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biologia, 2005 w. moskovisaxelmZRvanelo me-10-11 klasebisTvis (Targmani)

Tavi 10.

evoluciis hipoTeza da samyaros Seqmna.

dabadebis wignis pirvel TavebSi naTqvamia, rom samyaro, dedamiwa da yvelaferi, rac maszea, RvTis Semoqmedebis nayofia da igi eqvs dReSi Seiqmna. amas wmida mamebi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi amtkicebdnen (ix. danarTi). mecxramete saukuneSi sazogadoeba daSorda rwmenas da TandaTan gaZlierda evoluciuri Sexedulebebi, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi., cxovelebi da mcenareebi materiis istoriuli TviTganviTarebis procesSi warmoiSvnen. swored am process uwodes evolucia. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, Tevzebi moluskebisgan ganviTardnen, amfibiebi_ Tevzebisgan, qvewarmavlebi_ amfibiebisgan, xolo frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi_ qvewarmavlebisgan. mecnierebma organizmebis im hipoTezur cvlilebebs, romlebic makroevoluciur gadasvlebs iwveven, aromorfozebi uwodes (berZ. airo- vwev+ morfe forma), mcire SeguebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebs_ idioadaptacia (berZ. idios Taviseburi+ laT.- adaptatio), xolo individTa navaraudev istoriul TviTganviTarebas _ filogenezi. xerxemlianebSi aromorfozebs miakuTvnes ybebis gaCena (ufro aqtiuri kveba), ConCxis Camoyalibeba kunTebis mimagrebisaTvis (organizmis meti moZraoba), venuri da arteriuli sisxlis mimoqcevis gayofa (sisxlis maqsimalurad gajereba JangbadiT da Tbilsisxlianoba), aseve layuCebis, filtvebis warmoqmna (sasunTqi funqciebi), gulis gaCena (sisxlis mimoqcevis funqcia). mcenareebSi did aromorfozad iTvleba fotosinTezis unaris warmoSoba, farulTeslovnebSi yvavilisa da nayofis gaCena da sxv. varaudobdnen, rom frinvelTa klasis warmoSoba gamoiwvia mTelma rigma didma aromorfozebma, xolo am klasis mravalferovneba ganapiroba Semdgomma idioadaptaciebma. frinvelebSi aromorfozebad iTvleba Rrublovani filtvebis

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warmoSoba, gulis marjvena da marcxena parkuWebs Soris mTliani tixris warmoqmna, sisxlis mimoqcevis didi da mcire wris sruli ganyofa da Tbilsisxlianoba. am TvisebebiT frinvelebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian qvewarmavlebisgan. frenasTan Seguebulobad_idioadaptaciad iTvleba wina kidurebis frTebad gardaqmna, bumbulis safarvelis da rqovani niskartis warmoqmna, ormagi sunTqva da sahaero parkebi, damoklebuli nawlavebi da Sardis buStis ar arseboba. Tanamedrove evoluciur TeoriaSi aromorfozebs uwodeben im SeguebulobaTa hipoTezur warmoSobas romlebic iwveven organizmis organizaciis donis arsebiT amaRlebas, xolo idioadaptaciebi ewodeba garemo pirobebTan organizmTa iseT Seguebas, romelic ar iwvevs biologiuri organizaciis donis principul cvlilebas. agreTve gamoyofen degeneracias_ organizaciis donis hipoTezuri mkveTri gamartiveba, rac dakavSirebulia mTel organoTa sistemebis gaqrobasTan. magaliTad, varaudoben, rom Wia-parazitebs parazitul cxovrebis nirze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, gauqraT grZnoobaTa organoebi, gaumartivdaT nervuli da saWmlis momnelebeli sistema. mcenare parazitebma dakarges fotosinTezis unari. Txunelas Tvalebis gaqrobac degeneraciis magaliTad iTvleba. (naxati gv. 189.)

$ 43. evoluciuri ideebis ganviTareba

cocxali arsebebi, dawyebuli erTujrediani cxovelidan damTavrebuli adamianiT, xasiaTdebian organizaciis gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT, organizmis nawilebis gasaocrad zusti urTierTqmedebiT, formaTa gansacvifrebeli mravalferovnebiT. rogor warmoiSva yovelive es? uZvelesi droidan mecxramete saukunemde zeimobda kreacionistuli koncefcia (laT. kreatura-Seqmna) mTeli mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro da adamianic RvTis qmnilebaa da isini inarCuneben pirvelqmnil Tvisebebs. meTvramete saukuneSi Camoyalibda transformistuli koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna Zalian martivi organizmebi. isini RvTis Canafiqris Sesabamisad ganviTardnen da Camoyalibdnen ufro rTul Tanamedrove formebad anu ganicades evolucia. tranformistuli Teoriis mxardamWerebi iyvnen i.kanti, m. de-mopertiui, r.huki, J.biufoni, erazm darvini (Carlz darvinis babua). zogierT evoluciur ideebs Zvel filosofosTa naSromebSic vxvdebiT. magaliTad, Talesi, anaqsimandre, epikure, lukreciusi. magram yvelaze ganvrcobili forma evoluciurma hopoTezam Jan-batist

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lamarkis SromebSi miiRo, romlebic mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda. lamarki varaudobda, rom sicocxle TviT Caisaxeba da Semdeg miemarTeba maRalorganizebuli formisken, srulyofilebisken. es swrafva RvTisganaa Cadebuli. organizmTa im jgufebma, romlebic sxvebze adre warmoiSvnen, ukve miaRwies maRal organizebas, xolo ufro gvian warmoSobilebi, agebulebiiT da ganviTarebiT jer kidev martivni arian. lamarkma evoluciis mimdinareobis meqanizmic SemogvTavaza: ama Tu im organos gaZlierebuli varjiSi iwvevs am organos zomebSi zrdas da srulyofas, xolo uvarjiSoba_ gamartivebas da gaqrobas. lamarki varaudobda, rom Jirafis grZeli kiseri Camoyalibda mraval TaobaSi kisris varjiSisa da gaWimvis Sedegad, xolo Txunelas Tvalebis gaqroba gamoiwvia am organos uvarjiSobam. frinvelebs, romlebic mdinareebis Slamian napirebTan binadroben, grZeli fexebi aqvT, rom SlamSi ar Caeflon. lamarki Tvlida, rom individis mier SeZenili adaptaciuri Tvisebebi Taobidan Taobas memkvidrebiT gadaecemoda. lamarkis mcdari Sexedulebebi gamoaaSkarava genetikis ganviTareba. Jan-batist lamarks ekuTvnis termini “biologia”. lamarkis mixedviT, bunebaSi Camoyalibebuli wesrigi “damyarebulia uzenaesi Semoqmedis mier, romelmac Seqmna yvela arseba”. lamarkis evoluciurma Teoriam farTo aRiareba ver hpova. mecxramete saukuneSi mas gauswro J. kiuves da misi mimdevrebis kreacionulma modelma. kiuvem gadaxeda biologiur klasifikacias da SemoiRo “tipis” da “ojaxis” kategoriebi. is swavlobda xerxemlianTa agebulebas da mixvda, rom yvela organo warmoadgens erTi mTliani sistemis nawils. ase rom Tu cxovels aqvs Cliqi, mTeli misi organizmi balaxismWamelis cxovrebis nirs Seesabameba: kbilebi da ybebi Seguebulia mcenareulobis ReWvas, kuWi mravalsakniania, xolo nawlavebi_ Zalian grZeli. Tu arsebas mxverplis dasaglejad mWreli kbilebi aqvs, maSin ybebic ise aqvs Camoyalibebuli, rom ukeT daiWiros da gaiCeros msxverpli, aqvs brWyalebi, moqnili xerxemali da mokle saWmlis momnelebeli traqti. sxeulis nawilebis aseT urTierT Sesabamisobas kiuvem korelaciis principi uwoda. am principis xelmZRvanelobiT mecnierma warmatebiT aRwera mravali namarxi organizmi da Camoayaliba ori axali disciplina_ SedarebiTi anatomia da paleontologia. kiuve amtkicebda, rom yvela cocxali organizmi Seqmnilia RvTisgan da dedamiwaze isini srulyofili saxiT gamoCndnen. igi fiqrobda, rom geologiur-paleontologiuri danaleqebi katastrofebis Sedegia, romelmac organizmebi masiuri raodenobiT Camarxa da aramc da aramc is ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc evoluciuri ganviTarebis matiane. samwuxarod, kiuve mwir geologiur masalebs flobda da SecdomiT fiqrobda, rom katastrofebi, maT Soris msoflios warRvnac, dedamiwaze yovelgvar cocxals

