt was
subjected by them to one or more of the dutiable processes, namely, beaming, reeling,
warping, etc, before its use for weaving. This being so, such yarn purchased from the open
market had borne the rates of duty as prescribed in column (3) or column (4) of the table to
the Notification No.45/64-CE dated 01.03.1964, as the case may be, the difference between
the effective rates already realized and the full tariff rates of duty be recovered. This position
was in conformity with the duty liability at the tariff rates in respect of Cotton Yarn spun and
used for weaving of Cotton fabrics in the same Composite Textile Mill.
As regards category (b), there was no objection to Proforma Credit allowed for
adjustment against the ultimate duty liability, on the fabric manufactured (including the
compounded rates for the yarn contents) subject to the production of documentary evidence
in support of the amount of duty that the cotton yarn purchased from the open market.
However, where there was no documentary evidence the duty was collected on the fabrics
manufactured out of such yarn at the compounded rates without giving any credit for the yarn
purchased from the open market.
Benefit of exemption of duty on Cotton Yarn used for tying hanks was given on the
ground that no differentiation was to be made between coloured or grey or bleached or
doubled yarn for the purpose of granting exemption from payment of duty so long as the yarn
manufactured in the factory and the same was used for tying hanks within the factory.
However, such a benefit was not available for tying end of pieces of fabrics.
As regards manufacturer‟s liability towards payment of duty of excise on Fancy Yarn,
the Board under its Circular letter No.CY/14/64, invited the attention to sub clause (iv) of the
clause (f) of section 2 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, as inserted by sub section (1)
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of Section 60 of the Finance Act, 1964, according to which sizing, beaming, warping,
winding or reeling or any one or more of these processes or the conversion of any form of
cotton yarn into any other form was declared to be a process of manufacture for the purposes
of the duty of excise leviable thereon. Since the manufacturer of fancy yarn has underwent
the process of manufacture and so was liable to pay the appropriate duty of excise on the
resultant yarn irrespective of the further processes to which such yarn may be subjected to or
the form in which the same may converted.
Cotton Yarn of counts 15 to 105, if cleared in hank form, was fully exempted from
17th
/18th
March, 1961, as per the Notification Number 76/61-CE.
A compounded duty at the rate of 1.2 paise per sq. mtrs. was leviable in respect of the
yarn used in the Composite Textile Mill and this duty was payable along with the fabric duty
at the fabric clearance stage.
The accounting of yarn in production register was required to be kept when the yarn
was converted into hank or cone or bobbin or pirn.
With regard to the assessment of duty, the Board, by its letter dated 18.06.1962
clearly stated that the Cotton Yarn was to be assessed to the duty on the weight of the yarn
before sizing.
The yarn in standard hank was 840 yards or 768 mtrs in length with the tolerance
limit plus/minus one per cent. Later on this was increase to three per cent or 23 mtrs.
There were varieties of yarn, one of which was Gassed or Singed Yarn. The term
gassing refers to a “process of burning off protruding fibres from the surface of yarn or cloth
to obtain smooth surface. Thus the Gassed or Singed Yarn was one and the same.
“Waste Cotton Yarn” was considered to refer to tangled mass of short length not
capable of being disentangled without considerable labour. Yarn spun from the cotton waste
was exempted.
“Yellow Pickings” were mixed with Cotton Waste and Yarn of 6s was produced. The
Tribunal decided that Yellow Pickings are Cotton Waste and hence exemption was available.
As regards the assessment of Cotton Yarn the department hold that the Count of yarn
was to be determined on the basis of the actual count of yarn and not on the basis of average
count of different hanks. (1070 ELT (J-555)(Bom – Nagpur Bench) refers.
Yarn manufacture was a process prepared by a continuous strand of twist fibres of
Cotton, and, therefore, so known as “Cotton Twist”. Yarn having multiple fold did not cease
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to be a yarn. If a basic single yarn was known as yarn and double yarn was also known as
yarn then one was not able to understand how a multiple fold yarn would cease to be a yarn
and would be considered as Cotton Twist. Therefore, a multiple yarn of cotton was also a
yarn. (1973 Tax LR 2488 (Raj) refers)
“Bobbins” includes “spools” as was understood quite often in interchangeable terms.
At any rate, bobbin was generic term within the scope of which the term spool was also to be
comprehended. (1974 Tax LR 2203 (Ker) refers)
Cotton Ropes, which consists of rope yarns twisted into strands and in turn twisted
together so as to form a thick cord, are not braided cord although they may come under the
word “cord”. (1973) 31 STC 205 (Mad HC) refers)
Cotton Yarn and Cotton Sewing Thread were two distinct and well known
commodities. They were separate things in ordinary parlance. It cannot be said that they
were the same thing. Even their uses are different, distinct and separate. Thus in the
commercial world when one asks for Cotton Yarn one would not be given Cotton Sewing
Thread.
Because of the expression „such goods‟ as appearing under the Section 4(4)(d)(ii) of
the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944,the duty of excise paid on the yarn under
Compounded Levy Scheme was necessarily to be included in the assessable value of the
fabrics manufactured out of such yarn, even if the duty on the yarn and fabric was collected
at one stage. This was more so because the concession under the Compounded Levy Scheme
was not an exemption from the payment of duty but the same was a purely matter of
convenience and facility to the Composite Textile Mills and did not amount to the double
taxation. (1983 ELT 1784(T) refers).
Where firstly the Cotton Yarn was charged to the duty under tariff item 18A of the
Central Excise Tariff at the specific rates and later Cotton fabrics are charged to the duty of
excise under the tariff item 19 of the Central Excise Tariff at ad valorem rates, there was no
double taxation on the same article, the tariff items being different and the rates of duty
chargeable are also different. (1983 ELT 1784(T) refers)
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TARIFF ITEM 18B - WOOLLEN YARN
This item was included in the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1961 and was
placed at tariff item number 18B, attracting the tariff rate of ten per cent and five per cent in
respect of 18B(1) and 18B(2), that is to say, “Worsted Yarn” and “Others” respectively, the
description of which read as under.
“Woollen Yarn, All Sorts, including Knitting Wool, in or in relation to
the manufacture of which any process was ordinarily carried on with
the aid or power”
Tariff Item 18B(1), Worsted Yarn meant a type of yarn spun on machines of fine
precision from high class, imported wool tops. The spinning was done on worsted system,
which consisted of Gill Boxes and reducing frame set. There were three varieties of Worsted
Yarn, that is to say (a) Worsted Weaving Yarn, (b) Worsted Hosiery Yarn, and (c) Worsted
Knitting Wool (or Yarn), which used to be in two ply, three ply or four ply. Two ply Knitting
Wool was also known as Crepe.
As regards the use of Metric and English system in determining the counts of the
Worsted Yarn, the Board, by their letter bearing F. No.32/38/61 CX-II dated 11.12.1961,
informed that Metric System was only to be adopted for this purpose and accordingly the
industry was advised to switch over to this system, namely, Metric System. This instruction
was issued because it was brought to the notice of the Board that for determining the count of
worsted yarn for the purpose of assessment, both the English and Metric systems were in
force in the industry. According to the English System, one count was equal to 560 yards of
yarn to a pound whereas according to the Metric system one count was equal to 1000 metres
of yarn to a kilogram. This position did not seem to be satisfactory from the revenue point of
view as it was necessary that only one system be adopted uniformly in all the collectorates.
Shoddy Yarn meant the yarn spun from shoddy wool, that is to say, the wool retrieved
from woolen rags, cuttings, etc. Wool contents in shoddy wool was generally eighty per cent
and above. This was reduced to sixty per cent in the year 1969 by the letter dated
13.11.1969.
By the Budget in the year 1964, tariff item 18B(1) was amended to read as under.
“(1) Worsted Yarn
(a) of 48s and more, and
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(b) of less than 48s
Explanation: Count means the size of the single yarn
expressed as the number of 560 yards hanks per
pound”.
(Note: The Board, by its letter dated 11.12.1961, mentioned
supra expressed that the metric system was required to be
adopted for uniformity but by this amendment again it went
back to English System.)
By Budget 1972, the tariff description was amended as under.
“18B. Woollen Yarn, all sorts, including Knitting Wool,
containing not less than ninety per cent by weight of wool, calculated
on the total fibre content, in or in relation to the manufacture of which
any process is ordinarily carried with the aid of power -
(i) Worsted Yarn
a) of 48s counts and more
b) of less than 48s counts,
(ii) Others
Explanation: “Count” means the size of single yarn expressed
as the number of 560 yards hanks per pound”
By Finance Bill, 1977, this tariff item 18B again underwent a change when the
following was substituted, that is to say,
“18B. Woollen and Acrylic Spun Yarn -Yarn, in which wool or
acrylic fibre or both together predominates or predominates in
weight and, in or in relation to the manufacture of which, any
process was ordinarily carried on with the aid of power -
i) not containing or containing not more than one sixth by weight
of non cellulosic fibre (other than acrylic fibre) calculated on the
total fibre content,
ii) containing more than one sixth by weight of non cellulosic fibre
(other than acrylic fibre) calculated on the total fibre content.
Explanation I: Woollen and acrylic spun yarn shall be
deemed to include woolen and acrylic knitting yarn.
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Explanation II: Explanation III under sub item III of item
number 18 shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to this
item as they apply in relation to that item.”
Woollen Carpet Yarn (“Kati”) was neither yarn nor woolen goods as the woolen
carpet “kati” was unspun fibre. It takes the characteristic of yarn. The woolen carpet “kati”
was only a raw material for which the woolen goods are prepared. It could never be the
intention that mere component of raw material used in the manufacture of woolen goods was
to be taxed by treating the same finished woolen goods. ((1975) 35 STC 634 (SC) refers)
Once the woolen yarn had paid duty at its grey stage as worsted woolen yarn under
tariff item 18B and had been cleared from the factory, there was no scope for levying on the
said yarn any duty of excise again under the same tariff item on processing of the same by a
processor. In other words, the yarn manufactured by the manufacturer, whether grey or dyed,
had to discharge duty only once, and not twice, depending on the form in which the yarn was
cleared from the factory of its manufacture. (1982 ELT (Government of India) refers).
Merely because the Assistant Collector had approved a general classification list prior
to the production of the relevant documents was snot to lead to the inference that he, the
Assistant Collector, was satisfied about the duty paid nature of the fibre, in question, and,
therefore, it cannot be said that the clearances at nil rate of duty were with the knowledge of
the department. (1982 ELT 741 (Government of India) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the said Woollen Yarns were made classifiable under
the Chapter Heading 51 and Acrylic Spun Yarn under the Chapter Heading 55.04
respectively under the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 18C - SILK YARN
By the Finance Bill, 1972, this commodity was, for the first time, brought under the
Excise umbrella, and was placed at Tariff Item Number 18C, which was effective from
17.03.1972 and the rate of duty of excise was twenty per cent ad valorem. The description of
this item read as under.
“18C. Silk Yarn, All Sorts, containing not less than ninety per
cent by weight of silk (including Silk Noil) calculated on the total
fibre content, in or in relation to the manufacture of which any
process was ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.”
The above tariff description was amended by the Finance Bill, 1977, and the amended
description of this tariff item read as under.
“18C. Silk Yarn, All Sorts Yarn, in which Silk (including Silk
Noil) predominates in weight, and, in or in relation to the
manufacture of which, any process was ordinarily carried on with
the aid of power -
i) not containing or containing not more than one sixth by
weight of non cellulosic fibre calculated on the total fibre
content,
ii) containing more than one sixth by weight of non cellulosic
fibre calculated on the total fibre content
Explanation: Explanation III under sub item III of item
number 18 shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to
this item as they apply in relation to that item.”
Silk Yarn, falling under tariff item number 18C(i) was exempted from the whole of
the duty of excise leviable thereon under the Notification Number 55/72-CE dated
17.03.1972.
It was clarified by the Board vide its letter bearing F. No.52/1/77 CX 2 dated
16.02.1978 that raw silk, which was also known as Filature Silk” was to be treated as silk
yarn and was classifiable under the tariff item number 18c of the Central Excise Tariff and
not under the Tariff Item Number 68 – “Residuary Items.”
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TARIFF ITEM 18D - JUTE YARN
This item came on the Tariff Schedule which was introduced under the Finance Bill,
1972 for the first time and was placed at the Tariff Item Number 18D, attracting the duty of
excise at the rate of twenty per cent ad valorem, the description of which read as under.
“18D. Jute Twist, Yarn, Thread, Rope and Twine, All Sorts,
containing not less than ninety per cent by weight of jute
(including Bimlipatam Jute or Mesta fibre) calculated on the total
fibre content, in or in relation to the manufacture of which any
process was ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.”
The description of this tariff item was again amended in the year 1977 by Finance
Bill, which read as under.
“18D. Jute Yarn, All Sorts Yarn, in which jute (including
Bimlipatam Jute or Mesta fibre) predominated in weight, and in or
in relation to the manufacture of which any process was ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power -
Explanation I: “Jute Yarn” was to include jute twist, thread, rope
and twine.
Explanation II: Explanation III under sub item III of item number
18 was, so far as may be, to apply in relation to this item as it
applied in relation to that item.”
The levy of Cess under Section 9(1) of Industries (Development and Regulation) Act
was not restricted only to the Textile industry which was a scheduled industry. This being so,
it cannot be said that in pursuance to the powers conferred under Section 9(1) ibid, the
Central Government was not competent to impose cess on Jute Twine and Rope. (1979 ELT
(J-23)(CAL) refers)
The provisions of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 and Central Excise Rules,
1944, with regard to the levy of excise duty were different from the provisions of the Section
9(1) ibid with regard to the levy of cess on the goods manufactured or produced by a
scheduled industry. Therefore, the principles, laid down with regard to the levy of excise duty
under the Central Excises and Salt Act and the rules made thereunder inapplicable to the levy
of cess under section 9(1) ibid. Hence it cannot be said that Jute Cess could be levied only on
the end produce when they were removed from the factory.(1984(16) ELT 100 (AP) refers)
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Since the manufacturing process of Jute Yarn was essentially designed to separate the
individual fibre filaments to blend them for uniformity of colour, strength and quality and
jute yarn exists as a separate and distinct article or goods it cannot be said that it was not
marketable and saleable and hence the levy of cess was not justifiable. Thus jute yarn was
marketable and saleable separately and distinctly and therefore the cess was rightly leviable.
(1984(16) ELT 100 (AP) refers).
The mere fact that the Explanation to Section 9(1) made reference to value, the same
did not necessarily limit or curtail the power of the Central Government to impose cess only
according to the value of specified goods produced or manufactured by the scheduled
industry. (1984(15) ELT 337(CAL) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the said goods were classified under the Chapter
Heading 53 and 56 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986) respectively.
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TARIFF ITEM 18E - NON CELLULOSIC SPUN YARN
By the Finance Bill, 1972, this tariff item was first brought under the excise control
with effect from 01.03.1972 and was placed at number 18E, the description of which read as
under.
“18E. Non Cellulosic Spun Yarn -Spun (discontinuous) yarn, in
which man-made fibres of non-cellulosic origin, other than acrylic
fibre, predominated in weight and, in or in relation to the
manufacture of which any process was ordinarily carried on with
the aid of power.”
Explanation: Explanation III under sub item III of item number 18
was, so far as may be, applied in relation to this item as it applied
in relation to that item.
A process carried out on any article was with the intention or desire to have a better
effect or use of the original article, therefore, the mere fact that the blending of cotton yarn
and nylon yarn was done with a desire to give a twinkling effect to the fabric, it cannot be
said that the yarn manufactured by intermixing had distinct use and utility and so as to bring
into existence a new product falling under Section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt Act,
1944. Thus blending or twisting of yarn so as to give it a twinkling effect was not a
manufacture. (1982 ELT 145 (BOM) refers)
Merely because the Blended Yarn was known as “Fancy Yarn” in the market it was
not a different product classifiable under tariff item 18E of the Central Excise Tariff. So also
merely by intertwining strings of cotton Yarn and Nylon Yarn , no new product came into
existence so as to fall under Section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944.
If yarn was cleared in unsized form from the place of manufacture or the production
for further use in weaving of fabrics and not for marketing it in a sized form, the question of
duty of excise did arise and the duty of excise was leviable on the unsized weight of the yarn.
Sizing means merely dipping of the yarn into a solution which imparts the yarn a
strength and help facilitate the process of weaving. Thus this was only a physical process and
therefore the process of sizing of the yarn was not a process of manufacture as envisaged
under Section 2(f) ibid as no new or different commodity emerges. If the effect of process
was reversed after the process of weaving was completed, the sizing compound was
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completely washed out and the fabric was desized. In other words, sizing has a temporary
effect, which did not last long.
Yarn, before sizing and after sizing was nothing but yarn, therefore, it cannot be said
that the sized yarn in commercial parlance was different from the unsized yarn. Since neither
the cones of yarn nor the sized yarn was removed from the factory within the meaning of
Rule 9 read with Rule 49 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, therefore, it was not liable to
duty.
Since he manufacture of yarn was complete at the spindle stage or the spindle point
when it emerge from the ring frame, its dutiability was to be determined at that stage under
tariff item 18E of the Central Excise Tariff.
If the yarn wound up on cones was removed for sale or for consumption it would
attract the duty of excise but if the cones are not removed from the pipe line and continue to
wound on cones and to transfer further to warp beam for the process of weaving then it
cannot be said that there was removal of goods within the meaning of Rule 9 read with Rule
49 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944.
It was true that the waste yarn arising in the course of spinning, reeling, wrapping, etc,
on pre-assessment processes, was entitled for the exemption from the duty of excise but the
waste arising during the weaving process, after the assessment, was not so eligible. Since the
substantive part of the Notification Number 172/72-CE dated 01.03.1972 applied to all waste
yarn falling under tariff item 18E of the tariff irrespective of the fact whether the content
thereof was more than forty per cent or less than forty per cent, therefore, the complaint of
discrimination vis-à-vis the mils working under the Compounded Levy Scheme was not
valid.
There was no provision of law under which the waste arising in the course of
consumption of duty paid yarn was entitled to refund of duty. Although the Notification
Number 172/72-CE dated 01.03.1972 could, in the case of the Appellants apply only if they
presented waste yarn (hard waste) for assessment and removal in terms of the rule 9 and rule
9A of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, yet in the instant case, what the Appellants presented
for assessment and removal was yarn in the form of warp beams and, therefore, lap waste
arising thereafter in their factory was not entitle for the refund of the duty of excise under the
abovesaid Notification. (1983 ELT 245 (T) refers)
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Cotton Yarn and Staple Fibre Yarn were classifiable on the basis of their
compositions.
Cotton Yarn and Staple Fibre yarn when twisted and doubled together forms „spun
yarn‟. The expression „spun‟, which was used as synonymous with „discontinuous‟, was
used in contrast to the description „filament yarn‟ or „continuous yarn‟. The yarn, which was
made by doubling, two constituent spun yarns certainly cannot be called „filament yarn‟ or
„continuous yarn‟. Therefore, there was no incongruity involved in considering it as „spun
yarn‟. Since it basically consisted of two spun yarns, therefore, it cannot be said that yarn
made by twisting or doubling two spun yarns would cease to be a spun yarn classifiable
under tariff item 18E of the Central Excise Tariff.
In case of clearance of fabrics manufactured out of such yarn had no relevance for the
purpose of determining the rate of duty on yarn which has to be determined at the
compounded rates prevalent at the time when the yarn was permitted to be cleared for captive
consumption because Compounded Levy Scheme under Section E-VI of the Central Excises
and Salt Act, 1944, was a complete self contained code and the provisions of normal rules,
like rule 9 and rule 9A, would not be applicable.
Since Notification Number 168/72-CE was not retrospective in operation, therefore,
the rates prescribed in this Notification were not applicable to the yarn, which was already
removed before the commencement of the aforesaid notification.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter 54 and 55 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 18F(i) FLAX YARN,
AND 18F(ii) RAMIE YARN
For the first time, by the Finance Bill, 1977, this tariff item was brought within the
Excise ambit with effect from 18.06.1977 and was placed at Tariff Item Number 18F(i) and
18F(ii), that is to say, Flax Yarn and Ramie Yarn respectively, which attracted the duty of
excise at the rate of twenty per cent ad valorem. The description of which read as under.
“18F (i) Flax Yarn - Yarn, in which flax predominated in weight
and, in or in relation to the manufacture of which any process was
ordinarily carried on with the aid of power -
a) not containing or containing nor more than one sixth by
weight of non-cellulosic fibre calculated on the total fibre content,
b) containing more than one sixth by weight of non-
cellulosic fibre calculated on the total fibre content.
(ii) Ramie Yarn - Yarn in which ramie predominated in weight,
and in or in relation to the manufacture of which any process was
ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.
Explanation: Explanation I, II and III under the sub item III
of item number 18, was, so far as may be, applied in relation
to this item as they apply in relation to that item.
By the Notification Number 30/84-CE dated 01.03.1984, exemption was granted to
Ramie Yarn from so much of the duty of excise leviable thereon under the Central Excises
and Salt Act, 1944, at the rate specified in the First Schedule as is in excess of the amount
calculated at the rate of rupees eight per kilogram subject to the condition that the said Ramie
yarn did not contain any fibre other than Ramie and Polyester.
By a yet another Notification Number 229/83-CE dated 19.08.1983, exemption was
granted to Ramie Yarn , not containing any man-made fibre of non-cellulosic origin from so
much of the duty of excise leviable thereon under the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, at
the rate specified in the First Schedule as is in excess of the amount calculated at the rate of
rupee one per kilogram subject to the condition that nothing contained in this Notification
was to apply to the goods which were produced or manufactured in a Free Trade Zone and
brought to any other place in India. (Notification Number 81/83-CE dated 01.03.2983 refers)
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Ramie Yarn containing man-made fibre of non cellulosic origin was exempted under
the Notification Number 230/83-CE dated 19.08.1983 from so much of the duty of excise
leviable thereon under the said Act at the rate specified in the said First Schedule as was in
excess of the amount calculated at the rate of rupees ten per kilogram. However, this
notification was read with another Notification Number 81/83-CE dated 01.03.1983, which
stated that nothing contained in this notification, was to apply to the goods which were
manufactured or produced in a Free Trade Zone and brought to any other place in India.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 53 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 19 - COTTON FABRICS
The Central Excise duty on the tariff item, Cotton Fabrics, was imposed on
01.01.1949. Initially this item was numbered 12.
This tariff item underwent many changes. First of which was made in the year 1955
when the tariff description was substituted as under.
“12. Cotton Fabrics –
“Cotton Fabrics” mean all varieties of fabrics manufactured
either wholly or partly from cotton, and include dhotis, sarees,
chadars, bed sheets, bed spreads, counterpanes and table cloths,
but do not include any such fabrics –
a) if it contains forty per cent or more by weight of wool,
b) if it contains sixty per cent or more by weight of rayon or
artificial silk; or
c) if manufactured on a handloom.
“(1) Cotton fabrics, superfine - that is to say, fabrics in
which the average count of yarn was 48s or more - Two annas per
square yard
(2) Cotton fabrics, fine - that is to say, fabrics in which the
average count of yarn was 35s or more but is less than 48s - One
anna and three pies per square yard
(3) Cotton fabrics, medium - that is to say, fabrics in which
the average count of yarn was 17s or more but is less than 35s -
Six pies per square yard
(4) Cotton fabrics – coarse - that is to say, fabrics in which
the average count of yarn was less than 17s - Six pies per square
yard
Explanation I: “Count” means count of grey yarn.
Explanation II: For the purpose of determining the average Count
of yarn, the following rules shall apply, namely –
a) yarn used in the borders or selvedges shall be ignored;
b) for multiple fold yarn, the count of basic single yarn shall
be taken and the number of ends per inch in the reed or the number
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of picks per inch, as the case may be, shall be multiplied by the
number of plies in the yarn,
c) the average count shall be obtained by applying the
following formula, namely -
“(Count x (No of ends/inch + (Count x (Number of picks
of warp) in the reed) of weft) per inch)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(No of ends/inch in reed + (Number of picks per inch)
the result being rounded off, wherever necessary, by treating
any faction which is one half or more as one, and disregarding
any fraction which is less than one half.”
Explanation III: For the purposes of this item, “staple fibre”
shall not be deemed to be rayon or artificial silk”
By Finance Bill, 1960, the item description underwent second change and with effect
from 20.09.1960 it was numbered 19 and the relevant tariff description read as under.
“19. Cotton Fabrics –
“Cotton Fabrics” means all varieties of fabrics manufactured either
wholly or partly from cotton and include dhotis, sarees chadars, bed
sheets, bed spreads, counterpanes and table cloth, but do not include
any such fabric –
a) if it contains 40 per cent or more by weight of wool,
b) if it contains 40 percent or more by weight of silk,
c) if it contains 60 per cent or more by weight of rayon or artificial silk, or
d) if manufactured on a handloom
1. Cotton fabrics – Superfine, that is to say, fabrics in which the
average count of yarn is 48s or more in which the average
count of yarn is 48s or more – forty five naye paise per square
meter
2. Cotton Fabrics – Fine, that is to say, fabrics in which the
average count of yarn is 35s or more which the average count
of yarn is 35s or more but is less than 48s - fortyfive naye paise
per square meter
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3. Cotton Fabrics – Medium, that is to say, fabrics in which the
average count of yarn is 17s or more but is less than 35s -
thirty naye paise per square meter
4. Cotton Fabrics – Coarse, that is to say, fabrics in which the
average count of yarn is less than 17s - thirty naye paise per
square meter
5. Cotton fabrics, not otherwise specified - fortyfour & half naye
paise per square meter
Explanation I: “Count” means count of grey yarn,
Explanation II: For the purpose of determining the
average count of yarn the following rules shall apply -
a) Yarn used in the borders or selvedges shall be ignored,
b) for multiple fold yarn, the count of the basic single yarn
shall be taken and the number of ends per 25.4
millimeters in the reed or the number of picks per 25.4
millimeters, as the case may be, shall be multiplied by
the number of plies in the yarn,
c) In the case of fabrics manufactured from cotton and
other yarns, the other yarns shall, for the aforesaid
purpose, be deemed to be cotton yarn,
d) The average count shall be obtained by applying the
following formula, namely -
“(Count x (No of ends/inch + (Count x (Number of picks
of warp) in the reed) of weft) per inch)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(No of ends/inch in reed + (Number of picks per inch)
the result being rounded off, wherever necessary, by
treating any fraction which is one half or more as one,
and disregarding any fraction which is less than one
half.”
By Finance Bill, 1972. the tariff description of this item again underwent a change
when the same was amended which read as under.
(a) in the second column, in the opening portion –
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(1) for the brackets, figures and words,
“(ii) 40 per cent or more by weight of silk; or
(iii) 60 per cent or more by weight of rayon or artificial silk;”
the brackets, figures and words -
“(ii) 40 per cent or more by weight of silk,
(iii) 60 per cent or more by weight of rayon or artificial silk, or
(iv) 50 per cent or more by weight of Jute (including Bimlipatam jute
or mesta fibre”
shall be substituted
(2) in the proviso, for the words, brackets and figures “referred to in (i) to
(iii)” the words, brackets and figures “referred to in (i) to (iv)” shall
be substituted.
By Finance Bill, 1976, the tariff description was amended and following was
substituted which read as under.
“2(2) Others -
(a) Cotton fabrics, superfine – that is to say, fabrics – Fifteen per cent
in which average count of yarn is 61s or more ad valorem
(b) Cotton fabrics, fine - that is to say, fabrics in which - Fifteen per cent
average count of yarn is 41s or more but less than 61s ad valorem
(c) Cotton fabrics, Medium A - that is to say, fabrics in - Three per cent
which average count of yarn is 26s or more but is ad valorem
less than 41s
(d) Cotton fabrics, Medium B – that is to say, fabrics in - Three per cent
which average count of yarn is 17s or more but is ad valorem
less than 26s
(e) Cotton fabrics, Coarse – that is to say, fabrics in - Three per cent
which average count of yarn is less than 17s ad valorem
(f) Cotton fabrics not otherwise specified - Fifteen per cent
ad valorem
By Finance Bill, 1977, tariff item number 19 was amended to read as under.
(a) “(2) Cotton fabrics means all varieties of fabrics
manufactured either wholly or partly from cotton and
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includes dhotis, sarees, chaddars, bed sheets, bed
spreads, counterpanes, table cloth, embroidery in the
piece, in strips or in motifs and fabrics impregnated,
coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose
derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials, if (i)
in such fabrics cotton predominates in weight, or (ii)
such fabrics contain more than 40 per cent by weight of
cotton and fifty per cent or more by weight of non
cellulosic fibres or yarns or both:
Provided that in the case of embroidery in the
piece, in strips or in motifs and fabrics impregnated,
coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose
derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials, such
predominance or percentage, as the case may be, shall
be in relation to the base fabrics which are
embroidered or impregnated, coated or laminated, as
the case may be”
(b) For sub item (I), the following sub item shall be substituted, namely –
“I. Cotton fabrics, other than (i) embroidery in the
piece, in strips or in motifs and (ii) fabrics
impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of
cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic
materials.” - Twenty percent ad valorem
(c) For Explanation II, the following Explanation shall be substituted,
“Explanation II: Where two or more of the following fibres, that is to
say,
(a) man made fibre of cellulosic origin,
(b) cotton,
(c) wool,
(d) silk (including silk noil),
(e) jute (including Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre),
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(f) man made fibre of non cellulosic origin,
(g) flax,
(h) ramie
in any fabric are equal in weight, then, such one of those
fibres the predominance of which would render such fabric
fall under that item (hereafter in this Explanation referred to
as the applicable item) among the item numbers 19, 20, 21,
22, 22A and 22AA which read with the relevant notification
for the time being in force issued under the Central Excise
Rules, 1944, involves the highest amount of duty, shall be
deemed to be predominant in such fabrics and accordingly
such fabric shall be deemed to fall under the applicable
item.”
(d) Explanation III shall be omitted.
By Finance Bill, 1979, yet another amendment was made to the tariff description of
this item, that is to say, after Explanation II, following Explanation was added -
“Explanation III: This item does not include floor
covering, falling under item number 22G”
By Finance Bill, 1980, following sub item was substituted for sub item (I), namely
“I. Cotton fabrics, other than (i) embroidery in the piece, in strips or
in motifs and (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with
preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic
materials -
(a) cotton fabrics, not subjected to any process - Five per
cent ad valorem
cotton fabrics, subjected to the process of bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, water-
proofing, rubberizing, shrink-proofing, organdie processing or any other process or any two
or more of these processes - Five per cent ad valorem”
Finance Bill, 1985, was a revolutionary one since for this tariff item number 19 major
amendments were carried out – both in the item description and duty structure, which read as
under.
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Description of Goods Basic Duty Additional Duty Handloom Cess
19. Cotton Fabrics - “Cotton Fabrics”
means all varieties of fabrics manufactured
either wholly or partly from cotton, and
includes dhotis, sarees, chaddars, bed
sheets, bedspreads, counter panes, table
cloth, embroidery, in the strips, in piece or
in motifs, fabrics impregnated, coated or
laminated with preparations of cellulose
derivatives or of other artificial plastic
materials and fabrics covered partially or
fully with textile flocks or with preparations
containing textile flocks, if in such fabrics
cotton predominates in weight
Provided that in the case of embroidery in
the piece, in strips or in motifs, fabrics
impregnated, coated or laminated with
preparations of cellulose derivatives or of
other artificial plastic materials and fabrics
covered partially or fully with textile flocks
or with preparations containing textile
flocks, such predominance or percentage,
as the case may be, shall be in relation to
the base fabrics which are embroidered or
impregnated or coated or laminated or
covered as the case may be -
I. Cotton Fabrics, other than (i)
embroidery in the piece, in strips or in
motifs, ii) fabrics impregnated, coated
or laminated with preparations of
cellulose derivatives or of other
artificial plastic materials, and (iii)
fabrics covered partially or fully with
textile flocks or with preparations
containing textile flocks -
(a) cotton fabric not subjected to any 20% ad 5% ad valorem 1.9 paise per sq.
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process valorem mtr.
(b) cotton fabric subjected to the process of
bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing,
waterproofing, rubberizing, shrink-
proofing, organdie processing or any other
process or any two or more of these
processes
20% ad
valorem
5% ad valorem 1.9 paise per sq.
mtr.
II. Embroidery, in the piece, in strips or in
motifs, in or in relation to the manufacture
of which any process is ordinarily carried
on with the aid of power
The duty
for the time
being
leviable on
the base
fabrics, if
not already
paid, plus
25% ad
valorem
The duty for the
time being
leviable on the
base fabrics, if
not already paid
The duty for the
time being leviable
on the base fabrics,
if not already paid
III. Cotton fabrics coated, impregnated or
laminated with preparations of cellulose
derivatives or of other artificial plastic
materials
The duty
for the time
being
leviable on
the base
fabrics, if
not already
paid, plus
35% ad
valorem
The duty for the
time being
leviable on the
base fabrics, if
not already paid,
plus 10% ad
valorem
The duty for the
time being leviable
on the base fabrics,
if not already paid
IV. Cotton fabrics covered partially or fully
with textile flocks or with preparations
containing textile flocks such as flock
printed fabrics and flock coated fabrics
The duty
for the time
being
leviable on
the base
fabrics, if
not already
paid, plus
30% ad
valorem
The duty for the
time being
leviable on the
base fabrics, if
not already paid,
plus 10% ad
valorem
The duty for the
time being leviable
on the base fabrics,
if not already paid
Explanation I: “Base fabrics” means fabrics falling under sub item I of this
item which are subjected to the process of embroidery or which are
impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives
or of other plastic materials or which are covered partially or fully with textile
flocks or with preparations containing textile flocks.
Explanation II: Where two or more of the following fibres, that is to say,
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a) man-made fibre or cellulosic origin,
b) cotton,
c) wool,
d) silk (including silk noil),
e) jute (including Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre),
f) man made fibre of non cellulosic origin,
g) flax,
h) ramie, in any fabric are equal in weight, then,
such one of those fibres the predominance of
which would render such fabric fall under that
item (hereafter in this explanation referred to as
the applicable item) among the item numbers 19,
20, 21, 22, 22A and 22AA, which read with the
relevant notification, if any, for the time being in
force issued under the Central Excise Rules,
1944, involves the highest amount of duty shall
be deemed to be predominant in such fabric and
accordingly such fabric shall be deemed to fall
under the applicable item.
Explanation III: This item does not include floor covering, falling under item 22G.
POWERLOOMS
With a view to provide protection to and the growth of Powerlooms a set of new rules
was prepared by which special procedure was offered to the powerloom units, gist of the said
rules were as under.
Rule 96-I:
An application, if no written permission from the Textile Commissioner was obtained,
was required to install powerlooms without spinning or processing plants to produce cotton
fabrics. The Collector was empowered to sanction the same for at least a period of 12 months
which period was renewable after its expiry.
Rule 96-J:
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Powerloom owner was liable to discharge duty liability as fixed by the Government
per powerloom per quarter or part thereof. MF(DR) Notification Number 233/77-CE dated
15.07.1977 fixed Rupees one hundred was the rate payable per quarter (or part thereof) per
powerloom;
Rule 96-K:
The powerloom owner was required to declare the place and the number of
powerlooms installed by him or on his behalf.
Rule 96-L:
The powerloom owner enjoyed exemption from the operations of the provision of
rules 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 51A, 52, 52A, 53, 54, 55, 223, 223A, 224, 224A, 229 in addition to
the rule 9 (except third proviso to sub rule (1). Also he was not required to pay rebate of
excise duty on exports.
