Evolution in the Animal Kingdom Review

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1. What’s the difference between a chordate and an invertebrate?

Chordates exhibit 4 characteristics during at least one stage of life: Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, tail, and a pharyngeal pouch

Invertebrates = animals without backbones Chordates can be in 2 groups: vertebrates

and invertebrate chordates So the difference is that chordates can have

a backbone, but invertebrates NEVER have a backbone

2. What type of body cavity do most groups have?

True coelom – a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm (middle germ tissue layer)

3. Which invertebrate group has the closest evolutionary relationship to chordates?

4. How is embryology of echinoderms similar to that of vertebrates? What might this similarity indicate about their evolutionary relationship? Both deuterostomes Indicates they are

closely related, came from common ancestor

5. Why would animals need to adapt their formation of limbs?

Each animal’s forelimbs is adapted to survival in their particular environment

Ex: ability to find and capture food, evade predators, move through various types of terrain (land, water, climbing, hopping, running, swimming, flying, etc)

6. How is an animal’s body plan like an “evolutionary experiment”? An animal starts the ‘evolutionary experiment’

with one type of body plan Over time, in order to survive and reproduce,

their body plan adapts Body plans that aren’t successful go extinct

6. Name 6 nonchordate invertebrates. What were some of the 1st characteristics that evolved in invertebrates? Sponges, cnidarians, arthropods, worms,

mollusks, echinoderms Multicellularity, tissues, radial symmetry, 3

germ layers, bilateral symmetry, etc.

7. List 3 traits that arthropods have that cnidarians do not:

Organs Bilateral symmetry 3 germ layers True coelom Segmentation Cephalization

8. Why do you think we don’t have much fossil evidence of early invertebrates? Early invertebrates were tiny and soft-bodied,

making it nearly impossible to make a fossil

9. What characteristics have evolved in fish?

a) Vertebrae

b) Jaws, pairedappendages

c) True bone

d) Lungs!

10. What characteristics have evolved in amphibians?

Four limbs

11. What characteristics have evolved in reptiles?

Amniotic egg Eggs don’t

develop in water Dry, scaly skin

12. What characteristics have evolved in birds?

Endothermy Feathers Hollow bones

13. What characteristics have evolved in mammals?

Endothermy Hair/fur Mammary glands

14. Name the group of invertebrate animals whose ancestors were related to the earliest chordates.

15. What characteristic do reptiles have that amphibians do not?

Reptiles have lungs, amniotic eggs, eggs don’t develop in water; dry, scaly skin

Amphibians 1st stageof life- no lungs, eggsin water; skin ismoist (no scales); go through metamorphosis

16. How have animals’ body plans evolved over time?

Over time, animals’ body plans have become more complex

*Be able to describe WHAT specifically has adapted and evolved

Ex: Animals have gained more specialized tissues, organs and organ systems as they become more advanced

17. What pattern or relationship exists between type of body symmetry and the evolution of animals?

Sponges – asymmetrical (no symmetry) Cnidarians – radial symmetry More advanced – bilateral symmetry

(*Exception – echinoderms)

18. What is the single most important characteristic that separates birds from other living animals?

Although birds have defining characteristics such as wings, beaks, four limbs, or ability to fly, these characteristics are also found in other animals

The single characteristic separating birds from other animals is FEATHERS

This allows them to regulate their internal body temperature

19. Which two major groups of fishes evolved from the early jawless fish and still survive today? Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginousfish - Sharks)

Osteichthyes(Bony fish)

20. The evolution of jaws and paired fins was an important development in the rise of which group of animals?

Sharks (Cartilaginous

fish) Class

Chondrichthyes

21. List 2 ways that bony fish differ from the other two fish groups:

Bony fish:

1. Have bone

(Sharks don’t, jawless

fish don’t)

2. Have jaws

(Jawless fish don’t)

3. Have vertebrae

(Hagfish don’t)

22. What adaptation enables birds to live in environments that are colder than those in which most reptiles live?

Endothermy Feathers – can use to

regulate body temperature

23. How do nonvertebrate chordates differ from other chordates?

Nonvertebrate = no backbone Chordates includes vertebrates

and invertebrates Therefore, not all chordates

have a backbone

23. What evidence exists to indicate that annelids and mollusks are closely related? Levels of organization, body

symmetry, 3 germ layers, true

coelom, protostomes, and

cephalization

25. The only animal to have an asymmetrical body plan is:

Sponges

26. Which of the worm groups has the characteristic of a segmented body?

Annelids

27. List the 5 types of animals in Phylum Chordata

Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

28. What was the 1st group of animals to have cephalization?

Arthropods

29. What are 3 general characteristics that ALL animals have?

To be included in the Animal Kingdom, an animal must:

Be multicellular Be heterotrophic (need food from others) Lack cell walls