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anadgurebda da yoveli katastofis Semdeg sicocxle xelaxla iqmneboda. ufro gviani kreacionistebi, maT Soris Tanamedrovenic ganixilaven erT globalur katastrofas_ msoflio warRvnas. msoflio warRvnaSi gulisxmomen ara marto did wyaldidobas, aramed gacilebiT did masStabian da mravalwaxnagian geologiur movlenebs, maT Soris dedamiwis qerqis gardaqmnas, qvanaxSirisa da navTobis sabadoebis Camoyalibebas, planetis klimatis cvlelebebs da amasTan kavSirSi cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaroSi momxdar did Zvrebs. kiuves erT-erTi mimdevari Jan lui agasisi, Tevzebisa da kaneklianebis dargSi fundamenturi Sromis avtori, romelmac paleontologiis, geologiis da warRvnis Sesaxeb bibliis gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT SeimuSava katastofebis Teoria, lakoniurad gamoTqvams mecxramete saukunis mecnier-katastrofistebis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis arss: ”mecniereba_ es aris RvTis azrebis, Canafiqris Targmaneba adamianur enaze”. evoluciuri ideebis formirebis mniSvnelovan etapad iqca Carlz darvinis Sromebi. mecnierma SeniSna, rom organizmebi warmodgenilia met-naklebad msgavsi saxeobebiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Seguebulia konkretul garemo pirobebs. darvins ekuTvnis moZRvreba adaptirebul niSan-TvisebaTa formirebaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis rolis Sesaxeb. darvinis azriT, gadarCevis masalas warmoadgens organizmebis aramimarTuli cvalebadoba. mcire cvlilebebi polulaciebSi dResac SeiniSneba. magram darvini Sors wavida. misi azriT, Cveni planetis yvela Tanamedrove binadari nel-nela, TandaTan TviT ganviTarda martivi organizmebidan, es hipoTeza arcerTi faqtiT ar dadasturda. misi farTo gavrceleba drois suliskveTebam moitana, romelic adamianis gonebis SesaZleblobes gazviarebulad uyurebda da yvela movlenis axsnas naturalisturi midgomebiT cdilobda. darvinma saxelganTqmuli kembrijis universitetis saRvTismetyvelo fakulteti daamTavra. miuxedavad imisa, rom Semdgom misma azrebma “evolucia” ganicades, mecnieri sicocxlis warmoSobis upirveles mizezad RvTis SemoqmedebiT aqts Tvlida. is werda: ,,radganac SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom uzarmazari da saocari samyaro Cveni _ gonieri arsebebis CaTvliT SemTxveviT warmoiSva, me mimaCnia RvTis arsebobis mTavar damamtkicebel sabuTad”. meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cxadi gaxda, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis TeoriiT veranairad ver aixsneboda zesaxeobrivi taqsonebis formireba. genetikis monacemebi mkveTrad gaemijnen darviniseul TvisebaTa TandaTanobiT cvlilebebis meqanizms. mTeli rigi mecnierebi_ s. Cetverikovi, j. holdeini, j. heqsli, f. dobJanski, e. mairi, i. Smalhauzeni, a.n. da a.s severcovebi, l.tatarinovi da sxvebi cdilobdnen gadaelaxaT darvinis hipoTezis umweoba da Seqmnes egreT wodebuli evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria. es iyo mcdeloba, aegoT evoluciuri Teoria genetikis monacemTa

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gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mutaciur cvlilebebs da bunebriv gadarCevas populaciur doneze ganixilavda. amavdroulad mecnierebaSi yalibdeboda sinTezuri Teoriis sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi. 1920-ian wlebSi akademikosi l.s. bergi marTebulad amtkicebda, rom SemTxveviT da aramimarTul xasiaTis cvlilebebs SeuZliaT mxolod da mxolod daarRvion organizmis gamarTuli muSaoba da arasdros ar srulyofen da ar daxvewen mas. meoce saukunis meore naxevvarSi evoluciuri Teoria daiSala mraval urTierTsapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxav hipoTezebad, romlebic veranairad ver ayalibebdnen rTuli sistemis evoluciis ZiriTad meqanizms. axali mecnieruli monacemebi aCvenebdnen im hipoTezis umweobas, romelic cdilobda TiToeuli niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibeba aexsna bunebrivi gadarCevis saSualebiT. amis gamo 1968 wels molekulur biologiaSi moRvawe mecnierebma m.kimuram, t.juqsma da d.kingma SemogvTavazes evoluciis hipoTeza neitraluri mutaciebis safuZvelze. es mutaciebi ar eqvemdebareboda bunebrivi gadarCevis procesebs. am “neitralurma evoluciurma Teoriam” mZafri kritika gamoiwvia bunebrivi gadarCevis “SemoqmedebiTi rolis” (darviniseburad) momxre mecnierebis mxridan. 1972 wels ori cnobili paleontologi n.eldriji amerikis bunebis istoriis muzeumidan da s.guldi harvardidan, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom ar arsebobs msxvil taqsonebs Soris gardamavali formebi, mividnen daskvnamde, rom evolucia TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebis gziT SeuZlebelia warmarTuliyo. maT wamoayenes koncefcia evoluciis araTanabari tempis Sesaxeb, romelic mimdinareobda stabilurobis xangrZlivi periodebis da swrafi evoluciuri naxtomebis monacvleobiT, anu es iyo “wyvetili wonasworobis” pipoTeza. amis Taobaze kamaTi dResac ar wydeba, magram aseTi naxtomebis meqanizmi jer kidev ucnobia. germaneli paleontologi o.Sindevolfi da amerikeli genetikosi r.goldSmidti cdilobdnen erTmaneTTan SeeTanxmebinaT evoluciuri Teoria da namarxi gardamavali formebis ararsebobis faqti. maT evoluciis sinTerzuri Teoriis mcire mutaciuri cvlilebebis sapirispirod SemogvTavazes hipoTeza “sistemuri mutaciebis” Sesaxeb, romelsac mivyavarT genomis did gardaqmnamde e.w. “damaimedebeli simaxinjeebis” warmoqmnamde. Sindevolfis mixedviT, “pirveli Citi qvewarmavlis kvercxidan gamofrinda”. Zneli gasagebi ar unda iyos, Tu ra simravlis warmoudgenel arsebebs gaaCenda msgavsi SemTxveviTi procesebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT genetikosebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom Tuki aseTi naxtomebi marTlac migviyvanda Tanamedrove florisa da faunis warmoSobamde, es SesaZlebeli iqneboda isev da isev Semoqmedi RmerTis mier ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad.

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rusma mecnierebma i.altuxovma da n.voroncovma ivaraudes, rom evoluciuri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia moxdes genomis gansazRvrul nawilSi naxtomiseburi cvlilebebis gziT. n.voroncovma agreTve wamoayena hipoTeza mozaikuri evoluciis Taobaze (organizmis fragmentebis cvlilebebis saSualebiT). Tanamedrove evoluciuri Teoria warmoadgens urTierTgamomricxav da urTierTsapirispiro koncefciebis erTobliobas, romelTagan vercerTi ver xsnis organizmTa warmoSobas. savaraudo makroevoluciis erTaderT damamtkicebel sabuTad paleontogiuri namarxebi gamodgeboda, romlebic cxadyofdnen Tu rogor gadadioda erTi saxeoba meoreSi, magram aseTi gardamavali formebi arasdros da arsad iqna napovni. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, avtoritetuli genetikosi da evolucionisti e.k.xusnutdinovi aRiarebs, rom mecnieruli monacemebis CarCoebSi savsebiT “SesaZlebelia vifiqroT”, rom es samyaro evoluciis produqti ar aris, aramed igi RvTis Semoqmedebaa. radganac Tanamedrove mecnierebs SesaniSnavad esmiT evoluciuri Teoriis dasabuTebis mTeli sirTuleebi, isini sul ufro xSirad ubrundebian wmida werils.

$44. mutacia da savaraudo makroevolucia

organizmSi mutaciebi mudmivad mimdinareobs. mutaciebis simravles garemos araxelsayreli faqtorebi iwvevs. es faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos mavne gamosxiveba, qimiuri zemoqmedeba da sxv. mutaciaTa nawili uSualo kavSirSia organizmis funqcionirebasTan. genebis kvlavwarmoqmnis procesSi mudmivad xdeba Secdomebi. Tumca arseboben uamravi sxvadasxva funqciis mqone fermentebi, romlebic akontroleben da asworeben genebis dazianebebs. garkveul cvlilebebs iwvevs rekombinaciebic. “mobiluri genetikuri elementebis” Carevis gamo zogjer genebi sxvadasxvagvarad ikiTxeba. am “mobilur genetikur elementebs” sxvagvarad “mxtomare genebsac” uwodeben, Tumca, rom iqvas, isini genebs arc ki warmoadgenen. rodesac isini “Caxtebian” romelime genSi, cvlian mis informacias. CamoTvlili meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofen Seguebulobebis warmoqmnas da iZlevian formaTa simravles saxeobis SigniT. garegnuli cvlilebebi, rogori SesamCnevic ar unda iyos, organizmis fundamentur struqturas da funqciebs ar exeba. genebis ufro masStabur cvlilebebs mivyavarT ara axali saxeobis warmoSobamde, aramed mis daRupvamde. organizmisTvis yvela

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cvlileba misaRebi ar aris. arseboben dasaSvebi zonebi, romelTa CarCoSic genSi momxdar cvlilebebs katastrofuli Sedegebi ar mohyveba. amaze metyvelebs seleqcionerTa mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba. variaciebs, romelTac aRwevs seleqcia, aqvT mkacrad dadgenili sazRvrebi. romelime niSan-Tvisebis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia garkveul zRvramde, romlis gadalaxvis Semdegac xdeba darRvevebi an sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabruneba. ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT evoluciuri hipoTeza, romelic exeba SemTxveviTi mutaciebis gziT saxeobaTa warmoSobas. warmovidginoT, rom genebSi daSvebulma Secdomebma Tvalis baduraSi garkveuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. aseTi cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba mTeli aparatis gardaqmnas: erTdroulad sasargeblo mimarTulebiT unda Seicvalos ara marto Tvalis nawilebi, aramed Tavis tvinis Sesabamisi centric. yovelive amaze pasuxismgebelia mravali genisgan Semdgari struqturaTa mTeli rigi. ramdenad realuria am struqturebis erTdrouli, SeTanxmebuli, sasargeblo mutaciebis molodini? raRac movlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba mecnierebaSi albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. vTqvaT, Cven moneta avagdeT. imis albaToba, rom moneta miwaze daecema 1-is tolia- anu es gardauvalia. gerbis mxares davardnis albaToba 0.5½-ia, aseve zurgis mxares davardnisac-½0.5-, anu es movlena Tanabrad SesaZlebelia. imis albaToba, rom moneta kidiT davardes, Zalian mcirea (yvelaze frTxilad srolis SemTxvevaSic ki araumetes 10-4. aseTi ram jer aravis unaxavs, magram maTematikurad amgvari SesaZlebloba gamoricxuli ar aris. monetis haerSi gaCerebis albaToba nulis tolia, anu es movlena saerTod gamoricxulia. Tuki molekulebSi mimdinareobs SemTxveviTi cvlilebebi, maSin maTac gaaCniaT TavianTi albaToba. mecnierebis mier registrirebuli mutaciebi momdinareobs saSualod 10-9 _10-10 albaTobiT, gacilebiT iSviaTad 10-6 – 10-8 Cveulebriv, genebSi es mcire darRvevebia, romlebic odnav cvlian organizms. SevecadoT, gaverkveT ramdenad SesaZlebelia msgavsma cvlilebebma gardaqmnan genebis kompleqsi ise, rom aman migviyvanos axali saxeobis Camoyalibebamde. yvela mutacias rodi mohyveba axali cilis warmoqmna, arc yvela axali cila niSnavs axali funqciis gaCenas, xolo axali funqcia jer kidev ar niSnavs axali niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibebas. saWiroa konstruqciuli cvlilebebi. erTi saxeobis organizmTa genebis meore saxeobis genebad konstruqciuli gardaqmnisTvis aucilebelia moxdes saSualod 5 damoukidebeli zusti da sasargeblo mutacia; anu es niSnavs, rom sul ubralo niSan-Tvisebis gamosavlenad unda Seicvalos saSualod xuTi geni. Cveulebriv ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebas aTi geni gansazrvravs (ZuZumwovarTa organizmSi daaxloebiT ramdenime aTeuli aTasi genia, baqteriis organizmSi_