Rule 96-M:
The powerloom owner was liable for penalty for mis-declaration, such as (1)
difference between the sum payable and paid, (2) confiscation of stock of cotton fabrics, and
(3) penalty not exceeding rupees two thousand;
Rule 96-MM:
The powerloom owner, who want granted permission, was required to pay a certain
sum of money for commencement of production either for the first time or after having
ceased the production;
Rule 96-MMM:
Under this provision every meter of the width of Roller Locker machine was reckoned
as one powerloom and for the purpose of reckoning fraction of meter was treated as one
whole meter.
Rule 96-MMMM:
Under this provision the Collector was empowered to condone failure on the part of
the powerloom owner who failed to avail the special procedure or failed to comply with the
conditions laid down,
Rule 96-MMMMM:
The provisions under this rule related to stoppage of work or reverting back to the
normal procedure other than the Special Procedure granted to the powerloom owner.
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In this connection, the Notification Number 211/72-C.E. dated 31.08.1972 refers
under which the abovesaid rules of special procedure were framed.
Compounded Levy System was also introduced to the Powerlooms Sector. This was
done with a view to protect the powerloom owners for a certain period for the fabric
manufactured on a set of four powerlooms, done on behalf of some person, which was fully
exempted. Incidentally, Cess on handlooms was also made leviable on the fabrics
manufactured by the Composite Textile Mills with a purpose to protect the handloom sector.
Mushroom growth of powerloom sector took place especially from the year 1960.
Many reasons lead to the fast growth of this sector, such as (1) this was a decentralized
sector, (2) there were packages with variety of benefits available like exemptions, tax
holidays, subsidiary, incentives (3) workers were not organized. Thus this sector, on the one
hand, enjoyed the very basic factor – low cost of production and high returns, and, on the
other, sustained the competition. Whereas picture of the Composite Textile Mills was very
gloomy, organised labour, high cost of production, low returns, heavy taxation, old
machinery and competition, both among themselves and from the powerloom sector,
Composite Textile Mills were sandwiched between workers strikes and deteriorated market
conditions, as a result of which, one by one Composite Textile Mills just vanished. Textile
centers like Bombay, Solapur, Ahmedabad lost their luster as textile hub. Many textile mills
were closed and the mills, which were working so to say, got their weaving job done by such
tiny powerloom units on contract basis.
Master weaver was the principal person who purchased yarn, gave the same to the
powerloom owners on his behalf on job-work basis for manufacture of powerloom fabrics
and sold the same powerloom fabrics made from out of the yarn so purchased was liable to
pay duty. (1986(25) ELT 609(S.C.) refers.
In the history of India, Textile industry was not only the father of other industries but
was closely associated with India‟s political destiny also. This industry, both the mill owners
and the mill workers, wholeheartedly rose to the occasions when the stalwarts like Gandhi
and Nehru gave a call to the nation. This industry played a major role in India‟s freedom
movement so far as men, money and might was concerned. This textile industry was the
backbone of economy. This was an industry that generated major revenue, which can be seen
from the following.
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Year Rupees in Crores
1951 – 1952 16.22
1952 – 1953 13.42
1953 – 1954 21.77
1954 – 1955 27.59
1955 - 1956 29.25
This industry was also responsible for generating sourcing or ancillary units, which
were dependent on this industry. Textile industry generated direct and indirect employment
to hundreds of thousands people. Chimneys which once churned money and nothing like
money now stands as a dead symbol of its old prosperity. This industry, at last, itself became
a lump, lost its past glory and came to be known as a pawn of the gloomy situation.
Solapur itself boasted to be a major powerloom center where the powerloom owners
consistently produced quality chaddars, bed sheets, terry towels and other cotton fabrics.
During my tenure of service there, a concept of „master weaver‟ was very popular, which
simply means a person was able to get the job done from other powerloom weavers on
contract basis. He used to give raw material including yarn, various chemicals, etc, and in
return got the finished fabrics to be either processed further or to be sold in the market.
There was a protection to the powerloom industry. Legislative history says that the
manufacturer producing the cotton/silk fabrics on powerloom in factories that have no
spinning plant were granted protection by the Government and these manufacturers enjoyed
certain reliefs and exemptions from the payment of excise duty also. Certain rules were
framed in the Central Excise Rules, 1944, like rule 96I, 96J
As per the Supreme Court decision Calendering is not a process of manufacture.
(1989(39) ELT 498(S.C.) refers)
Shearing process is a finishing process and not manufacturing process since shearing
means cutting/removing/ trimming uneven, protruded threads or stray fibres from the face of
grey fabrics which did not bring any new change in the grey fabric. (1989(40) ELT 218(S.C.)
refers)
Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957, (Act
NO.58/1957) was imposed in lieu of sales tax from 01.04.1957, under which levy and
collection of additional duties in respect of the textiles, i.e. cotton/rayon/artificial
silk/Woollen fabrics in addition to the goods such as sugar, tobacco were covered.
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In addition, the Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles), 1978
(Act No.40 of 1978) was also imposed for levy and collection of additional duties of excise
on certain textiles and textile articles.
Further, Textiles Committee Act, 1963 (Act Number 41/1963) was enacted on
03.12.1967 which provided for establishment of a committee with a view to generate
collection of new duty avenues and the matters connected therewith.
Cess was also imposed on the manufacturers of textile and textile machineries in
India. Machinery manufacturers of Handlooms and powerlooms were exempted from this
tax but the manufacturers of the machinery used in the composite textile mills were required
to pay this cess.
As per Pune Collectorate Trade Notice No.276/81 dated 05.01.1982, Moleskin cloth,
i.e. closely woven fabric in satin weave, which was manufactured exclusively for Post and
Telegraph department, was not eligible for the exemption benefits as available under the
Notification Number 230/77 dated 15.07.1977.
The Supreme Court of India, on the connotation of fabric and textiles, had decided
that according to the dictionary meaning the term „fabric‟ covers all textiles no matter how
constructed or manufactured or the name of the material from which made and the expression
„textiles‟ is described as any product manufactured from fabric through twisting, interlacing,
bonding, looping or any other characteristic properties of the individual fabric are not
suppressed. (1980 ELT383 (S.C.) refers).
Further, on this subject of connotation of cotton fabrics, it was also held that (1) to be
a cotton fabric, three conditions are required to be fulfilled. First, the article must be a fabric.
Secondly, it must have been manufactured, and, thirdly, it was not to contain forty per cent or
more by weight of rayon or artificial silk and must not be manufactured on a handloom. (2)
In this primary sense, „fabrics‟ connotes a woven, knitted or felted material for wear or
ornament such as cloth, felt hosiery or lace. In the secondary sense, however, it comprehends
anything made of parts put together or something resulting from the compounding or inter
relating of two or more articles so as to produce a whole. (1984 (17) ELT 268 (Guj) refers.
In this connection, the Supreme Court of India had decided that the word „textiles‟ is
derived from the Latin „texere‟ which meant to weave and it meant any „woven fabrics‟.
When yarn, whether cotton, silk, woollen, rayon, nylon or of any other description or made
out of any other material was woven into fabric which came into being is a „textile‟ and it
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was known as such. It may be cotton textile, silk textile, woollen textile, rayon textile, nylon
textile or any kind of textile. The method of weaving adopted may be the warp and weft
pattern as is generally the case in most of the textiles or it may be any other process or
technique. In view of the phenomenal advance in science and technology, it would be most
unwise to confine the weaving process to the warp and weaving pattern, woven fabrics would
be textile. (1983 ELT 1607 (S.C.) refers)
The Collector of Central Excise, Bombay, when a question came up as to how to
determine a „commodity‟ as a „cotton fabrics‟ has held that in order to hold a „fabric‟ as
cotton fabrics, predominance in weight is the primary test. To begin with, the first essential
is that forty per cent of the fabric should contain fabric cotton by weight and fifty per cent or
more by weight of non-cellulosic fibres or yarn or both in the end product. This primary
requirement under tariff item 19 was not waived or diluted under any sub heads. Therefore,
to bring any item under heading III of item 19, it is necessary that the goods must come
within the ambit of cotton fabrics as defined in the main head.
While maintaining „fabrics‟ does not mean only garments, the Government of India,
had decided that a plain reading of items 19 and 21 would show that the scope of these items
was quite wide. Therefore, it could not be said that the term „fabrics‟ would mean only those
woven materials which were used as garments or as covering or for similar other purposes.
(1982 ELT 555 (Government of India).
As envisaged by Section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, processes
such as dyeing, printing and finishing of cotton fabrics was manufacture. In this connection
the Hon‟ble Tribunal stated that what was given to the processors was grey cloth, which was
unbleached, and when this grey cloth was made available to the processors, it was first
bleached then dyed and printed and thus finished cloth was manufactured. Therefore, it could
not be said that the finished cotton fabric had substantially the same identity as grey cloth and
continued to be cotton fabrics even after it was subjected other processes and there was no
manufacture. (1983 ELT 1736 (Bom) refers)
Cotton fabrics treated with resins or blends of resins, etc, at the intermediate stage in
the manufacture of rigid plastic laminates were classifiable under item 19(III) of Central
Excise Tariff.
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By Notification Number 139/77C.E. (as amended by Notification Number 6/79-C.E.)
Foundation cloth for flexible card clothing of width less than 15mm was exempted from the
countervailing duty of excise.
Processed fabrics are goods. The Section 2(f) as well as Tariff description of item 19-I
covered not only dyeing but also any other process. Since the Parliament had laid down that
a certain process would be treated as manufacture and the fabrics, which had undergone such
process, would be liable to further duty. (1984(18) ELT-403 (T) refers)
Authoritative definitions of “dye” in technical literature as also Section 2(f) of the Act
and the Tariff Item 19-I, as amended, made no distinction between kutcha dyeing and pucca
dyeing. Once a manufacturer had applied a dye to the grey fabrics it amounted to dyeing and
the fabrics ceased to be grey thereafter. Even if it were accepted that kutcha dyeing is not
dyeing, the fact remained that it was a process applied on grey fabrics and it amounted to
manufacture under Section 2(f) of the Act and this section as well as the tariff description of
item 19-I covered not only dyeing but also any other process. (1984(18) ELT-403 (T) refers)
Handkerchiefs were classifiable under item 19 of the Central Excise Tariff as „cotton
fabrics‟ and not under item 68 as „goods not elsewhere specified‟. Merely because edges of
handkerchiefs were stitched, it would not in any way affect their character as cotton fabrics
and could not take the article out of the scope of item 19 since stitching was essentially
involved in the manufacture of several items under heading 19. (1983 ELT 2020(T) refers)
Tarpaulin sold as a finished product could not at all be treated as „textiles‟. Tarpaulin
as a finished product was a different marketable commodity and it could not be said that it
was either sold as a textile or it continued to have the properties or the characteristics of
cloth. ((1974) 34 STC-4 (Madras High Court) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1985 the goods of this tariff entry were classifiable under
chapter heading numbers 52, 58 and 59 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act,
1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 20 - SILK FABRICS
This tariff item was introduced by the Finance Bill, 1960, for the first time, and was
placed at Tariff Item Number 12B with effect from 01.03.1960. However, this tariff item
was re-numbered as Tariff Item 20 with effect from 20.09.1960, the description of which was
as under.
“12B. “Silk Fabrics” included all varieties of fabrics
manufactured either wholly or partly from Silk but did not include
any such fabrics -
i) if it contained forty per cent or more by weight of wool,
ii) if it contained Cotton or Artificial Silk and less than forty
percent by weight of Silk,
iii) if it contained no Cotton and no Artificial Silk and less than
forty per cent by weight of wool and less than forty per cent by
weight of Silk, or
iv) if manufactured on a handloom.”
Tariff rate of duty of excise was thirty six naye paise per sq mtrs.
By Budget 1965, full exemption was granted to this commodity, as the revenue yield
was very low. (In India, Silk fabrics woven on handlooms and Silk fabrics woven on
powerlooms were exempted.)
By Budget 1972, the description of sub item (iii) and (iv) was amended which read as
under.
“(iii) if it contained no Cotton and no Artificial Silk and
less than forty per cent or less by weight of Silk,
(iv) if it contained fifty per cent or more by weight of jute
(including Bimlipatam Jute or Mesta fibre); or
(v) if manufactured on a handloom”
By Budget 1977, the description of this tariff item again underwent a change and the
amended description was as under.
“Silk Fabrics” included all varieties of fabrics,
manufactured either wholly or partly from Silk but did
not include any such fabric -
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© K. G. Kulkarni
i) if it contained any such fabric forty per cent or more
by weight of wool,
ii) if it contained Cotton or Artificial Silk or both and
less than forty per cent by weight of Silk,
iii) if it contained no Cotton and no Artificial Silk and
less than forty per cent by weight of Silk; or
iv) if manufactured on a handloom.”
In the Central Excise Law Guide (2nd
Edition, written by Mr. R.K. Jain) the said term
read as under.
“20. Silk Fabrics -
“Silk Fabrics” means all varieties of fabrics manufactured
either wholly or partly from silk and includes embroidery
in the piece, in strips or in motifs, in each of which silk
(including Silk Noil) predominates in weight and which is
not manufactured on handlooms -
Provided that in the case of embroidery in the piece, in
strips or in motifs, such predominance shall be in relation
to the base fabrics which are embroidered
1) Silk fabrics, other than embroidery in the piece, in strips or
in motifs,
2) Embroidery, in the piece in strips or in motifs or in relation
to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power
Explanation: 1) “Base Fabrics” means fabric falling under sub item
(1) of this item which are subjected to the process of embroidery,
2) Explanation II under item number 19 shall, so far as may be,
apply in relation to this item as it applies in relation to that item.”
As per MF (DR&I) letter bearing F. No.25/12/69 CX-2 dated 18.01.1974, the
Embroidery fabrics even if subjected to processing was not to fall again under the tariff sub
item for base fabrics; therefore, no further processing duty leviable on the base fabrics that
was subjected to the processing after being embroidered.
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With regard to the Silk Tapes, the said goods were liable to the duty of excise at the
appropriate rate. Exemption allowed in respect of Cotton and Woollen fabrics of not more
than fifteen cms and 30.5 cms in width respectively had no bearing on the matter as no
specific exemption having been granted in respect of narrow width silk fabrics. (Central
Board of Excise and Custom‟s letter bearing No. 13/3/64 CX-2 dated 25.02.1965 refers)
The Hon‟ble Orissa High Court held that Tassar was not silk. Although the process of
manufacture was somehow similar, silk and tassar are different commercial commodities. (38
STC (Orissa High Court) refers)
In regard to the assessment of duty for the item “Artificial Silk”, the Deputy
Commissioner of Sales Tax, confirmed that prima facie “artificial” indicated that was not
genuine. But, silk, be it filative, foreign or charakha, must be taken to have reference o the
thread produced by the silk worm and not what silk like. Unless it was indicated to be
exempted from taxation it was not liable to duty. (1954 5 STC 180 (MYS) refers)
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ITEM NUMBER 21 – WOOLLEN FABRICS:
Prior to 20.09.1960, this item was numbered 12B, which came on Tariff Schedule, for
the first time on 01.03.1955.
The tariff description read as under.
―12B. Woollen Fabrics.
Woollen fabrics means all varieties of fabrics, manufactured
wholly of wool or which contained 40% or more by weight of wool
and include blankets, lohis, rugs and shawls, but did not include
such fabrics
(a) if manufactured on a handloom,
(b) if manufactured by or on behalf of the same person in one or
more factories in which less than five powerlooms in all were
installed.
By the Act, 1960 dated 22.09.1960, this item was numbered 21 and the tariff
definition read as under.
―21. Woollen fabrics—
Woollen fabrics means all varieties of fabrics manufactured
wholly of wool or which contains forty per cent or more by
weight of wool and include blankets, lohis, rugs and shawls but
do not include any such fabric if manufactured on a
handloom.‖
With regard to this item, by Notification No.77-78/61, Woollen fabrics, manufactured
/ produced in units where two, three or four powerlooms were installed exemption was
allowed to the extent of fifty per cent of the total amount of both the Basic and Additional
Excise duties leviable at the normal rates. This notification has got retrospective effect from
01.03.1961.
By Finance Bill, 1962, the provision of (b) was deleted which, in other words, it
meant that woolen fabrics manufactured on powerlooms (less than four powerlooms) were
dutiable.
However, by Finance Bill, 1977 dated 18.06.1977, the description was slightly
amended to read as under.
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―Woollen Fabrics means all varieties of fabrics manufactured
in which wool predominates in weight or which contain more
than 30 per cent of wool and 50 per cent or more of the non-
cellulosic fibre or yarn or both.
Provided that in the case of embroidery in piece, in strips or in
motifs, such predominance or the percentage, as the case may
be, shall be in relation to the base fabrics, which are
embroidered.
Explanation II: Explanation II under item number 19 shall so
far as may apply in relation to this item as it applies to that
item
By Finance Bill, 1980, the following was substituted, namely –
―(1) Woollen fabrics, other than embroidery in the piece, in
strips or motifs –
(a) woollen fabrics, not subjected to any process
(b) woollen fabrics, subjected to the process of milling,
raising, blowing, tentering, dyeing or any other process or
any two or more of these
processes‖
By Finance Bill, 1985, the Tariff description was substituted to read as under.
―21. Woollen Fabrics.
―Woollen fabrics‖ means all varieties of fabrics in which wool
predominates.
Provided that in the case of embroidery in the piece, in strips
or in motifs, such predominance or percentages, as the case
may be, shall be in relation to the base fabrics which are
embroidered –
(1) Woollen fabrics, other than embroidery in the piece, in strips
or in motifs –
(a) Woollen fabrics, not subjected to any process;
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(b) Woolen fabrics, subjected to the processes of
milling, raising, blowing, tentering, dyeing or any
other process or any two or more of these processes.
(2) Embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motifs, in or in
relation to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power.
Explanation I: ―Base fabrics‖ means the fallings falling
under sub item (1) of this item which are subjected to the
process of embroidery,
Explanation II: Explanation II under item number 19, shall, so
far as may be, apply in relation to this item as it applies in
relation to that item.
Explanation III: This item does not include floor coverings,
falling under item 22G
Thus the tariff description was amended as above so as to provide woollen fabrics to
be included.
By Notification No.57/85-CE dated 17.03.1985, Shoddy blankets and blankets made
from indigenous wool were exempted from the purview of the whole of the duty of excise
leviable thereon under Section 3 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944.
Under Tariff Advice Number 126/81 dated 19.11.1981, the Government gave the
following definition of “Melton Cloth” for the purpose of the levy of excise duty on Woollen
fabrics under the Notification Nos.274/76 and 275/76, both dated 13.11.1976.
(1) Fairchild‘s Dictionary of Textiles by Wingate:
A heavily filled, plain cloth having the shortest nap in the group of face
finished woolens. It was originally all wool or cotton warp and woollen
weft, but today is sometimes made in combination including synthetic
fibres made with a tight construction and finished to conceal all trace of
the warp and weft it is a completely smooth fabric. It takes its name from
Meltron, England, where it was first made and used for overcoating
uniforms, etc.
(2) Mercury Dictionary of Textile Terms:
A heavy smooth cloth made all of wool or from cotton warp and wool weft
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woven 76” to 80” to finish 50” to 56” wide and about 24ozs per yard. The
cloth is raised and cropped and very heavily milled. The 2x2 twill is used,
especially in the all wool styles, Meltons, Kerseys and tweeds for coatings and
uniforms are very similar in appearance when finished.
(3). Textile Terms and Definition:
A heavy weight fabrics all wool or with cotton warp and woollen weft which is
finished by heavy milling and cropping. The fibres in the cloth are tightly melted together by
the milling process and this gives the fabrics a felted appearance. It is usually made in 2x2
twill specially if all wool but it is sometimes made in others weaves to facilitate milling and
the covering of cotton warp.
(Board‘s letter No.53/2/77-CX 2 dated 28.09.1977 refers)
For the purpose of Central Excise duty, Woollen felt sheets were not classifiable as
“woollen fabrics” since they were not formed at any stage in the manufacture of articles like
cylinders or rollers (known as tubes).
It also appeared that some other articles of different sizes and shapes, such as pads,
bods, plug washers, ring seals, were manufactured out of cuttings and trimmings of woollen
felt sheets. These cuttings and trimming could not be treated as excisable since these were
not marketed as woollen fabrics (felts). Since the articles made out thereof were also not
excisable the question of levying Central Excise duty thereon was also, as per Board‟s letter
No.14/14/65/CX-2 dated 02.05.1967, did not arise.
As regards „Baby Blankets‟, that is to say, processed shoddy woollen fabrics piece
measuring 54” x 54” (137 cms x 137 cms approximately), were classifiable as fabrics, other
than blankets. (Tariff Advice Number 126/81 dated 19.11.1981 refers)
The term “woollen fabrics” in Tariff Entry No.21 meant “all varieties of fabrics
manufactured out of wool including blankets, lohis, rugs, shawls and embroidery in piece, in
strips and in motifs. In scientific and technical sense also the term is wide enough to cover
woven or knitted material, which is wool based. Therefore, the word „fabrics‟ under tariff
item 21 was used to mean woven material in which sense it was popularly understood and
included not only woolen garments but also the woollen material used as covering or for
similar other purposes. (1977 ELT (J24)(S.C.) and AIR 1976 Raj 190-(27) 1976 Raj L.W.
185 refers).
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Woollen tufted carpets were not woollen fabrics since they were non-woven and as
such were not chargeable to the duty of excise under the Tariff Item 21.
Paper maker felts (both cotton and woollen) were textile fabrics classifiable under the
tariff item number 19 and 21 of the Central Excise Tariff respectively. (1983 ELT 679(Del)
refers).
According to the High Court ruling (1973 Tax L.R. 2361 Orissa High Court
refers)“Shorter Oxford Dictionary”, the word “fabrics” means a manufactured or woven
material and currently it has the meaning of textile material. Since „fabrics‟ had neither been
defined under the Act nor under the Rules thereof it must be construed not in technical sense
but as understood in the common parlance and therefore woollen blankets/kambals not to be
taken to mean „fabrics‟.
With regard to woollen rags, it goes without saying that the rags by themselves did
not require any manufacturing activity nor do they entail any such process, which could be
deemed to be manufactured within the meaning of Section 2f of the Central Excise Act.
(1983 ELT 1020 (T) refers)
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ITEM NUMBER 22 - RAYON OR ARTIFICIAL SILK FABRICS.
This item was brought under the excise net by the Budget, 1960 for the first time,
effective from 01.03.1960. The item description read as under.
22. ―Rayon or Artificial Silk Fabrics‖ include all varieties of
fabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from rayon or the
artificial silk, but do not include any such fabric
(i) if it contains forty per cent, or more by weight of wool,
(ii) if it contains forty per cent or more by weight of silk,
(iii) if it contains cotton, and less than sixty per cent by
weight of rayon or artificial silk
(iv) if it contains no cotton, and less than forty per cent by
weight of wool and less than forty per cent by weight of
rayon or artificial silk; or
(v) if manufactured on a handloom.‖
By Budget 1970 the duty pattern was changed from specific to ad valorem.
By Budget 1972 the item description was substituted as under.
(iii) if it contains cotton and less than sixty per cent by weight of rayon
or artificial silk;
(iv) if it contains no cotton and less than forty per cent by weight of
wool or less than forty per cent by weight of rayon or artificial
silk; or
(v) if it contains fifty per cent or more by weight of jute
(including Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre;‖
By Budget 1977, the description of this item was substituted to read as under.
22. Man-Made Fabrics –
―Man-Made Fabrics‖ means all varieties of fabrics
manufactured either wholly or partly from man made fibres
or yarn and includes embroidery in the piece, in strips or in
motifs and fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with
preparations or cellulose derivatives or of other artificial
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plastic materials, in each of which man made (i) cellulosic
fibre or yarn, or (ii) non-cellulosic fibre or yarn ,
predominates in weight;
Provided that in the case of embroidery in the piece, in
strips or in motifs and fabrics impregnated, coated or
laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of
other artificial plastic materials, such predominance shall
be in relation to the base fabrics which are embroidered
or impregnated, coated or laminated, as the case may be -
(1) Man-made fabrics other than (i) embroidery in the piece, in
strips or in motifs, and (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or
laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of
other artificial plastic materials,
(2) Embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motif, in or in
relation to the manufacture of which any process is
ordinarily carried on with the aid of power,
(3) Fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with
preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial
plastic materials.
Explanation I: ―Base fabrics‖ means fabrics falling under sub
item 1 of this item which are subjected to the process of
embroidery or which are impregnated, coated or laminated
with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other plastic
materials.
Explanation II: This item does not include gas fabrics or
fabrics falling under item number 19 or item number 21.
Explanation III: Explanation II under item number 19 shall, so
far as may be apply in relation to this item as it applies in
relation to that item.
By Finance Budget 1979, Explanation 4 was added which was read as under.
“Explanation IV: This item does not include floor covering,
falling under item number 22G”
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By Finance Budget 1980, for the sub item (1) following sub item was substituted,
namely –
―(1) Man made fabrics, other than (i) embroidery in the piece,
in strips or in motifs, and (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or
laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other
artificial plastic materials –
(a) man made fabrics, not subjected to any process
(b) man made fabrics, subjected to the process of bleaching,
dyeing, printing, shrink proofing, tentering, heat setting, crease
resistant processing or any other process or any two or more of
these processes.
With regard to the scope of this item, the Supreme Court of India had held that the
item 22(3) of the tariff spoke of fabrics impregnated or coated with the preparations of
cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials which included rubberized cloth,
tarpaulin cloth, PVC cloth, waterproof cloth, that is to say, the whole range of fabrics. (1980
ELT 383(S.C.) refers)
As to the distinction between knitting and knotting it was held that the contention that
knitting would not amount to weaving at all was not tenable because after seeing the sample
knotting was another way of knitting. In fact, the word „knot‟ means uniting together.
Therefore, it was not understood how knotting could be included in the wider meaning of
weaving and felting. In this case, the seminal material, which was the basis of the fabric was
subjected to the process of weaving so it was woven material since the material was
interlaced, intertwined and put together. In fact, putting together can be done by any means or
method, can be weaving or can be knotting also. (1984(18) ELT 141(Bom) refers).
According to the Oxford dictionary, the word „net‟ meant a fabric of twine, cord, hair,
etc., but it was not strictly necessary to go through the dictionary meaning at all. (1984(18)
ELT 141(Bom) refers)
The Hon‟ble Tribunal on the interpretation of „man-made fibres or yarn‟ decided that
merely because the petitioners were using a particular type of yarn called a twine, the special
type of twine which they were using could not be said to be a different thing and as such
could be included within the expression man-made fibre or yarn used in tariff item 22. It was
further hold that in the absence of connotation of the term „fabric‟ given by the department to
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be said it was manufactured out of twine was certainly erroneous. Since the twine was a kind
of yarn or a special type of yarn, it was difficult to appreciate how it could not include the
clear words „man-made fabrics‟ or „yarn‟ in item 22 of the Central Excise Tariff. (1984(18)
ELT 14(Bom) refers)
The compounding of various laces intertwined either by way of knotting or knitting,
involved a process of putting together which when completed, a product which was formed
was certainly a fabric in the common trade parlance. (1984(18) ELT 14(Bom) refers)
While commenting on the „varieties of fabrics‟ and the word „all‟ it was hold that
while the expression „varieties of fabrics‟ must include any material used in composing in the
nature of the fabric. If a variety was in the nature of the fabric that also would be included in
the varieties of fabrics. Similarly, the expression „all‟ is an adjective, which was also used,
could not be easily overlooked. Secondly, it also included fibres and yarn wholly or partly
manufactured. (1984(18) ELT(14)(Bom) refers)
Fabric need not be textile fabric. The word „textile‟ has not been defined in the Act.
Giving the widest meaning to the word „textile‟, it could not be said that the „fabric‟, which
must be included in the meaning of this entry, must be a textile fabric alone and since fish net
was not a textile, it could not be said to be a fabric. Fabrics meant the things put together. It
was a frame or a structure that was woven, knitted or felted. Nylon yarn was the basic
constituent of this frame. Therefore, the entry which said that „man-made fabrics‟ meant „all
varieties of fabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from man-made fabrics or yarn‟ was
quite clear to show that the fishing net, made of this yarn or man-made fibre, was classifiable
under item 22. On the other hand, item 68 of the Central Excise Tariff was a house of last
resort and, therefore, if a particular product fall under General Entry Number 22, then it was
not correct to had a recourse to item number 68, which was in the form of a residuary entry.
(1984(18) ELT 141(Bom) refers)
Impregnation, lamination or coating are all processes which upto a stage were to leave
finished product still capable of being called a fabric.
However, when the proportion of plastic material reached such a level that the final
product did not retain the characteristic of a fabric, it was not proper or correct to treat this
final product as an impregnated, coated or laminated fabric merely because there was a fabric
embedded inside it. (1984(16) ELT 301(T) refers).
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Handloom cess was leviable on trade samples of processed man-made fabric. The act
or the tariff did not prescribe any minimum length of the man-made fabric. A full saree cut
from the processed man-made fabric was a complete fabric by itself. A piece cut from the
running length fabric and even much smaller pieces such as rags and chindhies were known
in the trade as well as dealt with by the Central Excise Tariff as fabrics. Accordingly,
handloom cess was payable on processed man-made fabrics it was also payable on trade
samples of such fabrics. (1984(16) ELT 321(T) refers)
While distinguishing between Cellulosic and Non-Cellulosic fibre, the Collector of
Central Excise, decided that a fabric as a whole was a “man-made fabric”, if over fifty per
cent of the weight consisted of man-made fibres. It should matter little whether one part of
the man-made fibre was cellulosic and another part was non-cellulosic. It was anomalous
and illogical to hold that a fabric in which sixty five per cent of the weight comes wholly
from man-made cellulosic fibre, was a man-made fabrics; but in which thirty five per cent of
the weight came from man-made cellulosic fibre and another thirty per cent from man-made
non-cellulosic fibre (or vice versa) was not a man-made fabric. No distinction should be
drawn between the cellulosic and non-cellulosic man made fibres when considering whether
a fabric was a man-made fabric or not. (1983 ELT 2491(T) refers) Tyre Cord Fabric was a
woven fabric in which the intermediate process of weaving the weft thread across the warp
cord was an integral stage of manufacture. Therefore, when the purchaser bought the product
it was entire integrated woven fabrics, which he purchased, and not merely the tyre cord
itself. Therefore the tyre cord fabric was a textile fabric falling under the tariff item 22 of the
Central Excise Tariff. (1980 ELT 383(S.C.) refers)
Under Notification Number51/62 the duty of excise was leviable only on those rayon
and artificial silk fabrics, which were processed with the aid of power. Therefore, if the
goods were dyed or printed without the aid of power or steam they were not liable to duty
under this notification. (1982 ELT 895 (P&H) refers)
Calicut special containing less than forty per cent and more than sixty per cent
synthetic fibre could never be classified as cotton fabric but under the tariff item 22 of the
Central Excise Tariff. (Gujrat High Court Special Civil Application No. 67 of 1968, decided
on 30.04.1970 refers)
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It is well known that the word “or” did not invariably had to be read as a disjunctive
sense or as separating two alternatives but depending on the context it was to be read as
meaning “and”. (1983 ELT 2491 (T) refers)
The goods covered under this item were classified under Chapter Heading 54, 55, 58
and 59 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 22A – JUTE MANUFACTURE
This commodity was brought under the excise net by Budget 1962 with effect from
01.03.1962. The tariff description read as under.
―22A. Jute Manufactures (including manufactures of
Bimlipatam jute or of mesta fibre) – All sorts
(i) Hessians
(ii) All other descriptions of jute manufactures not
otherwise specified including cloth bags, twist, yarn,
rope and wine)
There was no change in the tariff description of this item till the year 1972; however,
by Budget 1972 the description was changed to read as under.
―22A. Jute manufactures (including manufactures of
Bimlipatam jute or of mesta fibre) All sorts, not elsewhere
specified but excluding any such manufacture –
(i) if it contains forty per cent or more by weight of wool, or
(ii) if it contains no wool or less than forty per cent by weight
of wool and less than fifty per cent by weight of jute (including
Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre)
1. Hessian
2. Others
By Budget 1977 the tariff description was amended to read as under.
(a) in column (2) for the words, brackets and figures
following be substituted ―in which jute (including
Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre) predominates in
weight…‖
(b) for the entry in the third column against sub item (2)
the entry ―Six hundred rupees per metric tonne‖
shall be substituted.
(c) The following Explanation shall be inserted at the
end, namely -
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―Explanation: Explanation II under Item 19 shall, so far as
may be, apply in relation to this item as it applies in relation to
that item.‖
The description of this item again underwent a change in the year 1985, the amended
description which read as under.
―22A. Jute manufactures (including manufactures of
Bimlipatam jute or of mesta fibre), all sorts, not elsewhere
specified in which jute (including Bimlipatam jute or mesta
fibre) predominates in weight –
1. Hessian
2. Others‖
The Central Government, under its Notification Number 234/69-CE dated
13.12.1969, exempted jute manufactures falling under this tariff item as was, to the
satisfaction of the Collector of Central Excise, required and used by the Indian Jute Industries
Research Association, Kolkatta, and Government Test House, Alipore, Kolkatta, for test or
research purpose, from the whole of the duty leviable there on provided the remnants left
over after the testing were destroyed.
Jute yarn, twist or twine as also jute carpets, mattings and webbings were deemed to
be outside the purview of sub item (1) and were assessable under sub item (2) of tariff item
number 22A. (Boards letter No.6/45/63-CX 2 dated 20.12.1963 refers)
As to the distinction between Hessian and other jute manufactures, the Board under
their letter number 10/4/62 CX-7 dated 05.10.1962, stated that normally what was not
included in the sacking list was to be treated as Hessian. Ordinarily „Hessian‟ was a plain
weave fabric made from the yarns and usually weighing 6 to 15 ozs per yarn of forty inches
width. On the other hand, sacking was a loosely woven cloth made of coarse yarn. In short,
Hessian was a superior quality of jute manufactures.
The process of manufacture of single lined hessian rolls/bags was that the inside of
the hessian roll/bag was laminated to kraft paper using bitumen as an adhesive and the other
face was hessian fabric. In the case of double lined hessian bag/roll, Hessian fabrics formed
both the outer surfaces and the paper was placed between the two layers of hessian fabric
with bitumen as an adhesive coated on both sides of the paper. The paper was used only to
cover up warp and weft holes of the hessian fabric so as to withstand moist.
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Bangalore Trade Notice Number 24/72 dated 28.03.1972, with regard to the products
commonly known as polyethylene or polythene lined hessian or jute fabric made it clear that
the process of manufacture in this case also was the same. It appeared that because of the
very coarse structure of the base the adherence of the film is only loose and it was easily
separated. In that case it was difficult to treat it as coated fabric. Therefore, it was construed
that such laminated jute products were the fixation of film on the hessian in loose condition
and could be separated from the base very easily, were to be classified under the tariff entry
number 22A.heading
Hessian sandwich paper was made out of hessian, which was sandwiched between
two layers of kraft by means of bitumen, which acted as an adhesive and contained seventy
per cent hessian by weight. Since tariff item 22A of the Central Excise Tariff covered jute
manufactures, all sorts, not elsewhere specified in which jute predominated in weight and
therefore the Hessian sandwich paper was appropriately classifiable under tariff item 22A of
the Central Excise Tariff and tariff item 17(2) was void of any application because it covered
„Papers, All Sorts‟ only and not paper products. (1981 ELT 611 (App. Coll. Madras)
If the jute twines and yarns directly go to the weaving section for manufacture of
sacks and Hessians, they could not be treated as manufactured or marketable goods of
commercial value for levy of cess under section 9 of the Industries (Development and
Regulations) Act, 1951. 1981 ELT 30 (Pat)
The Government, in response to a representation from the industry enacted Jute
Manufactures Cess Act, 1983, and the same was made effective from 07.09.1983. This cess
was liable to be paid along with the duty of excise. This act was enacted with a purpose to
carry out development of the industry and by this act it was provided for the levy and
collection of cess on the jute manufactures. At present the Jute Cess is one per cent ad
valorem.
