evolution: lamarck evolution: change over time evolution: change over time lamarck lamarck use /...
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Evolution: Lamarck Evolution: Lamarck
Evolution: Evolution: Change over Change over timetime
LamarckLamarck Use / disuseUse / disuse Theory of Theory of
inheritance of inheritance of ACQUIRED ACQUIRED traitstraits
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Evolution: DarwinEvolution: Darwin Darwin’s Voyage on the HMS BeagleDarwin’s Voyage on the HMS Beagle
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Evolution: Darwin / Natural Evolution: Darwin / Natural SelectionSelection
Darwin observed that Darwin observed that organisms produce more offspring than organisms produce more offspring than
the environment can supportthe environment can support organisms VARY in many traitsorganisms VARY in many traits these variations can be inheritedthese variations can be inherited Some traits better fit for the Some traits better fit for the
environment than other traitsenvironment than other traits
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Evolution: Darwin / Natural Evolution: Darwin / Natural SelectionSelection
Darwin = individuals best suited for a Darwin = individuals best suited for a particular environment are more likely to particular environment are more likely to survive AND reproduce than those less well survive AND reproduce than those less well adaptedadapted
Darwin saw natural selection as basic Darwin saw natural selection as basic mechanism of evolutionmechanism of evolution As a result, proportion of individuals with As a result, proportion of individuals with
favorable characteristics increasesfavorable characteristics increases POPULATIONS (not individuals) gradually change POPULATIONS (not individuals) gradually change
in allele frequency in response to the environmentin allele frequency in response to the environment
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Evolution: Natural SelectionEvolution: Natural Selection
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Evolution: Natural Selection vs Evolution: Natural Selection vs Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection
Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection
- man creates pressure- man creates pressure
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Four Evidence of EvolutionFour Evidence of Evolution
BiogeographyBiogeography FossilsFossils Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures Comparative EmbryologyComparative Embryology
Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology DNA / Proteins / Amino Acid sequencesDNA / Proteins / Amino Acid sequences
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Evidence for Evolution: Evidence for Evolution: FossilsFossils
Transitional Transitional FossilsFossils
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Evidence for Evolution: Evidence for Evolution: Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures::Similar structure (what does Similar structure (what does that suggest); different that suggest); different function (what does that function (what does that suggest)suggest)
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Evidence For Evolution: Evidence For Evolution: Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology
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Convergent vs Divergent Convergent vs Divergent EvolutionEvolution
Analogous structureAnalogous structure: similar function, : similar function, different structuredifferent structure
Ex. Wing of insect and birdEx. Wing of insect and bird Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution Divergent EvolutionDivergent Evolution Homologous Homologous
StructuresStructures
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Microevolution vs Microevolution vs MacroevolutionMacroevolution
Micro = small changes, still same Micro = small changes, still same speciesspecies
Macro = speciationMacro = speciation MicroevolutionMicroevolution = change in = change in allele allele
frequenciesfrequencies in a gene pool in a gene pool
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Microevolution: Gene PoolMicroevolution: Gene Pool
Gene poolGene pool = = total numbers total numbers of allele in a of allele in a populationpopulation
Allele Allele frequencyfrequency = % = % of that specific of that specific allele in gene allele in gene poolpool
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Hardy Weinberg EquilibriumHardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: even if alleles are shuffled in the even if alleles are shuffled in the next generation (new genotypes next generation (new genotypes appear) allele frequency / appear) allele frequency / proportions in the gene pool proportions in the gene pool stay the same from generation stay the same from generation to generationto generation
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Hardy-Weinberg EquilibriumHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Large populationLarge population Isolated populationIsolated population No genetic mutationsNo genetic mutations Random MatingRandom Mating No Natural SelectionNo Natural Selection
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Hardy-Weinberg EquilibriumHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
ALLELE ALLELE FREQUENCYFREQUENCY
p = “A” freqp = “A” freq q = “a” freqq = “a” freq
p + q = 1p + q = 1
GENOTYPE FREQUENCYGENOTYPE FREQUENCY pp22 = “AA” freq = “AA” freq 2pq = “Aa” freq2pq = “Aa” freq qq22 = “aa” freq = “aa” freq
pp22 + 2pq + q + 2pq + q22 = 1 = 1
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Hardy-Weinberg: Hardy-Weinberg: Genotype & Allele Genotype & Allele
FrequenciesFrequencies
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Hardy-Weinberg: Hardy-Weinberg: Genotype & Allele Genotype & Allele
FrequenciesFrequencies
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Hardy-Weinberg Hardy-Weinberg Practice ProblemPractice Problem
In a certain population, the frequency In a certain population, the frequency of homozygous curly haired (HH) is of homozygous curly haired (HH) is 64%. What percentage of the 64%. What percentage of the population has curly hair?population has curly hair?
Given: pGiven: p22 = .64 Find: p = .64 Find: p22 + 2pq + 2pq p = .8 q = .2 2(.8)(.2) = .32 or 32%p = .8 q = .2 2(.8)(.2) = .32 or 32% 64% (HH) + 32% (Hh) = 96% curly 64% (HH) + 32% (Hh) = 96% curly
hairedhaired
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5 Causes of Microevolution5 Causes of Microevolution
Population becomes SMALL due to Population becomes SMALL due to chance: chance: GENETIC DRIFTGENETIC DRIFT
Population is NOT isolated: Population is NOT isolated: GENE GENE FLOWFLOW
Mutations occurMutations occur Mating is NOT randomMating is NOT random Natural selection exists: some traits Natural selection exists: some traits
are better fit than othersare better fit than others
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Causes of Microevolution:Causes of Microevolution:GeneticGenetic Drift: Gene pool Drift: Gene pool changing due to CHANCEchanging due to CHANCE
BOTTLENECK BOTTLENECK EFFECTEFFECT Pop shrinks due to Pop shrinks due to
natural disasternatural disaster
FOUNDER EFFECTFOUNDER EFFECT Colony leavesColony leaves
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Gene Flow & Gene Flow & Non Random MatingNon Random Mating
Gene FlowGene Flow
NONrandom NONrandom MatingMating
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Causes of Microevolution:Causes of Microevolution:Natural SelectionNatural Selection
3 outcomes of Natural Selection:3 outcomes of Natural Selection: Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive/DiversifyingStabilizing, Directional, Disruptive/Diversifying
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Macroevolution: SpeciationMacroevolution: Speciation
SpeciationSpeciation – the creation of new – the creation of new speciesspecies
Species:Species: a population or group of populations a population or group of populations
whose members can interbreed and whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspringproduce fertile offspring
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Reproductive BarriersReproductive Barriers
Reproductive barriers prevents Reproductive barriers prevents different species from mating with different species from mating with each other:each other: Mating times / seasons differentMating times / seasons different Different habitatDifferent habitat Different mating behavior so little Different mating behavior so little
attraction between speciesattraction between species
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Reproductive Barrier:Reproductive Barrier:Geographic BarrierGeographic Barrier
Allopatric SpeciationAllopatric Speciation: When a : When a population is cut off from its parent population is cut off from its parent population, species evolution may population, species evolution may occuroccur gene pool is changed by natural gene pool is changed by natural
selection, genetic drift, or mutationselection, genetic drift, or mutation
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Geographic Barrier:Geographic Barrier:Adaptive RadiationAdaptive Radiation
Adaptive radiationAdaptive radiation (ex of allopatric speciation) (ex of allopatric speciation) on an island chain – from one main species on an island chain – from one main species there are multiple different species evolvingthere are multiple different species evolving