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aTidan aTasamde). ase rom sul martivi axali niSan-Tvisebis warmoqmnis albaToba 10-250 Seadgens. es imdenad mcire ricxvia, rom sulerTia ra droSi davelodebiT msgavs mutacias _ erT weliwadSi Tu miliardSi, erT individSi Tu miliardSi. dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobis mTel savaraudo droSi SeuZlebelia Tundac erTi rTuli niSan-Tviseba Camoyalibebuliyo. albaT, ar aris Zneli warmosadgeni, Tu ra raodenobis niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibeba iqneboda saWiro erTi saxeobis meored gardaqmnisaTvis da dedamiwaze mravali organizmis warmoSobisaTvis. nebismieri axali niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibebas ar eyofoda mTlianad is dro, romelsac mecnierebi samyaros arsebobas miaweren. mutaciebi SemTxveviTia, rogor unda velodoT maTgan sinqronulobas da Tanazomierebas? sxva saqmea, rodesac mutaciebs ganvixilavT rogorc avadmyofobis, simaxinjis an sikvdilis mizezs. amisTvis, albaT, nebismieri darRveva gamodgeba, magram is, rom mutacia CaiTvalos xelsayrelad, aucilebelia mTeli im genTa nakrebis “sasargeblo darRvevebis” saswaulebrivi Tanxvedra da sinqronuloba, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian organizmis sxvadasxva zustad TanSewyobil sistemebsa da funqciebze. akademikosi l.s. bergi werda: ”SemTxveviT warmoqmnil axal niSan-Tvisebas iolad SeuZlia daarRvios rTuli meqanizmi. arakeTilgoniereba iqneboda molodini imisa, rom es niSan-Tviseba srulyofs am meqanizms”. geologiuri fenebi Semoinaxavdnen daujerebeli raodenobis simaxinjeebs da is gacilebiT meti iqneboda, vidre normaluri arsebebi, magram araviTari msgavsi ram namarxebSi ar aRmoCenila. paleontologiisa da maTematikis faqtebTan kamaTi rTulia. saxeobaTa mravalferovneba aranairad ar SeiZleboda warmoSobilyo SemTxveviTi mutaciebis gziT. mutaciebis farTo diapazonis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT drozofilaze Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi; Tumca faqtiurad gansxvaveba mutaciebs Soris sakmaod mcirea. drozofilebis erT-erTi sakmaod cnobili mkvlevari r.goldSmidti amtkicebda, rom “Cven romc SegveZlos erTad SevaerToT erTi individis aTasze meti variacia, sulerTia es mainc ar iqneba axali saxeoba im saxiT, rogorc bunebaSi gvxvdeba”. uamravma drozofilam gamoscada yvela SesaZlo genetikurad uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba, magram misgan veraferi ver miiRes, garda odnav Secvlili drozofilisa, ufro metic, aRmoCnda, rom am mweris mutaciebis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia ara genebis darRvevebTan, aramed “mobiluri genetikuri elementebis” CasmasTan. mobiluri elementebis CasmiT homeozisur genebSi, romlebic ujredis SigniT marTaven procesebs, aixsneba drozofilebSi ulvaSebis nacvlad Tavze umaqnisi da arasaWiro TaTebis gaCena. SesaZlebelia ki Tavze paralizebuli fexebis gaCena miviCnioT progresuli ganviTarebis niSnad?

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baqteriebsa da virusebSi SeZenili mutaciuri cvlilebebis diapazoni sakmaod farToa. genebis arahomologiurobis xarisxi SesaZloa aTeul procentebs aRwevdes. Ees organizmebi swrafad eguebian garemo pirobebs, magram sakuTar saxeobriv specifiurobas inarCuneben. magaliTad, tuberkuliozis gamomwvevi Cxirebi ganicdian mutaciebs, swrafad warmoqmnian antibiotikis mimarT rezistentul Stamebs, magram TavianT ZiriTad Tvisebebs inarCuneben. biofizikurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom mutaciebi, romlebic iwveven antibiotikebis mimarT rezistentulobas (aramgrZnobelobas), ar mateben organizms axal sasargeblo genebs, piriqiT, is mihyavT morfologiur degeneraciamde. magaliTad, streptomicinis mimarT aramgrZnobeloba yalibdeba im mutaciis Sedegad, romelic ribosomis muSaobis SezRudvas da struqturis daSlas iwvevs; anu mutacia, romelic viTomda icavs baqterias antibiotikis damRupveli moqmedebisgan, aRaribebs genofonds da arRvevs ribosomebis normalur muSaobas. baqteriebze Catarebulma cdebma eqsperimentulad daamtkices mutaciebis saSualebiT makroevoluciis SeuZlebloba. evoluciuri procesisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara dros xangrZlivoba, aramed Taobebis is raodenoba , romelsac baqteria wlebis ganmavlobaSi iZleoda. baqteriebis populaciebze dakvirvebebi aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda. mutaciaTa raodenobas specialurad zrdidnen anomaluri garemos zemoqmedebiT, anu qmnidnen e.w. mutaciur zewolas. baqteriebma gaiares gza, romelic umaRles cxovelebSi aseul milion wels Seesabameba (TaobaTa raodenobiT). baqteriebis mutanturi Stamebi mudmivad ubrundebodnen sawyis e.w. “velur tips”. axali Stamebis warmoqmna ar scildeboda Sida saxeobriv CarCoebs. ase rom, saxeobis sazRvrebSi dasakvirvebeli niSan-Tvisebebis variaciebi SezRudulia. Sejvarebis dros rekombinaciebis da mutaciebis wyalobiT organizmebs eZlevaT cvalebadobis saSualeba, rac uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli saxeobis individTa gasaocar mravalferovnebas, maT garemosTan Seguebas da gadarCenas. magram aseT cvlilebebs, rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, ar SeuZliaT erTi saxeobis genuri kompleqsi meore saxeobis genur kompleqsad Secvalon. bunebas rom darviniseuli evoluciis gziT evlo, romlis mixedviTac bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad mxolod ufro Zlieri da ukeT Seguebuli mutanti gadarCeba, maSin dedamiwa savse iqneboda koSmaruli arsebebiT, romelTa Sorisac virTagva erT-erTi simpatiuri da uwyinari cxoveli aRmoCndeboda. magram ase rom ar aris?! samyaro saocrad mSvenieria. is uzadoa gansakuTrebuli da amaRlebuli mSvenierebiT, romelic SeuZlebelia mutaciebiT aixsnas. “RvTis qmnileba _ samyaro yvelaze srulyofilia”,- werda didi germaneli maTematikosi leibnici. Temis dasasruls aRvniSnavT Semdegs: Tuki vaRiarebT, rom arsebobisaTvis brZola aris mizezi saxeobaTa warmoSobisa, rogorc

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amas darvini ambobda, maSin ratomaa, rom martiv formebs xSirad gaaCniaT upiratesoba rTul formebTan SedarebiT? umartivesi organizmebi saeWvoa CaiTvalos garemosTan naklebad Seguebulad, vidre maRalorganizebuli formebi. Tuki gadarCeba yvelaze ukeT Seguebulni, maSin dedamiwaze mxolod saarsebo garemosTan SesaniSnavad Seguebuli umartivesebi unda cxovrobdnen. SemTxveviTi mutaciebis bunebrivi gadarCeviT Znelia aixsnas planetaze mcxovrebi aseTi rTuli organizmebis mravalferovneba. materializmma, romelmac daatyveva mravali mkvlevaris goneba, daamtkica Tavisi umweoba biologiaSi. misi dro wavida. dRes mravali seriozuli biologi evoluciur Teorias, rogorc mecnierebas organizmSi SesaZlo cvalebadobebis Sesaxeb, gamohyofs “evoluciis xis” rekonstruqciisgan da am ukanasknels miiCnevs savaraudo istoriad. Tanamedrove evoluciuri Teoria warmoadgens hipoTezur, Tavisebur filosofias mecnierebaSi. iqneba es darvinizmi Tu evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria, goldSmidtis mutaciuri sistema Tu guld-eldrijis wyvetili wonasworobis modeli, kimuras, jugsis da kingis neitraluri evoluciis hipoTeza Tu altuxovis naxtomiseburi evolucia, an voroncovis mozaikuri evolucia, yvela es modeli warmoadgens varauds, Seumowmebelsa da urTierTgamomricxavs. cota Tu iqneba is kvalificiuri biologi, romelic kvlav darwmunebulia evoluciur-materialisturi versiis marTebulobaSi. biologebi, iseve rogorc sxva dargis mecnierebi sul ufro metad uRrmavdebian azrs Semoqmedi RmerTis Sesaxeb.