With effect from 01.03.1986 this commodity was classified under Chapter Heading
Number 53, 56, 57 and 63 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 22AA - TEXTILE FABRICS,
NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED
By Finance Bill, 1972, this commodity was, for the first time, brought into the excise
net with effect from 17.03.1972, the description of which read as under.
―22A. Textile fabrics, not elsewhere specified, and containing
any two or more of the following fibres, namely –
1) Cotton,
2) Silk
3) Wool
4) Jute, (including Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre, and
5) Man-made fibre
With effect from 18.06.1977, the description of this tariff item underwent a change as
under.
―22AA. (i) Flax Fabric, in which flax predominates in
weight, (ii) Ramie Fabric, in which ramie predominates in
weight
Explanation: Explanation II under item number 19 shall,
so far as may be, apply in relation to this item as it
applies in relation to that item.
By Notification Number 231/83-C.E. dated 19.08.1983 the Government exempted the
Ramie fabric from so much of the duty of excise leviable thereon under the Central Excises
and Salt Act, 1944 at the rate specified in the First Schedule as is in excess of the amount
calculated at the rate of ten per cent ad valorem. However, it was further added that nothing
contained in this notification shall apply to the goods which were produced or manufactured
in a free trade zone and brought to any other place in India.
Neither there was any further change in the tariff item description nor this tariff item
could fetch any considerable revenue.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classified under the
Chapter Heading 53 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986).
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ITEM 22B - COATED TEXTILES
This item was brought into the Excise net with effect from 01.03.1968 and the
description of this item read as under.
―22B. Textile fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with
preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial
plastic materials, not elsewhere specified.‖
In regard to the scope of this item, the Board, under its letter No.45/1/76-CX 2 dated
27.06.1977, clarified that this item 22B was a residuary item whereas tariff item 22A was
specific for jute manufactures. If any product was not covered under tariff item 22A then
only the said product would be exigible to the duty of excise under the tariff item 22B.
By Notification Number 250/77-C.E. dated 23.07.1977 the Government granted
exemption to the fire resistant products falling under tariff item 22B from the whole of the
duty of excise leviable thereon subject to the condition that unprocessed jute manufactures
was used in the manufacture of such fire resistant products and the appropriate amount of
duty of excise was paid on such unprocessed jute manufactures.
The essence of textile was the spinning of the cotton or other fibre and weaving such
yarn so as to produce a definite patterned article or commodity. Though normally weaving
was a process of interlocking using the warp and woof pattern of thread it could not be
restricted to that sense because with the advancement of science and technology methods it
had become possible even without using warp and woof pattern to produce textiles. Thus, in
order to produce textiles any method of grouping, banding, braiding, twisting or weaving
could be adopted but merely by reason of twisting of yarn, the article produced would not
become textile. Normally, use of the article could be put as a test for determining the
character of an article as understood in common parlance. Therefore, it was not possible to
restrict the meaning of textiles with reference to the specified articles nor it was possible to
enlarge the meaning by reference to the same. (1979 Tax L.R. 2376 (Mad) refers)
Percentage of polythene plastic only 37 and not penetrated through body of cotton
fabric, the produce could not be termed as „cotton fabrics‟ coated or impregnated with
polythene plastic. Such a product falls under item 19-I (2)(f). (1978 ELT (J540)-16 Guj
L.R. 1788 (Guj) refers)
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Interlining material for collars of shirts manufactured by sprinkling polythene powder
on the cotton fabric by hand screen and thereafter passing through the heat chamber, where
the powder, that is to say, small particles stick in an uneven position, could not be treated as
laminated, impregnated or coated fabrics. (1978 ELT (J540) refers)
The process for the manufacture of „Stiff collars‟ could not be included under tariff
item 22B. In the manufacture of stiff collar dry plastic powder was spread on the cotton
fabric. Then it was rolled into a hot chamber where the plastic material gets stuck in places
where it has fallen. Whereas hot calender coating process was a different process from the
one adopted for the manufacture of stiff collars. (ILR (1974) 1 All.86 refers)
PVC Rexin cloth was an article with cloth as base on which coating or coatings of
polyvinyl chloride were applied in processing factories by special spreading machines. The
finished product resembled leather and was known as „artificial leather‟ or „leather cloth‟ in
commercial parlance. Therefore, PVC Rexin cloth was leather cloth. (1967) 19 STC 230
(MP) refers)
There is no change in the tariff description and this item was renumbered and was
classifiable under Chapter Heading 59 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986).
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ITEM NUMBER 22C – LINOLEUM
The excise duty was imposed for the first time on this commodity by Finance Bill,
1971 with effect from 28.05.1971 with a tariff rate of twenty per cent ad valorem. The
description of this item read as under.
―22C. Linoleum, that is to say the covering material prepared
on a base paper or paper board (including felt paper or felt
paper board or Textile fabrics by impregnation or coating with
a linoleum cement.‖
Samples of this commodity enjoyed exemption under the Notification Number
200/73-C.E. dated 01.12.1973 if they were drawn for the home market from the whole of the
duty of excise leviable thereon subject to the limitations and conditions laid down in the
corresponding entries in column (4) thereof, that is to say –
Sr. No. Variety Size Limitation and Conditions
1. Plain and Inlaid i) 35 sq centimeters Total quantity of samples
ii) 207 sq centimeters not to exceed 300 sq mtrs
in a year
2. Printed i) 532 sq centimeters
ii) 932 sq centimeters
With regard to the excisability of linoleum cut to size, e.g., tiles, the Bombay
Collectorate issued a Trade Notice Number 103(M.P.) dated 16.06.1971 vide which it was
stated that the base for linoleum was hessian fabric, paper (including felt paper), paperboard
(including felt paperboard) and other textiles. Linoleum cut to sizes, e.g. tiles, were eligible
to the duty of excise under this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods under this tariff item were classified under the
Chapter Heading 59.04 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 22D -
ARTICLES OF READY TO WEAR APPARELLS.
This item was brought into the Excise net by the Finance Bill, 1971, with effect from
29.05.1971 and was placed at Tariff Entry 22D with the tariff rate of duty at the rate of ten
per cent ad valorem, which read as under.
―22D. Articles of ready to wear Apparels, known commercially
as Readymade Garments, including under garments and body
supporting garments but excluding the articles of Hosiery, in
or in relation to the manufacture to which any process is
ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.‖
Unlike other excisable articles, especially Textiles, the tariff description of this
commodity was not altered, amended, changed or substituted.
As the word “readymade” shows the Readymade garments were always made
according to the standard sizes. They did not include garments made to order after taking
measurements of the individual customer. (1974 Tax L.R. 1810 (Guwahati High Court)
Ironing with electric iron was a process of manufacture carried out with the aid of
power (1978 ELT J-520)(Kerala High Court)
Brassieres were the articles of readymade garments subjected to the duty of excise
under item 22D of the Central Excise Tariff.
Articles of ready to wear apparels having a registered brand name but not used as
garments as such was not liable to duty (SLA Number 844 of 1971 decided by the High
Court of Gujrat.
The Finance Act, 1984, omitted this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered by this tariff entry were classifiable
under the Chapter 61 and 62 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number
5 of 1986) as the tariff schedule covered all the goods under the sun.
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ITEM NUMBER 22E – TYPEWRITER AND SIMILAR RIBBONS
The Finance Act, 1971, introduced this item for the first time under the Tariff
Schedule with effect from 29.05.1971, the description of which read as under.
“ 22E. Typewriter and similar ribbons, whether or not on
spools”
Initially the rate of duty applicable to this item was ten per cent ad valorem, which
was increased to twenty per cent ad valorem. This item also enjoyed SSI exemption with
effect from 01.04.1983.
Ahmedabad Collectorate Trade Notice Number 62/71 dated 27.06.1971 with regard to
the scope of this item stated that the tariff description of item 22E covered the ribbons meant
for typewriters, calculating machines or any other machines incorporating a device for
printing by means of such ribbons, whether or not on spools. Ribbons used in automatic
balances, tabulating machines, teleprinters, barographs, thermographs, to print and record the
movement of the recording machine needle were also excisable under this item. These
ribbons usually of woven textiles but sometime they were made of artificial plastic materials
or paper. In short, if such ribbons had been prepared to give an impression of whatsoever
nature were liable to excise levy under this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classifiable under the
Chapter Heading 96.12 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 22F –
MINERAL FIBRES, YARN AND PRODUCTS
By Finance Bill, 1976, this tariff item was brought into the excise net with effect from
16.08.1976 and was numbered 22F of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which read
as under.
―22F. Mineral fibres and yarn, and manufactures therefrom, in
or in relation to the manufacture of which any process is
ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.
Explanation I: ―Mineral fibres and yarn and manufactures
wherefrom‖ shall be deemed to include -
(i) glass fibre and yarn including glass tissues and glass
wool,
(ii) asbestos fibre and yarn,
(iii) any other mineral fibre or yarn, whether continuous or
otherwise such as slagwool and rock wool, and
(iv) manufactures containing mineral fibres and yarn other
than asbestos cement products.‖
By Finance Bill, 1979, following changes were made in the above cited description of
this item, that is to say,
(a) The Explanation shall be numbered as Explanation I and for clause (iv)
of the Explanation as so numbered, the following clause shall be substituted,
namely–
―(iv) manufactures in which mineral fibres or yarn or both
predominates or predominates in weight‖
(b) After Explanation I as so numbered, the following Explanation shall be
inserted, namely –
―Explanation II: This item does not include asbestos cement
products‖
The Central Government, under Notification Number 87/76-C.E. dated 16.03.1976,
granted exemption to rock wool glass fibres yarn and glass fabrics and manufactures
therefrom from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon. However, it was also stated
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by way of Explanation thereto that in the said Notification “yarn spun wholly out of glass
fibres” was not included in the continuous filament yarn.
Glass sleevings woven in tubular form in a braiding machine from glass yarn/cord
was classifiable as fabrics since braiding was also a manufacturing process of fabrics.
Sleevings as fabrics in unvarnished stage was classifiable under 22F and the same was
exempted under the Notification Number 87/76-C.E. dated 16.03.1976 but such glass fabrics
when they were coated or impregnated in the manner in item 22B were falling under item
22B of Central Excise Tariff. (Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 120/81 dated 10.11.1981
refers)
Non-vehicular application gaskets made out of compressed asbestos jointing sheets
and asbestos mill board or in combination with brass components, etc, were classifiable under
the Tariff Item 22F of the Central Excise Tariff as per Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 27/80
dated 22.05.1980.
As per Board‟s Tariff Advice 79/80 dated 05.12.1980 woven rovings were classifiable
under Tariff Item 22F as glass fabrics meriting exemptions vide Notification Number 87/76-
C.E. dated 16.03.1976.
As to the distinction between glass fibre and glass filaments it was held by the
Government that the term glass fibre would include glass filaments also. (1982 ELT
191(Government of India)
Since the process of spinning was not restricted only to glass yarn composed of staple
fibre twisted together but also included impugned glass yarn spun out of glass fibre covering
staple fibre as well as glass filaments. (1982 ELT 191 (Government of India)
The Central Excise Gold Control Appellate Tribunal (in short, CEGAT) has decided
that Asbestos fluff produced from asbestos rock treated as the process of manufacture. The
mined asbestos rock was, admittedly, crushed pulverized and then sieved in order to separate
asbestos fluff and asbestos powder from the rock particles. Therefore, a commercial
commodity emerges out of the process adopted that was distinct from the original product
mined from the quarries, which was a manufacture. (1984 ECR 1877 (CEGAT)
As regards the imposition of duty of excise on the Asbestos fibre obtained from
Asbestos rock, it was held that Asbestos rocks were not saleable as such and it was only
when the detailed process of manufacture was to be carried out so as to obtain asbestos fibre
which was different and distinct from asbestos rock on which the Legislature had imposed
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the duty of excise. Therefore, it can be said that imposition of duty on asbestos fibre or
insertion of Tariff Item 22F in the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, was not
ultra vires and invalid. (1980 ELT 735 (Del) refers).
Beater addition process asbestos or Beater addition asbestos jointings containing 28-
39% asbestos are manufactures containing mineral fibres or yarn classifiable under Tariff
Item 22F as it stood before to its amendment in 1980. The fact that the goods were not
considered as falling under item 58(1) of the old Customs Tariff would not stand in the way
of their being classified for the purposes of countervailing duty under tariff item 22F ibid
which is comprehensive enough to cover them. (1984(15) ELT 193 (T) refers)
It was clarified that Epoxy Resin treated glass cloth, in running length of 1400 meters
and of width 36 inches was not a tape, it was classifiable under item 22(3) of the Central
Excise Tariff prior to the introduction of Tariff Item Number 22F (i.e. prior to 1976 Budget
changes)
Under Notification Number 83/83-C.E. dated 01.03.1983, SSI Exemption was
extended to this industry from 01.03.1983.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were covered by the
Chapter Heading 25, 68 and 70 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 22G – FLOOR COVERINGS
Floor Coverings came on the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1979 that were
introduced by the Finance Bill, 1979. Tariff rate was thirty per cent ad valorem and the
description of this entry read as under.
―22G. Floor coverings, namely Carpets, Carpeting and Rugs
(Made up or not)
Explanation I: This item does not include Dari, Satranji,
Namdahs, Jute Carpets and Coir products.
Explanation II: This item shall include carpets, carpeting and
rugs, having the characteristics of floor covering but intended
for use for any other purpose whatsoever.‖
By a Notification Number 61/79-C.E. dated 01.03.1979 handmade carpets were fully
exempted from the purview of the duty of excise leviable thereon.
It was also made pellucidly clear in the said Notification that no such exemption was
available in or in relation to the manufacture of which any process was ordinarily conducted
with the aid of power or steam.
Manually operated looms and manually operated implements, used independently by
hand such as hooking guns, tufting guns and knitting guns were not considered as machines
for the purpose of exemption as was granted vide the abovesaid Notification.
By its Tariff Advice Number 53/80 dated 06.09.1980, the Board had directed that
Polypropylene Tufted carpets were considered as fabrics classifiable under tariff item 22
during the period prior to 01.03.1979 and thereafter as carpets under the tariff item 22G.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classifiable under
the Chapter Heading 57 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 23 – CEMENT, ALL VARIETIES.
This item came to be taxed on 01.03.1954 and was placed at number 23 of the Central
Excise Tariff. Initially, the tariff rate was Rs.23.60 per MT. Till 1969, both the description
and the rate structure of this item did not change, but with effect from 01.03.1969 the duty
structure was changed from specific to ad valorem.
With effect from 15.03.1976, the tariff description of this item underwent a change to
read as under.
23. Cement, All varieties.
1. Grey Portland cements (including ordinary Portland
cement, pozzolana cements and blast furnace slag
cement) masonry cement, rapid hardening cement, low
heat cement and water - proof (hydrophobic) cement.
2. All Others.
Cement, commonly known also as Sagol, obtained by heating limestone and burnt
coal in a kiln, was exempted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon under the
Notification Number 5/70-CE dated 31.01.1970.
Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 46/79 dated 28.09.1979 took into consideration the
point of inclusion of packing charges in the assessable value of Superfine cement and
Hydrophobic cement and decided that these two were not the varieties of cement requiring
repacking to prevent deterioration and hence the cost of packing was not liable to be included
in their assessable value.
As per Board‟s letter No.1/16/64-CX 7 dated 24.01.1964 it was made clear that the
Hydraulic cement was not liable to duty under the tariff item number 23 of the Central Excise
Tariff
Adhesive cement, such as „Rapifix‟, etc, prepared by mixing duty paid nitrocellulose
ancillaries in liquid form with duty paid solution of resin was not chargeable to duty again
when it also conformed to the description of nitrocellulose lacquer in liquid form. (Baroda
Trade Notice Number 54/67 dated 24.05.1967 refers)
The Board, by its letter Number 39/24/58-CX 4 dated 01.04.1959 made it clear that
“Acid, Alkali resisting cement” and “Fire cement” were only the special types of cementing
materials and they did not set with the water at ordinary temperature and also they were
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required to be heated to high temperature so as to set. These are not excisable under the tariff
item number 23 of the Central Excise Tariff.
In an important clarification relating to the exemption contemplated in the
Notification Number 118/72 dated 08.04.1972, the Ministry of Finance (Department of
Revenue Intelligence) by their letter number 1/7/69-CX 4 dated 08.04.1972 stated that the
exemption was intended to apply only to High Alumina cement which may be used otherwise
than in refractories.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff entry were
classifiable under Chapter 25 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number
5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 23A – GLASS AND GLASSWARE
Finance Act, 1961, introduced this tariff item for the first time when the description
read as under.
―23A. Glass and Glassware -
1. Sheet Glass and Plate Glass,
2. Laboratory Glassware,
3. Glass Sheets, Glass globes and chimneys for lamps and
lanterns,
4. Other Glassware including table wares‖
This was made effective from 01.03.1961.
By Finance Bill, 1979, with effect from 01.03.1979, some amendments were made,
that is to say –
1) sub item (1) of tariff item 23A was substituted by words ―Flat
Glass‖
Explanation – ‗Flat Glass‘ includes sheet glass, wired glass
and rolled glass whether in the form of plate glass, figured
glass or in any other form,
2) sub item (4) was substituted as ―Other Glass and Glassware‖.
3) Explanation was also inserted which read as under.
Explanation: This item does not include electrical insulators
or electrical insulating fittings or parts or such insulators or
insulating fittings.”
Board under its letter dated 22.06.1961 directed that Optical glass does not fall under
any of the sub items of the tariff item 23A and hence not exigible to the duty of excise.
This item was amended as a result of the decision of the Gujrat High Court dated
23.11.1978 which hold that figured glass, wired glass, coloured figured class, rolled glass,
collex wired glass, did not come within the scope of item 23(4)(i) but under the Residuary
item, item 68, as they were not sheet glass.
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Winchester did not have any special shape or design to restrict their use mainly in
laboratories and they are mainly used as commercial containers. Therefore, they were
correctly classified under Tariff Item 23A(4) of Central Excise Tariff. (1979 ELT (J 40)
(Government of India) refers)
Tincture bottles could not be treated as laboratory glassware under item 23A(2) but
were liable to be charged duty as other glasswares under the tariff item number 23A(4) of the
Central Excise Tariff. (AIR 1965 All-305 refers)
As per the decision dated 28.11.1978 in the Miscellaneous Petition Number 955 of
1973, the Bombay High Court maintained that “Cell O Therm” was a Thermal Insulation
product, which was cut and shaped in various forms to serve various insulating needs. It was
manufactured from broken glass, which was powdered and then mixed with certain chemicals
such as carbon black and foamed in electric furnace and annealed in a “annealing leim”. This
item was neither “glass” nor “glassware” as understood in their ordinary sense and, therefore,
not liable to duty under item 23A of the Central Excise Tariff.
Bombay High Court has decided that Magnifying Glasses (optical appliances) were
not “glassware” but the optical appliances ((1976) 38 STC 92 refers). However, a contrary
view was taken by the Madras High Court (AIR 1965 Mad 312 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, these goods were classifiable under Chapter Heading 70
of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 23B – CHINA WARE AND PORCELAIN WARE, ALL SORTS.
By Finance Act, 1961, this item was brought into the Revenue net with effect from
01.03.1961 and was placed at number 23B of the Central Excise Tariff, which read as under.
―23B. Chinaware and Porcelain ware – All Sorts,
1. Table ware,
2. Sanitary ware,
3. Glazed tiles,
4. Not Otherwise Specified
Explanation: Chinaware includes all glazed clay wares but
does not include terra cota.‖
By Finance Bill, 1979, the above cited item description was amended as under.
(a) For the entry in the third column against sub item (4), the
entry ―Thirty per cent ad valorem‖ was substituted,
(b) the Explanation was numbered as Explanation I and after
that Explanation as so numbered, the following
Explanation was inserted, namely –
―Explanation II: This item does not include electrical
insulators or electrical insulating fitting or parts of such
insulators or insulating fittings.‖
Madras High Court with regard to the connotation of Porcelain had expressed that
while Porcelain was madeup of components like Kaolin China clay, Feldspar, which contains
silicon, calcium and quartz, which was mainly silicon, the variation in the proportions of each
of these elements, subject to limitations, would not alter the character of the product as
porcelain. Therefore, the variations in the proportions or quality of porcelain in the matter of
thermal expansion and pressure translucency or composition would not alter the character of
the article as Porcelain. (1979 ELT J-36 (Mad HC) refers)
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Although Rasching Rings were unglazed that did not matter as the test of glaze
applied only to tiles and to chinaware and not to porcelainware. Thus Rasching rings were
rightly classifiable under sub item (4) of item 23B of Central Excise Tariff. (1979 ELT
(J29)(MP HC) refers)
Sihori Vatkas (bowls – yellow coloured), also known as “Imrat ban” were not the
articles which could be used at the table because, in common parlance, these bowls were not
known as “tablewares” as they were commonly used by the people for the purpose of keeping
and storing pickles, curd, milk, etc, in kitchen – at best these could be termed as
“kitchenware” but surely not “tableware”. (Gujrat High Court Special Civil Application
Number 1328 1965, decided on 31.07.1970 refers)
HRC Fuselink could not be regarded as porcelainware merely because one of its
components was made of porcelain and, therefore, they were not liable to the duty of excise
under tariff item 23B of Central Excise Tariff.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 69 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 23C – ASBESTOS CEMENT
For the first time, this item was introduced by the Finance Bill, 1962, into the Excise
net, with effect from 24.04.1962, and was placed at number 23C of the Central Excise Tariff
attracting duty of excise at the rate of ten per cent ad valorem. The description of this item
read as under.
―23C. Asbestos cement products, all sorts including flat and
corrugated sheets, fibres, tubes and tiles.‖
This item remain as it was introduced till 28.02.1986 and with effect from
01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classified under the Chapter Heading 68 of
the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 23D – SILVER
This item was included into the Excise net as early as in the year 1930, that is to say,
it was made effective from 01.04.1930.
However, this item was omitted with effect from 01.03.1984.
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ITEM NUMBER 23E - MARBLE
This tariff item came into existence from 17.03.1985, the definition of which read as
under.
“23A. Marble in the following forms, namely –
1. Blocks,
2. Slabs, and
3. Tiles.”
By the Notification Number 60/85-CE dated 17.03.1985 full exemption was granted
to Marble (Blocks, Slabs and Tiles) subject to the condition that if in or in relation to the
manufacture of such marble slabs and tiles no process is carried on with the aid of power and
if such marble tiles are manufactured from marble slabs on which the duty of excise leviable
under the said Act was paid.
It was also made clear that the exemption was on the stocks of marble in the country
except such stock which were clearly recognizable as non duty paid were deemed to be
marble slabs on which the duty of excise was already paid.
With effect from 01.03.1986 this item was classified under Chapter Heading 96.25 of
the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
Exemption Notification No.83/83-CE dated 01.03.1983 was also made applicable to
the item, that is to say, clearance value upto the first one hundred lakh rupees was exempted
from the purview of the duty of excise.
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ITEM NUMBER 24 - ITEM OMITTED
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ITEM NUMBER 25 – IRON IN ANY CRUDE FORM
By Finance Bill, 1960, this item was covered by the Excise into its umbrella for the
first time and was placed at number 35, which was made effective from 01.03.1960 attracting
the duty of excise at the rate of rupees ten per metric tonne.
However, this item was renumbered as item 25 with effect from 20.09.1960.
By Finance Act, 1964 (Number 5 of 1964) the tariff description was substituted to
read as under.
―25. Iron in any crude form including pig iron, scrap from
molten iron or iron cast in any shape or size.‖
With effect from 01.03.1983, the tariff description was entirely amended and was
aligned with BTN or HSN Headings of International repute. The substituted description read
as under.
―25. Iron and Steel and products thereof, the following, namely
1. Pig Iron, cast iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks, lumps
and similar forms; and molten iron
2. Ferro alloys
3. Waste and scrap (i) of Iron, (ii) of Steel,
4. Shot and angular grit, whether or not graded; and wire
pellets, (i) of Iron, (ii) of Steel,
5. Iron or steel powders; sponge iron or steel,
6. Puddled bars, pilings, ingots, blocks, lumps and similar
forms of iron or steel, (i) puddle bars and pilings of iron,
(ii) ingots, blocks, lumps and similar forms of steel, iii)
not elsewhere specified
7. Blooms, billets, slabs and sheet bars (including tinplate
bars) and hoe bars, (i) of iron, (ii) of steel,
8. Pieces roughly shaped by rolling or forging of iron or
steel, not elsewhere specified,
9. Bars (including flats) and rods (including wire rods) of
iron or steel rolled, forged, extruded, formed, finished,
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whether in straight lengths or in coils; hollow mining
drill steel (i) flats (ii) others
10. Railway track construction material, the following, Rails,
Sleeper and Sleeper bar
11. Angles, shapes and sections of iron or steel, not
elsewhere specified, other than slotted angles and slotted
channels, rolled, forged, extruded, formed, finished, sheet
piling of iron or steel whether or not drilled, punched or
made from assembled elements.
12. Hoops, strips and skelp of iron or steel, whether
galvanized or not (i) hoopes and strips, (ii) skelp
13. Coils for re-rolling, sheets, plates and universal plates or
iron or steel, hot or cold rolled, whether galvanized or
not, forms such as ridges, channels (other than slotted
channels) rain-water pipes and their fittings made from
sheets, plates or universal plates; and tin plate and
tinned, lacquered or varnished sheets including tin
taggers and cuttings of such plates, sheets or taggers - (i)
galvanized sheets, plates and forms (ii) tin plate and
tinned sheets including tin taggers and cuttings of such
plates, sheets or taggers (iii) lacquered sheets, varnished
sheets including cuttings of lacquered sheets and
varnished sheets (iv) other
14. Iron or steel wire, whether or not coated but not
insulated
15. Tubes and pipes and blanks therefore, or iron or steel,
rolled, forged, spun, cast, drawn, annealed, welded or
extruded
16. Castings or iron or steel, not otherwise specified (i) of
iron, (ii) of steel
Explanation: In this terms -
(i) ―iron‖ includes pig iron, cast iron and spiegeleisen;
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(ii) ―pig iron‖ and ―cast iron‖ means ferrous products containing, by
weight, 1.9 per cent or more of carbon, and which may contain one or
more of the following elements within the weight limits specified:
less than 15 per cent phosphorous
not more than 8 per cent silicon
not more than 6 per cent manganese
not more than 30 per cent chromium
not more than 40 per cent tungsten, and
an aggregate of not more than 10 per cent of other alloy elements (for
example, nickel, copper, aluminium, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum)
but does not include ferrous alloys known as ―non distorting tool
steels‖ containing by weight 1.9 per cent or more of carbon and
having the characteristics of steel;
(iii) “spiegeleisen” means ferrous products containing, by weight,
more than 6 per cent but not more than 30 per cent of manganese and
otherwise conforming to the specifications mentioned in (ii) above,
(iv) “ferro alloys” means alloys of iron (other than master alloys)
which are not usefully malleable and are commonly used as raw
material in the manufacture of ferrous metals and which contain, by
weight, separately or together -
more than 8 per cent of silicon, or
more than 30 per cent of manganese, or
more than 30 per cent of chromium, or
more than 40 per cent of tungsten, or
a total of more than 10 per cent of other alloy elements (aluminium,
titanium, vanadium, copper, molybdenum, niobium or other elements,
subject to a maximum content of 10 per cent in the case of copper)
and, which contain, by weight not less than four per cent in the case of
ferro alloys containing silicon, not less than eight per cent, in the case
of ferro alloys containing manganese but no silicon or not less than ten
per cent in other cases of the element iron;.
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(v) “puddle bars” and “pilings” mean products for rolling, forging or
remelting obtained either -
(i) shingling balls of puddle iron to remove the slag arising during
puddling, or
(ii) by roughly welding together by means of hot rolling, packets of
scrap iron or steel or puddle iron;
(vi) ―ingots‖ means products for rolling or forging obtained by casting
into moulds;
(vii) ―blooms‖ and ―billets‖ mean semi finished products of
rectangular section, of a cross sectional area exceeding 1,225 sq
millimeters and of such dimensions that the thickness exceeds one
quarter of the width;
(viii) ―slabs‖ and ―sheets bars (including tinplate bars)‖ mean semi
finished products of rectangular section of a thickness not less than 6
millimeters of width not less than 150 millimeters and of such
dimensions that the thickness does not exceed one quarter of the width,
(ix) “waste” and “scrap” means waste and scrap of iron or steel fit only
for the recovery of metal or for use in the manufacture of chemicals,
but does not include slag, ash and other residues;
(x) ―hollow mining drill steel‖ means steel hollow bars of any cross-
section, suitable for mining drills, of which the greatest external
dimension exceeds 15millimetres but does not exceed 50 millimeters,
and of which the greatest internal dimension does not exceed one third
of the greatest external dimension,
(xi) ―angles, shapes and sections‖ means products which do not have
cross sections in the form of circles, segments of circles, ovals,
isosceles triangles, rectangles, hexagons, octagons or quadrilaterals
with only two sides parallel and the other two sides equal and which
are not hollow,
(xii) ―skelp‖ means hot rolled narrow strip of width not exceeding
600 millimeters with rolled (square, slightly round or beveled) edge;
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(xiii) “hoops” means hot rolled flat products in rectangular cross
section of thickness less than 3 millimeters and width less than 75
millimeters;
(xiv) “strips” means hot or cold rolled products, rolled approximately
in rectangular cross section of thickness usually ten millimeters and
below with mill, rolled, trimmed or sheared edges and supplied in coil
or flattened coil (straight length) form but excludes hoop and skelp;
(xv) “coils for re-rolling” means coiled semi finished hot rolled
products, of a rectangular section, not less than 1.5 millimeters thick,
of a width exceeding 500 millimeters and of a weight not less than 500
kilograms per piece;
(xvi) “universal plates” means products of rectangular section, hot
rolled lengthwise in a closed box or universal mill, of a thickness
exceeding 5 millimeters but not exceeding one hundred millimeters
and a of a width exceeding 150 millimeters but not exceeding 1,200
millimeters;
(xvii) “plate” means a hot or cold rolled flat product, rolled from an
ingot or slab or sheet bar or produced by cold reduction of coils, in
rectangular cross section of thickness five millimeters and above but
not exceeding one hundred millimeters and width six hundred
millimeters and above, and supplied in straight lengths;
(xviii) “sheet” means a hot or cold rolled flat product, rolled in
rectangular section of thickness below five millimeters and supplied in
straight lengths, the width of which is at least hundred times the
thickness and the edges are either mill, trimmed, sheared or flame cut;
(xix) “wire” means cold drawn products of solid section of any cross
sectional shape or which no cross sectional dimension exceeds thirteen
millimeters;
(xx) “bars (including flats) and rods (including wire rods)” means
products of solid section which do not conform to the entirety of any of
the definitions at (vii), (viii) (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii)
and (xix) above, and which have cross sections in the shape of circles,
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segments of circles, ovals, isosceles, triangles, rectangles, hexagons,
octagons or quadrilaterals with only two sides parallel and the order
sides equal.
(xxi) “flats‟ means finished products, generally or rectangular cross
section, having rolled edges only (square or slightly rounded) of
controlled contour and of thickness 3 millimeters and over, width 400
millimeters and below and supplied in straight lengths and includes
flat bars with bulb that has swelling on one or two faces of the same
edge and a width of less than 400 millimeters;
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 72 and 73 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 26 – STEEL INGOTS
This was one of the oldest commodity, date of inclusion into the excise net
01.04.1934, that was destined to cover the excise income.
It remained so till 1960 and with effect from 20.09.1960 the Steel Ingots occupied
their position at item 26 of the First Schedule with no change either in the tariff description or
in the rate of duty of excise.
With effect from 28.04.1964, the tariff description was changed to read as under.
―26. Steel Ingots including steel melting scrap.‖
With regard to the effects of the Notification Number30/60 dated 01.03.1960 relating
to this item, the Supreme Court, hold that this notification did not say that the exemption
would not be available if duty paid pig iron was mixed with the other non-duty paid
materials. If such were the intention of the Government then the Notification would have
used the expression “only” or “exclusively” or “entirely” in regard to duty paid pig iron.
Thus the object of the notification was to grant relief by exempting duty paid pig iron. (1977
ELT (J-61)(S.C.) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1983 this item was omitted.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 72 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 26A – COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
This item was brought into the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1961. The
original tariff description of this item read as under.
“26A. Copper and Copper Alloys, containing not less than fifty
per cent by weight of copper.
1) Manufactures, the following, namely, plates, sheets,
circles, strips and foils in any form or size,
2) Pipes and tubes”
The rate of duty was ten per cent ad valorem.
The abovementioned tariff description was amended with effect from 22.06.1962,
which read as under.
“For sub item (1) and (2) the following was substituted.
1) In any crude form including ingots, bars, blocks, slabs, billets and pellets,
2) Manufacture, the following, namely –
Plates, sheets, circles, strips and bolts in any form and size
3) Pipes and tubes.
In respect of sub item (1) and (2) above, the rate of duty was specific, that is to say,
Rupees One hundred per MT and Rupees Three hundred per MT respectively and for sub
item (3) the same assessed to duty at the rate of ten per cent ad valorem.
By Finance (Number 2) Bill, 1980, -
(A) in the entry in the second column, the words “and copper alloys
containing not less than fifty per cent by weight of copper” were
omitted, and
(B) the following explanation was inserted at the end.
Explanation: „Copper‟ shall include any alloy in which copper
predominates by weight over each of the other metals.
By Finance Bill, 1981, following amendments were carried out –
(A) after sub item (1a), the following sub item was inserted, namely –
“(1b) “waste and scrap”,
(B) for sub item (3), the following sub items were inserted
3. Pipes and Tubes, excluding shells and blanks therefore,
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4. Shells and Blanks for pipes and tubes
(C) The Explanation shall be numbered as Explanation (1) and, after the
Explanation as so numbered, the following Explanation shall be inserted,
namely -
Explanation II: “Waste and Scrap” means waste and scrap of
copper fit only for the recovery of metal or for use in the
manufacture of chemicals, but does not include slag, dross,
scaling, ash and other cuprous residues.”
With effect from 01.03.1984, the entire tariff description was aligned with HSN
Heading. The amended description read as under.
“26A. Copper and products thereof.
“Copper” shall include any alloy in which copper
predominates by weight over each of the other metals.
(1) Unwrought copper in any form (refined or not including blister
copper and cement copper), including ingots, notched bars,
wire bars, blocks, slabs, billets, shots, pellets, cathodes and
cakes. Explanation: This sub item includes wire bars and
billets with their ends tapered or otherwise worked simply to
facilitate their entry into machines for converting them into, for
example, wire rods or tubes.
(2) Waste and scrap of copper.
(3) Wrought bars, rods (including wire rods), angles, shapes and
sections, of copper -
(i) wrought bars and rods (including wire rods) of
copper,
(ii) wrought angles, shapes and sections of copper,
(4) Castings, not otherwise specified,
(5) Copper wire,
(6) Wrought plates, sheets, blanks (including circles) and strips of
copper. Explanation: In this sub item, “blank” means a piece
of plate, sheet or strip, in any shape, including a circle,
prepared for subsequent fabrication,
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(7) Copper foil,
(8) Copper powders (excluding cement copper) and flakes
(9) Pipes and tubes of copper,
(10) Shells and blanks for pipes and tubes; hollow sections of
copper.
