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Evolution

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Page 1: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Evolution

Page 2: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

California State Standard

3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations.

c. Independent lines of evidence from geology, fossils, and comparative anatomy provide the bases for the theory of evolution.

Page 3: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

What is Evolution?

Evolution The gradual change of a species through

adaptations over a period of time.

Adaptation A structure, behavior, or internal process that

makes an organism better suited to their environment.

Page 4: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Change Over Time The Earth has changed over time

TemperatureClimateEruptionsEarthquakesChange in sea levelChange in land masses due to Continental Drift

Pangea

Page 5: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Continental Drift The theory of continental drift, suggests that in the Earth’s

history, continents have moved due to plate tectonics, and are still moving today at a rate of about six centimeters per year. Pangea refers to the supercontinent that connected all of the land masses.

Page 6: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations
Page 7: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Evidence of Evolution

Fossils Comparative Anatomy Comparative Embryology Comparative Biochemistry

Page 8: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Fossils

Fossils Evidence of an organism

that once existed.

The study of Paleontology uses fossils to understand events that happened long ago, ancient climates, and ancient geography.

Page 9: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

How are fossils formed? Fossils are formed by being buried in mud, sand,

or clay after they die.

Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks. These rocks form at relatively low temperatures and pressures that may prevent damage to the organism.

Page 10: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

The Fossilization Process

Few organisms become fossilized because, without burial, bacteria and fungi immediately decompose (break down) the dead bodies.

Occasionally, organisms do become fossils in a process that usually takes many years.

Page 11: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

An organism or its body are washed into a body of water.

Sediments rapidly cover the body.

Over time, additional layers of sediments compress the area around the body.

Earth movement or erosion may expose the fossil many years after it formed.

Page 12: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Types of Fossils

Imprint Fossils

Mold & Casts Fossils

Petrified Fossils

Preserved Fossils

Page 13: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Imprint Fossils

Imprint fossils, also called trace fossils, are any evidence left by an organism, such as a footprint, trail, or burrow.

Page 14: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Mold & Cast Fossils

A mold forms when an organism is buried in sediment and then decays, leaving an empty space.

When the empty space is filled in with minerals, a replica or cast is made.

Page 15: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Petrified Fossils

In petrified fossils, minerals sometimes penetrate and replace the hard parts of an organism.

Page 16: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Preserved Fossils A preserved fossil is

an entire organism trapped and preserved in ice, tar, or amber, which is hardened sap.

Page 17: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

The Age of Fossils

Scientists use a variety of methods to determine the age of fossils. One method is relative dating.

If the rock layers have not been disturbed, the relative age can be determined by the position in the soil and rock layers.

Page 18: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Relative Age The lower layer

contains fossils that are older and less complex.

The upper layer contains fossils that are younger and more complex.

Page 19: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

The Fossil Record

Page 20: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Absolute Age Radioactive dating is used to find the specific

ages of rocks, which may contain fossils. Radioactive isotopes are atoms that are unstable

and break down or decay over time, giving off radiation and forming a new isotope.

Every radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay rate, scientists use the rate of decay as a type of clock, called half-life.

Page 21: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Potassium-40 decays to Argon-40 to half its original amount in 1.3 billion years.

Carbon-14 decays to half its original amount in 5730 years and is used to date fossils less than 70,000 years old.

Page 22: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Geologic Time Scale By examining and dating

sedimentary rock and fossils, scientists have put together a chronology, or calendar, of Earth’s history, called the geologic time scale.

Time frames in evolution are based on the geologic time scale.

Page 23: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Other Evidence of Evolution

Comparative Anatomy The comparison of body structures from different

species.Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures

Vestigial Structures

Page 24: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Homologous Structures

Organs or body parts that are similar in structure, function, or both.

Organisms with homologous structures have a common ancestor.

Page 25: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Homologous Structures

Page 26: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations
Page 27: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Analogous Structures

Organs or body parts that have a similar function, but a different structure.

Organisms with analogous structures do not share a common ancestor.

Page 28: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Analogous Structures

Page 29: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Vestigial Structures Organs or body parts that do not have a current

function, but may be useful in other organisms.

A body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.

Page 30: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

TOP 10 Vestigial Organs

10. The wings on flightless birds

1. The human appendix1. The human appendix2. Male breast tissue and nipples2. Male breast tissue and nipples3. Reproduction of whiptail lizards3. Reproduction of whiptail lizards4. Sexual organs of dandelions4. Sexual organs of dandelions5. Wisdom teeth in humans5. Wisdom teeth in humans6. The eyes of a blind fish6. The eyes of a blind fish7. The human tailbone7. The human tailbone8. Erector pili and body hair8. Erector pili and body hair9. Hind leg bones in whales & snakes9. Hind leg bones in whales & snakes

Page 31: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Comparative Embryology

The comparison of the early stages of development of different species.

The shared features in the young embryos suggest evolution from a distant, common ancestor.

fish reptile bird mammal

Page 32: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Evidence from Embryology

58 days old 166 days old

4 mm long 6 cm long

An Elephant Embryo

Page 33: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Comparative Biochemistry

Studying the similarities of organisms at a biochemical level, for example DNA, ATP, and enzymes.

Page 34: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Comparison of OrganismsPercent Substitutions

of Amino Acids in Cytochrome c Residues

Two orders of mammals

Birds vs. mammals

Amphibians vs. birds

Fish vs. land vertebrates

Insects vs. vertebrates

Algae vs. animals

5 and 10

8-12

14-18

18-22

27-34

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Blood, DNA, RNA, amino acids, enzymes, and other proteins (Example Cytochrome C)

Evidence from Biochemistry

Page 35: Evolution. California State Standard 3. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations

Scientists have constructed evolutionary diagrams that show levels of relationships among species.

Scientists combine data from fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and biochemistry in order to interpret the evolutionary relationships among species.