$ 45. homologiuri organoebi, rudimentebi da atavizmebi

am organoebis arseboba, erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa mogveCvenos ganvlili evoluciis damamowmebel faqtebad. homologiuri organoebi. ganvixiloT yvelaze cnobili homologia_ xerxemlianTa wina kidurebi. TiTqosda saxeze gvaqvs kiduris evoluciuri ganviTareba Tevzis farflidan frinvelis frTamde. naxati gv. 199 xrxemlianTa wina kidurebi

magram ra? aRmoCnda, rom msgavsi kidurebi sxvadasxva klasebSi formirdeba gansxvavebuli Canasaxovani ujredebis jgufisgan. raime Tanamimdevrul ganviTarebaze laparakic ki

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SeuZlebelia. rogorc biologebi amtkiceben, homologia araWeSmariti aRmoCnda. organoebi Tuki namdvilad erTmaneTis homologebi iqnebodnen, maSin isini embriogenezSi ebrionis erTi da igive ujredebisgan unda viTardebodes. mosalodneli iyo, rom homologiuri organoebi, rogorc saerTo warmoSobis mqone da erTi struqturisgan ganviTarebuli, unda kontrolirdebodes identur genTa kompleqsiT. magram arc es molodini gamarTlda. mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom mravali ZuZumwovris garegnuli msgavseba gvaZlevs saSualebas vifiqroT maT evoluciur urTierTkavSirze. magram maTi organizmebis makromolekulebis (magaliTad dnm-s, cilebisa da sxva) aRnagoba aseT kavSirebs uaryofs. cilebis filogenezur xeTa (evoluciuri molekuluri Tanmimdevroba) umravlesoba urTierTgamomricxvelni arian. gaerTianebul xeze yvelgan Cans filogenetikuri Seusabamoba- Ziridan dawyebuli, totebis CaTvliT yvela rangis jgufebSi. SedarebiTi molekuluri gamokvlevebi uaryofen evolucias. homologia WeSmariti ar aRmoCnda "evoluciuri naTesavebis” sxva organoTa Seswavlis SemTxvevaSic. dadginda, rom Tevzebsa da amfibiebs Tirkmelebi uviTardebaT embrionis iseTi qsovilidan, romelic reptiliebsa da ZuZumZovrebSi gaiwoveba Canasaxis ganviTarebis procesSi, xolo maTi Tirkmlebi viTardeba embrionis sruliad sxva adgilidan. zvigenis saylapavi formirdeba embrionuli nawlavis Rrus zeda nawilidan, xolo salamandris da minogis saylapavi_ qveda nawilidan. rTuli asaxsneli Seiqmna ZuZumwovarTa bewvis, balnis safarvelis evoluciuri warmoSoba reptiliebis qerclidan. es struqturebi embrionis sxvadasxva qsovilebidan viTardeba: balniani safarveli yalibdeba epidermisis bolqvidan, xolo qercli dermis Canasaxidan. mecnierebs Zalian iSviaTad eZlevaT saSualeba aRmoaCinon namdvilad homologiuri organoebi, anu ara marto garegnobiT msgavsi, aramed embrionis identuri nawilebidan formirebuli. "evoluciuri naTesavebis” organoebs Soris embrionuli da genetikuri saerTo kanonzomierebebis ararseboba amtkicebs, rom ar SeiZleba es organoebi erTmaneTisgan ganviTarebuliyo. cxovelTa kidurebis formebis msgavseba, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris. isini zustad Seesabameba am cxovelTa saarsebo garemosa da cxovrebis nirs. wylis binadar Tevzs zustad aseTi formis farfli sWirdeba, sxva cxovels ufro rTuli kidurebi esaWiroeba. isini dasaxsruli kidurebis gareSe ver iarsebebdnen. Aaba, SeecadeT da CaideT rame pirSi, roca idayvis saxsari ar muSaobs; aba, SeecadeT dajdeT muxlis saxris mouxrelad; CaketeT majis saxsari da SeecadeT raime gaakeToT aseTi xeliT. wina mxrisa da wvivis ormagi Zvlebic gvexmareba xelis mtevnisa da fexis terfis mobrunebaSi. cocxal arsebaTa kidurebi Seqmnilia optimaluri msgavseba-gansxvavebiT, rac ganapirobebs am

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organizmTa normalur cxovelqmedebas. veranairi gamomgoneblur-inJinerul-konstruqtoruli azri ufro gonivrul formas ver SemogvTavazebda. anatomma r.ouenma darvinamde bevrad adre, 1843 wels SemoiRo homologiis cneba. is sxvadasxva organizmTa organoebis garegnul msgavsebas ganixilavda rogorc maTi Seqmnis erTiani gegmis damamtkicebel sabuTs.rudimentebi. ase eZaxian im organoebs, romlebic cxovelebSi TiTqos araviTar funqcias aRar asruleben, magram maT didi mniSvneloba hqondaT organizmis evoluciuri winaprisTvis. me-19 saukuneSi miCneuli iyo, rom adamians 180-mde rudimentuli organo gaaCnda. am organoebs miakuTvnebdnen Tvalis mesame quTuTos, farisebr, nuSisebr jirkvlebs, muxlis menisks, apendiqss, kudusuns da mraval sxva organoebs, romelTa funqciebi ar iyo aRmoCenili da Seswavlili. rogorc dadginda, adamians ar aqvs arcerTi usargeblo organo da yvelas Tavis funqcia gaaCnia. Tvalis mesame quTuTo anu naxevarmTvariseburi nakeci mdebareobs Tvalis Siga kuTxeSi da Tvalis kakals exmareba Setrialdes nebismieri mimarTulebiT. mis gareSe mobrunebis kuTxe mkveTrad SezRuduli iqneboda. is atenianebs Tvals da monawileobs TvalSi moxvedrili ucxo nawilakebis CamowmendaSi. es nakeci gamoyofs webovan nivTierebas, romelic agrovebs ucxo nawilakebs patara grovebad da aadvilebs Tvalis zedapiridan maT usafrTxo mocilebas. naxevarmTvariseburi nakeci SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos cxovelTa moxamxame apkis naSTad im mizezis gamo, rom es organoebi sxvadasxva nervebiT inervirdeba. rogorc aRmoCnda, apendiqsi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianis imunur sistemaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki organizmis intensiuri zrdis periodSi. mas gaaCnia damcvelobiT funqcia da axorcielebs brma nawlavis baqteriuli floris kontrols. statistika aCvenebs, rom apendiqsis amoclis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba avTvisebian warmonaqmnTa gaCenis 0riski. amerikaSi 30-ian wlebSi bavSvebis naxevarze mets moaciles “sruliad usargeblo” nuSisebri jirkvlebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi niu-iorkis onkologiuri samsaxuris TanamSromlebma aRmoaCines, rom is adamianebi, romlebsac amoclili hqondaT nuSisebri jirkvlebi, daaxloebiT samjer metad iyvnen daavadebulni limfogranulomatoziT_ avTvisebiani daavadebiT, vidre is adamianebi, romelTac es operacia ar hqondaT Catarebuli. 1889 wels frangma eqimma f. glenerma wamoayena originaluri koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema srulyofili ar aris, rasac is xsnida adamianis cxoveluri warmoSobiT. amis Sesaxeb man 30-mde samecniero statia gamoaqveyna. adamians, romelsac awuxebda tkivili kuWis areSi, diagnozs usvamdnen “gleneris sindromi”- nawlavebisa da sxva organoebis daweva. maT eniSnebodaT qirurgiuli CareviT brma

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nawlavis fiqsacia da gastropeqsia- es rTuli operaciebi miznad isaxavda bunebis “arasrulyofilebis” gamosworebas. i. meCnikovis mier wamoyenebuli hipoTeziT, adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema jer kidev evoluciuri ganviTarebis etapebs gadis da cudadaa Seguebuli kvebis racions. am hipoTeziT STagonebulma ingliselma eqimma leinma daiwyo operaciebis keTeba, romlis drosac adamianebs umoklebda msxvil nawlavs. pirvel rigSi is Tvlida, rom adamianebs aTavisuflebda lpobis baqteriebisagan, romelic msxvil nawlavebSi binadroben. mas miaCnda, rom am gziT SesaZlebeli iyo uamravi daavadebis gankurneba:dawyebuli Tormetgoja nawlavis wyluliT da damTavrebuli SizofreniiT. marto leinma am tipis daaxloebiT 1000-ze meti operacia gaakeTa. mas mimdevrebic bevri hyavda. es monaTxrobi dRes gancvifrebasa da gaognebas iwvevs. unda iTqvas, rom am eqsperimentebis ukan aTasobiT sabralo msxverolia, maT Soris daRupulebic. axla ki cxovelTa Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom veSapi is ZuZumwovaraa, romelic wylis garemos daubrunda. (darvini varaudobda, rom uwyveti plastikuri deformaciebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia daTvi gadaiqces veSapad). veSaps daaxloebiT sxeulis Sua nawilze gaaCnia Zvlovani gamonazardebi. varaudobdnen, rom es gamonazardebi sruliad usargebloa da veSapis ukana kidurebis rudimentebia_ anu im kidurebisa, romliTac odesRac am cxovelis winapari xmeleTze dadioda. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es Zvvlebi aranairad ar ukavSirdeba xerxemals. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, es Zvlovani gamonazardebi sulac ar yofila usargeblo, isini iWeren kunTebs da icaven am adgilze arsebul sust organoebs.

kivis, romelic garegnulad ukudo qaTams mogvagonebs, Tvlian, rom aqvs rudimentuli frTebi. am frTebiT misi winaprebi haerSi dafrinavdnen, xolo exla usargebloa. aRmoCnda, rom frTis es narCenebi kivis wonasworobis dasacavad aucileblad sWirdeba. warmoidgineT, ramdenad aucilebelia is am frinvelisTvis. Cvenc, adamianebi wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad xelebs vSliT xolme, kivisac xom sWirdeba wonasworobis SenarCuneba? atavizmebi. kacobriobis cxoveluri warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT adamianTa e.w. atavizmebis magaliTi, maT Soris Warbi Tmianoba saxesa da Tvalis siaxloves. avRniSnavT, rom am Tmian safarvels ise xataven, rogorc cxovelur balans, sinamdvileSi ki es adamianis Cveulebrivi Tmebia. arsebobs embrionuri darRvevebis sxva uamravi magaliTic. romel evoluciur process unda mieweros, magaliTad, orTaviani Tevzis an gvelis gaCena, an ra SeiZleba vTqvaT cxovelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, Tu is oTxfexianis nacvlad xuTfexiani daibada? aseTi darRvevebi da simaxinjeebi drodadro Cndeba bunebaSi. SeniSnulia bavSvebis dabadeba “kudiT”. am movlenis

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aRwerisas bavSvs xSirad xataven goWis dagrexili kudiT. sinamdvileSi ki aseT kudebs ar gaaCniaT malebi, rogorc es Cveulebric cxovelis kudebs aqvT. isini warmoadgenen Canasaxovani Sris naSTs, romelic SemTxveviT kudis adgilze aRmoCnda da sulac ar hgavs cxovelis kuds, radgan mogvagonebs Camokidebul qsovilis naglejs, danarCeni ki mxatvris warmosaxvis nayofia.