Explanation: In this term -
(i) “waste and scrap means” waste and scrap metal fit
only for the recovery of metal by remelting or for use in
the manufacture of chemicals, but does not include slag,
dross, scalings, ash and other cuprous residues;
(ii) “wrought bars and rods (including wire rods)” means
(a) any extruded, rolled, drawn or forged products of
solid section of which the width or the maximum cross
sectional dimension exceeds 6 millimeters and which,
if they are flat, have a thickness exceeding one tenth of
the width; or
(b) any cast or sintered products, of the same forms
and dimensions, which have been subsequently worked
after production (otherwise than by simple trimming or
de-scaling) provided that they have not thereby
assumed the character of any article or product falling
under any other item;
(iii) “wrought angles, shapes and sections” means –
i. any extruded, rolled, drawn or forged
products, of solid section (other than round,
rectangular, square and hexagonal), of
which the width or the maximum cross
sectional dimension exceeds six millimeters
and which, if they are flat, have a thickness
exceeding one tenth of the width; or
ii. any cost or sintered products, of the same
forms and dimensions, which have been
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subsequently worked after production
(otherwise than by simple trimming or
descaling), provided that they have not
thereby assumed the character of any article
or product falling under any other item)
(iv) “wire” means any rolled, extruded or drawn
product of solid and uniform cross section, of which no
cross sectional dimension exceeds 6 millimeters, but does
not include electric wires and cables, falling under item
number 33B;
(v) “plate” means a flat product whose thickness
exceeds 10 millimeters and the width exceeds 300
millimeters;
(vi) “sheet” means a flat product, cut to length, whose
thickness exceeds 0.15 millimeter but does not
exceed ten millimeters and the width exceeds three
hundred millimeters;
(vii) “strip” means a flat product whose thickness
exceeds 0.15 millimeter but does not exceed 10
millimeters, of any width and generally not cut to
length and usually in coil,
(viii)“foil” means a flat product of thickness
(excluding any backing) not exceeding 0.15
millimeters, of any width, generally not cut to
length and usually in coil , whether or not
embossed, cut to shape, perforated, coated, printed
or backed with paper or other reinforcing material;
(ix)“powders and flakes” means all types of powders
and flakes, but does not include cement copper and
powders and flakes prepared as colours, pigments,
paints of the like;
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(x)“pipes and tubes” means a hollow product of
uniform cross section and wall thickness having a
continuous periphery produced by drawing; casting
or extrusion process;
(xi)“shells and blanks” means a hollow cylinder
produced by extrusion, rotary piercing or casting
for subsequent drawing into pipe or tube;
(xii)hollow section” means a section which is normally
extruded, drawn or cast the cross section of which
completely encloses a void or voids;”
Bare copper/aluminium strips were insulated so as to use advantageously as a
conductor and its use became more convenient by insulating it either by glass-fibre or by
paper or cotton cover. Therefore, mere application of such special process or giving it a
different name could not make it a different or distinct article than the original article, viz.
copper strips so as to amount to manufacture under Section 2(f) of the Central Excises Act,
1944. (1982 ELT 10 (Bom) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classifiable under
Chapter Heading 74 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 26AA – IRON OR STEEL PRODUCTS
This item was brought under the excise net with effect from 24.04.1962 by the
Finance Bill, 1962, the description of which read as under.
“26AA. Iron or Steel products, the following, namely –
(i) Bards, rods, coils, wires, joists, girders, angles, channels,
tees, flats, beams, zeds, trough, piling and all other rolled,
forged or extruded shapes and sections, not otherwise
specified.
(ii) Plates and sheets, other than plates and sheets intended for
tinning, and hoops and strip all sorts, including galvanized
or corrugated plates and sheets.
(iii) Uncoated plates and sheets intended for tinning.
(iv) Pipes and tubes (including blanks therefore) all sorts,
whether rolled, forged, spun, cast, drawn, annealed,
welded or extruded.
(v) All other steel castings, not otherwise specified.”
By the Finance Bill, 1963, the tariff description was amended as under.
“Sub item (i) shall be renumbered as (ia) thereof and before the
sub item (ia), as so numbered, the following sub item shall be
inserted, namely –
“(i) Semi finished steel including bloom, billets, slabs, sheet bars,
tin bars and hoe bars”
By the Finance Bill, 1964, following was the amendment made.
“(i) for the entry in the third columns against each of the sub
items (i) and (ia), the entry :Forty rupees per metric tonne plus
the excise duty for the time being leviable on steel ingots”
ii) for sub item (ii) and (iii), the following sub items shall be
substituted, namely
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“(ii) Plates and sheets (including uncoated plates and sheets
intended for tinning) all sorts, and hoops and strips, all sorts,
other than skelp
(iii) Skelp”
By the Finance Bill, 1965, the following amendments were carried,
“(i) for the entry in the third column against each of the sub
items (i) and (ia) the entry “fortyfive rupees per metric tonne
plus the excise duty for the time being leviable on steel ingots”
(ii) for sub items (ii) and (iii), the following sub items shall be
substituted, namely,
“(ii) Plates and sheets (including uncoated plates and sheets
intended for tinning and forms such as ridges, channels,
rainwater pipes and their fitting made from plates and sheets
but not including plates and sheets after tinning), and hoops,
all sorts other than skelp and strips,
(iii) Skelp and strips”
By Finance Bill, 1975, the Explanation was added after sub item (v), which read as under.
“Explanation: “Skelp” means hot rolled narrow strips of
width not exceeding six hundred millimeters with rolled
(square, slightly round or leveled) edge.”
The stainless steel products referred to as “patties” in commercial parlance and made
in a place other than a strip mill by hot or cold rolling process from scrap cuttings of duty
paid unused re-rolled rods/billets were not classifiable as “strips” under the item 26AA (III)
but were classifiable under item 26AA(ia) of the Central Excise Tariff.
The words “shapes and sections” were not included as agricultural implements or
hand tools, that is to say, the agricultural implements or hand tools were not covered under
item 26AA(ia). (AIR 1968 Mys 237 refers)
The criteria for ascertaining whether a product was a flat or not was that its width was
required to be more than the thickness (Order in Review No.757 of 1975 decided on
12.05.1975 passed by the Government of India refers)
According to ISI definition given in the ISI 5-113, narrow strips had to be in straight
length or in coil form or had to be either trimmed or with sheared edges. Since the stainless
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steel scrap did not conform to the above specifications, they were not eligible to be covered
under the definition of “strips”. (1977 ELT (J 128) and (J 82) refers)
The word „plus‟ in item 26AA(I) of the first schedule to the Act indicated that the rate
of duty consists of two parts, one part ad valorem duty and the other being the excise duty
calculated according to formula given. (1969(2) SCR 481-1970(1) SCJ 829 refers)
By Finance Bill, 1983, this tariff item was omitted with effect from 01.03.1983.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the articles of Iron and Steel were classified under the
Chapter Heading 73 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 26B - ZINC
This item was brought within the Excise ambit under the Finance Bill, 1961, and was
made effective from 01.03.1960, the description of which read as under.
“26B. Zinc
(1) Manufactures, the following, namely, plates, sheets,
circles, strips and foils in any form or size,
(2) Pipes and Tubes.”
The specified tariff rate was Rupees three hundred per MT and ten per cent ad
valorem respectively for item (1) and (2) above.
By Finance Act, 1965, amendments by way of substitution were made which read as
under.
“For sub item (1) and (2), the following was substituted, namely -
(1) Unwrought, including ingot, cakes, bars, blocks, hard or
soft slabs, billets, plates, cathodes, anodes, pellets,
smelter, dross, ushers and broken zinc;
(2) Manufactures, the following, namely, plates, sheets,
circles, strips and foils in any form or size;
(3) Pipes and tubes”
By Finance Bill, 1980, the Explanation was added, which read as under.
“Explanation: “Zinc” shall include any alloy in which zinc
predominates by weight over each of the other metal.
By Finance Bill, 1984, the tariff item 26B was substituted by the following which
aligned with the Custom‟s tariff. (Harmonised System of Nomenclature)
“26B. Zinc and products thereof –
“Zinc” shall include any alloy in which zinc by weight
over each of the other metals.
1. Unwrought zinc, in any form including blocks,
plates ingots, cakes, bars, billets, hard or soft slabs,
cathodes, anodes, pellets, smelter and broken zinc.
2. Waste and scrap of zinc,
3. Wrought bars, rods (including wire rods), angles,
shapes and sections of zinc; zinc wire;
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ii. Wrought bars and rods including wire rods) of zinc
iii. Wrought angles, shapes and sections of zinc and
zinc wire,
4. Wrought plates, sheets, blanks (including circles,
but excluding calots) and strips of zinc; zinc foil,
Explanation: In this sub item, “blank” means a piece
of plate, sheet or strip in any shape, including a circle,
prepared for subsequent fabrication.
5. Zinc calots
6. Zinc powders and flakes
7. Pipes and tubes of zinc
8. Shells and blanks for pipes and tubes; hollow sections of
zinc
Explanation: In this item -
i) “Waste and scrap” means waste and scrap
metal fit only for the recovery of metal by
remelting or for use in the manufacture of
chemicals, and includes dross and ash;
ii) “Wrought bars and rods (including wire rods)”
means
(a) any extruded, rolled, drawn or forged products
of solid section, of which the width or the maximum
cross-sectional dimension exceeds six millimeters
and which, if they are flat, have a thickness
exceeding one-tenth of the width; or
(b) any cast or sintered products, of the same forms
and dimensions, which have been subsequently
worked after production (otherwise than by simple
trimming or de-scaling), provided that they have not
thereby assumed the character of and article or
product falling under any other Item;
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iii) “wrought angles, shapes and sections”
means -
(a) any extruded, rolled, drawn or forged
products of solid section (other than
round, rectangular, square and
hexagonal), of which the width or the
maximum cross-sectional dimension
exceeds six millimeters and which, if they
are flat, have a thickness exceeding one-
tenth of the width; or
(b) any cast of sintered products, of the
same forms and dimensions, which have
been subsequently worked after
production (otherwise than by simple
trimming or de-scaling), provided that
they have not thereby assumed the
character of any article or product,
falling under any other item;
(iv) “wire‟ means any rolled, extruded or drawn
product of solid and uniform cross section, of which
no cross sectional dimension exceeds six
millimeters;
(v) “plate” means a flat product, cut to length,
whose thickness exceeds ten millimeters and width
exceeds 500 millimeter
(vi) “sheet” means a flat product whose thickness
exceeds 0.15 mm but does not exceed ten
millimeters, and width exceeds 500 millimeters;
(vii) “strip” means a flat product, generally not cut
to length, whose thickness exceeds 0.15 millimeter
but does not exceed 10 millimeters, and width does
not exceed 500 millimeters;
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(viii)“foil‟ means a flat product whose thickness
(excluding any backing) not exceeding 0.15
millimeters, whether or not embossed, cut to shape,
perforated, coated, printed or backed with paper or
other reinforcing material;
(ix)“powders and flakes” means all types of
powders and flakes, including dust, but excluding
powders and flakes prepared as colours, pigments,
paints or the like;
(x)“pipes and tubes” means a hollow product of
uniform cross-section having a continuous
periphery produced by drawing, casting or
extrusion process;
(xi)“hollow section” means a section which is
normally extruded, drawn or cast and the cross-
section of which completely encloses a void or
voids.”
It was held that rough rolled zinc as a pre-end product did not fall under Excise tariff
item number 26B (1978(2) ELT J-180 refers)
It was held that flat form of zinc known as zinc steel in the trade parlance was
classifiable under the tariff item 26B of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act,
1985 (Number 5 of 1986). (1979 ELT J-674 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this item were covered by the
Chapter Heading 79 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 27 - ALUMINIUM
This item was brought under the Excise revenue net for the first time by the Finance
Bill, 1960, and was placed at Tariff Item Number 27 of the Central Excise Tariff, effective
from 01.03.1960, the definition of which read as under.
“27. (a) In any crude form including ingots, bars, blocks, slabs, shots
and pellets,
(b) The following manufactures, namely, plates, sheets, circles,
strips and foils in any form and size.”
In the year 1961, by Budget, sub item (c) was added as under
(c) Papers and Tubes
By Finance Act, 1962, sub item (b) was bifurcated as (b) and (bb) as under.
(b) the words „foils in any form and size‟ were deleted from (b) above;
and
(bb) „foils‟ that is a product of thickness (excluding any backing) not
exceeding 0.15 millimeters”
By Finance Bill, 1964, the entry against sub item (a) was substituted which read as
under.
(a) “manufactures the following, namely, plates, sheets, circles,
strips and extruded shapes and sections in any form or size”
By Finance Bill, 1977, the entry against sub item (b) was substituted with effect from
18.06.1977, which read as under.
“(b) manufactures, the following, namely, plates, sheets,
circles, strips, shapes and section, in any form or size; not
otherwise specified.”
By Finance Bill, 1981, after item (a) the following sub item as (aa) along with
Explanation III was inserted.
“(aa) Waste and Scrap.
Explanation III : “Waste and Scrap” means waste and scrap of
Aluminium fit only for the recovery of metal for use in the
manufacture of chemicals, but does not include sludge, dross,
scaling, Skimming, ash and other residuary.”
By Finance Bill, 1984, the entire tariff description was substituted as under.
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“27. Aluminium and Products thereof -
“Aluminium” shall include any alloy in which aluminium
predominates by weight over each of the other metals.
(1) Unwrought aluminium in any form including ingots,
pigs, blocks, billets, slabs, notched bars, wire bars, shots
and pellets.
(2) Waste and scrap of aluminium
(3) Wrought bars, rods (including wire rods), angles,
shapes and sections of aluminium,
(4) Castings, not otherwise specified.
(5) Aluminium wire,
(6) Wrought plates, sheets, blanks (including circles) and
strips of aluminium
Explanation: In this sub item “blank” means a piece of
plate, sheet or strip in any shape, including a circle,
prepared for subsequent fabrication,
(7) Aluminium foil,
(8) Aluminium powders and flakes
Explanation: This sub item includes aluminium powders
mixed with other base metal powders, but does not include
powders or flakes, prepared as pigment paste, colours,
paints or the like,
(9) Pipes and tubes of aluminium
(10) Shells and blanks for pipes and tubes; hollow sections
or semi hollow sections of aluminium,
(11) Containers, plain, lacquered or printed or lacquered
and printed
Explanation: In this item –
(i) “waste and scrap” means waste and scrap
metal fit only for the recovery of metal by remelting
or for use in the manufacture of chemicals, but does
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not include sludge, dross, scalings, Skimmings, ash
and other residues;
(ii) “wrought bars, rods (including wire rods)” means
(a) any extruded, rolled, drawn or forged products
of solid section, of which the width or the
maximum cross-sectional dimension exceeds
six millimeters and which, if they are flat, have
a thickness exceeding one-tenth of the width;
or
(b) any cast or sintered products, of the same
forms and dimensions, which have been
subsequently worked after production
(otherwise than by simple trimming or
descaling), provided that they have not thereby
assumed the character of any article or
product falling under any other item;
(iii) “wrought angles, shapes and sections” means –
(a) any extruded, rolled, drawn or forged products
of solid section (other than round, rectangular,
square and hexagonal), of which the width or the
maximum cross sectional dimension exceeds six
millimeters and which, if they are flat, have a
thickness exceeding one tenth of the width; or
(b) any cast or sintered products, of the same
forms and dimensions, which have been
subsequently worked after production (otherwise
than by simple trimming or descaling), provided
that they have not thereby assumed the character
of any article or product falling under any other
item;
(iv)“wire” means rolled, extruded or drawn
product, of solid and uniform cross section of which
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no cross sectional dimension exceeds six
millimeters, but does not include electric wires and
cables falling under item No.33B;
(v)“plate” means a flat product of rectangular
section, generally cut to length, whose thickness is
six millimeters and above;,
(vi) “sheet” means a flat product of rectangular
section, generally cut to length whose thickness
exceeds 0.15 millimetre but is below 6 millimeters
and includes a corrugated or troughed sheet;
(vii) “strip” means a product of rectangular
section, supplied in coil or flat form, of thickness
exceeding 0.15 millimetre but below 6 millimeters
with length more than eight times the width;,
(viii) “foil” means a flat product of rectangular
section, of thickness (excluding any backing) not
exceeding 0.15 millimetre, whether or not
embossed, cut to shape, perforated, coated, printed
or backed with paper or other reinforcing material;
(ix) “pipes and tubes” means a hollow product of
uniform cross-section having a continuous
periphery produced by drawing, casting, extrusion
or welding process;
(x) “hollow section” means a section which is
normally extruded, drawn or cast and the cross-
section of which completely encloses a void or
voids,
(xi) “semi hollow section” means a section which is
normally extruded , drawn or cast and any part of
whose cross section is a partially enclosed void, the
area of which is substantially greater than the
square of the width of the gap;
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(xii)“container” means containers ordinarily
intended for packaging of goods for sale, including
collapsible tubes, casks, drums, cans, boxes, gas
cylinders and pressure containers, whether in
assembled or unassembled condition and containers
known commercially as flattened or folded
containers.
With regard to the classification of Aluminium, the department had clarified that
Aluminium powders and flakes, aluminium wires, Hollow Sections of Aluminium which
were classified under tariff item number 68 till 31.07.1984 were covered by the revised tariff
item number 27. This item was not to cover Electric Wires and Cables falling under tariff
item number 33B. Bare Aluminium wires finer than 10 SUG, which was not covered by
tariff item number 33B, was covered under the revised tariff item number 27 from
01.08.1984. Aluminium slags / studs used in the manufacture of aluminium containers were
classifiable under sub item (6) of revised tariff item number 27.
Recycling of waste or scrap as a raw material for the same end product in the same
factory did not amount to removal within the meaning of rule 56A(3)(iv)(a) on the basis of
newly added explanation to rule 9 and rule 49 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944. This was
removal from the factory in accordance with the provisions of rule 56A ibid. (1984(16) ELT
356 (T) refers)
Dross and Skimmings arising out of process of manufacture were not „goods‟ and
hence the same are not liable to any duty of excise. (1984 ECR 1871 (CEGAT) refers)
Conversion of duty paid sheets into circles was an act of manufacture and such circles
were dutiable unless there was any exemption or set of off duty to that effect. (1984 (18) ELT
319 (T) refers)
Aluminium strips made out of duty paid aluminium wire rods in coil were again liable
to the payment of duty of excise because the aluminium strips was an item which was
entirely different from aluminium wire rods, therefore, duty was leviable on the manufacture
of strips. The mere fact that the base product, aluminium wire rods, were already liable to the
excise duty was no ground to claim that the manufacture of aluminium strip was not liable to
the payment of the excise duty.
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With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods were classified under Chapter Heading 76 and
83 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 27A - LEAD
This commodity was brought on the tariff schedule with effect from 28.05.1965 and
was placed at number 27A of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which was read as
under.
―27A. Lead unwrought, including ingots, pigs, blocks,
anodes, slabs and cast articles.‖
By Finance Bill, 1984, the description of the entire tariff entry was amended, which
was as under.
―27A. Lead and products thereof.
―Lead‖ shall include any alloy in which lead
predominates by weight over each of the other metals.
1) Unwrought lead (including argentiferous lead),
including ingots, pigs, blocks, anodes, slabs
cakes and cast sticks.
2) Waste and scrap of lead.
Explanation: In this sub item, ―waste and
scrap‖ means waste and scrap metal fit only for
the recovery of metal by remelting or for us in
the manufacture of chemicals, but does not
include slag, ash and other residues.
3) Pipes and tubes of lead.
4) Shells and blanks for pipes and tubes.
5) Wrought lead in the form of bars, rods, angles,
sections, shapes, wires, plates, sheets, circles,
strips and foils.‖
With effect 01.03.1986, these goods were classified under Chapter Heading 78 of the
Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 28 -
TIN PLATE & TINNED SHEETS INCLUDING
INCLUDING TIN TAGGERS & CUTTINGS OF SUCH PLATES, SHEETS AND
TAGGERS
These goods came on the tariff schedule with effect from 01.03.1960 as they were
introduced by the Finance Bill, 1960, and the same was placed at tariff item number 28 of the
Central Excise Tariff. The description of which read as under.
―28. Tin plate and tinned sheets including tin taggers
and cuttings of such plates, sheets and taggers.‖
However, by the Finance Act, 1977, the entire tariff description underwent a change and was
substituted as under.
―28. Tin plate and tinned, lacquered or varnished
sheets including tin taggers and cutting of such plates,
sheets or taggers -
1) Tin pate and tinned sheets including tin
taggers and cuttings of such plates, sheets or
taggers.
2) Lacquered sheets, varnished sheets,
including cuttings of lacquered sheets and
varnished sheets.‖
This tariff item was omitted by the Finance Bill, 1983.
With effect from, 01.03.1986, the said goods were covered by Chapter Heading 72
and 80 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
-- -- -- --
There have been certain commodities which have been omitted from the Central Excise
Tariff due to some reason or the other (or why they were omitted was known best only to the
Government) so it is likely that a question will arise why these commodities were again
covered under various chapters of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986). This is so because this Schedule is based on the internationally
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standardized nomenclature and/or Brussels Trade Agreement. This schedule is an indication
of India‟s excise structure, and the principle appears to be “there may be any revenue or not
but „anything under the sun is excisable‟”.
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TARIFF ITEM 28A – ELECTRICAL STAMPINGS
This tariff item was introduced in the Finance Bill, 1974 and was made effective
from01.03.1974 which was placed at tariff item number 28A of the Central Excise Tariff, the
description of which was as under.
“28A. Electrical Stampings and laminations, all sorts”
Stampings were made from a special type of steel known as „Silicon Steel sheets‟
which were mainly used for electrical equipments. However, in the instant case, the plates
were made of MS Steel Sheets and were used for mechanical protection in stators and rotors
and by themselves did not have any specific electric functions as a lamination or electrical
stamping. Accordingly they were not classifiable as electric stampings under this item. (1981
ELT 813 (Government of India) refers)
The tariff description of item number 28A was quite exhaustive and did not make any
distinction between electrical stampings or laminations made of steel or electrical grade steel.
Therefore, all electrical stampings and laminations, whether made of electrical grade steel or
otherwise, were covered within the purview of tariff item number 28A of the Central Excise
Tariff. (CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 9/76 dated 17.02.1976 refers)
Notification Number 95/83 permitted set off of duty paid on electrical stampings and
laminations against the duty payable in respect of electric motors if used therein. Similarly,
the duty paid on the electric motors was allowed set off if the motors were used in the
electric fans. Admittedly, the appellants have not paid any duty on the electric motors
because they were exempted from the payment of the duty of excise. Therefore, the
Appellants were not entitled to claim the benefit of proforma credit on stampings and
laminations towards payment of duty on electric fans manufactured by them. (1984(16) ELT
264(T) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, these goods were classified under the Chapter Heading
83.12 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 29 - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
By the Finance Bill, 1960, this item was introduced for the first time on 01.03.1960,
which was placed at number 29 of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which read as
under.
―29. Internal Combustion Engines, All Sorts, namely,
i) Those designed for use as a prime mover for
transport vehicles and have been given for that
purpose some special shape or size or quality
which would not be essential for their use for
any other purposes.
ii) Others.‖
Internal Combustion Engines designed for the forklift trucks were classifiable under
tariff item number 29 of the Central Excise Tariff. (1984(12) ELT 543 (T) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods falling under this item were classified under
Chapter Heading 84 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 29A - AIR CONDITIONING MACHINERY, ALL SORTS.
This item came on the Tariff Schedule with effect from 01.03.1961, which was
introduced for the first time by Finance Bill, 1961. It was placed at Tariff Item Number 29A
of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which read as under.
―29A. Air Conditioning machinery, All Sorts.
However, with effect from 22.06.1962, the tariff description of this item was amended
as under.
―29A. Refrigeration and parts thereof such as are
specifically designed for the use with the refrigeration.‖
The description of this tariff entry again underwent a change and the same was as
under.
―29A. Refrigerating and Air-conditioning appliances
and machinery, all sorts, and parts thereof
1. Refrigerators and other refrigerating appliances,
which are ordinarily sold or offered for sale as
ready assembled units, such as ice makers, bottle
coolers, display cabinets and water coolers.
2. Air conditioners and other air conditioning
appliances, which are ordinarily sold or offered for
sale as ready assembled units, including package
type air conditioners and evaporative type of
coolers.
3. Parts of refrigerating and air conditioning
appliances and machinery, all sorts.‖
This means that the tariff item number 29A and number 40 were merged together to
form an item number 29A. There is no change in the description of this item since then.
As per the Board‟s letter bearing Number 49/12/61 CX-IV dated 01.01.1962, the
Board decided that for the present the following main functional parts of refrigerators be
only assessed to the duty of excise as „parts of refrigerators‟, that is to say,
i) Cooling Coils or Evaporator,
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ii) Compressor,
iii) Condenser,
iv) Thermostat,
v) Cooling unit, and in the case of absorption types of
refrigerators in which there was no compressor, heaters,
vi) Starting relay and Control/Pressure switch,
vii) Overload protection/Thermal relay.
The rate of duty of excise originally was 20%, 20% and 30% ad valorem respectively
was steeply increased in the year 1984 to 80%, 110% and 125% respectively. This
enhancement in the duty of excise showed that there was no rationality in taxation. In India,
there was a socialistic pattern of society and it was treated that air-conditioners, refrigerators
as luxury goods or high quality of goods utilized by the rich people and as such highly
prohibitive taxes were levied. It was a myth and no reality that air-conditioners, refrigerators
were used by the rich. It had other essential uses in the fields like production/manufacturing
or medical, etc.
X Ray film processing unit, which had refrigeration or cooling process attached or
built into it, was classifiable as a refrigerating appliance under this item. Reversing the trial
court‟s judgment, the appellate authority decided that this item was inapplicable. It was
observed that though a cooling process was attached to an X Ray processing unit, the basic
and predominant purpose and nature of the X Ray processing unit, namely, to develop X Ray
films, did not change. The cooling effect achieved by the cooling process built into the
system was secondary. The basic character and the purpose of the unit, which was X Ray
film processing, remained unaltered. The only effect of the combination of the cooling
process with the processing unit was to get better results, since the unit was indigenously
manufactured by the assessee for the first time there was no question of finding out the trade
nomenclature. (1981 ELT 344) refers.
A cooling plant used to cool caustic soda solution used for mercerizing process in
textile mills was a refrigerator. (13 STC 102 refers)
In a sales tax case spray booths, dust collectors and textile humidification plant were
held not classifiable as air conditioners. An air conditioner should be one which should
enable not merely the cooling of the atmosphere in an enclosed place but it should control the
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temperature by a device of adjustment helping to lower or increase the temperature to the
required degree. (29 STC 454, 458 refers)
The fact that Amerio Plate Freezer was imported without the condensing unit
compressor, motor pump and cooling tower was held irrelevant, if it could be sold as an
assembled unit. That was sufficient to attract countervailing duty on the basis of this item.
(1979 ELT (J-81) refers)
Since a stabilizer had a separate identity of its own and was sold in the market as such
and as refrigerators can work without a stabilizer in tows where there was no voltage
fluctuation, the voltage stabilizer cannot be treated as an inseparable part of a refrigerator and
its cannot be added to the assessable value of the refrigerator. (1979 ELT (J-111) (Appl Coll)
refers).
Cooling coils and condensers were not covered by this item as this item specially
referred to and restricts the applicability of duty to goods which were assembled units and
which were generally offered for sale (1979 Cencus 283D, 1980 ELT 600 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 these goods were classified under Chapter Heading 84,
85 and 90 respectively of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 30 - ELECTRIC MOTORS, ALL SORTS, AND PARTS THEREOF
By the Finance Bill, 1960, this tariff item was introduced for the first time for the duty
of excise and was placed at number 30 of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which
was as under.
―30. Electric Motors, all sorts, and parts thereof, namely -
1) Those designed for use in circuits of less than 10
amperes and at a pressure not exceeding 250 volts,
2) Those designed for use in circuits at a pressure
exceeding 400 volts, and
i) with a rated capacity not exceeding 10 HP
ii) exceeding 10 HP
3) All Others
4) Parts of Electric Motors‖
Originally on 01.03.1960 the item number was 31; however, with effect from
20.09.1960, this article was placed at tariff item number 30.
With effect from18.06.1977, the tariff description of this item was substituted which
read as under.
―30. Electric Motors, All Sorts and parts thereof, namely,
(A) Motors which operate on alternating current
1. Single Phase motors
2. Three Phase motors
(i) For rated output not exceeding 7.5 Kw
continuous rating or, in the case of short
time or intermittent rated motors, its
equivalent continuous rating
(ii) For rated output exceeding 7.5 Kw
continuous rating of, in the case of short
time or intermittent rated motors, its
equivalent continuous rating.
(B) Motors which operate on direct current
(i) With rated output not exceeding 7.5 Kw
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(ii) With rated output exceeding 7.5 Kw
(C) Parts of Electric Motors
Explanation I: In the case of any multi-speed motor, the
highest rated output of the motor shall be deemed to be
the rated output of the motor.
Explanation II: This item does not include motors
specially designed for use in gramophones or record
players and all parts of such motors.‖
By Finance Bill, 1978, sub item „C‟ of item number 30 was inserted as under.
―C. Motors which were capable of operating on
alternative current or direct currents.‖
And “Parts of Electric Motors” was numbered as sub item „D‟
By Finance Bill, 1982, Explanation (3) was added, which read as under.
“Explanation III: This item includes motor equipped with gear
or gear boxes.‖
By Finance Bill, 1983, sub item „D‟ was substituted as under.
―D. Parts of Electric Motors including die cast rotors.‖
Raw die cast rotors were not classifiable under tariff item 30(4) of the Schedule (1980
ELT 6 refers)
Since by fitting the electric motor to a pumping set, another product with a distinct
identity and distinct name was not brought into existence, excise duty payable on electric
motor cannot be included in the value of the power driven pump of which the electric motor
forms a part (1981 ELT 18 refers)
The main function of the pump was to shift or to lift liquid from one point to another
or from a lower point to a higher point by rotating action of the shaft and the impellers. Thus
it converts mechanical energy into kinetic energy of the liquid which was forced out by great
pressure from the pump itself, It was the bowl assembly that perform all these functions and
hence it alone can be called “power driven pump” classifiable under this item. The column
assembly, discharge head assembly, pre-lubricating tanks, lubricator, suction pipe, depth
indicator and strainer contribute to the effectiveness of the bowl assembly, but they do not
perform the essential function of a power driven pump in building up pressure in liquid.
Hence they were not components or essential parts or accessories of power driven pumps
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classifiable under 30A, even though they may attract duty under a different item (1979 ELT
J-546) refers.
This item referred to pumps driven by an external source of power. Pumps, which
were not driven by an external source of power, were not covered by this item. Since the
source of power of Barmag precision gear pumps was not an external force, this item did not
cover them. (1981 ELT 722 (Government of India) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 this commodity was classified under the Chapter
Heading 85.01 and 85.03 (being parts thereof) of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff
Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 30A – POWER DRIVEN PUMPS
This item was first introduced by the Finance Bill, 1969, and was made effective from
01.03.1969, which was placed at tariff number 30A of the Central Excise Tariff, the
description of which read as under.
―30A. Power driven pumps (including motor pumps, turbo
pumps and mono block pump sets) for liquids whether or
not fitted with the necessary devices‖
The description given above of this tariff item was as per HSN Heading or Brussels
Trade Nomenclature.
By a Notification dated 01.03.1978 the following Power Driven Pumps were
unconditionally exempted wholly from the payment of duty of excise leviable thereon.
A) Centrifugal Pumps (Horizontal or Vertical),
B) Deep Tube well turbine pump,
C) Submersible pumps, and
D) Axial Flow and Mixed Flow Verticle Pumps.
These pumps were primarily designed for handling water and were used mainly in
irrigation.
Since by fitting the electric motor to a pumping set, another product with a distinct
identity and distinct name was not brought into existence, excise duty payable on electric
motor cannot be included in the value of the power driven pump of which the electric motor
forms a part (1981 ELT 18 refers)
The main function of the pump was to shift or to lift liquid from one point to another
or from a lower point to a higher point by rotating action of the shaft and the impellers. Thus
it converts mechanical energy into kinetic energy of the liquid which was force out by great
pressure from the pump itself It was the bowl assembly that perform all these functions and
hence it alone can be called “power driven pump” classifiable under this item. The column
assembly, discharge head assembly, pre-lubricating tanks, lubricator, suction pipe, depth
indicator and strainer contribute to the effectiveness of the bowl assembly, but they do not
perform the essential function of a power driven pump in building up pressure in liquid.
Hence they were not components or essential parts or accessories of power driven pumps
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classifiable under 30A, even though they may attract duty under a different item (1979 ELT
J-546) refers.
This item referred to pumps driven by an external source of power. Pumps, which
were not drive by an external source of power, were not covered by this item. Since the
source of power of Barmag precision gear pumps was not was not an external force, this item
did not cover them. (1981 ELT 722 (Government of India) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 this commodity was classified under the Chapter
Heading 84.13 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
TARIFF ITEM 30B - MOTOR STARTERS
This commodity was brought into the Excise net for the first time by Finance Bill,
1971, with effect from 29.05.1971, and was placed at Tariff Item Number 30B of the Central
Excise Tariff.
The original description of this Tariff Item, that is to say, “Motor Starters” had not
changed since then.
Electrical Control Panel assemblies used as components of hoists essentially perform
“start” and “stop” functions like a motor starter and were classifiable under the Tariff Item
30B and not under Tariff Item Number 68 (Residuary Items) of the Central Excise Tariff.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods falling under this category were classified
under the Chapter Heading 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 32 -
ELECTRIC LIGHTING BULBS AND FLUORESCENT LIGHTING TUBES
This commodity was initially introduced by the Finance Act, 1955 (Number 15 of
1955) and was placed at Tariff Item Number 19 of the Central Excise Tariff (which,
however, was re-numbered as Tariff Item Number 32 with effect from 20.09.1960, the
description of which was as under.
―32. Electric Lighting Bulbs and Fluorescent Lighting Tubes -
1. Vacuum and Gas filled bulbs –
(i) not exceeding one hundred watts and train lighting
bulbs,
(ii) exceeding one hundred watts but not exceeding
three hundred watts and engine head light bulbs,
(iii) exceeding three hundred watts.
2. Fluorescent Tubes
3. Sodium and Mercury vapour discharge lamps, and
4. All Sorts, not otherwise specified.‖
Electric Lighting Bulbs of the type commonly known as “Miniature Lamps” were
exempted from purview of the duty of excise under Notification Number 18/55-CE dated
18.04.1955.
Miniature Lamps, as the word implied “generally the lamps of small size”. One of the
distinguishing features of all these miniature lamps was that their caps were small and they
did not fit into the sockets provided for bulbs used for house lighting and ordinary
illumination purposes. The miniature lamps were generally used for operations on voltages
not exceeding 24 exceeding telephone switchboard lamps which were also used on voltages
higher than 24. It was, however, pointed out in this connection that there were some train
lighting lamps which operated on 24 volts but, as far as it was known, they were fitted with
the standard bayonet caps (as were used for the common house lighting lamps) and,
therefore, were easily distinguishable from the other categories of miniature lamps. (Central
Board of Revenue‟s letter bearing No.5/32/55 CXM II dated 15.09.1955 refers)
There were the miniature bulbs for the automobiles (as head lamps, side lamps and
tail lamps), for flash lights, cycle dynamo lamps, illuminating radio dials and panels,
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telephone switch board series, decorative lamps and for miner‟s safety lamps. Photoflash
bulbs were classifiable under the Tariff Entry Number 32(4) of the First Schedule to the
Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
For the first time, with effect from 01.03.1969, the Central Excise duty was imposed
on the Domestic Electrical Bulbs and this excise coverage included all types of domestic
electrical appliances, other than the appliances falling under the Notification Number 16/69-
CE. However, this was replaced with effect from 18.06.1977.
