evolution darwin studied finches in the galapagos islands – he noticed how different each bird...
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Evolution
• Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos Islands– He noticed how different each bird beak was due to
adaptive radiation• Evidence of evolution– The best evidence is matching AA sequences or DNA– We can also look at anatomy. What was the
difference between homologous and analogous structures?
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What is Classification?
• Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms
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Benefits of Classifying
• Accurately & uniformly names organisms
• Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish
• Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names
Sea”horse”??
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial nomenclature
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
Turdus migratorius
American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
What is different in the scientific name of the polar bear and the grizzly bear?
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family
• Genus•
Species
BROADEST TAXON
Know in order, how the taxa are arranged from broadest to most specific
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• Broadest, most inclusive taxon• Three domains:
• Archaea and Eubacteria • unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles)• Eukarya • more complex and have a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles
Domains
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Kingdoms
• Eubacteria• Archaea• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
Know which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes
Know the difference between and prokaryote and eukaryote
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Kingdom EubacteriaArchaebacteri
a Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell Type Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell Wall FlagellaCapsuleCell Wall
CapsidNucleic
AcidEnvelope
FlagellaCilia
SporesPseudopod
s
-Cell walls made of chitin-Filamentous forms with specialized,
complex cells
ChloroplastsCentral vacuole
Cell wall of cellulose
Specialized, complex
cells
Number of
CellsUnicellular Unicellular
Unicellular OR Multi-cellular
All Multi-cellular
except for yeast
(unicellular)
Multi-cellular
Multi-cellular
Mode of
Nutrition
Autotroph/Heterotrop
h
Autotroph/Heterotrop
h
Autotroph/Heterotrop
h
Absorptive heterotrop
hsaprobe
Autotrophic
Heterotroph
ExamplesSalmonella
E. ColiAnthrax
HIV HepatitisTobacco Mosaic Virus
ProtozoansAlgaeWater Mold
Slime Mold
MoldsYeasts
Mushrooms
MossesFerns
Non-woody & woody
flowering plants
InvertebratesFishes
ReptilesAmphibians
Birds Mammals
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Fungus
• Are not plants-they do NOT carry out photosynthesis! The only thing they have in common are cell walls.
• Cell walls of chitin• Absorb food through cell walls– What do they do? Why is this important? What
would we do without them?– An ex of a fungus? Yeast-how does it make bread
rise?
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Protists
• Not plants, not fungi– Algae, slime molds etc– These guys are important for creating most of the O2 for us
through photosynthesis!– Form red tides (caused from Dinoflagellates) that kill fish
and other animals in the ocean• Caused by farm runoff
• Are a junk drawer– Uni/multicellular– Eukaryotes– Auto/heterotrophs
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Dichotomous Keying• Used to identify organisms• Characteristics given in pairs• Read both characteristics
and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
Be able to identify characteristics that set organisms apart from the rest!
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Prokaryotic – do not have nucleusSingle-celled – unicellular
Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan
What are two key differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote?
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Virus
• Has DNA/RNA• Would we treat with antibiotics or vaccine?
Both?• Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle
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Treating Pathogenic Bacteria• Gram Stain – stained
bacteria reveals whether to prescribe antibiotics
• Antibiotics – medicine used to block growth and reproduction of BACTERIA only
• Ex: Pencillium
• Vaccines – weakened pathogen PREVENTS disease in both viruses and bacteria
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• Bacteria are beneficial to our environment by acting as:
1. Decomposers - recycle of nutrients to atmosphere
2. Nitrogen fixators - convert nitrogen into a form plants can use
Beneficial Bacteria
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Beneficial Bacteria Cont…
3. Symbiotic Relationship – Two organisms benefit from one another
Ex. Humans and E. coliE.coli lives in our intestines, breaks down food for digestion
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Preventing Bacterial Growth
1. Heat – inc in temp2. Disinfection – using chemicals3. Refrigeration – slows down
bacterial growth4. Light – slows down bacterial growth
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How are Bacterial Infections Transmitted?
• Exchange of bodily fluids• Skin to skin contact, dirty hands• Contamination • Airbourne
• We use Penecillum as an antibiotic