$46. biogenetikuri kanonis aramarTebuloba

darvinis Tanamedrove ingliseli mecnieri ernst hekeli swavlobda embrionebis gamosaxulebebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom embrionTa ganviTarebaSi aisaxeba warsuli evoluciis niSan-Tvisebebi. hekelis biogenetikuri kanoni Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: TiToeuli organizmi Tavis embrionaluri ganviTarebis dros imeorebs stadiebs, romlebic misma saxeobam gaiara evoluciis procesSi. kanoni sakmaod STambeWdavad JRers. amis dasamtkiceblad hekelma gamoaqveyna adamianis embrionis gamosaxuleba, romelzec garkveviT Canda layuCebi da kudi. hekelis am wignis gamoqveynebam didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. rodesac profesionalma embriologebma ixiles adamianis Canasaxis es gamosaxuleba, hekeli amxiles faqtebis falsifikaciaSi. avtorma aRiara, rom suraTi ramdenadme “tuSiT daamuSava” (martivad rom vTqvaT, miaxata layuCebis xvrelebi), Tavi ki imarTla - ra moxda, yvela xom ase iqceva?! ienis universitetis samecniero sabWom hekeli damnaSaved scno mecnierul TvalTmaqcobaSi da profesorTa Semadgenlobidan garicxa. adamianis Canasaxis yba-kisris ubanSi arsebul kanis nakecs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs layuCis xvrelTan. es saylapavis qsovilis nakecebia, romelzec ramdenime jirkvalic aris ganlagebuli. moxris adgilze aseTi nakecis arseboba savsebiT bunebrivia. zrdis naklebi siCqaris gamo embrionis qveda nawili yovelTvis ufro momcroa Canasaxis sxva nawilTan SedarebiT.

naxati gv. 203. xerxemlianTa embriogenezis adreuli stadiebis msgavseba.

biogenetikuri kanoni amtkicebs, rom xerxemlianTa embrionebi ganviTarebis sawyis etapze erTmaneTis msgavsia, romlis mizezic TiTqosda maTi saerTo winapris arsebobaa. msgavseba namdvilad

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arsebobs, magram imitom xom ara, rom yvela xerxemliani organizmis agebulebaSi saerTo idea devs da es mkveTrad vlindeba Canasaxis ganviTarebis adreul etapze. amas jer kidev hekelamde miuTiTebda akademikosi k.beri, romelic iTvleba embrionis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis aRmomCenad. igi werda, rom biogenetikuri kanoni SeuZlebelia WeSmariti iyos Tundac im mizezis gamo, rom embrions aReniSneba ganviTarebis iseTi niSnebic, romlebic mxolod maRali organizaciis formebs gaaCniaT. magaliTad, yvela ZuZumwovris Canasaxs ebriogenezis dasawyisSi ybebi iseTive patara da mokle aqvs, rogorc adamians. frinvelTa Canasaxis tvini embriogenezis pirvel mesamedSi hgavs ZuZumwovarTa tvins, Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda, Zlier gansxvavdeba. paleontologi a.p. pavlovi jer kidev 1901 wels miuTiTebda, rom cxovelebis -amonitebis axalgazrda individTa namarx formebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi iseTi niSnebi, romlebic zrdasrul asakSi qrebian, Tumca es niSnebi gaaCniaT ufro rTul formebs. imis damamtkicebel sabuTad, rom veSapis winapari xmeleTis binadari ZuZumwovari iyo, mohyavT ara marto ukana kidurebis “rudimentis” arseboba, aramed kbilebis embrionuli Canasaxebis magaliTic. aRniSnuli Canasaxovani kbilebi arasdros ar yalibdeba namdvil kbilebad. ufro dawvrilebiTma kvlevebma aCvena, rom embrionis es nawili absoluturad funqcionirebadia_ isini mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ybis Zvlebis formirebaSi. evoluciuri Teoria xSirad awydeba urTierTgamomricxav faqtebs. ase magaliTad, cxenis "evoluciis procesSi” dakarguli TiTebi reducirebulia embrionaluri ganviTarebis Zalian adreul stadiaze, es ki ewinaaRmdgeba biogenetikur kanons. sazRvargareTul samecniero literaturaSi biogenetikuri kanoni TiTqmis aRar ganixileba. mecnierTa umravlesoba gadaWriT miiCnevs, rom is saerTod SeuZlebelia xorcieldebodes embrionSi, radgan ewinaaRmdegena Teoriuli biologiis mTel rig debulebebs. rusi mecnierebi agrZeleben kavSirebis Ziebas hipoTezur evoluciasa da embrionis agebulebas Soris. am mxriv raime mniSvnelovans ver miaRwies. cnobili embriologi a.s. severcovi ambobs, rom mecnierebi mxolod “xelebis cecebiT” cdiloben ipovon raime urTierTkavSiri evoluciasa da embrions Soris. embrionis ganviTarebis kvlevisas bolo dros aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebi ar eTanxmeba biogenetikur kanons. amitom gasakviri araa mecnierTa skeptikuri damokidebuleba am kanonis mimarT. Tanamedrove cnobili avtoritetuli embriologi s.gilberti metad kategoriulia. is werda:”embriologiisa da evoluciuri biologiis damRupveli kavSiri Seiqmna me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniaSi moRvawe ebriologisa da filosofosis ernst hekelis mier”. evoluciuri ideis erT-erTi yvelaze damRupveli Sedegi embriologiaSi aris abortebis gamarTleba. mecnier-evolucionistTa azriT, adreul stadiebze orsulobis Sewyveta niSnavs ara adamianis, aramed jer kidev cxovelis sikvdils. marTlmadidebeli eklesia bavSvTa mkvlelobis am faqts erT-erT

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umZimes codvad miiCnevs. hekelis mcdari kanonis analizisas gvaxsendeba sabWoTa akademikosi T.d.lisenko, romelsac aseve surda evoluciis ideas “daxmareboda”. man aaRorZina lamarkis idea garemo pirobebis ganmsazRvreli rolis Sesaxeb da “aRmoaCina” naxtomiseburi gadaqceva xorblis Wvavad, qeris-Svriad da sakuTari sicruiT STagonebulma pawawina frinvelis yaranas kvercxidan gugulic ki gamoCeka. erT-erT samecniero konferenciaze mecnierma genetikosma lisenkos hkiTxa, ratomaa, rom mas da mis aspirantebs yvelaferi gamosdiT, xolo sxvebs, sabWoTa kavSirSic da sazRvargareTac, ki ara? “saxalxo akademikosma” upasuxa: ,,imisaTvis, rom miiRoT garkveuli Sedegi, saWiroa gsurdeT swored am Sedegis miReba. Tu Tqven gindaT miiRoT gansazRvruli Sedegi, Tqven mas aucileblad miiRebT”. magram keTilsindisieri mkvlevari am gziT ar wava. mas emaxsovreba nikoloz kopernikis sityvebi: ”Cemi amocanaa vipovo WeSmariteba uzenaesi RmerTis SemoqmedebaSi”. simarTle rom iTqvas, darvinis TanamedroveebSi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb hipoTeza seriozulad arc ki yofila aRqmuli. is warmoadgenda cnobismoyvareobisa da dausrulebeli xumrobis sagans. darvinis megobarma da maswavlebelma sejvikma am hipoTezas uwoda ,,mamacurad da ramdenadme sarwmunod gamoTqmuli “gansacvifrebeli paradoqsi”, Tumca igi, umTavresad, mogvagonebs sapnis buStebisgan dawnul Toks”. erT-erTi werili man daasrula sevdiani iumoriT:”warsulSi Tqveni megobari, axla maimunis STamomavali”. mxatvrebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen karikaturebis xatvaSi, xolo mwerlebi sasacilo siuJetebis SeTxzvaSi. magaliTad, meTevzeTa dagrZelebuli xelebis da STamomavlobiT fostalionebis grZeli fexebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba saxeobaTa warmoqmnas, yvelasTvis cnobili iyo, rom erTi saxeobis cxovelebi SesaZloa erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen da amis mixedviT daiyon qvesaxeobad an jiSebad (Sinaur cxovelebSi), magram erTi saxeobis sxva saxeobad gardaqmna, ra Tqma unda, saeWvod miaCndaT. Aaseve, adamianebi ratomRac WeSmaritad ver “afasebdnen” bunebrivi gadarCevis SemoqmedebiT rols. damamtkicebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis gamo am axal hipoTezas sxva TezisiT icavdnen, rom cvlilebaTa dagrovebis procesi Zalian nela, milionobiT wlebi mimdinareobs da adamianisTvis amis danaxva SeuZlebelia. yvela es dasabuTeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos azrs moklebuli ar unda iyos. amitom adamianebi xSirad SecdomaSi Sedian da askvnian_ Tu mcire cvlilebebi populaciebSi faqtia, maSin makroevoluciac realobaa. aseT cTomilebaSi Cavardna sapatio iyo asi wlis win da ara dRes. genetikis ganviTarebasTan erTad naTeli gaxda genetikuri meqanizmebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs cvalebadobebs populaciebSi magram es meqanizmebi veranairad ver xsnian hipoTezur makroevolucias. am meqanizmebis moqmedeba mxolod saxeobis sazRvrebiT Semoifargleba.