Bulbs for neon ignited lamps, neon flood flash, neon flash lamps, LED lamps, exciter
lamps, which were used for illuminating cine film sound track were classifiable as electric
light bulbs, falling under tariff item number 33(iv) of the Central Excise Tariff. (1976 LR
1430 (CAL) refers)
The Government, by Notification Number67/83-CE dated 01.03.1983 exempted the
following goods from so much of duty of excise leviable thereon at the rates specified in the
said First Schedule as was in excess of the amount calculated at the rates specified therein
respectively
Sr. No. Item
No
Description Effective Rate
01 32(1) Visual Indicator Lamps used in telephonic and
telegraphic switch boards and for allied purposes
Ten per cent
02 32(1) Miniature Bulbs Ten per cent
03 32(1) Krypton or Argon gas filled bulbs (lamps) for
miner‟s cap lamps
Nil
04 32(1) Vacuum and Gas filled bulbs not exceeding sixty
watts, other than those specified in Sr. No (1) to (3)
above
Nil
05 32(2) Fluorescent Lighting Tubes Twenty percent
ad valorem
Explanation I: For the purposes of this Notification,
“Miniature Bulbs” shall mean only such bulbs or lamps
excluding Krypton or Argon gas filled bulbs (lamps) for
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Miner‟s cap lamps which have the following wattage and
dimensions, namely –
i) wattage not exceeding six watts,
ii) length less than thirty mm (nominal), and
iii) diameter less than eighteen mm (nominal)
Explanation II: For the purposes of determining, under this
Notification the classification and nomenclature of bulbs or
lamps, or, as the case may be, the wattage, length or diameter
of bulbs or lamps, the definition as well as the procedure for
testing, including allowances for tolerances as prescribed in the
Indian Standards Specifications shall be adopted.
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TARIFF ITEM 33 - ELECTRIC FANS
This commodity was brought into the Excise net by the Finance Act, 1955
(Number15 of 1955) dated 27.04.1955 and was placed at tariff item number 18, which,
however, was re-numbered as tariff item number 33 vide Act Number 38 of 1960 dated
20.09.1960. The definition of this item was as under.
33. Electric fans, including air circulators but
excluding those which were designed for use in an
industrial system as parts indispensable for its
operations and have been given for that purpose some
special shape or quality which would not be essential
for their use for any other purpose, and parts of such
electric fans, that is to say -
1. Table, Cabin, Carriage, Pedestal and Air
Circulator Fans not exceeding sixteen inches
2. All other fans,
3. Following parts of fans mentioned above, namely,
complete motors, stators and rotors -
a) if designed for use in respect of any fan falling
within sub item (1)
i) Complete motors,
ii) Stators,
iii) Rotors
b) if designed for use in respect of any fan falling
within sub item (2)
i) Complete Motors,
ii) Stators,
iii) Rotors‖
For the purpose of the assessment of the duty of excise, sixteen inches electric fans
were considered as Cabin fans under the tariff item 18(1) and were exigible to Central Excise
duty at the rate of rupees five per fan.
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It was decided by the Government that complete warping fan which was used for
warping machine in the Textile Mill as well as several other industrial types of fans which
have been given a special shape or quality which would not be essential for their use for any
other purposes was not liable to the duty of excise under tariff item number 30 as “Electric
Fans.” However, the electric motors, which drive these warping fans or other industrial types
of fans, were liable to the duty of excise at the appropriate rates as applicable.
Exhaust Fans were assessed to the duty of excise under tariff item number 33(2) of
Central Excise Tariff attracting the excise duty at the rate of rupees fifteen per fan
irrespective of the size of fan. The duty on turntable circular fans, which had blades of size
21cms, was chargeable to the duty of excise at the rate of rupees five per fan. Besides,
twenty per cent excise duty was also required to be paid.
A doubt was raised as to what were the components and accessories, which constitute
an electric fan, designed for use in an industrial system, for the purpose of sub item number
(2) of tariff item 22 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. The
Central Board of Revenue, after consulting the Director General of Technical Development
and Indian Standards Institution, advised that for the purpose of sub item (2) of tariff item
number (33), the industrial fan had to include the impeller, its shaft, its bearings, the casing
within which the impeller rotates, the flared duct connected thereto, if any, the pedestal and
also the motor if it forms an integral part of the fan, i.e. without being connected through a
belt or coupling.
“Multi-purpose Fan” or “All Purpose Fan”, that is to say, the fan which could be
hung on the wall, used as a table fan or a cabin fan or a ceiling fan, was classified under tariff
item number 33(1) of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986).
Partial exemption was granted by the Notification Number 46/84-CE dated
01.03.1984 to this category as under.
Sr. No. Sub Item No. Description
1. (1) Electric fans of a diameter (blade sweep) not exceeding 40.6
centimeters and regulators therefor
(a) Table Fan
(b) Cabin, Carriage, Pedestal and Air Circulator Fans and
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Circulators therefor
2 (3) Electric fans, not otherwise specified
(a) Ceiling Fans of diameter (blade sweep) not exceeding
107 cms.
(b) Others
3 (3) Regulators
The assessable value of ceiling fans was inclusive of the value of regulators but in
cases, where a manufacturer had billed the fan without regulator and sold the regulators
separately, it was not possible to include the value of the regulators in the value of the fan for
the purposes its assessment.
Regulators, Switches and Resistance Box for Carriage Fan, when they were supplied
independently for use with railway, Carriage Fans, were not classifiable as “regulators”
under tariff item number 33(1).
Air circulating device fitted in room heater and cylindrical rotary by itself was not
classifiable under tariff item 33 as Electric Fans.
Gear Fan was simply a fan with switch with seven inches blade size, meant for air-
cooling, and such Gear Fans, were leviable to the duty of excise as they were classifiable
under the Central Excise tariff Item Number 33(I).
The distinction between Blower and Compressor was purely on the basis of the
pressure it produced, that is to say, when the machine produced lower pressure it was termed
as “blower” and when it produced higher pressure it was known as “compressor.”
Tariff Item 33 of the Central Excise Tariff encompassed within its scope, blowers in
the category of fan, which was also testified by the Chambers Technical Dictionary as well
as Entry84.11 of Brussels Trade Nomenclature, classifying the fans and blowers together
having similar uses. Therefore, it was stated that they were known in technical as well as the
trade parlance as fans classifiable under tariff item number 33 of the Central Excise Tariff.
In accordance with the ISI specifications as also with the trade practice a Regulator
was a part and parcel of a Ceiling Fan, unless the latter was of a type designed to work
without the former. Moreover, no customer would buy a fan without a regulator with the
consequences that the assessable value of the regulator was liable to be included in the cost of
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the fan under Section 4 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, and also under the tariff
item number 33 as it stood even before its amendment from 17.06.1977.
SSI exemption for clearance value upto first rupees one hundred lacs leviable thereon
was available to this commodity.
With effect from 01.03.1986, Electrical Fans were classifiable under Chapter Heading
84.14 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
At present this item attracts the duty of excise at the rate of sixteen per cent ad
valorem.
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TARIFF ITEM 33A - WIRELESS RECEIVING SETS
This item was brought into the Excise net by Finance Bill, 1961, and was made effective
from 01.03.1961. Initially, the tariff description was under
―33A. Wireless Receiving Sets, All Sorts, Including Transistor
sets and Radiograms with or without Loudspeaker.‖
By Finance Bill, 1972, two sub items were created as under.
―33A. Wireless Receiving Sets, All Sorts, including
Transistor Sets and Radiograms, with or without
Loudspeaker
1. Broadcast television receiver sets
2. Others
By Finance Bill, 1975, the tariff description was substituted as under.
―33A. Wireless Receiving Sets, All Sorts, including any
combination of two or more of the following, namely, Broadcast
Television Receiver sets, Radios including Transistor sets,
Gramophones (including Record Players, Record Playing Decks
and Record Changing Decks) and Tape Recorders (including
Cassette recorders and Tape Decks), in each case whether with or
without loudspeakers -
1. Broadcast Television Receiver Sets,
2. Radios (including Transistor Sets),
3. Radiograms (including radio or transistor sets with
extra space in cabinet for fitting in record players
or record changers),
4. Others‖
By the Finance Bill, 1976, the tariff description underwent an amendment, which read
as under.
(a) “For the entries in the third column against sub
items (2) and (3), the entries ‗four hundred rupees
per set‘ and ‗four hundred rupees per set‘ shall
respectively be substituted,
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(b) for the entry in the second column against sub item
(3) the entry - ―Radiograms (including radio or
transistor sets with extra space in cabinet for fitting
in record players or record changers) and
combination sets of radios (including transistor
sets) and tape recorders (including cassette
recorders and tape desks‖ shall be substituted,
By Finance Bill, 1977, again the tariff description was amended and the following
was substituted
(a) in the second column - “Tape Recorders (including
Cassette Recorders and Tape Decks) and Tape
Players” (including Cassette”)
(b) for the entry in the second column against sub item (3),
the entry “Radiograms (including radio or transistor
sets with extra space in cabinet for fitting in record
players or record changers)” shall be substituted,
(c) for each of the entries in the third column against sub
items (2), (3) and (4), the entry “thirty five per cent ad
valorem” shall be substituted.
Closed Circuit television sets which accepted only video signal and not wireless
signal, did not fall within the specification of broadcast television receiver set under tariff
item 33A of the Central Excise Tariff (Tariff advice of the Board bearing No.16/72 dated
11.12.1972 refers)
In the case of TV cum Radios where the radio circuit and power supply circuit were
common for both the items and when one worked the other cannot function such whole
composite unit was classified and assessed as television set including the value of radio under
tariff item number 33A(1). In the case of transistor cum tape recorders, since these two
appliances are independent but these are only combined together for the sake of convenience
the excise duty will be charged on the transistor and tape recorder separately at each stage.
(Circular of the Board bearing Number 1/75 (W.R.S.) dated 29.03.1975 refers)
Under Notification Number 208/77, Wireless Receiving Sets of a value of Rs.165/-
were exempted from the whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon. Manufacturer sold the
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sets to wholesale dealers at prices ranging at a price above RS.165/-but in their turn the
wholesale dealers sold these sets at a price above Rs.265/-, it was held that the manufacture
was entitled to the benefit of Notification 208/77 because he had sold the sets below Rs.165/-
and had no control over the dealers. (Order In Appeal No.2200/78, decided on 30.12.1978 by
the Appellate Collector of Customs and Central Excise, refers)
With effect from 1985 the goods covered by this item were classified under Chapter
Heading 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 33AA - PARTS OF WIRELESS RECEIVING SETS
This item was first introduced under the Excise schedule with effect from 01.03.1968 which
was an outcome of Finance Bill, 1968, and was placed at Tariff Item Number 33AA of
Central Excise Tariff, the description of which was as under.
―33A. Parts of Wireless Receiving Sets (including parts of
Transistor Sets and radiograms), namely, electronic valves and
tubes, transistors and semi-conductor diodes‖
The tariff rate of duty of excise of this commodity was rupees five per piece.
By their letter bearing Number152/3/71 CX-4 dated 04.02.1972, the Board expressed
in unequivocal words that the diodes which were designed for and used in wireless receiving
sets were correctly classifiable under the tariff item number 33AA but the diodes which were
not designed for, and not capable of being used in the wireless receiving sets were not
covered under the tariff item number 33AA.
The Board, under their Tariff Advice Number 15/77 dated 14.04.1977 held that a
television set functions efficiently with a fixed antenna if it was located in close proximity to
a television broadcasting station. It has been, therefore, suggested that an external antenna
was not to be treated as an integral part of a television set and such antenna was not to be
covered under the Tariff Item Number 33AA. However, it was liable to be covered under
Tariff Item Number 68, i.e. Residuary Items, subject to fulfillment of the other conditions
attached thereto.
With effect from 01.03.1986, this commodity was classified under the Chapter 85 of
the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 33B - ELECTRIC WIRES AND CABLES.
These goods were covered by the Excise net by the Finance Bill, 1962 and were made
effective from 24.04.1962, which were placed at Tariff Item Number 33B of the Central
Excise Tariff, the description of which was as under.
―33B. Electric Wires and Cables, All Sorts, not otherwise
specified -
i) Insulated Wires and Cables whether sheathed or
unsheathed, when designed for use in circuits of
less than ten amperes and at a pressure no
exceeding 250 volts
ii) All Others‖
This item was attracting the rate of duty of excise at the rate of fifteen per cent and
five per cent ad valorem respectively.
By Finance Bill, 1964, the description was amended to read as under.
―33B. Electric Wires and Cables, All Sorts, not otherwise
specified -
i) Insulated Copper Wires and Cables whether
sheathed or unsheathed, any core of which, not
being one specially designed as a pilot core, has a
sectional area of less than 8.0645 sq millimeters
and wires and cables of other metals and alloys of
not more than equivalent conductivity.‖
By Finance Bill, 1966, the sub item (1) was substituted to read as under.
―Insulated wires and cables of copper, aluminium and other
metals and alloys, whether sheathed or unsheathed, the conductor
of any core of which not being one specially designed as a pilot
core, has a sectional area not exceeding 1.5 sq millimeters in the
core of copper or not exceeding 2.5 sq millimeters in the core of
aluminium or of not more than equivalent conductivity as of
Copper in the case of other metals and alloys.‖
After sub item (ii), the following explanation was added, namely -
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―Explanation: The expression ―Electric Wires and Cables, All
Sorts‖ used in this item shall not include square or rectangular
conductors whether insulated or not.‖
The Aluminium scrap in the form of electric wires and cables of short length of
unstranded form could not be treated as electric aluminium wires classifiable under the Tariff
Item Number 33B (1982 ELT 643 (Government of India) refers)
Since the function of the bare coppers wires in 30, 40 and 45 SWG was to carry
electric current, their classification as „Electric Wires and Cables‟ falling under the Tariff
Entry Number 33B was correct (1980 ELT 577 (CBE&C) refers)
Insulated Aluminium Cables with sectional area of 2.545 square millimeters were
assessable to the duty of excise under Central Excise Tariff Item Number 33B(ii). (1979 ELT
(J-27) (KER) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, this commodity was covered under the Chapter Heading
85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 33C - DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
This item was covered by the Excise revenue net, for the first time, by the Finance
Bill, 1969, which was placed at Tariff Entry Number 33C of the Central Excise Tariff, the
description of which was as under.
―33C. Domestic electrical appliances, not elsewhere specified.
Explanation I: ―Domestic electrical appliances‖ means
electrical appliances normally used in the household and
similar appliances used in hotels restaurants, hostels, offices,
educational institutions, hospitals, train kitchens, aircraft or
ships, pantries, canteens, tailoring establishments, laundry
shops and hair dressing saloons.
Explanation II: Interchangeable parts or auxiliary devices
accompanying an appliance to make it suitable for various
purposes shall be assessed to duty along with the appliances.‖
By Notification dated 01.02.1969 following appliances were made dutiable.
01. Vacuum Cleaners,
02. Floor Polishers,
03. Grinders and Mixers,
04. Juice Extractors,
05. Cream Whippers and egg beaters,
06. Clothes Washing machines,
07. Dish Washing machines,
08. Automatic smoothing irons fitted with device for
automatic regulation of temperature,
09. Geysers and water heaters, all types but excluding
immersions heaters,
10. Water Boilers,
11. Shavers,
12. Hair dryers, Hair curlers, permanent waving apparatus
and curling tong heaters,
13. Massage apparatus,
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14. Kettles, Sauce Pans, steamers, coffee makers (including
percolators of the domestic type), cookers, egg boilers,
frying pans,
15. Toasters,
16. Hot Plates, cooking ranges, grillers, boiling plates, plate
warmers, food warming trollies, hot food cabinets,
17. Coffee roasting appliances,
18. Room Heaters fitted with air circulation device,
19. Ice cream churners,
20. Domestic ovens, of all types, and
21. Rectangular Beverage Jug (Hot).
As to the scope of this item, it was the electric element or motor or rotor or starter,
which gave the specific character to the goods of the description as electric appliance. Unless
electric parts were fitted into it by which the said appliance worked, the rest of the
assemblage was only a domestic appliance, which could not be covered under the description
of „electric appliance‟ falling under tariff item number 33C of the Central Excise Tariff.
(1981 ELT 121 (Guj) refers)
Since “flour grinding mill‟ was not an electric appliance, as such, it was not
classifiable under tariff item number 33C of the Central Excise Tariff. (1981 ELT 121(Guj)
refers)
Electric automatic pressure cookers were classifiable under tariff item number 33C of
the Central Excise Tariff.
Steam pressing equipments with device for automatic regulation of temperature were
appropriately covered under tariff item number 33C and were chargeable to countervailing
duty under Sr. No. 8 of the Notification Number 33/69-CE dated 01.03.1969 (as amended)
Wet Grinder, which had a detachable electric motor with a „V‟ Belt arrangement for
transmission of motion, was classifiable as a domestic electrical appliance under tariff item
number 33C of the Central Excise Tariff. (Tariff Advice Number 27/29 dated 18.06.1969
refers)
As per Board‟s letter Number 46/2/69 C.E.9 dated 15.01.1970, Notification Number
33/69-CE dated 01.03.1969 was to be construed as referring only to such appliances having
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in-built electrical devices to operate them instantaneously when connected with the main or
with power. In other words, the appliances referred to in the notification which did not have
in-built electrical devices did not attract the levy.
Certain accessories of water heaters such as, (1) Heating elements, (2) Templates, (3)
Lead Pipe Connector, (4) Gaskets, (5) Jewel Light Assembly, (6) Terminal Board, (7)
Pressure Release Valves, (8) Fixing Bolts, (9) Resistance Wires, and (10) Thermostats,
supplied with water heaters were not covered by the „Explanation‟ to tariff item number 33C
of the Central Excise Tariff, as these items were neither interchangeable parts for alternate
uses (like dry grinders, meat mincers, etc, supplied with mixies) nor they were accessories to
be treated as part and parcel of a mother item for its functioning or installation. Therefore, no
duty was chargeable on them nor their value was added for the purpose of assessment of
water heaters.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff entry were classified
under Chapter Heading 84, 85 and 90 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 33D - OFFICE MACHINES
For the first time, by Finance Bill, 1970, this commodity was brought on the Excise
taxation and was placed at tariff item number 33D of the Central Excise Tariff. This was
made effective from and the description of which was as under.
―33D. Office machines and apparatus, including typewriters,
calculating machines, cash registers, cheque writing machines,
accounting machines, statistical machines, intercom devices (but
excluding telephones) teleprinters and auxiliary machines for use
with such machines, whether in assembled or unassembled
condition, not elsewhere specified.
Explanation: The term ―Office machines and apparatus‖
shall be construed so as to include all machines and
apparatus used in offices, shops, factories, workshops,
educational institutions, railway stations, hotels and
restaurants for doing office work, for data processing and
for transmission and reception of messages.‖
By Budget, 1976, the words ―Computers including Central Processing Unit and
Peripheral devices‖ were deleted.
The words ―not elsewhere specified‖ after the words “or unassembled condition”
were added by the Budget 1976.
As regards the Ribbons for typewriter, it was decided by the Supreme Court of India
that typewriter ribbon was not a part of the typewriter (unlike spools) thought it may not be
possible to use the latter without the former. Just as aviation petrol was not a part of the
aeroplane not diesel was a part of a bus, in the same way ribbon was not a part of the
typewriter though it was not possible to type all or any matter without the same. ((1977) 39
STC 8(S.C.) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 83, 84, 85, 90 and 91 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act,
1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 33DD - COMPUTERS
By the Finance Bill 1976, this tariff item was first introduced within the ambit of
excise revenue with effect from 16.03.1976 when it was placed at number 33DD of the
Central Excise Tariff and its definition was as under
―33DD. Computers (including central processing units
and peripheral devices), all sorts‖
There was exemption available to this commodity if cleared for display in any fair or
exhibition under the Notification Number 215/84-CE dated 09.11.1984.
As per the Central Board of Excise and Customs Tariff Advice Number 29/82 dated
03.06.1982 Floppy Disc Drives and Line Printers for use as peripherals NELCO 3000 system
were classifiable as peripherals of computers under item number 33DD of the Central Excise
Tariff for the purpose of levying of countervailing duty.
According to MF (DR&I) letter bearing 1(O.M.A.)/76 dated 01.05.1976, since the
notification number 148/76 did not indicate the tariff item under which the peripheral devices
were required to pay duty. Set off of duty was available under this notification irrespective of
whether the peripheral devices had discharged duty liability under the tariff item 33D or the
tariff item 33DD of the Central Excise Tariff.
This was very sensitive item of the excise and often the rate of duty kept on changing.
With effect from 01.03.1986, this tariff item was classified under Chapter heading
84.71 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 33E - ELECTRICITY SUPPLY METERS
This item was introduced by the Finance Bill, 1971, for the first time, and was made
effective from 01.04.1971. It was placed at Tariff Entry Number 33E and the description of
which was read as under.
―33E. Electricity Supply Metres
Explanation: ―Electricity supply meters‖ means meters for
measuring and registering the amount of electricity
consumed in ampere hours or multiples thereof, or the
amount of electric energy consumed in watt hours or
multiples thereof.
Since then there has been no change in the tariff description of this item and with
effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered by this commodity were classified under the
Chapter Heading 90 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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ITEM 33F - MUSICAL SYSTEMS
This item was included into the excisable articles with effect from 18.06.1977, the
description of which read as under.
“33F. Musical systems commercially known as stereo or hi-fi
systems, namely,
(i) Stereo or hi-fi amplifiers.
(ii) Speakers and speaker systems housed in acoustically
designed enclosures which are ordinarily used as
attachments with stereo or hi-fi systems, or with radios
(including transistor sets), tuners, radiograms,
gramophones (including record players) and tape
recorders or players (including cassette recorders or
players) having in-built stereo devices.”
By the Notification No.70/81-CE dated 25.03.1981, the musical systems manufactured /
produced in small units were exempted with effect from 01.04.1981 from so much of the duty
of excise leviable thereon as is in excess of ten per cent ad valorem –
(i) if an officer not below the rank of an Assistant Collector of
Central Excise, was satisfied that the sum total of the value of
capital investment made from time to time on plant and
machinery installed in the industrial unit in which the said
goods, under clearance, are manufacture, is not more than
rupees twenty lakhs, and
(ii) if the aggregate value of clearances of the said goods, if any,
for home consumption, from such industrial unit, by or on
behalf of one or more manufacturers, during the preceding
financial year had not exceeded rupees one crore:
Provided that the aggregate value of the first clearance of the
said goods, for home consumption, at the reduced rate of duty
as specified in the abovesaid notification –
(i) by or on behalf of a manufacturer, from one or more
industrial units, or
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(ii) from any industrial unit, by or on behalf of one or more
manufacturers
shall not exceed, in either case, rupees fifty lakhs, in any
financial year
Provided also that nothing contained in this notification shall apply to a
manufacturer if the aggregate value of clearances of the said goods, if
any, for home consumption by him or on his behalf, from one or more
industrial units, during the preceding financial year had exceeded
rupee one crore --
Provided also that nothing contained in this notification shall apply if
the aggregate value of clearances of all excisable goods for home
consumption –
i) by or on behalf of a manufacturer, from one or more industrial
units, or
ii) from any industrial unit, by or on behalf of one or more
manufacturers,
had exceeded rupees two crores during the preceding financial
year.
Explanation I: While determining the sum total of the
value of the capital investment, only the face value of
the investment at the time when such investment was
made shall be taken into account, but the value of the
investment made on plant and machinery which have
been removed permanently from the industrial unit or
rendered unfit for any use shall be excluded from such
determination.
Explanation II: For the purposes of this notification,
“value” shall have the same meaning as in section 4 of
the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (Number 1 of
1944).
Exemption was also granted to the musical system by Notification Number 215/84-
C.E. dated 09.11.1984 provided it was cleared for display in any fair or exhibition.
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The Ministry of Finance under its letter No.27/1/77-TRU dated 14.09.1977 directed
that amplifiers, which were commercially marketed as „Mono‟ amplifiers without hi-fi or
which were low fidelity amplifiers and were chargeable to duty under Tariff Item
Number37A before 1977 budget proposals were outside the scope of new tariff item 33F.
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TARIFF ITEM 34 -
MOTOR VEHICLES AND TRACTORS INCLUDING TRAILERS.
This commodity was brought under the excise net by the Finance Bill, 1956 and with
effect from 01.12.1956 it was placed at Tariff Item Number 27 of the Central Excise Tariff,
the description of which read as under.
―27. Motor Cars, including taxi cabs, driven by internal
combustion engines, with a carrying capacity of not more than
nine persons, but excluding -
i) 4 cylinder cars of not more than 20 horse power
by Royal Automobile Club (RAC) Rating,
ii) 6 cylinder cars of not more than 16 horse power
by Royal Automobile Club (RAC) Rating.‖
Prior to 20.09.1960, the goods covered by this tariff item were numbered at 27,
however, with effect from 20.09.1960, the same were renumbered as item number 34 of the
Central Excise Tariff.
By Finance Bill, 1960, the description of this item was changed, that is to say –
―27. Motor Vehicles -
―Motor Vehicles‖ means all mechanically propelled
vehicles adapted for use upon roads, and includes a chassis
and a trailer, but does not include a vehicle running upon
fixed rails –
1. Auto cycles, motor cycles, scooters, auto
rickshaws and any other three wheeled motor
vehicle,
2. Motor Vehicles of not more than 16 HP by Royal
Automobile Club (RAC) Rating,
3. Motor cars of more than 16 HP by Royal
Automobile Club (RAC) Rating, constructed or
adapted to carry not more than nine persons,
4. Motor Vehicles, not otherwise specified‖
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The above description again underwent a change with effect from 18.06.1977, which
was as under.
―34. Motor Vehicles and Tractors -
I. Motor Vehicles -
―Motor Vehicles‖ means all mechanically propelled
vehicles, other than tractors, designed for use upon roads -
(1) Two wheeled and three wheeled motor vehicles,
(2) Motor Vehicles of engine capacity not exceeding
2500cubic centimeters – (i) Motor Vehicles with
body (ii) Other Motor Vehicles (including chassis
whether or not with cab)
(3) Motor Vehicles of engine capacity exceeding 2500
cubic centimeters
II. Tractors, including agricultural tractors.
Explanation I: ―Motor Vehicles‖ and ―Tractors including
agricultural tractors‖ shall include a chassis and a trailer
but shall not include a vehicle running upon the fixed rails,
Explanation II : For the purpose of this item, where a
motor vehicle is mounted, fitted or fixed with any weight
lifting or other specialized material handling equipment,
then, such equipment shall not be taken into account.‖
By the Finance Act, 1978, the tariff description was amended to read as under.
“34. Motor Vehicles and Tractors, including trailers.‖
Sub Item (iii) was added against which the words
―Trailers‖ were mentioned.
Explanation I was amended and the amended Explanation I was read as under.
Explanation I: ―Motor Vehicles, tractors, including agricultural
trailers and trailers shall include a chassis but shall not include a
vehicle running upon a fixed rail.‖
As to the scope of this item it was clarified that the duty of excise levied under tariff
item number 34 was not applicable to a motor vehicle, which was not suitable for use on
public roads. (1978 ELT (J-15) (KAR) refers)
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In the expression “adapted for use upon road” referred to in tariff item number 34 of
the Central Excise Tariff, the words “adapt” and “roads” were the key words. The word
„adapt‟ means „apt‟ or „fit‟ which was used in an adjective sense means „suitable‟ or „apt for
use‟, while the word „road‟ means a „public road‟ or a „highway‟ to which the public have an
access. Therefore the expression „adapted for use upon the road‟ referred to in Central
Excise Tariff item Number 34 means that the vehicle should befit or suitable to run on the
road but will not exclude vehicles which were suitable for use upon roads but were not
actually used as such for much of the time. (1980 ELT 423 (DEL) refers)
As to the distinction between agricultural tractors and ordinary tractors it was decided
that agricultural tractors were required to use various agricultural implements like a wood
board plough, a cultivator, etc, and hence they were fitted with a three point linkage,
hydraulic lift housing and position and draft control. On industrial tractors a hydraulic
system with draft control and position control was not provided because the industrial tractors
were used for hauling and material handling purposes only. (1984 (18) ELT 262 (BOM)
refers)
Rear dumpers were „motor vehicles‟ within the meaning of the Central Excise Tariff
item number 34. The mere fact that a motor vehicle was fitted with a specialized material
handling equipment did not take these dumpers out of the category of „motor vehicles‟.
(1981 ELT 305 (Government of India) refers)
Industrial Tractor Hauler was classifiable under Central Excise Tariff Item Number
34(3a) (now 34-II). (1983 ELT 1804 (T) refers)
Bus body mounted upon motor chassis could not be regarded as an accessory or spare
part of motor vehicle. (39 STC 44 (P&H) refers)
According to Central Board of Excise and Customs Tariff Ruling Number 6/67 dated
13.09.1967, “chassis” included chassis frame, wheels, brake, transmission, etc, assembly and
prime mover.
Trailers designed for being coupled to a vehicle were falling within the purview of the
tariff item number 34(4) of the Central Excise Tariff. However, the duty of excise was to be
charged at the stage when a trailer in an identifiable form came into existence that is to day,
immediately after the trailer was produced and before the air compressor or similar
specialised equipments were fitted on the trailer. (Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 41/75 dated
25.09.1975)
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Also by yet another letter bearing Number 45/4/61 CX 4 dated 20.04.1961, the
Central Board of Revenue, clarified that the Trailers conforming to the definition of a trailer
as given in the Motor Vehicles Act, was to be charged to the duty of Central Excise. The
definition as given in the said Act runs as follows.
“2(32) “Trailer” means any vehicle other than a side
car drawn or intended to be drawn by a motor vehicle”
As per MF (DR&I) letter bearing number 13/19/68 CX-4 dated 14.05.1968,
Bulldozers, scrapers, draglines, excavators were outside the purview of the tariff item number
34 of Central Excise Tariff.
Similarly, Road Rollers were excluded from the purview of the levy of Central Excise
under tariff item number 34 as per their letter bearing No.45/57/60 CX4 dated 17.08.1960
issued by the Central Board of Revenue.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this Chapter were classified
under the Chapter 87 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 34A –
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF MOTORMOTOR VEHILES,NOT OTHERWISE
SPECIFIED
This item was introduced for the first time by the Finance Bill, 1971 and with effect
from 01.04.1971 it was placed at Tariff Item number 34A of the Central excise Tariff, the
description of which was as under.
―34A. Parts and accessories of Motor Vehicles, not otherwise
specified.
Explanation: The expression ―Motor Vehicles‖ has the
meaning assigned to it in Item Number 34‖
The tariff description was again amended which read as under -
―34A. Parts and accessories of Motor Vehicles and tractors
{including agricultural tractors) not otherwise specified‖
With effect from 10.05.1979, the tariff item number 34A was substituted to contain
the following 15 specific articles, that is to say -
i) Break Linings,
ii) Clutch facings,
iii) Engine Valves,
iv) Gaskets,
v) Nozzles and Nozzle holders,
vi) Piston,
vii) Piston Rings,
viii) Gudgeon pins,
ix) Circlips,
x) Shock Absorbers,
xi) Sparking Plugs,
xii) Thin-Walled Bearings,
xiii) Tie Rod Ends,
xiv) Electric Horns,
xv) Filter elements, inserts and cartridges.
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Rest of the items were classified under the tariff item number 68 (Residuary Items) of
the Central Excise Tariff.
Thin Walled Bearings:
(1) The following types of bearing of thickness 3/16 or below were to be
considered as thin-walled bearings
i) Bearings for camshafts,
ii) Bearings for connecting rods (small end and big end);
and
ii) Bearings for crankshafts.
(2) For deciding the total thickness of the thin walled bearings, the thickness
of the lining of the metal (bearing metal) plus that of the shell was to be taken
into account. These bearings could be bi-metallic or multi-metallic.
(3) The bearings thicker than the thin-walled bearings described earlier were
to be considered as thick-walled bearings.
In the absence of any definition of „Thin Walled bearings‟, the petitioners own
declaration of 4mm thickness at the time of payment of duty was clear enough to indicate that
hey were at least upto the thickness of 4mm commercially known as „Thin-walled Bearings‟.
Further, if the Director General (Technical Development) had certified that thin-walled
bearings were of thickness upto 3.16” or 4.76mm, therefore, the thickness of 3.65mm of ISI
specifications could not be accepted. (1982 ELT 496 (Government of India)
As per the Board‟s Tariff Advice number 47/81 dated 03.06.1981, thin walled
bearings were the bearings, which were to be decided on the basis as to how they were
known in the market. The thin walled bearings falling under tariff item 34A were essentially
motor vehicle parts. When an article was described as a bush actually it functions as a
bearing primarily, it was to be classified as such but not otherwise.
As per yet another Tariff Advice Number 30/77 dated 10.08.1977 camps, U. Bolts,
Eye Bolts and nuts were liable to be covered under the tariff item number 34A of the Central
Excise Tariff.
Bangalore Trade Notice Number 219/72 dated 09.08.1972 directed that Sparking
Plugs which were so distinct in shape, size, dimensions, etc, as to make them incapable of
uses as parts of motor vehicles were to all beyond the scope of levy under tariff item number
34A of the Central Excise Tariff. However, in case sparking plugs were interchangeable and
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could not be distinctly identifiable as parts for industrial applications, they were required to
pay the duty of Excise under tariff item number 34A.
Washers were not to be treated as “Gaskets” and their value was not to be included in
the assessable value of gaskets. (Tariff Advice Number5/75 dated 15.03.1975 refers)
As to the meaning of parts and accessories, it was decided that a thing is a part of the
other only if the other is incomplete without it. A thing was an accessory of the other only if
the thing was not essential for the other but only adds to its convenience of effectiveness.
((1976) 38 STC 198(KER) refers)
In view of the fact that the said filters made in accordance with the drawings and
specifications of Kirloskar Cummins Limited were for predominant use in stationary and
industrial applications such as pumps, compressors, drilling rigs, generator sets, etc, these
were not classifiable as parts of motor vehicles under tariff item number 34A (1985(19) ELT
453 (T) refers)
„Belt Pulley‟ means a pulley over which a belt may pass to transit power to other part
of the machines. Even in a motor car, there used to be belt pulley and the rotational
movement was transmitted from the rotating fan via the belt in the tractor but was also used
in water pumps, threshers. It was also used as spare part, which could, thus be used in many
machines, such as motor car engines. It is true that the belt pulley when used in a tractor may
increase the utility of the tractor for agricultural operations but that by itself did not lead to
the inevitable conclusion that belt pulley attachment was an agricultural implement.
(1985(19) ELT 19(S.C.) refers)
Indian Standard Institution Specifications were often resorted to for the purpose of
deciding how the tariff entries were to be applied to various commodities in the market.
From paragraph 2 of the definition thereof it was obvious that an agricultural tractor was
designed primarily to operate various agricultural implements and machineries and paragraph
4 dealing with matching implements was also to indicate that agricultural implements were
designed to be used with agricultural tractors and agricultural tractors can be effectively used
only when agricultural implements were used with such tractors. Therefore, such implements
must be considered as accessories of agricultural tractors even under the ISI specifications.