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$47. Semoqmedebis gegma

Tuki organizmebi erTmaneTisgan ar warmoiSvnen, maS, riTi aixsneba evoluciis xeze Tvalxiluli kanonzomierebebis arseboba? es wesrigi zustad mogvagonebs samyaros Seqmnis Cvens mier daviwyebul RvTiur gegmas, romelic aRwerilia dabadebis wignis pirvel gverdebze. cnobili mecnieri maikl faradei werda: ”me gancvifrebuli var, ratomaa rom adamianebi mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi arCeven ixetialon SeucnobelSi maSin, roca RmerTma maT aseTi SesaniSnavi wigni aCuqa”. O

organizmebis saarsebo garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad iqmneboda ara calkeuli saxeobebi, aramed saxeobaTa jgufebi. swored amiT aixsneba biologebis mier didi xnis win aRmoCenili konvergencia_ agebulebisa da garegnobis msgavseba Zalian daSorebul saxeobebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva klasebs miekuTvnebian. magaliTad, ixtiozavri, zvigeni, delfini da pingvini. es organizmebi gansxvavebuli evoluciuri gzebiT damoukideblad viTardebodnen msgavs pirobebSi (wyalSi). Tanamedrove genetikosebi, im daskvnamde mividnen, rom konvergenciis mizezi aris “winaswar daprogramebuli gegma”. saarsebo garemos gaTvaliswinebiT yvela organizmma Semoqmedisgan miiRo aucilebeli niSan-Tvisebebi.

ix. naxati 207, 208.

ganvixiloT Tevzebis magaliTi. isini srulyofilad arian Seguebuli wyalSi cxovrebis nirTan. maT ar sWirdeba Termoreguliaciis meqanizmi. moZraobis saSualeba da agebuleba SedarebiT martivia. cxovroben “rogorc Tevzi wyalSi”. sanapiro zolis da Waobebis binadarT (qvewarmavlebi, amfibiebi da sxv.) Tevzebisgan gansxvavebiT xoxvac sWirdebaT, amitom elementaruli farflebis nacvlad mravalsaxsrini da TiTebiani kidurebi aqvT maTi qerclic sxva garemo pirobebis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. xmeleTis binadarT siarulisa da sirbilisTvis Zlieri kidurebi gaaCniaT, Tavi sxeulidan wamoweulia, xolo bewvi SesaniSnavad icavs maT rogorc sicxis, aseve sicivisgan. frinvelebs frenisTvis frTebi miecaT. Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba TvalsaCinoa da eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. cnobili Tanamedrove mecnieri, nobelis premiis laureati artur komptoni werda: ”umaRlesma gonebam Seqmna samyaro da adamiani. me ar miWirs amis dajereba, radgan is faqti, rom arsebobs gegma da Sesabamisad goneba, utyuaria”. Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba xsnis sxvadasxva saxeobebis

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cxovelTa organoebis msgavsebas. mcenareebSic n.vavilovis mier aRmoCenili erTi da igive niSan-Tvisebebis mdgrad ganmeorebas da “homologiuri rigebis” cvalebadobis arsebobasac swored Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba xsnis. ix. & 34. niSan-TvisebaTa msgavsebebi SeiniSneba ara marto monaTesave saxeobebSi, aramed gvarebSi, ojaxebsa da klasebs Sorisac ki. RvTiuri gegmiTaa ganpirobebuli mTel rig cocxal arsebebSi msgavsi struqturuli warmonaqmnebi. magaliTad, frTebi frinvelebSi, RamurebSi, mwerebsa da uZveles reptiliebSi. cnobili mecnieri s.v.meieni amtkicebda, rom cocxal organizmebs, romlebic aranairad monaTesaveni ar arian, formaTa warmoqmnis doneze Zalian bevri saerTo gaaCnia. gonieri SemoqmedebiTi mizanmimarTulebiT aixsneba cxovelTa gansxvavebul sistematikur jgufebSi (magaliTad, CanTosnebSi da placentianebSi) e.w. paraleluri (damoukidebeli) evolucia. is principi, romlis mixedviTac Camoyalibda mcenareTa da cxovelTa erTi saxeobis mTeli rigi niSan-Tvisebebi misi Seqmnisas, ra Tqma unda, gavrcelda sxva saxeobebis Camoyalibebis drosac. cocxal organizmebs Soris zoologiur, genetikur da embrionalur doneze aRmoCenili msgavsebebi naTlad amtkicebs Semoqmedis erTiani gegmis arsebobas.

ix. naxatebi gv. 208, 209.

ratom ar SeiZleba iyos Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili organizmebi erTmaneTis msgavni? ratomaa aucilebeli rom maT hqondeT absoluturad gansxvavebuli organoebi da genebi? kanonzomieria, rom Cven yvelani erTmaneTs vgavarT. aqedan gamomdinare yovelTvis iqneba SesaZlebeli simarTlis msgavsi makroevoluciuri Tanmimdevrobis ageba, romelSic ar iqneba rTuli ZiriTadi da Sualeduri formebis gamoyofa. upirobod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cxovelTa nebismier saxeobaSi Cadebulia cvalebadobis farTo SesaZlebloba. es niSnavs, rom, magaliTad, katebma sacxovrebel pirobebTan kavSirSi SeiZleba zomaSi moimaton an dapataravdnen, gaxdnen fumfulebi an sworbewvianebi, magram isini ar gaxdebian maimunebi. saxeobaTa urTierTgardaqceva ar dadasturda arc paleontologiuri masalebiT, arc genetikuri gamokvlevebiT. TiToeul saxeobas aseTi gardaqmnebisgan uZlieresi dacva gaaCnia genetikur doneze. swored saxeobis stabilurobis damamtkicebeli mTeli rigi aRmoCenebis gamo genetika burJuaziul cru mecnierebad gamoacxades, xolo mecnier genetikosebi, vavilovis meTaurobiT, represiulebi aRmoCndnen. Tanamedrove mecnierebi xSirad scildebian erTmaneTs SexedulebebiT, roca msjeloba midis saxeobebisa da gvarebis arssa da mkacrad dadgenil sazRvrebze. araa dadgenili

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populaciebSi SesaZlo cvalebadobis sazRvrebi. magaliTad, lokokinebis erTerT gvarSi ganasxvavebdnen orasze met saxeobas, magram ufro dawvrilebiTi gamokvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom SesaZlebelia isini or saxeobad gaerTiandnen. bevri mecnieris azriT. bibliuri “gvari” (Seqmnili arqetipi) zogjer Seesabameba saxeobas, zogjer gvars da zogjer_ ojaxs. umaRles cxovelTa Soris, magaliTad, mglebSi, daTvebSi, katebSi, am ojaxebis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT saerTo qcevebi da fiziologia. mecnierebs jer kidev gasarkvevi aqvT romeli organizmebis agebulebaSi moxda cvlilebebi maTi Seqmnidan dRemde, raTa miakuTvnon isini erT Seqmnil arqetips. SesaZloa yvela cvlileba ver aixsnas bunebrivi mizezebiT, gansakuTrebiT cocxal arsebaTa saocari gansaxleba mTel dedamiwaze da maTgan Tanamedrove florisa da faunis Camoyalibeba. RvTis mier Seqmnil cxovelTa TvisebebSi Cadebulia adaminisTvis gasagebi samoZRvrebo mniSvneloba: lomi umaRlesi Zalauflebisa da Zlierebis simboloa, arwivi yofiT cxovrebebze sulieri amaRlebis, saSineli dinozavri brma Zalas asaxavs, xolo maimuni sulierebas moklebuli adamianis pirovnebas. mtaceblebi da msxverplni. Zalian bevri Tanamedrove saxeoba idealurad Seguebulia mtacebluri cxovrebis nirs: Tavdasxmas, daWeras, kvlas. aseTi cxovrebis wesisTvis maT specialuri niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT. aviRoT, Tundac, gareuli kata, Sxamiani gvelebi an obobebi. maTi arseboba rogor SevuTavsoT Semoqmedebis gegmas? Seqmna ki RmerTma Tavidanve sikvdili? wminda werilis mixedviT, adamianis codviT dacemamde sikvdili ar arsebobda da yvela cocxali arseba, rogor ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, ikvebeboda mcenareuli sakvebiT. zogierT pirvelqmnil samyaros niSnebs SegviZlia dResac davakvirdeT, magaliTad, panda, erTi SexedviT mrisxane mtacebeli, romelsac basri kbilebi da brWyalebi gaaCnia, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom misi ZiriTadi sakvebi bambukia. paleontologebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi balaxismWameli niangis namarxi forma. arseboben piranis saxeobebi, romelTac mtacebeli mogvareebis msgavsi Zlieri ybebi da basri kbilebi gaaCniaT, magram mxolod mcenareuli sakvebiT ikvebebian. Ramurebis zogierTi saxeoba nayofis mWamelia, zogi ki_ mtacebeli. erTsac da meoresac Zlieri da basri kbilebi aqvT. lomi SesaniSnavi monadiruli instiqtiT gamoirCeva, aqvs Zlieri muskulatura, mas SeuZlia erTi dartymiT xerxemalSi gadatexos antilopa. saWmlis momnelebeli sistema mowyobilia axali xorcis monelebisTvis, magram krizisul situaciebSi lomi bostneulis sakvebiTac ikvebeba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom Zveli samyaros klimati bevrad ufro xelsayreli iyo mcenareuli safaris

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ganviTarebisTvis. mdidari mcenareuloba mTlianad uzrunvelyofda cocxal organizmTa kvebas. cnobilia, rom mdedr koRos gasamravleblad aucileblad sWirdeba hemoglobini, amitomac is cxovelebs wovs sisxls, xolo mamri mxolod mcenareTa wveniT kmayofildeba. SesaZloa Zveli mcenareebi Seicavdnen hemoglobins da mdedri koRoebic mcenareuli wveniT ikvebebodnen. pirvelqmnil samyaroSi Tavdasxmis saSualebaTa funqciebi gansxvavebuli iyo da ara iseTi, rogorc dResaa. adamianTa codviT dacemam cxoveluri instiqtebis Secvlac gamoiwvia, maT organizmSi CairTo genebi, romlebSic kodirebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis cilebi. amis Sedegad cxovelebma daiwyes nadiroba, xolo danarCen cxovelebs daeuflaT mtacebelTa mimarT SiSi. es SiSi maT TavdacvaSi exmarebaT. instiqti karnaxobda obobebs, sad da rogor gaebaT qseli da ra momentSi datakebodnen msxverpls. qsels gaaCnia urTulesi qimiuri struqtura da warmoadgens namdvil inJinerul saocrebas. zogi obobis qselebSi frinvelebic ki ebmebian. mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma adamianma Seitana sikvdili pirvelqmnil samyaroSi, cxovelTa erTma jgufma daiwyo mtacebloba, xolo meorem- damalva da gaqceva. Tanamedrove gvelebis Sxami Seicavs rTul qimiur nivTierebebs, zogi Sxami azianebs centralur nervul sistemas da arTulebs sunTqvis process, sxva ki iwvevs sisxlis Sededebas. Cven droSi urTulesi "reaqtiuli” dacva Svelis xoWo-bombardirs mtaceblebisgan Tavis dasaRwevad. Semoqmedma RmerTma Tavidanve izruna sakuTar qmnilebebze da aRWurva maTi organizmi momavali cvlilebebisTvis aucilebeli “iaraRiT”. agreTve aRvniSnavT, rom Cven, miCveulebma vifiqroT da viazrovnoT Cveni dacemuli samyaros kategoriebiT, ar SegviZlia bolomde SevimecnoT pirvelqmnili samyaros gansakuTrebuloba, magram nel-nela viwyebT misi ganumeorebeli didebulebis gaazrebas. ix. naxatebi gv. 210, 211, 213.

wmindanTa saocari cxovreba erTgvari damtkicebaa imisa, rom ucodvel samyaroSi arsebaTa urTierTobebi gansxvavebuli da mSvidobiani iyo. Rirs mama germanes lomebi emsaxurebodnen udabnoSi, Rirs sergisa da serafimesTan uSiSrad modiodnen tyis mxecebi. gavixsenoT daviT garejelis da Sio mgvimelis cxovrebidan magaliTebi. wmida werilis mixedviT qristes meored mosvlis Semdeg mtaceblebi daibruneben pirvelqmnil mdgomareobas. “Zroxa da deda daTvi erTad mosZoven da maTi Svilebi erTmaneTis gverdiT dawvebian, lomi ZroxasaviT SeWams Calas” (es. 11,7). ix. naxati 214, 215.

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Tavi 11. biostratigrafia

makroevoluciis hipoTezis, iseve rogorc nebismieri samecnierokoncefciis dasamtkiceblad an uarsayofad aucilebelia Teoriuli damuSaveba da eqsperimentuli gamokvleva. ras SeuZlia daamtkicos ganvlili evoluciis arsebobis faqti? ra Tqma unda, geologiur fenebSi ganamarxebul organizmebs. aseTi SemowmebisaTvis aucilebelia geologiuri wiaRis warmoqmnis pirobebis Seswavla, organizmebis namarxi formebis ganlagebis Tanmimdevrobisa da gardamavali rgolebis arsebobis dadgena. darvinis dros geologiur-paleontologiuri masala Zalian mwiri iyo. mas Semdeg mecnierebma aRmoaCines milionobiT gaqvavebuli organizmi. winamdebare TavSi gavecnobiT, Tu ra Sedegebi aCvena am napovni masalebis kvlevam.

$48. geoqronologiuri skala.

naxati gv. 216. geoqronologiuri skala

dedamiwis qerqis dawvrilebiTma Seswavlam aRmoaCina namarxi organizmebis ganlagebis saintereso kanonzomierebebi: qveda geologiur fenebSi aRmoCnda martivi formis namarxebi, xolo zedaSi_ ufro rTulis. magram es kanonzomierebebi iseTi TvalsaCino da advilad saxilveli ar aris, rogorc winamdebare geoqronologiur skalaze gamosaxaven. fenebSi sakmaod didi sixSiriT pouloben gaqvavebul formebs ufro dabla an ufro maRla “TavianT erebTan” SedarebiT. erT fenaSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes sxvadasxva iarusebis flora da fauna. saqmes arTulebs is, rom dedamiwis qerqis dauzianebeli da daurRveveli Wra Zalian iSviaTia. kargi Sedegia, Tu aRmoaCines oTxi-xuTi epoqa periodi, rogorc es did kanionSi (kolorados raioni) moxda, xolo iseTi SemTxveva, rom Wra aTive periods moicavdes, saerTod ar arsebobs. dedamiwis zedapiris didi nawili sam geologiur periodsac ar moicavs. yvela plastebSic rodia SesaZlebeli maxasiaTebeli gaqvavebulobis aRmoCena, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos plastis konkretuli periodisTvis mikuTvneba. xSirad fenis asakobrivi ufrosoba ganisazRvra

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misi ganlagebis rigiT (stratigrafiulad). geologiuri mecnierebis damaarsebelma Carlz laielma geoqronologias safuZvlad daudo uniformizmis principi (mTeli gasuli drois manZilze Tanamedrove geologiuri pirobebis eqstrapolacia) da paleontologiuri masalis mixedviT geologiuri fenebis daTariReba (xelmZRvanelobda namarxebiT). laieli da darvini axlo megobrebi iyvnen da ar aris gasakviri, Tu laielma geologia daafuZna darvinis hipoTezis jer kidev daumtkicebel faqtiur masalebs. daadgino asakobrivi Tanafardoba fenebisa, romlebic erTmaneTisgan Zalian didi manZiliTaa daSorebuli, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia, organizmTa namarxebis arseboba ganalagebs sruliad konkretul reperebs. ase magaliTad, devonuri sistemis qanebi pirvelad gamoyves demonSiris sagrafoSi, xolo permuli- permis olqSi. am qanebs Soris asakobrivi Tanafardoba mecnierebma gansazRvres organuli namarxebis mixedviT. devonSiris danaleqebSi didi raodenobiT iyo Tevzebi, xolo permisaSi- qvewarmavlebi. evoluciuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, permuli danaleqebi ufro axalgazrdaa, amis gamo skalaze is moTavsebuli unda iyos devonurze zemoT. evoluciuri Teoria Tevzebidan qvewarmavlebis ganviTarebamde 100-120 milion wels gamohyofs da es mniSvneloba aRebuli aris permul da devonur danaleqebis asakebs Soris sxvaobad. ase aRmoCnda geoqronologiuri skala mijaWvuli hipoTezuri evoluciis miliard wlebs. avtoritetuli sedimentologi (sedimentologia- danaleqebis Semswavleli geologiuri disciplina) s. i. romanovski aseTi midgomebis arakoreqtulobaze wers: ”laieli normad iRebda Tanamedrove dedamiwis mdgomareobas da radganac man miiRo darvinis evoluciuri Teoria, uneblied daiwyo dedamiwis istoriis Secvla sicoclis istoriiT. laielis es Secdoma sxva Taobis geologebzec gadavida, bevri maTgani misgan dRemde ver ganTavisflda”. TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT martiv magaliTs. vTqvaT, moxda katastrofa, romelmac Camarxa zRvis yure da misi binadrebi. garkveuli drois Semdeg am adgilze amoizarda tye da masSi mxecebi dasaxldnen. momdevno katastrofam isinic Camarxa. ori aseTi plastis arseboba miuTiTebs milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi sicocxlis evoluciur ganviTarebaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. Tanamedrove mecnierebi midian dakvnamde, rom fenaTa Tanmimdevroba sulac ar

warmoadgens sicocxlis istoriuli ganviTarebis TandaTanobiT da nel-nela qvaSi aRbeWdvas, aramed igi aris katastrofebis Sedegi. didi rusi wmida mama kronStandeli jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi afrTxilebda geologebs evoluciuri daskvnebis mcdarobaSi: ”Tqven ki, geologebo, Tavs iqebT, rom Tqveni gonebiT gadaaWarbeT

RvTis gonebas da CaswvdiT dedamiwis fenebis agebulebas da amtkicebT amas wminda werilis ,,dabadebis,, winaaRmdeg. Tqven ufro gjeraT usulo miwis fenebis mkvdari asoebis, vidre udidesi winaswarmetyvelisa da RvTis mxilvelis- moses STamagonebeli

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sityvebis”. mecnier-kreacionistebi Jan kiues droidan moyolebuli Semdegnairad msjelobdnen: Tanamedrove dedamiwaze mcxovrebi organizmebi rom daifaros danaleqebiT, ras davinaxavT geologiur SreebSi? moluskebi, nawlavRruianebi da mravalferovani kibosnairebi aRmoCndebian qvemoT, radgan isini cxovroben zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze. zemoT ganlagdebian Tevzebi, kidev ufro maRla- amfibiebi da reftiliebi, radgan isini sanapiro zolSi cxovroben. zeda SreSi aRmoCndebian frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi. aseTi Sreebi mogvagoneben geoqronologiur skalas, magra, ra Tqma unda, ver daamtkiceben evoluciur TviTganviTarebas umartivesidan ufro rTulisken. axla Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi dagrovili faqtebis gamo SeimCneba dabruneba geologiur-paleiontologiuri danaleqebis formirebis procesebis Tavdapirvel gagebasTan. neokatastrofuli mimarTuleba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi iwodeba “aqtualur katastrofizmad”. daTariRebis radiaciuli meTodebi. geoqronologiuri skalis sisworis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT radioizotopiis meTodebiT daTariRebis Sedegebi. es meTodebia:uran-tyviis, Torium-tyviis, kalium-argonis, rubidium-stronciumis, uran-qsenonis, renium-osmiumis, radionaxSirbadis da sxv. magaliTad, uranis daSlis erT-erTi produqtia tyviis radiaqtiuli izotopi. uranisa da tyviis TanafardobiT msjeloben daSlis procesis xangrZlivobis da qanis asakis Sesaxeb. radiaciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba daiwyes mas Semdeg, rac dedamiwis sxvadasxva plastebis asaki saxelmZRvanelod aRebuli namarxebis daxmarebiT evoluciuri principiT sruliad iyo “gansazRvruli”. Tu sakvlev obieqtSi sawyisi izotopis da misi daSlis produqtis proporcia daaxloebiT iseTive aRmoCndeboda, rogorc im warmonaqmnSi, romlis asakic ukve “cnobili” iyo, maSin es obieqti etalonis Tanatolad CaiTvleboda. Ees mogvagonebs erT arasworad Sekrul Rils, romelsac TavisTavad mohyveba sxva Rilebis arasworad Sekvra. amgvarad, radiaciuli meTodebi mcdar sistemebs miewera. geologiur warmonaqmnSi Tuki ar arsebobs gansazRvruli qanebi da mineralebi, izotopebis meTodebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. zogjer am qanebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic izotopebis meTodebis pirdapiri gamoyeneba, rogorc damoukidebeli meTodebisa, SedegebSi Zalian did cdomilebebs iZleva. amis mizezebi Semdegia:a) uranisa da tyviis Tavdapirveli Semcvelobis dadgena qerqis qanebSi SeuZlebelia; b) miwisqveSa wylebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba izotopebis gamorecxva. amis gamo danaleq qanebSi (romlebSic pouloben gaqvavebul neStTa umravlesobas) asakis gansazRvra iZleva Sedegebis Zalian did gafantulobas: TviT danaleqebis formirebis procesi gulisxmobs iq wylis masebis aucilebel arsebobas da radioaqtiuri elementebis gamorecxvas. wyalSi xsnadi mineralebis (siliciumis oqsidis, piritis, kalciumis karbonatisa da sxv.) qsovilebSi TandaTan SeRweva organizmebis gaqvavebas iwvevs.