(1984(18) ELT 262 (BOM) refers)
Seat covers could not be treated as adapted parts and accessories of motor vehicles.
(1970) 25 STC 277 (MYS) refers)
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With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this category were classified
under Chapter Heading 68, 73, 84, 85 and 87 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff
Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 34B -
FORKLIFTS AND PLATFORM TRUCKS
By Finance Bill, 1971 this commodity was, for the first time, introduced into the
Excise revenue net and with effect from 01.04.1971 it was placed at tariff item number 34B
of the Central Excise Tariff, the definition of which was as under.
“34B. Works Trucks, mechanically propelled, used for
short distance transport of handling of goods, the
following, namely -
iii) Forklift trucks,
iv) Platform trucks‖
Since then there has been no change in the description of this tariff item.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 87 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 35 -
CYCLES, PARTS OF CYCLES OTHER THAN MOTOR CYCLES.
The duty of excise was imposed for the first time on this item by the Finance Bill,
1960. This item was numbered 29 and the description of this item read as under.
“29. Cycles, parts of cycles other than motor cycles.
i) Free wheels,
ii) Rims
Originally this item was appearing at number 29, however, with effect from
20.09.1960 the entire tariff schedule was substituted and also the item number was changed
to number 35 of the Central Excise Tariff.
By Finance Bill, 1976, while retaining the item description, the word „cycle‟ was
deleted.
Cycle spokes, nozzles and washers are classifiable under tariff entry number 68 and
not under tariff entry 35 (1983(12) ELT 547(Mad) refers).
Cycle dispatched in CKD condition as per the prevalent practice was classifiable
under tariff entry number 35 whereas assembling of CKD cycle parts into cycles was not to
be treated as manufacture. (1983(12) ELT 681 (Mad) refers)
In the field of taxation, at some point or other the question of interpretation of any
legal term often arises. The Hon‟ble Madras Tribunal had come across such a legal tussle and
it was held that as per the accepted cannons of interpretations, the word “namely” has a
meaning quite different from “such as” or “e.g.” or “the like”. The word “namely” is not
illustrative but restricts the scope of the Entry to the articles named therein. As regards the
appellant‟s argument of the Government‟s intention, it is also when the natural meaning of
the Entry is clear, there is no scope for any intendment or presumption. The position in the
instant case is that only free wheels and rims, which were specifically named in the item 35,
fell under that item and the subject spokes, nipples and washers, being neither specified in the
said item 35 nor in any other item of the tariff from 1 to 67, the department has correctly held
them to fall under the residuary item 68. (1983(12) ELT 547 (Mad) refers).
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TARIFF ITEM 37 - CINEMATOGRAPH FILMS
By Finance Bill, 1960, this was brought under the Excise net for the first time and
with effect from 01.03.1960 this was placed at number 32 of the Central Excise Tariff but
with effect from 20.09.1960 the tariff item was renumbered as item number 37, the
description of which was as under.
―37. Cinematograph Films exposed
1. News reels and shorts not exceeding 500
meters
i) Of a width of 30 mm or higher
ii) Below 30mm in width
2. Feature films, advertisement shorts, and
films not otherwise specified
i) Of a width of 30 mm or higher
ii) Below 30mm in width‖
There were separate rates prescribed for news reels and shorts not exceeding five
hundred metres and higher rates of duty of excise were prescribed for feature film,
advertisement shorts and the films not otherwise specified. The intention was that the duty
of excise was to be levied on each copy as finally edited by the producer and on the length
actually approved by the Film Censor Board as fit for public exhibition.
With effect from 01.03.1969 “Cinematograph film, unexposed” was brought under
the excise net and with effect from 18.06.1977 this tariff item was again re-numbered to read
as the tariff item number 37I and number 37II for Cinematograph Film Unexposed and
Cinematograph Film Exposed respectively. Since then the description of this tariff item was
not changed which reads as under.
―37. Cinematograph Films
(I) Unexposed
(II) Exposed
(A) News reels and shorts not exceeding 600 meters
(B) Feature film
(i) Not exceeding 4,000 mtrs
(ii) Exceeding 4,000 mtrs
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(a) Made wholly in black and white
(b) Made wholly or partly in colour
(III) Advertisement shorts and films not otherwise
specified
(a) Made wholly in black and white
(b) Made wholly or partly in colour‖
“Patch prints” were obviously “exposed cinematograph films” and they were covered
by II(2) of tariff item 37 (now 37-II(iii)) of Central Excise Tariff. According to the Board‟s
Tariff advice number 25/76 dated 15.10.1976 a „patch print‟ was a replacement of a portion
of feature films and a fragment of a complete feature film can not itself be called a „feature
film‟.
Micro Films were still pictures and hence were not classifiable as the cinematograph
film, which were motion pictures. As such the microfilms were not assessable under tariff
item number 37 of the Central Excise Tariff. (Board‟s Tariff Advice Number25/76 dated
15.10.1976 refers)
As to the distinction between “advertisement shorts” and “shorts not exceeding 500
meters”, the Central Board of Revenue, vide their letter bearing Number 42/6/60 CX-1 dated
09.08.1960, had clarified that “advertisement shorts” were to be taken to include (a) shorts
which advertise a commercial product, (b) shorts which advertise a commercial service, (c)
shorts which advertise a business or manufacturing concern, and (d) trailers of films; whereas
all other shorts, subject to their length being nor more than 500 mtrs were to be treated as
“shorts not exceeding 500 mtrs”
Censor Certificate length of film was hot an article of commerce and merely because
it was affixed to the main feature film, it could not be said to be the „excisable goods‟ and,
therefore, were not classifiable under tariff item number 37 of the Central Excise Tariff.
(1980 ELT 107 (BOM) refers)
Censor Certificate length of film was only a certificate annexed to a feature film in
compliance with the legal provisions and neither the people in trade nor the spectators treat or
understand it as a film or a feature film. Since mere attaching a censor certificate to the
original film no new and distinct product comes into existence, which could be called a
manufactured product, therefore, it was not liable to the duty of excise under tariff item 37 of
the Central Excise Tariff. (1983 ELT 754(BOM) refers)
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The Department paid a rich, befitting tribute to the honour of the Father of Nation, Mahatma
Gandhi, who not only fought for the freedom of India but also cultivated his principle of
non-violence, which lured the non-Indian personalities like Nelson Mandela.
By order Number 4/84 dated 09.05.1984, the department granted exemption from the
whole of the duty of excise leviable thereon under Section 3 of the Central Excises and Salt
Act, 1944 to the following patch prints, each measuring 179 ft in length of the film
“Mahatma” produced by Gandhi Film Foundation on the life of Mahatma Gandhi.
1. Early Years.
2. Birth of Satyagraha,
3. Emergence of Gandhi,
4. The Great Trial,
5. The Epic March,
6. New Challenges,
7. The Nation‟s Representative,
8. A Cry for Justice,
9. A Call of the Villages,
10. Quit India,
11. Hour of Destiny,
12. Pilgrim of Peace,
13. India liberated, and
14. Martyrdom.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods falling under this category were classified
under the Chapter Heading 37 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 36 - FOOTWEAR
This commodity also boasts to be among the first to be brought under the excise net,
i.e., by Finance Bill, 1954, this was introduced for the first time and with effect from
01.03.1954 was placed at tariff item number 17 of the Central Excise Tariff. The description
of which read as under.
―17. Footwear and parts thereof in or in relation to
the manufacturing of which any process was ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power.
1. Footwear,
2. Parts of footwear.
Explanation: Footwear includes all varieties of
footwear, whether known as boots, shoes, sandals,
chappals or by any other name.‖
Prior to 20.09.1960, this item was classified under tariff item number 17 of the First
Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944.
The tariff description was changed by the Budget 1960, which read as under.
―17. Footwear –
Footwear includes all varieties of footwear, whether known
as boots, shoes, sandals, chappals, or by any other name,
and component parts thereof –
1) Footwear produced in any factory including the
precincts thereof whereon fifty or more workers are
working or were working on any day of the preceding
twelve months, in any part of which the process of
manufacturing footwear is being carried on with the aid of
power or is ordinarily so carried on, the total equivalent of
such power exceeding two horse power,
2) Component parts of footwear in, or in relation to the
manufacture, of which any process is ordinarily carried on
with the aid of power.‖
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With effect from 20.09.1960 this tariff item number was changed and the same was
renumbered as 36 of the Central Excise Tariff.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under Chapter Heading 64 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 37A - GRAMOPHONES
This tariff item was, for the first time, brought under the Excise net by Finance Bill,
1962 and with effect from 24.04.1962 it was placed at number 37A of the Central Excise
Tariff, the description of which was as under.
―37A. Gramophones, including record players, whether
mechanically or electrically driven and with acoustic, electronic or
transistorised system of reproduction or amplification and parts
and accessories thereof and gramophone records, all sorts
i) Gramophones or record players, including radiograms,
ii) Parts and accessories of gramophones or record players,
all sorts,
iii) Gramophone records, all sorts, other than matrices,
iv) Matrices for records, impressed
v) Gramophone needles or styli –
a) Wholly made of steel,
b) Others‖
Since then there has been no change in the description of this tariff item.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods falling under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 85 and 92 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 37AA - TAPE RECORDERS
Initially, this tariff item was introduced under the Excise umbrella by the Finance Bill,
1974 and it was placed at number 37AA of the Central Excise Tariff and with effect from
01.03.1974 the tariff description of this item was as under.
―37AA. Tape Recorders (including Cassette Recorders)‖
By Finance Bill, 1977, the above mentioned tariff description was, however, amended
with effect from 18.06.1977 which read as under.
“37AA. Tape Recorders (including Cassette Recorders and Tape
Decks) and Tape players (including Cassette Players)‖
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods falling under this item were classified under
Chapter Heading 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 37B - CINEMATOGRAPH PROJECTORS
This item was introduced for the first time by the Finance Bill, 1971. With effect
from 01.03.1971 this item was placed at tariff entry number 37B of the Central Excise Tariff,
and the description of this tariff item was as under.
―37B. Cinematograph Projectors‖
Later on ―and parts thereof‖ was added to the abovesaid description.
With effect from 17.03.1972 the tariff description was changed again, which read as
under.
―37B. Cinematograph Projectors and parts thereof
1) Cinematograph Projectors,
2) Parts thereof.
Explanation: For the purpose of this item, ‖Cinematograph
Projectors‖ means cinematograph projectors whether in a
completely assembled condition or otherwise‖
There was no change in the tariff definition since then.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods under this category were classified under the
Chapter Heading number 85 and 80 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1984
(Number 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 37BB --
TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS
AND REPRODUCERS, ETC
This commodity was brought into the excise net with effect from 28.02.1982 and
came to be known as Tariff Item Number 37BB. The item description read as under.
“37BB. Television Image and Sound Recorders and Reproducers
(including video cassette recorders and reproducers and video
cassette decks), whether or not in combination with one or more of
the following –
i) Television sets,
ii) Radios (including Transistor sets).
iii) Television cameras (including video cameras)”
There is no change in the above mentioned tariff entry since it was originally
introduced.
Bombay I Collectorate Trade Notice Number 52/84 dated 06.09.1984 made it
sufficiently clear that closed circuit television sets were appropriately classifiable under this
tariff item 37BB and not under the Tariff Entry number 68 of the Central Excise Tariff.
At present this item has been classifiable under Chapter Heading 85 of the Schedule
to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986) with effect from 01.03.1985.
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TARIFF ITEM 37C – PHOTOGRPHIC APPARATUS AND GOODS.
By Finance Bill, 1971, this item was brought under the revenue net for the first time
and with effect from 01.03.1971 was placed at number 37C of the Central Excise Tariff,
when the tariff description was ―Photographic Cameras‖.
With effect from 01.03.1974, the tariff description was amended, which read as under.
―37C. Photographic apparatus and goods, the following,
namely–
1. Photographic Cameras,
2. Sensitized papers (including Diazo type papers and
sensitized paper board.‖
As per Bombay Collectorate Trade Notice Number 58/82 dated 16.04.1982 Photo
Micrographic Equipment was correctly classifiable under tariff item number 37CC of the
Central Excise Tariff.
“Camera Lucida” did not merit classification as a photographic camera under tariff
item number 37CC of the Central Excise Tariff as it was not designed or used for taking
photographs whereas “Vertical Camera” and “Eye piece Camera” were classifiable under
tariff item 37CC ibid (CBE&C‟s tariff advice number 69/80 dated 12.11.1980 refers)
Board‟s Budget Circular Number11/71 dated 23.07.1971 clarified that photographic
cameras without lens (optical elements) were also liable to the duty of excise under tariff item
number 37CC of the Central Excise Tariff.
Bangalore Traded Notice Number 201/71 dated 20.09.1971 made it clear that
Photographic cameras were also covered cameras used for composing and preparing printing
plates and cylinders by photographic means. To this group belongs the following
1. Vertical land horizontal process cameras, three colour cameras,
etc,
2. Cameras which photograph blocks of type previously set by hand
and by machine; and
3. Supplementary photographic devices, which converted a normal,
lead casting type setting and composing machine into a machine,
which operates by photographing the matrices, as they were set.
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Television cameras were treated as electrical equipment thus they cannot be treated as
photographic cameras. (Board‟s Tariff Advice Number 4/71 dated 28.12.1971 refers)
When treated with Dichromate solution and dried, Carbon Tissue Paper became
sensitive to light. The character of such Carbon Tissue Paper was nothing but that of a
sensitized paper suitable for photogravure purposes and therefore the same was classifiable
under the Tariff Item Number 37CC of the Central Excise Tariff. (1980 ELT 359
(Government of India) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
Chapter Heading 37 and 90 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 38 - MATCHES.
This item was brought on the tariff schedule for the first time on 01.04.1934. The
description of this item reads as under.
“38. Matches --
“Match” includes a firework in the form of a match; and
where a match stick has more heads than one capable of being
ignited by striking, each such head shall be deemed to be a
match.”
There is no change in this tariff description since then. This item was numbered 2 as
per the First Schedule from the year 1960.With effect from 01.03.1985 this item was
classified under the Chapter Heading 36 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act,
1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
For administering the duty of excise for this item certain rules, No.58 to No.78, were
framed; however, the rules from Sr. No.58 to Sr. No.61 were omitted by the Ministry of
Finance under their Notification number 107/63-C.E. (N.T.) and number 31/89-CE (N.T.)
dated 29.06.1963 and 22.06.1989 respectively. Salient rules are given hereunder.
Rule 62 – for storage of finished matches at a secure place,
Rule 63 – for number of matches to be packed in a box,
Rule 64 – for annual payment of duty on the matches so packed,
Rule 65 – for procurement of Central Excise Stamps of proper value,
By Notification No.45/61-C.E. dated 01.03.1961 the Central Government exempted
the matches of type known as „Bengal Tiger‟ when manufactured in a factory whose output
did not exceed five hundred million matches per year and packed in boxes containing on an
average not more than ten such matches from the payment of so much of the excise duty
leviable thereon as was in excess of 77 paise per gross of boxes.
Central Excise banderols were reintroduced vide MF (DR&I) F. No.261/38/34/72-
CX-8 dated 02.01.1976 both in the non-power operated sector and power operated sectors.
Further, it was also stated vide MF (DR&I) F. No.261/38/14/75 CX 8(Pt) dated 27.02.1976
that printing of blue banderols, which were meant for the match boxes of 50s manufactured
in the power operated sector was discontinued since 07.02.1976. As a result, only maroon
and green banderols were printed. The then existing stock of blue banderols was continued
to be used for match boxes of 50s manufactured in the power operated sector and maroon
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banderols were to be used for match boxes of 50s whether manufactured in the power
operated sector or non power operated sector. Green banderols were to be used for matches
other than 50s and those liable for tariff rate of duty including Bengal Light and Booklet
matches. It was also made clear that the banderol was to be so pasted as to cover one side of
the inner tray and a part of one side of the outer box.
So important and so sensitive was the matter of Excise Banderol that a Press Note
dated 06.03.1975 was issued by the Central Board of Excise and Customs, inasmuch as rule
68 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, was widely publicized for information of trade and
public in general. Salient features of rule 68 , in a nut shell, were as under.
a) As regards affixing banderols it was to be so affixed that the box or
booklet on which the banderol was affixed could not be opened without
tearing the banderol,
b) where it was to affixed to a box, the banderol was to cover one side of
the inner tray and a part of the rear or bottom or front or top of the outer
box and the banderol itself was not to be covered by either the factory‟s
label or by any advertisement label,
c) banderol was to be affixed in such a way so as to be wholly visible,
d) any departure from the provisions of the rule 68 or misuse of the
banderols was treated as an offence and was open to penal action.
By yet another rule, i.e. rule 231 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, matches could be
sold only after prescribed banderols affixed to a container and any retailer, dealer, trader was
liable to confiscation in addition to a penalty of rupees one thousand if any matches were
found in their possession without banderol or the banderol was cut/torn or the
container/wrapper witnessed any other mark or appearance of having been opened/tampered
with such goods.
A strict watch was kept on the account of banderols that were with the licensee and
their utilization was subject to surprise checks so as to have no scope for diversion of
banderols from the non-power operated sector to the power operated sector – since the former
was enjoying various concessional rates of duty and the latter was required to pay higher
duty.
By Notification Number 41/81-CE dated 01.03.1981, effective from 01.04.1981, the
exemption was also granted to the matches in or in relation to the manufacture of which one
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or more of the following mechanical processes were ordinarily carried on with the aid of
power, falling under the tariff item number 38 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises
and Salt Act, 1944 (Number 1 of 1944) and cleared for home consumption by a
manufacturer--
i) the process of giving the veneer flats or strips, the configuration of
a match box including the outer slide or the inner slide with the
use of match paper;
ii) frame filling;
iii) dipping of splints in the composition for match heads;
iv) filling of boxes with matches;
v) the process of affixing labels, by pasting or any other means on
match boxes or veneers;
vi) affixing of the Central Excise stamps; and
vii) packaging.
By the Notification Number 22/82-C.E. dated 23.02.1982, the Central Government
granted exemption to this tariff item in or in relation to the manufacture of which no process
was ordinarily carried on with the aid of power in respect of the first clearances for home
consumption from a factory not exceeding 93.50 million matches cleared during a financial
year from so much of the duty of excise leviable thereon as was in excess of Rupee 1.60
Paise per gross boxes of fifty matches, subject to the condition that the clearances from the
said factory during such financial year did not exceed 116.65 million matches and also
subjected to the following other conditions, namely --
i) the total production of matches in a calendar month during the aforesaid
period by the said factory did not exceed fifteen million matches; ii) the total
clearances, if any, of matches for home consumption from the said factory
during the preceding financial year, did not exceed one hundred and fifty
million matches
Provided that –
(a) the amount of exemption shall be increased by fifty paise per gross
boxes of fifty matches if bamboo is used for the splints or for both
splints and veneers;
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(b) if the splint of such matches are made of bamboo and the matches are
packed in boxes of forty matches, the rate of duty was four fifths of the
rate applicable to matches of identical description produced in the
same factory but packed in boxes of fifty matches and if such packing
in boxes of fifty matches was not done, it was four fifths of the
notionally determined rate for matches packed in boxes of fifty
matches;
Provided also that the exemption contained in this notification was not applicable to
the said matches where a manufacturer used any other manufacturer‟s label which was
approved by the proper officer for matches packed in boxes attracting a higher rate of duty
than the rate of duty specified in this notification.
Explanation – For the purposes of this notification, no process other than the
mechanical process employed for -
a) filling of boxes with matches;
b) dipping of splints in the composition for match heads;
c) frame filling;
d) affixing of Central Excise stamps;
e) packaging;
f) the process of giving the veneer flats or strips the configuration
of a match box including the outer slide or the inner slide with
the use of match paper;
g) the process of affixing labels by pasting or any other means, on
match boxes or veneers
was deemed to be a process ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.
The above Notification was slightly amended vide Section 52 read with Fourth
Schedule to the Finance Act, 1982, which read as under --
1) The opening paragraph of the Notification was effective with respect to any
period before the 1st day of April, 1981,
2) The first proviso to the Notification was not effective with respect to any
period before the 1st day of October, 1981 and the said Notification was
effective with respect to any period before the 1st day of October, 1981 as if it
contained the following proviso in place of the said first proviso, namely –
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Provided that -
a) in the case of matches packed in boxes in which both the outer
slide as well as the inner slide were made of cardboard, the
amount of exemption was to be increased by 60 paise per gross
of boxes,
b) in the case of matches packed in boxes in which the inner slide
alone is made of cardboard, the amount of exemption was
increased by 24 paise per gross of boxes;
c) the amount of exemption was increased, or further increased as
the case may be, by 50 paise per gross of boxes if bamboo was
used for the splints or for both splints and veneers;
d) if the splints of such matches were made of bamboo and the
matches were packed in boxes of 40 matches, the rate of duty
was four fifth of the rate applicable to matches of identical
descriptions produced in the same factory but packed in boxes
of 50 matches and if such packing in boxes of 50 matches was
not done, it was four fifths of the notionally determined rate for
matches packed in boxes of 50 matches
3) The second proviso and clauses (f) and (g) of the explanation to the
Notification was not effective with respect to any period before
01.10.1981:
4) Clauses (c). (d) and (e) of the Explanation to the Notification was
not effective with respect to any period before the 01.10.1981.
As regards the issuance of the Notification Number 22/82-CE, the Hon‟ble Madras
Tribunal, in the case of Bharath Match Works Vs Union of India (1984(16) ELT-3 refers) has
dealt with in detail and rendered an important decision that –
1) Once the power of the Legislature or of the Government acting u/r 8 of the
Central Excise Rules was exercised, then necessarily some classification was
made to distinguish between the persons to whom the exemption was to be
granted and the persons to whom the exemption was not intended. The
Government has chosen to fix 150 million matches as the maximum limit of
output for availing of the exemption under Notification No.22/82-CE, it could
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© K. G. Kulkarni
not be contended that some other limit, which was beneficial to the petitioners,
was to be prescribed and therefore the Notification No.22/82-CE was arbitrary
and discriminatory.
2) This notification was also neither discriminatory nor violative of Article 14
of the Constitution. Merely because the object of enacting Section 52 of the
Finance Act, 1982, was to enable the Government to withhold the levies
already made, it could not be struck down as having been enacted with an
oblique purpose of retaining the levies, which had been held to be invalid.
The purpose of Validation Act, was to validate levies, it could not be attacked
as having been brought in with an oblique purpose to enable the Government
to retain illegal levies.
3) The grant of exemption was in the exclusive direction of the Government
and merely because the Government had chosen to extend the benefit of
exemption to the category of cottage units whose output was less than a
particular limit as per the said Notification No.22/82-CE it did not mean to
impose a restriction on the production of goods in question because other units
were always at liberty to produce whatever quantity they want. Therefore
they cannot challenge the Notification finding the maximum limit for getting
the benefit of exemption as an unreasonable restriction on their right to carry
on trade under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution.
4) The abovesaid Notification gave retrospective effect to see that only the
tiny sector whose maximum output was less than 150 million matches alone
got the benefit of exemption from the date of the Notification Number 99/80
and the persons in other non-mechanised sectors did not get the benefit of
exemption. Thus the exemption Notification No.22/82-CE was not a levy
measure because of its retrospective effect.
Since the Notification No.99/80 had dispensed with the condition relating to a sale
through a Government agency or a co-operative society or the Khadi and Village Industries
Commission for getting the benefit under the aforesaid Notification, therefore, the condition
of limitation of output of matches prescribed by KVIC was ultra vires and not enforceable.
(1983 ELT 99 (Mad) refers)
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While maintaining that the coloured matches are not matches, the Hon‟ble Madras
High Court held that the word “matches” according to the popular understanding of everyone
was safety matches and not coloured matches. If matches are asked in the market coloured
matches are not given. Coloured or star matches were the matches manufactured for a
particular purpose and intended for a particular use. They were not popularly known as
matches or safety matches. ((1973) 31 STC 132(Madras HC) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this category were covered by the
Chapter Heading 36 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (No. 5 of 1986)
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ITEM NUMBER 39 - LIGHTERS
This was one of the oldest item introduced under the excise net, i.e., it was brought on
the tariff schedule on 01.04.1934. The definition was as under.
“39. Lighters, not elsewhere specified.
“Lighter” means any mechanical, chemical, electrical or
electronic (containing piezo-electric materials) contrivance for
causing ignition, which is portable and which operates by
producing a spark or flame whether by itself or when brought into
contact with gas, and includes a lighter issued from a factory in an
incomplete state or requiring for its completion the addition of
flint.”
There has been no change in the definition of this tariff entry since when it was
brought into the excise net.
As regards this item the Tariff Advice Number 71/81 dated 29.07.1981 electrical and
electronic gas lighters were not classifiable under tariff item number 39 of the Central Excise
Tariff.
Flint lighter having the trade name „Gas O Fire‟ was a portable mechanical
contrivance for gas ignition and hence was classifiable under the Central Excise Item number
39. The mere fact that the bracket was fixed on this contrivance permitting the same to be
hung near the gas stove did not mean that it was not portable. Further, the fact that the
apparatus did not have any in-built fuel to hold a flame could not disqualify this lighter from
including it under the said tariff item which covered any mechanical or chemical contrivance
which was operated by producing a spark or flame whether by itself or when brought into
contact with gas. (1984(16) ELT 327(T) refers).
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ITEM NUMBER 40 - STEEL FURNITURE
This item was brought into the Excise net on 01.03.1968 and was numbered 40.The item
description read as under.
―40. Steel Furniture made partly or wholly of steel, in or in
relation to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power, whether in assembled or
unassembled condition, and the parts of such steel furniture (but
excluding slotted angles and channels made of steel)‖
As regards the scope of this item, as per MF (DRI) letter Number B-212/68-CX I dated
25.03.1968, the Explanatory Notes to the BTN made it clear that only movable articles which
had the essential characteristics that they were constructed for placing for on the floor or on
the ground and which were used mainly with the utilitarian purpose to equip private
dwellings, hotels, theatres, cinemas, offices, churches, schools, cafes, restaurants,
laboratories, hospitals, dentists, surgeries, etc, or ships, aircrafts, railway coaches,
ambulances, caravans, trailers or similar means of transport, to be regarded as covered by
item „furniture‟. Thus especially designed manufactures of steel like counters, storage cabins,
cat-walks, etc, used in the industrial establishments were not regarded as “steel furniture”.
As per MF (DR) CircularNo.1/Steel Furniture/68, there are certain articles which are
covered under this tariff entry and which are given hereunder.
Statement I: Under this category, articles of steel furniture – chairs and other seats,
whether or not convertible into beds, means -
1. Chairs
with arms,
2. Chairs
without arms,
3. Resting
chairs,
4. Typist
chairs,
5. Revolving
chairs,
6. Stacking
type chairs,
7. Revolving
& tilting chairs,
8. Counter
Chairs,
9. Executive
chairs,
10. Garden
chairs,
11. Sofa cum
beds,
12. Matching
sofa sets,
13. Tubular
sofa sets,
14. Assembly
chairs,
15. Desk
chairs,
16. Easy
chairs,
17. Lounge
chairs,
18. Tubular
Reclining chairs,
19. Tubular
sofa chairs,
20. Divan, 21. Folding
chairs,
22. Canteen
chairs,
23. Dining
chairs,
24. Drawing
room chairs,
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25. Examinati
on chairs,
26. Examinati
on couches,
27. Dentists
and similar chairs with
mechanical elevating,
rotating or reclining
movements,
28. Benches
with or without arms and
back,
29. Stools for
all purposes,
30. Invalid
chairs,
31. Invalid
wheel chairs,
32. Barbers or
hair cutting saloon chairs,
33. Tipup &
push back chairs,
34. Resolving
top stools,
35. Picnic
chairs,
36. Sofa
chairs,
37. Sofas, 38. Sofa sets, 39. Couches,
40. Setties, 41. Seats for
aircrafts, railway couches,
motor vehicles (exempted),
42. Revolvin
g and adjustable chairs,
43. Desk cum
chairs,
44. Ottomans, 45. Camping
chairs,
46. Rocking
chairs,
47. Jhula, and 48. Auditoriu
m and cinema chairs.
Statement II: List of articles of Steel Furniture – Tables:
01. Plain
Table
02. Tabl
e with Drawers and/or
cupboards
03. Folding
table
04. Writi
ng Table
05. Cent
re Table
06. Side
Table
07. Teap
oy
08. Con
ference Table
09. Dining
Table
10. Offic
ers Table
11. Med
ical Table
12. Minor
Operations Table
13. Majo
r Operations Table
14. Oph
thalmic Operations Table
15. Urologic
al Operations Table
16. Orth
opedic Table
17. Plas
ter Table
18. Obstetri
c or Labour Table
19. Stud
ents Desks
20. Ove
rbed Tables
21. Sewing
Tables
22. Side
Tables
23. Slidi
ng Door Table
24. Office
Tables,
25. Visa
dex Table
26. Pun
ctures Table
27. Kitchen
Table
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© K. G. Kulkarni
28. Cant
een Tables
29. Exa
mination Tables
30. Adjustab
le Bed size Table
31. Writi
ng Desk
32. Dres
sing Table
33. Ironing
Table
34. Instr
ument Table
35. Kitc
hen Corner Piece
36. Executiv
e Desk
37. Typi
st Table
38. Secr
etariat Table
39. Garden
Table
40. Exhi
bition Table
41. X
Ray Table
42. Post
Mortem Table and
43. Over
bed Adjustable High Table.
44. 45.
46.
Statement III: List of articles of Steel Furniture – Beds and Cots:
01. General sheet
cot (whether folding or not)
02. General spring
cot (whether folding or not)
03. General strip
cot (whether folding or not)
04. Upholstered bed 05. Special
Hospital bed
06. Fowler
Position Bed
07. Maternity cot 08. Maternity cot
with crib
09. Drop side
adult/baby Bed,
10. Drop side adult
bed
11. Crib, and 12. Obstetric
Bed.
Statement IV: List of articles of Steel Furniture - Stands:
1. Wall
Stand
2. Telephone
Stand for keeping on floor
3. Wash
basin stand for keeping on
floor
4. Towel
stand for keeping on floor
5. Gas
cylinder stand for keeping on
floor
6. Irrigator
stand
7. Hot plate
stand
8. Bessinet
stand
9. Medicine
stand
10. Crib
Stand
11. Saline
stand
12. Drum
stand
13. Air
Cooler stand
14. Air
conditioner stand
15. Steel cot
stand, that is to say, steel
frame with legs,
16. Flower
stand
17. Stand for
spittoons
18. Form
stand
19. Curtain
stand, and
20. Domestic
Gas cylinder stand.
21.
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Statement V: List of articles of Steel Furniture – Racks, Cabinets and Almirahs:
01. Bed side locker 02. Tubular bed side
locker
03. Machine stand with
cupboard
04. Surgical instrument
cabinet
05. Show cases 06. Book cases
07. Plan filling cabinet 08. Bin Cabinet 09. Tools cabinet
10. Post Box cabinet 11. Racks, all sorts 12. Kitchen racks
13. Bed side locker 14. Filing cabinet 15. Card index cabinet
16. Cabinets, all sorts 17. Show cases 18. Pigeon hole cabinet
19. Lock storage cabinet 20. Almirahs, all sorts 21. Cupboards, all sorts.
Statement VI: List of articles of Steel Furniture: Trolleys.
01. Tea trolley 02. Food trolley 03. Dressing
trolley
04. Instruments
trolley
05. Patient
trolley
06. Gas cylinder
trolley
07. Instrument cum
dressing trolley
08. Stretcher
trolley
09. Anesthetic
trolley
10. Ward dressing
wagon
11. Curved
instrument trolley.
Statement VII: List of articles of Steel furnitures – Miscellaneous:
01. Ward bed screen 02. 0ffice partition
screen.
As per Punjab & Haryana Tribunal, the word „furniture‟ was not defined in the
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 and according to dictionary meaning „furniture‟ is an
article of convenience or decoration used to furnish a house, apartment, place of business or
other accommodation, such as beds, tables, etc. (1980 ELT 350 (P&H) refers.
Hon‟ble Tribunal had held that the word „furniture‟ had got a peculiar connotation
and indicated that these articles can be used for the convenience or comfort of a human being
either in the house or in the office. (1980 ELT 350 and 1982 ELT 349 (both P&H refers).
The Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, has decided that
Orthopedic and Fracture Tables known also as „Orthopoise-99‟ are not steel furniture and
hence were not classifiable under the Tariff Entry 40 of the Central Excise Tariff, whereas X-
Ray protective screen was treated as steel furniture exigible to the duty of excise. (1985 (19)
ELT 3(S.C.) refers).
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Cinema chairs were not steel furniture (1983 ELT (J 144)(GOI) and 1976 ELT (J 206)
Appl. Collector, Delhi) refers.
Where the vehicle was used for carrying passengers and the seats had to be provided
for the travelers, the seats so provided did not amount to manufacture but they formed as a
part and parcel of the said vehicle itself and hence the seats so provided were more in the
nature of fixtures not furnitures. The fact that the chairs or seats which were fixed in the
buses, when removed from the buses, could be used as furniture, did not furnish any criterion
to determine whether the seats, when fixed to the bodies of buses by the firm carrying on the
business of building bodies for passenger buses, amount to furniture or not. (1971 (73) PLR
1003 = 1972 Tax L.R. 2427 (P&H) refers)
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TARIFF ITEM 41 - CROWN CORKS
This item was introduced, for the first time, by the Finance Bill, 1968 and was placed
at tariff entry number 41, the description of which was as under.
―41. Crown corks with or without washers or other fittings of cork,
rubber, polyethylene or any other material‖.
This was effective from 01.03.1968 and attracted the duty of excise of two paisa per
piece.
There has been no change in the description of this tariff item since then.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under Chapter Heading 83 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 42 - PILFER PROOF CAPS
This item was brought into the excise net by the Finance Bill, 1969 and was placed at
tariff entry number 42, the description of which was as under.
―42. Pilfer Proof Caps for packaging, All Sorts, with or without
washers or other fillings of cork, rubber, polyethylene or any other
material‖
This was effective from 01.03.1969 and attracted the duty of excise of two paisa per
cap.
There has been no change in the tariff description since then.
As to the scope of this item the Government hold that despite the words “all sorts”
appearing as at the end of description of this tariff item, the condition precedent for any
goods to fall within the ambit of item 42 was that these must be pilfer proof. According to
ISI the test for distinguishing pilfer proof caps from ordinary caps was that the seal or strip or
any additional appendage of the cap which gave the character of pilfer proof once torn by its
first use could not be used again. Since this test was not satisfied in regard to impugned
goods, therefore, they were not classifiable under tariff item number 32 of Central Excise
Tariff. (1982 ELT 578 (Government of India) refers)
The test for distinguishing Pilfer Proof caps from ordinary caps was that the seal or
strip or any additional appendage of the caps which gave it the character of pilfer proof once
torn out could not be used again. (1982 EKT 578 (Government of India) refers)
Since the vial seals did not conform to the Indian Standards specifications for pilfer
proof caps, therefore, they were not classifiable under tariff item 42 but under the tariff item
number 68. (1981 EKT 723 (Government of India) refers)
Since tariff item number 42 of the Central Excise Tariff did not contain a built in
definition of the expression “pilfer proof cap”, one had to go by the plain meaning of the
expression and in this light there was no denying that the subject caps seals were nothing but
pilfer proof caps classifiable under tariff item number 42 of the Central Excise Tariff. The
fact that cap seal and tap seal did not have threads and they cannot be screwed on to the lids
or closure of the drum would not make any difference to the position that they do act as a
check or barrier against pilferage. (1983 ELT 1163 (T) refers)
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As per the Board‟s Advice Number 10/80 dated 27.03.1980 Aluminium Easy Open
Tops / Flip Top Ends / Pull Ring Ends were classifiable under this tariff.
As per Tariff Advice bearing Number 85/81 dated 25.08.1981 of the Board
Aluminium Foil Caps / Thin Aluminium Foils coverings were classifiable neither as pilfer
proof caps under this tariff item nor under the tariff item number 68 as “All Other Goods Not
Elsewhere Specified”.
Tin Shoulders with rotor necks affixed with plastic perforated caps on cylindrical
metal containers (packs) were not liable to be classified under the tariff item number 42 as
“Pilfer Proof Caps” (Tariff advice of the Board bearing number 76/80 dated 24.11.1980
refers)
A device made of aluminium known as Tear Away Seal or Caps consisting of three
parts, that is to say, inner seal, outer seal and an identification lid assembled together as a
complete seal was to be classifiable as “pilfer proof cap” under the tariff item number 42 of
the Central Excise Tariff. (Tariff Advice Number 39/79 dated 24.08.1979 of the Central
Board of Excise and Customs refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under Chapter Heading 39, 40 and 83 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986) respectively.
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TARIFF ITEM 43 - WOOL TOPS
This tariff item was introduced for the first time by the Finance Bill, 1969 and was
made effective from 01.03.1969. Initially it was placed at Tariff Item Number 43 and the
description of this commodity was as under.
―43. Wool Tops, that is to say, tops containing more than fifty per
cent by weight of wool. Calculated on the total fibre contents.‖
By Finance Bill, 1979, the description was amended to read as under.
―Wool tops and carded gilled slivers containing, in either case,
more than fifty per cent, by weight of wool calculated on the total
fibre content‖
As to the scope of this item, the Board under their letter bearing Number 56/1/75 CX-
2 dated 05.02.1976 had clarified that the tariff item number 43 covered only wool tops
obtained from the wool of sheep or lamb and, therefore, tops made from mohair, Cashmere or
Pashmina did not classifiable under the purview of this item.
Dyed wool tops, duty thereon was to be charged on the basis of their weight at the
grey state and not with reference their weight after dyeing. (Ahmedabad Collectorate Trade
Notice Number 166/77 dated 23.07.1977 refers)
The Ministry of Finance, under their letter bearing Number 56/2/75 CX-2 dated
30.06.1976 clarified that no further duty could be levied on the Blended wool tops which
were produced from the duty paid wool tops.
No duty of excise could be levied and recovered on sliver consumed within the very
premises in which it was manufactured because in such cases there was no removal of sliver
from the place of manufacture as envisaged by rule 9 r/w rule 49 of the Central Excise Rules,
1944. (1980 ELT 320 (DEL) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this category were classified
under Chapter Heading 51 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
SSI exemption was extended to this commodity with effect from 01.03.1983.
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TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 44 - WATCHES, CLOCKS AND TIME PIECES.
As to the history of this tariff item it can be said that initially by Finance Bill, 1970,
with effect from 01.03.1970, item “Sparking Plugs” was introduced under the excise net and
was placed at number 44 of the Central Excise Tariff, exigible to the duty of excise at the rate
of ten per cent ad valorem, the description of which was as under.
―44. Sparking Plugs‖
However, this tariff entry was omitted and instead a new item was introduced by the
Finance Bill, 1977, namely, “Watches and Clocks” and was effective from 18.06.1977. This
was numbered as 44 of the Central Excise Tariff and the description was as under.
―44. Watches, clocks and time pieces, primarily designed to show
the time of day‖
As to the scope of this item, Bombay Trade Notice Number 115/77 dated 04.07.1977
clarified that the tariff item number 44 in the Central Excise Tariff did not include stop
watches and other articles which were not designed to show the time of day. However, any
article, which shows the time of day and serves some other purpose, in addition was to be
assessable under this tariff item.
One Day Alarm Timepieces were fully exempted under the Notification dated
28.02.1982, however, it was clarified that the electronic timepieces operated with the help of
Battery/Electricity was excluded from this exemption.
Braille watches were also fully exempted from the purview of the duty of excise.
With effect from 01.03.1986, these goods under this tariff item were covered under
the Chapter Heading 91 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985, (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 45 - SAFETY RAZOR BLADES.
Initially, by Finance Bill, 1970, this tariff item was introduced and was made effective
from 01.03.1970. It was placed at number 45 of the Central Excise Tariff and the description
of which was ―45. Razor blades made of stainless steel‖, attracting the excise duty at the
rate of ten per cent ad valorem.
However, by February 1976 Bill, this item was omitted and with effect from
18.06.1977 a new item was inserted on the Tariff schedule, the description of which was as
under.
―45. Machinery and appliances for determination of weight
including parts of weigh bridges.
Explanation: This item does not include scales having
arms of equal length which determines weight by balancing
the object against weight.‖
There was ten per cent ad valorem duty of excise for this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 84 and 90 of the Schedule to the Central Excise and Tariff Act,
1985 (Number 5 of 1986) 135/1975
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TARIFF ITEM 46 - METAL CONTAINERS
This tariff item was for the first time introduced by the Finance Bill, 1970 and was
placed at tariff entry number 46 which was made effective from 01.03.1970 when it was
exigible to the duty of excise at the rate of ten per cent ad valorem. The description of this
tariff item was as under.
―46. Metal containers ordinarily intended for packaging of goods
for sale including casks, drums, cans, boxes, gas cylinders and
pressure containers but excluding collapsible tubular containers
made of aluminium.‖
However, by the Finance Bill, 1971 the tariff description mentioned supra was
amended to read as
―Metal containers not elsewhere specified.
Explanation: The expression ―container‖ in the
meaning assigned to it in the explanation to item 2.‖
Lipstick containers were actually plastic containers and therefore could not be
classified as metal containers under this tariff item. Metal Sleeves used were a non-essential
part fixed only to decorate the plastic containers and as such were not intended to hold goods
(1980 ELT 375 (Appl. Coll.)
Metal containers in unassembled condition for packing prepared or preserved food
were covered by this item. (1980 ELT 366 (Government of India) refers)
Metal containers being complete without pilfer proof caps, the value of the said pilfer
proof caps not required to be added to the containers. (1979 ELT (J-560) (Government of
India) refers)
Since lids were supplied later and not with the containers it was held that the value of
the lids could not be added to the value of the containers. (1978 ELT (J-258) (App. Coll.)
refers)
The verb „to contain‟ was to show that a container must be something, which was
intended to hold or contain something else. A container was a receptacle of a defined shape
or flexible in form for putting other things into it. It must be something, which was
recognized as a container. A container must be an independent unit or a separate entity by
itself. It must be such before anything was put into it. The cheese cubes were packed in
Page 361 of 417
© K. G. Kulkarni
aluminium foils, which had to definite form or shape except that of a thin flat sheet and only
when it was coasted on to the cheese cubes, it took shape of cheese cubes. Thus it was held
that the aluminium foils were not taxable as containers. (1981 ELT 322 (Government of
India) refers)
With effect from 01.03.`986 the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 84 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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© K. G. Kulkarni
TARIFF ITEM 47 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR GAMES OF SKILL OR CHANCE
The history of this interesting titled tariff item was that, initially, by the Finance Bill,
1970, with effect from 01.03.1970 it was placed at tariff entry number 47 reading it as
―Slotted angles and Channels made of Steel‖ and attracting the duty of excise at the rate of
ten per cent ad valorem.
This tariff item was omitted with effect from 18.06.1977.
With effect from 01.03.1979 under this same tariff item number a new tariff entry was
introduced, reading
―47. Locks, All sorts, and keys therefor‖
Explanation: ―Lock‖ means a locking device operated by a
key or controlled by a combination of letters or figures.‖
However, this newly inserted entry was also omitted and instead a yet new tariff item was
added reading –
―47. Electronic Machines for games of skill or chance (including
electronic machines used for television games and video games)
Explanation: ―Electronic machines‖ means ―machines and
apparatus containing thermionic valves or transistors or
similar semi-conductor devices or light emitting diodes or
electronic microcircuits of capacitors other than paper
capacitors‖.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 95 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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© K. G. Kulkarni
Now that I am a retired employee of the Excise department and when I look back and
take stock of those days, full with enthusiasm and cherished view of the duties allotted, I
wonder, nay I feel pity of the persons who taxed excise duties on such flimsy items which did
not generate revenue enough even to sustain the Government expenses that were made to
implement such unrewarding taxation.
During the period of British, awestruck Indians never dared to ask any question,
howsoever equitable or correct, but worked in a numb manner obeying the orders given to
them as most faithfully as they can; whereas under independent Indian governance, on the
contrary, revenue generation and the government expenses incurred for that were not in
proper balance, i.e., more expenses than the revenue generated. Also basic material meant
for production, like, for example, yarn in case of textiles, was not optimally excised thus
leading to chaos and complications in the minds of both the tax collector and the taxpayer.
The condition „to the satisfaction of the proper officer‟ was so vague and was
ineffective in implementing the excise policies in their true spirit. When technical
requirements were implemented excise formalities should have been done accordingly
leaving the assessee no any reason to feel obliged. Whereas „to the satisfaction of the proper
officer‟ condition actually came to such a meaning that „give something to get something‟.
Thus neither of the party used to be satisfied, the receiver, for whose vicious demands sky
was not the limit and the giver, in these days of depression and gloomy economy, is nabbed
like anything.
Simplification of the procedure is a novel idea, which is now being implemented.
Numbers of rules have also been slashed and creating a compact, assessee friendly picture of
the excise taxation is a welcome thing.
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TARIFF ITEM 48 -
SAFE, STRONG BOXES OF BASE METALS
This tariff item was initially introduced by the Finance Bill, 1970, and with effect
from 01.03.1970 it was placed at tariff item number 48 of the Central Excise Tariff. This was
exigible to the duty of excise at the rate of thirty five per cent ad valorem and the description
of this tariff item was as under.
―48. Safes, Strong Boxes, Strong room linings and Strong room
doors (whether or not with door frames) and Cash and Deed
Boxes, and the like of Base Metal‖
Since then there is no change in the item description and with effect from 01.03.1986,
the goods covered under this category were classified under the Chapter Heading 84 of the
Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 48A - TRAVEL GOODS
This tariff item is the very youngest in the Excise family of taxable goods; that is to
say, this item came on the excise schedule as late as in the year 1985.
With effect from 17.03.1985, this tariff item was placed at number 48A of the Central
Excise Tariff; exigible to the duty of excise at the rate of twenty five per cent ad valorem and
the description was as under.
―48A. Travel Goods, the following, namely Suit cases, brief
cases, vanity bags and vanity cases, all sorts‖
There has been no change in this description since then and with effect from
01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classified under the Chapter Heading 42,
43, 46 and 76 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 49 - ROLLING BEARINGS
This item was introduced for the first time by the Finance Bill, 1971 and with effect
from 29.05.1971 was placed at Number 49 of the Central Excise Tariff, attracting thereby the
duty of excise at the rate of ten per cent ad valorem.. The description of this tariff item was
as under.
―49. Roller Bearings, that is to say, Ball or Roller Bearings, All
Sorts‖
The cost of hubs was not includable in the assessable value of bearings because the
manufacturer of bearings was complete before it was fitted in the hub. (1977 ELT (J-
84)(Appl. Coll.) refers)
The Government of India had decided that only the bearing portion of Jockey Pulley
was liable to the duty of excise under this. (1981 ELT 322 (Government of India) refers)
Since then there has been no change in the above description of this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this category were classified
under Chapter Heading 84 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM NUMBER 50 - WELDING ELECTRODES
This commodity was, for the first time, introduced under the Finance Bill, 1971, and
was placed at tariff entry number 50 of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which
was as under.
―50. ―Welding Electrodes, All Sorts‖
There has been no change since then in the description of this tariff item and with
effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this category were classified under the
Chapter Heading 83 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985(Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 51 - COATED ABRASIVES AND GRINDING WHEELS
Initially by Finance Bill, 1971, this commodity was for the first time included into the
Excise revenue net and was placed at tariff entry number 51 of the Central Excise Tariff, the
description of which was under.
―51. Coated Abrasives and Grinding Wheels, in or in relation to
the manufacture of which any process was ordinarily carried on
with the aid of power, the following, namely -
1. Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain on a base of
woven fabric, of paper, of paper board or of other
materials, whether or not cut to shape or sewn or otherwise
made up.
2. Grinding wheels and the like (including grinding,
sharpening, polishing, trueing and cutting wheels, heads,
discs and points), of natural stone (agglomerated natural
or artificial) abrasives, or of pottery, with or without cores,
shanks, sockets, axles and the like of other materials but
not mounted on frameworks, segments and other finished
parts of such wheels, of natural stone (agglomerated or
not), of agglomerated natural or artificial abrasives, or of
pottery,
Explanation: The expression ―grinding wheels and the
like‖ and ―segments and other finished parts of such
wheels‖ shall mean those used on machine tools, electro-
mechanical or pneumatic hand tools, for the trimming,
polishing, sharpening, trueing or cutting of metals, stone,
glass, plastics, ceramics, rubber, leather, mother of pearl,
ivory and the like.‖
Since then there has been no change in the description of this tariff item and with
effect from 01.03.1986 the commodities covered by this tariff item were classified under the
Chapter Heading 68 and 82 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 51A - HAND TOOLS AND CUTTING TOOLS
By Finance Bill, 1974, this item was first introduced under the revenue net and was
placed at tariff item number 51A of the Central Excise Tariff. This was made effective from
01.03.1974 when the description of this item was as under.
―51A. Cutting Tools, the following, namely,
1. Files and Rasps,
2. Hacksaw Blade,
3. Twist Drills,
4. Reamers, and
5. Milling Cutters‖
With effect from 18.06.1977 the above given description was changed to read as
under.
―51A. Tools, the following, namely
i) Hand Tools, the following,
a) Pliers (including cutting pliers)
b) Spanners,
c) Wrenches,
d) Files and rasps,
e) Screw drivers (including ratchet types)
ii) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic or with self-
contained non-electric or electric motor,
iii) Tools designed to befitted into hand tools, machine
tools or tools falling under sub item (ii) including dies for
wire drawing, extrusion dies for metals and rock drilling
bits;
iv) Industrial knives and blades for hand or machine saws‖
Broaches were used in the manufacture of other hand tools after fitting them into the
machine tools; therefore, even though they were not expressly mentioned in this item they
were covered under this item. (1981 ELT 307 (Cent. Board) refers)
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This item covered hand tools like pliers, spanners, wrenches, files, rasps and
screwdrivers. Accordingly this item was obviously eligible to cover wrenches (1981 ELT
815 (Government of India) refers)
This item referred to specific dies and not to dies of all types and therefore “forged
dies” were not covered under this item. (1982 ELT 345 (App. Coll.)
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered by this item were classified under the
Chapter Heading 82, 84 and 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 52 - BOLTS AND NUTS.
For the first time, this commodity was introduced by the Finance Bill, 1971 and was
placed at Tariff Entry Number 52 of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which was
as under.
―52. Bolts and nuts, threaded or tapped, and screws of base metal
or alloys thereof, in or in relation to the manufacture of which any
process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of power.
Explanation: The expression ―bolts and nuts, threaded or
tapped, and screws‖ used in this item shall include bolt
ends, screw studs, screw studding, self tapped screws,
screw hooks and screw rings.‖
Since then there has been no change in the description of this item.
Components and spare parts of mining machines were not known in the trade parlance
by bolts, nuts and screws and therefore they were not exigible to the duty of excise under
tariff item number 52 of the Central Excise Tariff. (Order In Appeal Number54/78 dated
08.05.1978, by Appellate Collector, New Delhi, refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, this commodity was classified under the Chapter
heading 83 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 53 - ZIP OR SLIDE FASTNERS
For the first time, this item was introduced by the Finance Bill, 1971, and was placed
at tariff item number 53 of the Central Excise Tariff, the description of which read as under.
―53. Zip or slide fasteners and parts thereof –
1) Zip or Slide Fasteners,
2) Parts of zips or slide fasteners.‖
This was exigible to the duty of excise at the rate of twenty per cent ad valorem.
Since there has been no change in the tariff description and with effect from
01.03.1986 the goods covered under this tariff item were classified under Chapter 96 of the
Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 54 - PRESSURE COOKERS
This was introduced by the Finance Bill, 1971 and with effect from 01.04.1971 it was
placed at tariff entry number 54 of the Central Excise Tariff which attracted the rate of duty
of excise at the rate of twenty per cent ad valorem and the description read as under.
―54. ―Pressure Cookers‖ means enclosed cooking vessels for use
with an external heat source, capable of maintaining working
steam pressure, known commercially as Pressure Cookers‖
Milk cookers were outside the purview of this tariff item since they were no treated as
pressure cookers because its gadget was not so designed to maintain any steam pressure on
the product to be cooked in the vessel (Central Board of Excise and Custom‟s letter bearing
Number 11/1/72 CX-3 dated 02.03.1972 refers)
As per the letter, bearing Number B-5/1/71 CX-2 dated 28.07.1971 issued by the
Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue Intelligence), it was clarified that the value of
these containers which were in the nature of vessels placed inside a pressure cooker were not
to be included for purposes of assessment to the duty of excise, provided their values were
indicated separately.
Bombay Trade Notice Number 104 (M.P.) dated 16.06.1971 confirmed that the tariff
description specifically referred only to such type of cookers, which were commercially
known as pressure cookers. Ordinary vessel types of cookers consisting merely of a vessel
and a lid, without special gadgets as were normally found in pressure cookers stood excluded
from the purview of tariff item number 54.
It was true that an electric element was fitted inside the cooking vessel at the bottom,
but this element by itself was not a heat source of the cooker. Since the electricity that
supplied the heat for cooking the food was supplied from outside it was necessary to be
treated as an external heat source, and accordingly, the subject electric pressure cooker was
classifiable under tariff item number 54 of the Central Excise Tariff. (1983 ELT 962 (T)
refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 83 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 55 - VACUUM FLASKS, OTHER VACUUM VESSELS
AND PARTS THERESOF
This item was brought under the excise net by the Finance Bill, 1971, and with effect
from 01.04.1971 it was placed at tariff entry number 55 of the Central Excise Tariff, the
definition of which was as under.
―55. Vacuum Flasks and other Vacuum Vessels and parts thereof
i) Vacuum Flask and Other Vacuum Vessels,
ii) Parts of Vacuum Flask and Other Vacuum
Vessels.‖
Since then neither the definition has changed nor the rate of duty has undergone any
change, that is to say, it was exigible to the duty of excise at the rate of fifteen per cent ad
valorem and twenty per cent ad valorem respectively for Vacuum Flasks and for the parts
thereof.
Shoulders and bottoms themselves did not conform to the description of the outer
casing as such they were not liable to the duty of excise (Board‟s letter Number 118/2/72
CX-3 dated 01.12.1972 refers)
Rule 223A of Central Excise Rules, 1944, denoted a duty on the appropriate officer to
take into account receipts and deliveries and to make allowance for waste by evaporation or
other natural causes, therefore, it was irrational for the officer to say that he was no required
to make an allowance for a single vacuum flask refill merely because the manufacturers had
not kept account of a day to day breakages in their bonded store room. Such an act was to
mean that the Assistant Collector failed in his statutory duties to apply the provisions of said
rule 223A ibid in the matter of giving an allowance for the breakage, which was a natural
cause within the meaning of that rule and acted arbitrarily. (1983 ELT 2095 (BOM) refers
It was irrational to disallow the shortage of vacuum refills on the ground that the
manufacturers had not kept account of the day-to-day breakages in their bonded store room.
Since the proposition was to mean that repository of the power did not apply his mind at all
to the normal and natural cause of business of manufacture and storage of commodity like
vacuum flask and acted arbitrarily. (1984 ECR 787 (BOM) refers)
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With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 96 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 56 - PLAYING CARDS
This item was for the first time introduced by the Finance Bill, 1974 and with effect
from 01.04.1971 it was placed at tariff entry number 56 of the Central Excise Tariff, the
description of which was as under.
“56. Playing Cards‖
Playing Cards, which had some defects and were cleared as „second‟ on lesser value,
were to be cleared as „second‟ and marked/printed as such on each carton before these were
cleared as „second‟ from the manufacturing premises. (CBEC letter bearing Number B-
53/1/71-CX –2/ CX-8 dated 26.10.1972 refers)
The description of this tariff item has not changed since then and with effect from
01.03.1986 the goods falling under this category were classified under the Chapter Heading
95 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 57 - CAMPHOR
Finance Bill, 1971, was the source through which this item was initially included in
the Excise net and with effect from 01.04.1971 it was placed at tariff entry number 57 of the
Central Excise Tariff, the definition of which was as under.
―57. Camphor‖
Bombay Trade Notice bearing Number 88(MP)/1/71 dated 14.06.1971 directed that
mere refining, altering the physical form and/or repacking of duty (or duty free pre excise
stock) paid camphor was not liable to attract any further duty of excise under this item.
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 29 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986).
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TARIFF ITEM 58 - MENTHOL
It was the Finance Bill, 1971, that introduced this tariff item for the first time for the
excise taxation and with effect from 01.04.1971 it was placed at tariff entry number 58, the
description of which was as under.
“58. Menthol‖
Liquid Menthol was not liable to the duty of excise under this tariff item; however, it
was covered under the tariff item number 68 (Residuary items) provided other conditions
were fulfilled. (CBEC Tariff Advice Number 4/77 dated 24.02.1977 refers)
Bombay Trade Notice Number 90(MP) 1/71 dated 15.06.1971 directed that
subsequent refinement and/or repacking of duty paid (or duty-free pre-excise stock) Menthol
was not liable to attract any further duty of excise under this tariff item.
The item description mentioned supra has not changed since then and with effect from
01.03.1986 the goods covered by this tariff item were classified under the Chapter Heading
29 of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 59 - SOUND AND IMAGE RECORDING ARTICLES.
The history of this tariff entry was very much topsy-turvy, many tariff items have
come and gone under this heading.
By the Finance Bill, 1971 and with effect from 01.04.1971, new tariff item was
brought into the excise net for the first time and was placed at tariff entry number 59 was
Electric Insulating Tapes, that is to say,
―59. Electric insulating tapes, in or in relation to the manufacture
of which any process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of
power.‖
which was omitted with effect from 18.06.1977.
Second one to take its place was Tooth Brush, which came on the tariff schedule with
effect from 01.03.1979 and the description was as under –
―59. Tooth Brush‖
which was omitted with effect from 01.03.1980.
With effect from 28.02.1982 the following was replaced against the omitted item, that
is to say,
―59. Articles of a kind used for sound or sound and image
recording, whether recorded or not, namely -
1. Magnetic tapes of width not exceeding 6.5 millimeters for
sound recording, whether in spools or in reels or in any
other form or packing, but excluding cassette tapes,
2. Sound recorded magnetic tapes of width not exceeding
6.5 millimeters, whether in spools or in reels or in any
other form or packing, but excluding sound recorded
cassette tapes,
3. Cassette tapes for sound recording,
4. Sound recorded cassette tapes,
5. Prepared media for television image and sound recording
such as video tapes and video discs.
6. Television image and sound recorded media such as
video tapes and video discs.‖
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As to the scope of this tariff item it was only after varnishing that tapes became
insulation tapes to warrant duty under tariff item number 59 of the Central Excise Tariff.
(1982 ELT 135 (BOM) refers)
As per Central Board of Excise and Customs Tariff Advice Number 42/82 dated
21.07.1982 assembling of video cassette tapes out of the imported video magnetic tapes and
video cassette cases on which the appropriate amount of countervailing duty had been paid
was to amount to „manufacture‟ as defined under Section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt
Act, 1944, and accordingly duty will be leviable under the tariff item number 29(5) of the
Central Excise Tariff.
Videotapes in rolls were to be appropriately classifiable under tariff item number
59(5) of the Central Excise Tariff for the purpose of levy of the additional duty. (Tariff
Advice Number 27/84 dated 08.06.1984 refers)
The definition of „tapes‟ itself indicated that the tapes were frequently adhesive and
were used for covering of the joints, etc. The word „frequently‟ clearly established that there
were certain tapes, which were not adhesive, and the word „etc‟ indicated that the only use
was not for covering joints. Since the tapes in question, in fact, were used for covering joints
in or open ends of electric wires and cables and thus it could not establish that the product
was not known in the trade circles as the electric insulation tapes. Therefore, it cannot be
said that the impugned products were not classifiable under the item 59 of the Central Excise
Tariff (1982 ELT 135 (BOM) refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986,the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1985)
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TARIFF ITEM 60 - ADHESIVE TAPES
It is the Finance Bill, 1971, that brought this item into the excise net for the first time
and with effect from 01.04.1971 this tariff item was placed at number 60 of the Central
Excise Tariff, the description of which was as under.
―60. Adhesive tapes, all sorts, not elsewhere specified, including
cellulose adhesive tapes and paper backed adhesive tapes in or in
relation to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily
carried on with the aid of power‖
As per CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 1/84 dated 11.01.1984 Cellophane adhesive
rolls of “13 or 26” width cannot be considered as adhesive tapes falling under tariff item
number 60 of the Central Excise Tariff.
Electrical Insulating Tapes (with adhesive properties) were classifiable under tariff
item number 60 of the Central Excise Tariff. (CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 19/80 dated
26.05.1980 refers)
Products like Dressiplast and Corn tapes which were generally manufactured in two
stages, viz., a first stage wherein the tapes were given an adhesive property by fixing
adhesives like natural, rubber, resin, etc, to them and then a second stage where the tapes
(which had been already given the adhesive property) were given their therapeutic property,
merit classification as an “adhesive tapes” at the intermediate stage of their manufacture
under item number 60 of the Central Excise Tariff. (CBE&C Tariff Advice No.37/79 dated
17.08.1979 refers)
Orthoplast Porous Adhesive Bandage the composition of which was stated to be non-
therapeutic, consisting of fabric base coated with adhesive material wherein calamine was
incorporated. Such non-therapeutic bandage was not classifiable under 14E (Patent and
Proprietary Medicines) but classifiable under tariff item number 60 of Central Excise Tariff.
(CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 51/78 dated 15.09.1978 refers)
Gummed paper tapes were classifiable under tariff item number 60 of the Central
Excise Tariff. (CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 8/72 dated 03.05.1972 refers)
Paper Strips coated with gum produced during the process of manufacture of paper
tube for dry cell was not dutiable under tariff item number 60 as the application of adhesive
to the strip was an intermediate stage in the process of manufacture of paper tube to be used
Page 382 of 417
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as encasement for the metal battery cell and at no stage does an adhesive tape, marketable as
such came into existence as the process was continuous one and the adhesive remained in a s
wet for condition for a short period, before the other strip was affixed to it. (CBE&C Tariff
letter bearing number 76/1/76 CX dated 30.09.1979 refers)
The term „tape‟ was better appreciated by trade practice and usage than in any precise
specification of dimensions. No hard and fast rule regarding the width and other dimensional
specifications of tapes, can, therefore, be s laid down. Each individual case be decided on
merits taking into consideration ISI specifications, trade usage and the name given to such
product. (CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 7/72 dated 02.05.1972 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this tariff item were classified
under Chapter Heading 39(Plastic), 48 (Paper) and 59 (Cotton Fabrics) of the Schedule to
the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 61 - ELECTRIC LIGHTING FITTINGS
This was brought within the purview of the duty of excise by Finance Bill, 1977 and
with effect from 18.06.1977 it was placed at tariff entry number 61, the description of which
was as under.
―61. Electric lighting fittings, namely –
Switches, plugs and sockets, all kinds, chokes and starters
for fluorescent tubes.‖
With regard to the scope of this item, Switches, plugs and sockets which were not
used as electric lighting fittings were not covered by this item. But if these articles were such
were used as lighting fittings and also as fittings for other purposes, they were liable to be
included within this item. (Delhi Trade Notice Number 57-CE/77 dated 17.06.1977 refers)
Ceiling roses of 5 Amp rating were not sockets and, therefore, these were outside the
purview of tariff item number 61 of the Central Excise Tariff but were liable to fall under
tariff item number 68 ibid.
15 Amp switches, sockets, switches, plugs, adopters, switch socket combinations and
lamp holders as were used for domestic power purposes for operation of domestic appliances
like washing machines, geysers, coolers, air-conditioners, refrigerators, mixers, etc, and
which were not generally used for electrical f lighting, fitting were outside the purview of
tariff item number 61 of the Central Excise Tariff. (CBE&C‟s letter bearing number
188/1/77-CX4 dated 21.06.1978 refers)
Light switches and bulb holders were correctly classifiable under tariff item number
61. Switches were used in torches and button switches used in cars which operate at a much
lower voltage than the conventional domestic range of 200-250 volts, were also classifiable
under the tariff item number 61. (CBE&C Tariff Advice Number 153/81 dated 05.12.1981
refers)
Lamp holders, adopters (including two way, three way, etc) and switch sockets,
combinations, which were essentially in the nature of switches, sockets and plugs were
covered by the tariff item number 61 if they were designed to function as electric lighting
fittings. (Ahmedabad Collectorate Trade Notice Number 245/77 dated 01.10.1977)
Main switches and switch fuse units, etc, were generally not directly proximate to the
electric lighting points but were generally in the nature of devices for making and breaking of
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electric circuits to the whose of part of the household or other place where electric lighting
was required. It was advised that such switches and switch fuse units etc, fall outside the
scope of the tariff item number 61 of the Central Excise Tariff. It was further clarified that
only those switches which, when manipulated, directly result in the switching on or switching
off of electric lights, fall within the scope of the present levy provided, they were not
designed for circuits of more than 350 volts. The above principles regarding switches hold
good in the case of plugs and sockets as well. (MF (DR) letter Number B-42/2/77-T R U
dated 20.07.1977 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this item were classified under
Chapter Heading 85 and 94 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5
of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 62 - TOOL TIPS
This item was for the first time introduced by Finance Bill, 1973 and with effect from
01.03.1973 it was placed at tariff entry number 62, the description of which was as under.
―62. Tool Tips, in any form or size, unmounted, of sintered
carbides of metals such as tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium.‖
While clarifying the matter, the Government of India, Ministry of Finance
(Department of Revenue and Intelligence, by its bearing Number B-35/1/73-TRU dated
03.08.1973, stated that tool tip in any form and size would attract the duty of excise. Thus
the tool tips whether in the ground form or unground form were exigible to Central Excise
duty. Hence the value of the tool tips was to be taken as the value of the tips in the ultimate
form in which they were cleared from the factory of production. As regards the grinding of
unground tool tips by the purchasers (actual users/tool makers) in their own factories before
mounting them on to tools, it was stated that once duty was paid on unground tips, the
question of recovery of further duty on grinding of such tool tips did not arise.
Carbide throw away inserts as also tool tips were made from the same raw material,
undergo practically the same process of manufacture and perform basically the same function
of machining the metal except that from their disposal character or the shorter life span, the
inserts had acquired the adjective „throw away‟ and from their method of fixing by insertion
or clamping, the name „throw away inserts‟ came to be more commonly used; but, otherwise,
in their basic character and use, the inserts were nothing more than a separate species of the
generic name „tool tips‟. Therefore, „the throw away inserts‟, being a variety of the general
term „tool tips‟ were classifiable under specific tariff item number 62 and not under the more
general tariff item number 51A(iii) of the Central Excise Tariff. (1984(18) ELT 527 (T)
refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered by this item were classified under the
Chapter Heading appropriate to the constituent metal used in its manufacture of the Schedule
to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 63 - WIRE ROPES
This item was for the first time introduced by Finance Bill, 1973 and with effect from
01.03.1973 it was placed at tariff entry number 63, the description of which was as under.
―63. ―Wire Ropes‖ means ropes having a number of wire strands
of iron or steel helically laid about an axis but does not include
electric cables.‖
SSI Exemption for the clearance value from the payment of excise duty upto the first
slab of rupees one hundred lacs was extended with effect from 01.03.1983.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered by this item were classified under the
Chapter Heading 73 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 64 - CARBON BLACK
This item was for the first time introduced by Finance Bill, 1973 and with effect from
01.03.1973 it was placed at tariff entry number 64, the description of which was as under.
―64. Carbon Black (including Lamp Black and Acetylene Black.‖
Preparation of carbon black containing emulsifying agents (dispersing agents) with carbon
black, unless they were marketed and commercially known as carbon black, could not be
equated with carbon black, and thus were not eligible to be covered under the newly created
tariff item number 64 of the Central Excise Tariff. (MF (DR&I) letter bearing Number B-
37/2/73-TRU dated 19.04.1973 refers)
SSI Exemption for the clearance value from the payment of excise duty upto the first
slab of rupees one hundred lacs was extended with effect from 01.03.1983.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered by this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 28 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 65 - RUBBER PROCESSING CHEMICALS
This item was for the first time introduced by Finance Bill, 1973 and with effect from
01.03.1973 it was placed at tariff entry number 65, the description of which was as under.
―65. Rubber Processing Chemicals. The following, namely –
1) Accelerators
2) Antioxidants‖
As per tariff advice Number 44/79 dated 26.09.1979 Aniline Oil was not classifiable
as a “Rubber accelerator or anti-oxidant” under tariff item number 65 of the Central Excise
Tariff.
As per Tariff Advice Number 4/80 dated 11.01.1980 “Retarders” which retard
oxidation alone were classifiable as “Anti-Oxidants” under tariff item number 65 of the
Central Excise Tariff and therefore they were ineligible from the purview of the tariff item
number 68.
Bangalore Trade Notice Number 81/75 dated 12.05.1975 made it clear that
derivatives of diphenylamine were liable to duty under Central Excise Tariff item number 65
as they were used as anti-oxidants in rubber industry and were also sold as such.
Mono, Di, and Tri Ethanolamines was not known to be used at present as
“Accelerator/Anti-Oxidant” in rubber industry. In view of this, as also taking into account
the scope of the tariff heading related to tariff item number 65 of Central Excise Tariff, it
was felt that Mono, Di, and Tri Ethanolamines were not classifiable under the item number
65 of the Central Excise Tariff as Rubber Processing Chemical. (Tariff Advice Number
15/76 dated 02.04.1976 refers)
Retenol Recryst was recognized as rubber anti-oxidant in various literatures and was
recommended by the manufacturers for such use, therefore, it was liable to countervailing
duty under tariff item number 65 of the Central Excise Tariff. (1980 ELT 360 (Government
of India) refers)
“Rubber Processing Chemicals” under tariff item number 65 was more of a generic
description known, designated and recognized as such in technical literature as well as in
trade and consequently its use or predominant use were altogether irrelevant for its
classification under tariff item number 65 of the Central Excise Tariff. (1983 ELT 2483 (T)
refers)
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“Rubber Processing Chemicals” and among them accelerators and anti-oxidant
having a technical and scientific meaning and understood even in industrial circles as
denoting a group of chemicals, it was uncalled for to speculate about their actual use or
predominant use. What was generally known, as a „rubber processing chemical‟ did not
cease to be one because it was not being used as such predominantly. (1983 ELT 2483 (T)
refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 38 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 66 - PERMANENT MAGNETS
This item was introduced for the first time by the Finance Bill, 1974 and with effect
from 01.03.1974 the same was placed at tariff item number 66, the description of which was
as under.
―66. Permanent Magnets
Explanation: The expression ―Permanent Magnets‖ shall
include any piece of hard steel, special alloy or other
material, recognizable by its composition and shape, as
being intended to become permanent magnet after
magnetizing.‖
The goods covered by this item were exempted if intended for the purpose of research
and development.
SSI Exemption for clearance value upto the first slab of rupees one hundred lacs from
the duty of excise leviable thereon was granted to this commodity with effect from
01.03.1983.
With effect from 01.03.1986 the goods covered under this item were classified under
the Chapter Heading 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (Number 5 of
1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 67 - GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
Initially this commodity was brought under the excise net by the Finance Bill, 1975
and with effect from 01.03.1975 the same was placed at tariff item number 67 of the Central
Excise Tariff and the description of this commodity was as under.
“67. Graphite Electrodes and Anodes, all sorts‖
Taking into consideration the scope of item 67 of Central Excise Tariff, the technical
opinions and the end usage, etc, it was felt that graphite had blocks which formed as
conductors between the furnace and the aluminium bus bars were chargeable to the duty of
excise as graphite electrodes under the tariff item number 67 of the Central Excise Tariff.
Regarding other forms of graphite specialties, they were not liable to Excise Duty if they did
not find use as such, as graphite electrodes or anodes. It was, however, felt that the final
decision about the classification of a particular graphite specially under tariff item 67 of the
Central Excise Tariff was a question of verification of the full facts of the specification,
design, purported uses, etc, before arriving at a decision in such cases. (CBEC Tariff Advice
Number 19/76 dated 24.04.1976 refers)
Since Tariff Item Number 67 confined itself to graphite electrodes and anodes, all
sorts, only carbon electrodes and carbon anodes which were distinguishable from the above
mentioned products were not eligible to be covered under the aforesaid tariff item in which
case these products were covered more appropriately within the scope of the residual tariff
item number 68. (CBEC letter Number B-34/2/75-TRU dated 23.07.1975 refers)
With effect from 01.03.1986, the goods covered under this tariff item were classified
under the Chapter Heading 85 of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(Number 5 of 1986)
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TARIFF ITEM 68 - ALL OTHER GOODS, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED
Schedule I to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, contains 67 specific tariff items,
listing individual commodities, and any commodity that was not covered by this list was
leviable to the duty of excise under tariff item number 68, that is to say, “Residuary items”.
The definition of this tariff item number 68 reads as under.
―68. All Other Goods, not elsewhere specified, manufactured in a
factory but excluding -
(a) alcohol all sorts, including alcoholic liquors for human
consumption;
(b) opium, Indian Hemp and other narcotic drugs and
narcotics; and
(c) dutiable goods as defined in Section 2(f) of the Medicinal
and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties)Act, 1955.
Explanation: In this item, the expression ―factory‖ has the
meaning assigned to it in Section 2(m) of the Factories Act,
1948.
It may be noted that whereas the term “manufacture” has to be interpreted as per the
Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, the definition of “factory” was as per the Factories Act,
i.e.,
i) whereon ten or more workers are working or were working on any day of
the preceding twelve months and in any part of which a manufacturing process
is being carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on, or
ii) whereon twenty or more workers are working, were working on any day of
the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing
process is being carried on without the aid of power or is ordinarily so carried
on, but does not include a mine subject to the operation of the Mines Act,
1952 (Number 35 of 1952) or a railway running shed.
By a Notification Number 54/75-CE dated 01.03.1975, only the goods manufactured
by factories where fifty or more workers were working with the aid of power or where one
hundred or more workers were working without the aid of power on any day of the
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preceding twelve months belonged to the dutiable category. The production of all other
factories was completed exempted.
Exemption was also provided for the following categories of goods, falling under the
item, that is to say -
a) all kinds of food products and food preparations (including grain
mill products),
b) electric light and power (Notification No.55/75-CE dated
01.03.1975 refers);
c) goods manufactured by factories belonging to the Central
Government, which were meant for the use by the various
departments of the said Governments; (Notification Number 56/75-
CE dated 01.03.1975 refers);
d) the goods manufactured by the factories belonging to any State
Government for the purposes declared by the Parliament by law to
be incidental to the ordinary functions of the Government
(Notification Number 57/75-CE dated 01.03.1975 refers)
The following industries were covered under this tariff item, if they were not already
excisable under tariff items 01 to 67 of the Central Excise Tariff, that is to say,
1) Wood Mills, Wooden and Cane Containers, Cork and Wood
products,
2) Furniture and Fixtures,
3) Printing, Publishing and allied industries (including newspapers);
4) Tanneries and Leather products,
5) Chemical and Chemical Products,
6) Gas Manufacturers,
7) Structural Clay products,
8) Non-Metallic Mineral products,
9) Manufacture of Metal products,
10) Machinery, Other than Electrical Machinery,
11) Electrical Machinery and Apparatus,
12) Ship Building,
13) Rail, Road Equipments,
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14) Professional, Scientific Measuring Instruments,
15) Aircraft,
16) Watches and Clocks,
17) Musical Instruments, and
18) Manufacturing Industries, not elsewhere specified.
On the side of imports, countervailing duty on like articles, when imported, was
exempted. As for the exports, rule 12 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, was extended to the
items falling under this tariff entry.
“Self Removal Procedure” was extended to the factories with effect from 01.03.1975.
Departmental officers were directed to give all possible assistance promptly to the
producers/manufacturers in the matter of getting excise licence, approval of the classification
list as also the price list, opening of Personal Ledger Account, maintenance of various
Central Excise records, payment of duty, etc. These directives further stated that utmost care
was required to be taken by the departmental officers so as not to hold clearances of goods
such newspapers, town gas, etc, so that there may be no serious dislocation of normal public
and, in particular, it was to be ensured that no hold up of newspapers occurred.
Tariff Item Number 68 “All Other Goods, Not Elsewhere Specified” was initially
added to the first Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, by the Finance Bill,
1975. Nominal one per cent ad valorem duty of excise was levied as an experimental
measure on commodities, which did not attract excise duty under any other specified heads.
The idea was to widen the coverage of taxable goods and to provide a more dependable
information base for future revenue raising exercises. To start with, exemption was allowed
in the year 1975 to the units with power upto 49 workers and to the units without power upto
99 workers.
It is pertinent to note the Budget speech of the Finance Minister on 28.02.1975 in
explaining the nature of new duty. The Hon‟ble Minister said that -
―I now come to a new concept in Central Excise Taxation.
Hitherto the Central Excise tariff covered only certain specified
goods. With a view to widen the coverage of taxable goods and to
provide a more dependable information base for future revenue
raising exercises, I propose to introduce a new item in the Central
Excise Tariff Schedule which, with a few exceptions, will cover all
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the goods produced for sale or other commercial purposes not
elsewhere specified in the Schedule. Goods covered under this new
item will be chargeable to a nominal duty at the rate of one per
cent ad valorem. While the tariff item will cover the production of
all the factories as defined in the Factories Act, 1948, I propose,
for the sake of administrative convenience, to exempt the
production of those factories which employ not more than forty
nine workers in the case of power operated factories and not more
than ninety nine workers in the case of non-power operated
factories. To further simplify the levy, I also propose to exempt
from duty intermediate products and component parts falling
within this item produced in a factory and consumed within the
same factory for the manufacture of finished goods. No
countervailing duty will be levied on imported goods
corresponding to this new item. This levy is admittedly an
experimental measure. I expect that this measure will yield a
revenue of rupees twenty four crores per annum.‖
In the Finance Bill, 1977, the rate of duty on the goods falling under the tariff item
number 68 was raised fro one per cent to two per cent ad valorem with effect from
18.06.1977. Simultaneously, the criterion for the exemption was also switched over from the
number of workers to the investment on Plant and Machinery and turn over in case of Small
Scale Units. The sealing prescribed for investment in Plant and Machinery was rupees ten
lacs with a turn over rupees thirty lacs.
The Hon‟ble Finance Minister, in his Budget Speech, stated as under.
―As the Hon‘ble members are aware, in 1975, as an experimental
measure one per cent general excise duty was levied on
commodities which did not attract excise duties under any
specified heads. The experiment has succeeded in the sense that
without imposing any undue burden or harassment we were able to
collect an appreciable sum of money, namely rupees thirty seven
crores. When we stand in need of additional resources, it seems
eminently suitable to raise the rate to two per cent. In order to
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© K. G. Kulkarni
minimize the cascading effect a set off will be given where these
goods go into the manufacture of other goods that are themselves
excisable. Realising that under this excise head fall a large number
of small units producing a variety of goods I have provided that no
duty will be levied on any unit whose annual turnover does not
exceed rupees thirty lacs. This will replace the existing exemption
based on the number of workers. I am also exempting all non-
power operated units from this levy.‖
In the Finance Bill, 1978, the rate of duty of excise was increased from two per cent
to five per cent ad valorem and the Government expected the revenue yield of rupees one
hundred crores.
The Budget speech of the Hon‟ble Finance Minister, delivered on 28.02.1978,
was as under.
―Under Item 68 of the Central Excise Tariff, the rate of duty
leviable on ―All Articles, Not Elsewhere Specified‖ is at present
two per cent ad valorem. I propose to raise this to the level of five
per cent ad valorem. While doing so, I propose to exempt to some
sensitive categories of goods, namely, pesticides, weedicides,
insecticides and fungicides, drugs and medicines, other than
Proprietary and Patent Drugs and Medicines, pharmaceuticals
and drug intermediates, from the whole of the duty leviable under
this item. Newspapers and periodicals are also being exempted
completely. The existing exemption in respect of small
manufacturers whose clearances of excisable goods does not
exceed rupees thirty lacs in the preceding year continues. These
proposals will yield a revenue of rupees one hundred crores.‖
In the Finance Bill, 1979, the Excise Duty was raised from five per cent to eight per
cent ad valorem and the additional yield that was expected was of rupees one hundred crores.
It was stated that there was already a provision for giving set off of the duty paid on the
goods falling under tariff item number 68 which are used in the manufacture of other
excisable goods and the Finance Minister further said that the increased revenue should not
have appreciable cascading effect. He also stated that while computing value of the
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© K. G. Kulkarni
clearances only the value relating to the clearances of the goods falling under tariff item
number 68 should also be computed and the value of the goods exported should not be
considered for the purpose of the eligibility of exemption.
In his Budget speech on 28.02.1979, the Hon‟ble Finance Minister stated as under.
―I propose to increase the rate of duty on the residuary heading
item 68 of the Central Excise Tariff from the existing level of five
per cent to eight per cent ad valorem. This will yield an additional
revenue of rupees one hundred crores. As the Hon‘ble Members
are aware, there is already a provision for giving set off of the duty
paid on goods falling under item 68 which are used in the
manufacture of other excisable goods. The increased levy should,
therefore, not have any appreciable cascading effect.‖
The tariff description was amended to delete the definition of factory. However, by
virtue of an exemption notification, goods manufactured in places other than „factories‟ were
completely exempted. This deletion had no revenue significance.
Diesel engine parts were exempted under this item. This exemption was withdrawn.
Free wheels and rims, which were specified cycle parts, were hitherto falling under
tariff item 35. This item was deleted. The effect of this deletion was that these parts, subject
to the exemptions, otherwise available, were liable to the duty of excise under item 68.
Cycles and cycle parts which were assessable to the duty of excise under this item
were chargeable to the duty at five per cent (as against the proposed rate of eight per cent)
After the enactment of the Finance Bill, 1979, free wheels and rims also became eligible to
this concessional rate of duty of five per cent subject to the exemption for small scale
manufacturers under this item.
Transformers and generators, falling under this item, were presently chargeable to
duty at a concessional rate of two per cent to two and half percent respectively.
Since the rate of duty for this item was to be raised to eight per cent, consequential
corresponding enhancement was also made in the duty for these articles.
Exemption scheme for Small Scale Industries manufacturing goods, falling under this
item, was changed with effect from 01.04.1979. In the proposed scheme, for the purpose of
eligibility criterion, value of export goods as also of excisable goods, not falling under tariff
item 68 were excluded. Simultaneously, the value limit for complete exemption available to
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© K. G. Kulkarni
a manufacturer under this scheme was reduced to rupees fifteen lacs in a financial year.
Clearances of a value exceeding rupees fifteen lacs but not exceeding rupees thirty lacs
attracted a concessional rate of duty of excise of four per cent ad valorem.
With effect from 19.06.1980, a clarificatory explanation was added to tariff item
number 68. In the case of small manufacturers of goods, falling under item 68, whose capital
investment on plant and machinery did not exceed rupees ten lacs, the limit for complete
exemption was raised from rupees fifteen lacs to rupees thirty lacs in a financial year,
provided their clearances during the preceding finance financial year did not exceed rupees
thirty lacs. For the rest of the current financial year the exemption limit was rupees twenty-
four lacs. Molasses fall under tariff item 15CC instead of tariff item 68, with effect from the
midnight of 18.06.1980/19.06.1980. The following were exempted from the duty.
i) Ocean going vessels,
ii) Ground Spices (Masalas) and Mixed Spices (Masalas),
iii) Sewing Machines and Parts thereof
iv) Cycles and Parts thereof
v) Articles of Hosiery made from fabrics, manufactured wholly from
cotton or from a blend of cotton with viscose fibre or yarn, and
vi) Goods manufactured by Bharat Electronics Ltd for supply to the
Ministry of Defence for official purposes.
The rate of excise duty was raised to ten per cent from the earlier rate of eight per cent
with effect from 01.03.1983.
The rate of duty of excise was increased to twelve per cent with effect from
17.03.1985 for the tariff item number 68.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN - ADMINISTRATION SET UP
The British rulers were very shrewd as also were very practical persons.
Whereas their intention was to spread British Raj in India they were also of the
determined view that their hold on the Raj must not lack anywhere. So far as the
administration was concerned, especially in connection with tax collection, they
wanted to administer the system with minimum cost. Hence the native Indians were
educated and were appointed as the subordinate officers. These subordinate officers
did not have adequate knowledge of English and hence the following terminologies
were used which could easily be remembered and utilized in day today working.
Terminology
(A) EB = Entry Book
EB-1 For grower of unmanufactured product
EB-2 For curer of unmanufactured product
EB-3 For wholesale purchase in unmanufactured
product
3A (Biris) For contractors/agents of biri manufacturers
3B (Biris) For manufacturers of Biris
EB-4 For store room for excisable goods
EB4 (Matches) For match factory store room
(B) RG = Register
RG1 For daily stock account of excisable goods
(Also known as „Production Register‟)
RG3 For stock and receipt of match banderols
purchased for cash
RG3 (Cr) For stock and receipt of match banderols
purchased on Credit
RG4 For Cane account
RG5 For Gur (jaggery) account
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RG 6(C) For daily manufacture (Central Sugar
factories)
RG6 (G) For daily manufacture (Central refineries)
RG7 For Drier House Account
RG8 For State Sugar account
RG9 For Gunny Bags account
RG10 For raw materials used and
Khandsari/Palmyra sugar manufactured and issued
RG11 For daily account of sugar received for
crushing
RG12 For manufacture of excisable Tobacco
products
RG12A For manufacture of excisable tobacco product
(Biris)
RG13 For tobacco excise labels
RG14 For sugar received for manufacture of
confectionary
RG15 For manufacture and issue of confectionary
for export
RG16 For excisable goods used without payment
of duty for special industrial purposes
RG17 For daily account of loose tea utilized in the
production of package tea
RG19 For different equipments for manufacturing
Vegetable Non-Essential Oils with the aid of power
RG21 For different types of centrifugals installed
for the manufacture of Khandsari sugar under special
procedure
RG22 For accounting raw materials used in the
manufacture of Vegetable Non-Essential Oils
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RG23 For accounting duty paid material received
for manufacture of other excisable goods
RG25 Production register cum account current to
be maintained by the manufacturers of embroidery
working under special procedure;
(C) AR = Application for Removal
AR1 For excisable goods on payment of duty,
AR2 For matches from finishing to the storeroom,
AR3 For excisable goods from one bonded
warehouse to another
AR3A For excisable goods from one bonded
warehouse to another
AR4 For excisable goods for export
AR4A For excisable goods for export under Chapter
VII-A,
AR4 (Land) For excisable goods for export by sea or by
land,
AR5 (Conf) For Confectionary for export under claim for
rebate,
AR6 For cotton fabrics or silk fabrics produced on
powerlooms or powerlooms knitting machines,
AR7 For Vegetable Non Essential Oils produced with
the aid of Power
AR8 For Khandasari sugar produced under special
procedure,
AR9 For battery plates produced under special
procedure,
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AR11 For cotton fabrics processed without the aid of
power or steam under special procedure,
(D) TP = Transport Permit.
TP1 For duty paid unmanufactured product,
TP2 For non duty paid unmanufactured product,
TP3 For certificate for non duty paid unmanufactured
product,
TP4 For certificate for transport for unmanufactured
Green Tobacco on which duty has not been paid,
(E) GP = Gate Pass
GP1 For removal of excisable goods from a
factory/warehouse on payment of duty,
GP2 For removal of excisable goods without
payment of duty,
(F) RT = Return
RT1 For annual return for unmanufactured products
grown,
RT2 For annual return for unmanufactured products
cured,
RT3 For annual return for excisable goods
manufactured,
RT4 For monthly return for other goods
manufactured,
RT5 For periodical/quarterly return for materials
used,
RT6 For monthly return of stock/receipts of
banderols purchased for cash
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RT6 (Cr) For monthly return of stock/receipts of
banderols purchased on credit
RT7 (C) For periodical/monthly manufacturing
report for Central Sugar factories
RT7 (G) For periodical/monthly manufacturing
report for refineries,
RT8(C) For final manufacturing report for
Central Sugar factories, RT8 (G) For final
manufacturing report for Central refineries,
RT9 For monthly abstract of sugar received for
crushing,
RT11 For monthly return of excisable goods without
payment of the whole or part of duty for special
industrial purposes and of commodities manufactured
therefrom,
RT12 For monthly/periodical return of excisable goods
manufactured and issued by assesses working under
Chapter VII-A,
(G) WRG = Register for Warehouses and Curer‟s Storerooms
WRG1 For a public bonded ware house,
WRG2 For a private bonded warehouse,
WRG3 For curer‟s private bonded warehouse,
(H) CT = Certificate
CT1 For removal of warehoused goods under
particular bond,
CT2 For removal of warehoused goods under general
bond,
(I) D = Declaration
D1 For land for growing excisable goods,
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D2 For premises and equipments for manufacture of
excisable goods,
D3 For return of excisable goods,
(J) AL = Application for Licence
AL1 For curing unmanufactured products,
AL2 For carrying on wholesale trade in tobacco or to
purchase other unmanufactured products from a curer,
AL3 For carrying on business as a broker in respect
of unmanufactured products
AL4 For manufacture of excisable goods,
AL5 For storing excisable goods in a private bonded
warehouse/store room
AL6 For using excisable goods for special industrial
purposes without payment of whole or part of duty,
(K) L = Licence
L1 For curing unmanufactured products,
L2 For carrying on wholesale trade in
unmanufactured products,
L2(Tobacco) For carrying on wholesale trade in
unmanufactured tobacco
L3 For carrying on business as a broker or
commission agent in respect of unmanufactured
products,
L3 (Tobacco) For carrying on business as broker or
commission agent in respect of tobacco,
L4 For manufacturing excisable goods,
L5 For storing excisable goods in a private bonded
warehouse/store room,
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L6 For using excisable goods for special industrial
purposes without payment of the whole or part of the
duty of excise,
(L) B = Bond
B1 (Sur) With surety for the due dispatch of
excisable goods removed for export
B1 (Sec) With security for the due dispatch of
excisable goods removed for export,
B1 (Gen. Sur) General with surety for due dispatch of
excisable goods removed for export,
B1 (Gen. Sec.) General with security for the due
dispatch of excisable goods removed for exports,
B2 For the due disposal of excisable goods on
manufacture
B2A For satisfactorily accounting for excisable goods
on manufacture,
B3 (Sur) With surety in respect of match
banderols on credit,
B3 (TR) With Trust Receipt in respect of match
banderols on credit,
B4 (Sur) With surety for public/private bonded
warehouse,
B4 (Sec) With security for public/private bonded
warehouse,
B4 (A) For a curer‟s private bonded store room,
B5 (Sur) With surety for the due arrival or/and re-
warehousing of excisable goods removed from one
factory/warehouse to another,
B5 (Sec) With security for the due arrival or/and re-
warehousing of excisable goods removed from one
factory/warehouse to another,
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B5 (Gen Sur) General with surety for the due arrival
or/and re-warehousing of excisable goods removed
from one factory/warehouse to another,
B5 (Gen Sur) General with security for the due
arrival or/and re-warehousing of excisable goods
removed from one factory/warehouse to another,
B6 For duty on excisable goods deposited in a
public bonded warehouse,
B6 (Gen Sur) General with surety for duty on
excisable goods deposited in a public bonded
warehouse,
B6 (Gen Sec) General with security for duty on
excisable goods deposited in a public bonded
warehouse,
B7 For confectionary exported under claim for
rebate of duty on sugar content,
B8 (Sec) With security for due disposal of
excisable goods obtained without payment of the whole
or part of the duty for use in special industrial
processes,
B8 (Sur) With surety for due disposal of excisable
goods obtained without payment of whole or part of the
duty for use in special industrial processes,
B10 (Sur) Bond with surety for provisional
assessment of goods to excise duty,
B10 (Sec) Bond with security for provisional
assessment of goods to excise duty,
B11 (Sec) Bond with security for obtaining release
of seized goods pending adjudication
B12 (Gen Sur) General with surety for storage, or the
due arrival and re-warehousing and for removal from
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time to time for export to a foreign country of excisable
goods without payment of duty,
B12 (Gen Sec) General with security for storage, for
the due arrival and re-warehousing from time to time
for export to a foreign country of excisable goods
without payment of duty,
B13 (Gen Sur) General Bond with surety for
provisional assessment of goods of excise duty,
B13 (Gen Sec) General Bond with security for
provisional assessment of goods to excise duty,
B14 (Gen Sur) General Bond with surety for part
payment of duty and interest thereon,
B15 (Gen Sur) General Bond with surety for the
due disposal of and satisfactory accounting of excisable
goods on manufacture, for the due arrival and re-
warehousing of excisable goods removed from one
factory/warehouse to another and for removal from time
to time for export to a foreign country of manufactured
excisable goods without payment of duty,
B15 (Gen Sec) General Bond with security for
the due disposal of and satisfactory accounting of
excisable goods on manufacture for the due arrival and
re-warehousing of excisable goods removed from one
factory/warehouse to another and for removal from time
to time for export to a foreign country of manufactured
excisable goods without payment of duty,
B16 (Gen Surety/IES Security) General Bond
with surety/security for storage, for due arrival and
warehousing and for removal from time to time for
export to a foreign country of excisable goods without
payment of duty, for the disposal of and satisfactory
accounting of excisable goods on manufacture, for due
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accounting and disposal of excisable goods obtained
without payment of the whole or part of the duty for use
in the special industrial purposes, for obtaining
provisional assessment of goods to excise duty under
rule 9.3
Now I will turn to another part of this administration set up, i.e. rules. Act
passed was intended to give a concrete idea as to the related policy of the Government
whereas the rules were there to implement what was proposed as a policy. Thus, in
the sense, rules were even called as subordinate legislation.
Following are the important rules of the Central Excise Rules, 1944.
Rule 2: Deal with the definitions,
Rule 8: Confer power to authorize exemption from duty in
special cases,
Rule 9: Indicate time and manner of payment of Central Excise
duty
Rule 10 and Rule 10A: Relate to recovery of duty not paid or not levied or not
Paid or short levied or erroneously refunded; however,
this was omitted and was substituted now as Section
11A of the Central Excise Act, 1944;
Rule 11: About the refund of duty,
Rule 12: About the export of finished goods,
Rule 12A: Relate to rebate of input duty on the goods imported
which were used in the manufacture of goods that were
later on exported,
Rule 13: Meant for exports under Bond,
Rule 14: For the exporter who has to enter into a general bond,
Rule 14A: Regarding penalty for failure to furnish proof of exports
within a prescribed period,
Rule 14B: Relate to penalty for removing excisable goods the duty
leviable on which exceeded the bond amount. This rule
was inserted by the Notification No.71/57-CE dated
21.09.1957,
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Rule 15 to 42: Related to Unmanufactured Tobacco products,
Rule 43: Under this rule manufacturer had to give notice as to his
intention to manufacture excisable goods,
Rule 44: Made the manufacturer mandatory to give his prior
declaration of his factory premises and equipments,
Rule 45: Made the manufacturer to specify alteration, movement
of factory equipment,
Rule 46: Relate to marking of premises and equipments,
Rule 47: About the storage of goods within the Bonded Store
Room (BSR) without payment of duty,
Rule 48: Under this the manufacturer had to enter into a bond for
payment of duty,
Rule 49: Related to the duty chargeable only on removal of the
goods from the factory premises or from an approved
place of storage,
Rule 49A: About the collection of duty leviable on cellulosic spun
yarn and cotton yarn along with the duty on cotton
fabrics. This rule was inserted with effect from
21.11.1977.
Rule 50: Under this rule non-excisable products were not liable
to be removed without the permission of the proper
officer,
Rule 51: Regarding packing and weighment of goods, the
manufacturer was also to mark his products unless the
proper officer exempts him from doing so,
Rule 51A: Regarding removal of goods after payment of duty and
in no case no duty paid goods were permitted to be
stored in BSR,
Rule 52: Under this rule goods were required to be cleared only
on payment of duty,
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Rule 52A: This made the manufacturer to deliver the goods on a
gate pass. This rule was inserted by the Notification
Number38/49-CE dated 03.12.1949.
Rule 53: This rule administered maintenance of daily stock
account.
Rule 53A: Required to show the account of raw materials used in
the manufacture of Vegetable Non-Essential Oils,
Rule 54: Related to the submission of Monthly Returns,
Rule 55: Required the manufacturer to submit to the proper
officer in the proper form Quarterly Return in respect of
the raw material used and the finished goods
manufactured.
Rule 56: Related to taking out samples for excise purposes,
Rule 56A: This dealt with the Special Procedure for movement of
the duty paid materials or component parts to be used in
the manufacture of finished excisable goods, (This was
like conversion of VAT or the Modvat Credit
Procedure.) Under this rule the manufacturer could
bring the duty paid goods and could claim the refund or
credit of duty though utilized or the payment of duty of
the finished excisable goods.
In the Modvat Scheme liability of for payment of duty
on raw material was as per the notification in which the
description of inputs and the description of finished
goods was given whereas in the VAT system there is no
such restriction. This rule restricted relating to the
incident that the duty has been paid for such material
under the same item as the finished excisable goods as
has been specifically sanctioned by the Central
Government as against the Modvat Scheme.
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Modvat Credit Scheme was inserted as Section “AA” to
the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 with effect from
01.04.1986.
Rule 57A: Dealt with the Modvat Credit Scheme, which was
introduced with effect from 01.04.1986. With effect
from 01.03.1994, the Modvat Credit Scheme was also
extended to the Capital Goods and rules 57Q to 57U
were framed which dealt with the Modvat Credit
Scheme for the Capital Goods.
Rule 58 to 82A: Dealt with article Matches.
Rule 83 to 92F: Dealt with Sugar,
Rule 93 to 95A: Related to the Manufactured Tobacco Products,
Rule 96A/96C: Related to the Cotton Fabrics,
Rule 96D/96DD: Related to the special procedure for removal of Cotton
Fabrics or Jute manufacture or Man Made Fabrics from
one factory to another factory without payment of duty
for processing
Rule 96E/96EE: Dealt with the special procedure for removal of Cotton
Yarn or Jute Twist, yarn, threads, ropes and twine from
one factory to another without payment of duty,
Rule 96F: Related to Tea, fixation of area for the purpose of excise
duty,
Rule 96G: Regarding manufacturing of tea from green leaves
grown in other areas,
Rule 96H: Related to Package Tea, etc,
Rule 96I to Rule96MMMMM: About Cotton Fabrics, Powerloom (Special
Procedure)
Rule 96N/96U: Concerned with Vegetable Non Essential Oils units
working with the aid of power,
Rule 96ZA: Related to marking of labels in respect of Patents and
Proprietary Medicines,
Rule 96ZB: Regarding Yarn,
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Rule 96Z/96ZZZ: About Marble Slabs,
Rule 97: Refund of duty on goods returned to the factory,
Rule 97A: Regarding the goods cleared for exports may be
allowed to be returned to the factory,
Rule 97B: Regarding excisable goods exported may be allowed to
be returned to the factory for carrying out (a) repairs,
(b) reconditioning, (c) refining, (d) remaking or (e)
subjecting to any process similar to the process referred
to under (a) to (d)
Rule 98: Regarding unbanderolled and unlabelled goods
removed for export may be returned to the factory,
Rule 99: Related to the refund of purchase price of unused or
damaged banderols;
Rule 100: As to the refund of duty on sugar received for refining,
Rule 100A/ Rule 100H: These rules were inserted on 28.02.1981 and dealt with
the removal of goods from the Free Trade Zone or
100% Export Oriented Units for the excisable goods for
home consumption,
Rule 101: Related to Salt, which was omitted by the Notification
Number 98/59-CE dated 19.12.1959.
Rule 102/138: With regard to the Salt
Rule 139/173: Relating to the warehousing provisions applicable only
to the goods specially notified in the official gazette by
the Central Government,
Rule 173A: For removal of excisable goods on determination of
duty by producers, manufacturers or private warehouse
licensees
Rule 173B: Under this rule the assessee was to file a Classification
List for approval of the proper officer for determination
of the rate of duty,
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Rule 173C: Under this rule the assessee was require to file price list
of goods assessable ad valorem to be got approved from
the proper officer
Rule 173F: Under this rule the assessee was to determine the duty
of excise on the goods meant for removal and remove
them accordingly on payment of appropriate duty,
Rule 173G: Under this rule prescribed procedure was to be followed
by the assessee in respect of Self Removal Procedure,
Rule 173H: This rule related to the retention or re-entry of duty paid
goods in the factory or warehouse,
Rule 173I: This rule related to the assessment of the goods to be
removed by the proper officer,
Rule 173L: Regarding refund of duty as regards the goods returned
to the factory and re-issued on payment of duty,
Rule 173M: Under this rule goods cleared for export were allowed
to be returned to the factory,
Rule 173Q: Penal provisions, i.e. Confiscation of goods and
Penalty,
Rule 173S: Related to refund,
Rule 174/181: Regarding licensing,
Rule 182/184: Related to Matches but which were omitted by the
Notification Number 101/63-CE dated 29.06.1963;
131/66-CE dated 20.08.1966 and 147/64-CE dated
19.09.1964,
Rule 185/191: Related to the export of excisable goods under claim for
rebate of duty or under Bond,
Rule 191A: Regarding the procedure for export out of India of the
articles under rebate of duty on the excisable goods
used in their manufacture and packing. This rule was
inserted on 27.11.1956.
Rule 191B: Regarding manufacture in Bond of the articles of
excisable goods on which duty has not been paid,
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Rule 192/ Rule 196BB: Regarding the remission of duty on goods used for
Special Industrial Purposes (Chapter X Procedure)
Rule 197/209: Relating to Entry, Search, Seizure and Investigations,
Rule 210/215: Related to Penalty, Confiscation and Appeals,
Rule 221: Fixing responsibility of the corporate body for making
declarations and obtaining license
Rule 221A: Exemption from execution of bonds by the Central
Govt. undertakings and furnishing of securities or
surety by the State Govt. undertakings
Rule 222: Under this rule, collector was empowered to get a fresh
declaration
Rule 223: This related to the stock of excisable goods to be stored
in an ordinary manner (This rule was inserted on 29-10-
1949).
Rule 223A: Related to the manner of accounting, declaring
Rule 223B: Related to the manner of accounting of the stocks of
excisable goods
Rule 224: By this rule, restrictions were imposed on removal of
excisable goods.
Rule 224A: This rule enables the cancellation of Central Excise
documents.
Rule 224B: Under this rule, duplicate documents were granted on
payment of certain fees,
Rule 224C: Under this rule, endorsements were made on the
transport documents
Rule 225: Under this rule, the producer or the manufacturer liable
for removal of goods
Rule 226: Relating to the manner of maintaining Entry Books,
Stock Accounts, Warehouse register and penalty was
also imposable under this rule,
Rule 227: Relating to the provision and maintenance of weighing
and measuring apparatus,
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Rule 228: Related to the provision and maintenance of locks
Rule 229: Regarding the provision of accommodation at factory or
warehouse
Rule 230: Under this rule, goods, plant and machinery were liable
for confiscation in case duty was not paid,
Rule 231: As per this rule, matches and excisable tobacco
products were not to be sold except in the prescribed
containers bearing a banderol or a label,
Rule 232: Related to the Officer who was not to disclose
information he learnt in his official capacity
Rule 232A: Under this rule, the collector was empowered to publish
names with the other particulars or the persons who
have contravened the provisions of law in any way
Rule 233: Under this rule, the Collector was empowered to issue
supplementary instructions.
Rule 233A: This rule made it binding to issue show cause notice
before confiscation of any property or imposition of any
penalty.
It is surprising that the principles of natural justice were completely
ignored in framing the tax laws during the British Raj as the colonial
administration of British Raj was claimed to be based on so-called
legalism.
Rule 234: Bt this rule former rules, orders, notifications were
cancelled.
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN - APPELLATE TRIBUNAL
By Section 50 of the Finance (2) Act, 1980, (Number 44 of 1980), the Chapter
VIA relating to the “Appeals” was substituted and as per this amendment Appellate
Tribunals were created and were christened “Customs, Excise & Gold (Control)
Appellate Tribunal” and were located as Special Regional Benches at (1) New Delhi,
(2) Calcutta (now Kolkatta), (3) Bombay (now Mumbai) and (4) Madras (now
Chennai).
An appeal could be filed before the Commissioner (Appeals), Central Excise,
against the order passed by the officer below the rank of a Commissioner. An appeal
can be filed against the order passed by the Commissioner (Appeals) with the
Appellate Tribunal. A right of appeal was a substantive right and was a creature of
the statute. To file an appeal the order must be in writing containing the points for
determination and decision land reasons for the decision. Absence of the formulation
of the points for decision or want of clarity in a decision undoubtedly places the
assessee in a quandary. A decision must be firm, clear, certain, definite and without
ambiguity. The reasons were two fold – first was to enable to assessee effectively to
go in appeal if he felt he has been aggrieved, and the second – to aid the lower
authority in implementing the order of the superior tribunal, as refusal to carry out a
direction was a denial of justice and destructive of one of the basic principles in the
administration of justice based on the hierarchy of the authorities.
As to the powers and jurisdiction of the Appellate Tribunal, the Appellate
authority has jurisdiction and it was its duty to correct all errors in the proceedings
under appeal, to issue necessary directions to the authority against whose decision the
appeal was preferred to dispose of the whole or part of the matter afresh. The
Appellate Tribunal was invested with judicial powers to be exercised in a manner
similar to the exercise of powers of appellate court acting under the Code of Civil
Procedure. The Tribunal is the final fact finding body and its decisions on questions
of facts were not liable to be questioned before the High Court. The nature of the
jurisdiction predicated that the Tribunal will approach and decide the case in a judicial
spirit and for that purpose it must indicate the disputed questions before it with
evidence pros and cons and record its reasons in support of its decision. The power of
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the Tribunal was confined to the subject matter of the appeal before it and it could not
go beyond the scope of appeal Tribunal has implied powers to grant stay in a proper
case. As the Tribunal was a creature of the statute it can only decide the dispute
between the assessee and the commissioner in terms of the provisions of the act. The
question of ultra vires was foreign to the scope of its jurisdiction.