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kalium-argonis meTodis gamoyeneba garTulebulia imis gamoc, rom kaliumi wyliT metad iolad gamoirecxeba, xolo argoni-gazia. am meTodiT daTariRebis monacemebis intepretaciisas Cveulebriv uaryofen asakis im maCveneblebs, romlebic an Zalian didia, an Zalian mcire geoqronologiuri skalis monacemebTan SedarebiT. ukugdebul da miRebul monacemebs Soris gansxvavebas miaweren raRac hipoTezuri mizezebis gamo gamowveul argonis siWarbes an danakargs. qanebis siRrmeebSi argonis didi Semcveloba, romelic maCvenebelia qanis didi asakisa, nawilobriv dakavSirebulia maRali wnevis pirobebSi magmuri argonis Semcveli qanebis gamyarebasTan da aramc da aramc ar aris dakavSirebuli radioaqtiuri daSlis xangrZlivobasTan. izotopuri meTodebi Zalian xSirad iZleva araswor Sedegebs. adgili aqvs aseT SemTxvevebs: axali zelandiis axalamofrqveuli lava daTariRdaA 1-3,5 milioni wliT, xolo 1986 wels amofrqveuli sent-gelensis lava- 0,4-3 milioni wliT, kolorados platos meoTxeuli bazaltebis asaki, romelic geoqronologiur skalaze 10 aTas wels Seesabameba, izotopuri meTodiT- 117-2600 milioni wliT daTariRda. axal urTierTgamomricxav monacemTa miRebis gamo specialistebs uwevT daTariRebis am meTodikis xelaxla gadaxedva. rogor amtkiceben geoqronologias zemoT CamoTvlili daTariRebis meTodebi? miRebuli Sedegebis farTo speqtridan irCeven ramdenadme ufro “simarTlis msgavss”, xolo sxva Sedegebis mcdaroba romeliRac mizezebT aixsneba. geologiaSi gansakuTrebiT rTulia Teoriis Semowmeba. aravis ar unaxavs rogor yalibdeboda dedamiwis wiaRi. eqsperimentebis Catarebac, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia. rogor unda moiqcnen mecnierebi, Tuki monacemTa dacileba Zalian didia? winaswar aRiarebul “simarTlesTan” miaxloebuli Sedegebi WeSmaritebad miaCniaT da aqveyneben, romelic Zalian dacilebulia- iSviaTad aqveyneben, xolo am uzarmazari cdomilebebis mizezebi kvlav daudgeneli rCeba. amis gamo geoqronologiuri monacemebiT sargeblobisas saWiroa didi sifrTxile. amis Sesaxeb gvirCevs Tanamedrove avtoritetuli paleontologi s.v.meieni: ”xSirad garegani skalis saxiT (Sreebis Tanamimdevrobis urTierTdamokidebulebiT) gamoisaxeba absoluturi drois radiometriuli skala, rasac SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT... saqme mdgomareobs ara imdenad absoluturi daTariRebis teqnikur arasrulyofilebaSi, ramdenadac imaSi, rom monacemebi mxedvelobaSi miiRebian mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini drois damokidebulebiT winaaRmdegobaSi ar modian konkretul geologiur sxeulebTan”. Sreebis Tanamedrove daTariReba upiratesad biologiuria. magaliTad, Tu geologiur warmonaqmnSi qvanaxSiris tye aRmoCndeba, radiodaTariRebisgan damoukideblad am warmonaqmns paleozour eras (400 milion wlis win) miakuTvneben. Tu aRmoCndeba dinozavrTa raime kvali, maSin, rogorc wesi, daaTariReben mezozouri eriT (200 milioni weli). ix. naxatebi gv. 220 saxelmZRvanelo namarxebi, amonitebi,

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gv. 221 radioaqtiuri daSla

planetis asaki. me-19 saukunemde kreacionisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad mTeli samyaro iTvleboda eqvs dreSi Seqmnilad, rogorc es wminda werilSi da wm. mamaTa swavlebebSia mocemuli. SesaZloa Tu ara erTmaneTTan raime fardobaSi iyos ramdenime aTasi wlis win samyaros Seqmna da radioizotopuri daTariRebis monacemebi? es monacemebi amtkiceben, rom dedamiwis asaki miliardobiT wels moicavs. uranis naxevraddaSlis periodi 4,5 miliardi welia. mas ki nimuSebSi tyviasTan Tanabar TanafardobaSi naxuloben, rac imas niSnavs, rom planeta sul cota 2-3 miliardi wlisaa. klasikur geologiaSi varaudoben, rom odesRac dedamiwa gavarvarebul sferos warmoadgenda, romlis gacivebis Semdeg mis qerqSi moxda uranis qarsis kristalizacia. am dros xdeboda sakmaod sufTa nivTierebis miReba, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc yvelasTvic cnobili NaCl-is kristalizaciisas xdeba:am dros kristalizaciaSi sxva marilebi monawileobas ar iReben da SedarebiT sufTa NaCl miiReba. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivad Tvlidnen, rom Tavdapirvelad dedamiwis qerqis nivTierebebSi urani tyviasTan Sereuli ar unda yofiliyo. magram Tuki dedamiwa Seqmnilia ramdenime aTsia wlis win da is arasodes warmoadgenda gavarvarebul sferos, maSin Tavdapirvel radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa sisufTaveze varaudi gamoiricxeba, e.i. radioaqtiuri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia imis damtkiceba, rom dedamiwa arsebobs miliardobiT weli. wiaRSi gaqvavebul neStTa arseboba sruliad ar mowmobs Soreul warsuls: gaqvaveba sakmaod swrafad mimdinareobs- sul ramdenime aTeuli weliwadi sakmarisia amisTvis. bunebrivi katasrofebis modelirebisas (vulkanuri amofrqveva, cxovelTa da mcenareTa organizmebis gruntis siRrmeebSi Camarxva da sxv.) mecnierebi ramdenime saaTSi iReben torfs, qvanaxSirsa da navTobs. zogierTi marTlmadidebeli mecnieri varaudobs, rom samyaro sulac ar aris 7500 wlis, rogorc igi dabadebis wignSia miTiTebuli. realobad miiCneven evolucias, romelic maTi gagebiT niSnavs “TandaTanobiT, nabij-nabij Semoqmedebas”, xolo samyaros dReebSi gulisxmoben abstraqtuli drois periodebs. wmida werilis aseTi gageba ar Seesabameba wmida mamaTa ganmartebebs da vardeba mraval winaaRmdegobaSi, magaliTad, pirvelqmnil samyaroSi jer kidev adamianis Seqmnamde sikvdilisa da xrwnis aucilebloba. wmida mamaTa mixedviT, sikvdili da xrwna mxolod adamis codviT dacemis Semdeg gaCnda. es mecnieruli mimarTuleba (Teisturi evolucia) 80-ian wlebSi ruseTSi ganviTarda. mecnierTa nawils saarsebo moTxovnilebad eqca rogorme SeeTavsebina mecniereba wmida werilTan. isini xelovnurad ganmartavdnen eqvs dRis Sesaqmes, rogorc drois grZel periods, dawyebuls “didi afeTqebis” momentidan. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom evoluciuri Tanmimdevroba kosmosis, dedamiwis warmoSobisa da

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Semdeg dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebisa emTxveva eqvs dReSi samyaros Seqmnis movlenaTa rigs. am wlebis mecnierebi is is iyo iwyebdnen mecnierebisa da rwmenis urTierTSeTanxmebisaTvis fiqrs da moxarulebi iyvnen, rom SesZles bibliis teqstis “gamarTleba”, Tundac aseTi gaWirvebiT. es pirveli mniSvnelovani warmatebebi mecnierebasTan Serigebis saqmeSi miRweul iqna cnobili mecnierebis naSromebis wyalobiT, eseni arian dekanozi glebi (kaleda), s.v.meieni, v.i.gomankovi. ix. naxati gv. 222, 223. gasuli wlebis manZilze bevri ram Seicvala Cvens qveyanaSi. xelmisawvdomi gaxda wm.mamaTa Sromebi, romlebic manamde farTo sazogadoebisTvis dafaruli iyo. gamoCnda axali mecnieruli monacemebi. Tanamedrove mecnierebi muSaoben mecnierebisa da bibliis urTierTSesabamisobaze. isini Semoqmedebis eqvs dReSi Cveulebriv 24 saaTian dReebs gulisxmoben, xolo TviTSemoqmedebad- pirvel RvTiur saswauls, “arafrisgan” samyaros Seqmnas. isini uaryofen cocxali materiis evoluciur transformacias. mecniereba TandaTan aRiarebs wm. werilis yoveli sityvis WeSmaritebas. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-prezidentis v.e.fortovis sityvebiT:”faqtebi, romelic sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinebSi bolo dros dagrovda, eWvqveS ayenebs warsulis im Teoriebs, romlebic Seuryeveli gvegona- esenia darvinizmi, dedamiwaze sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis Teoria, sayovelTaod miRebuli geologiuri epoqebi. paleintologiisa da anTropologiis ukanaskneli monacemebi amJRavneben gasaocrad bevr saerTos bibliis ZiriTad sakiTxebTan.,,

$ 49. gardamavali formebis ararseboba

ras Seicaven geologiuri Sreebi? qanebs, romelic ZiriTadad baqteriebsa da lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebs Seicaven, kembriulamdeli periodis Sreebs miakuTvneben. am umartivesi organizmebis prokariotul ujredebs ar gaaCndaT birTvi. sxva yvela organizmi Seicavs birTvs da eukariotebs miekuTvneba. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom eukariotebi prokariotebisgan warmoiSvnen, magram bioqimikosebis mier aRmoCenili Zlieri gansxvaveba rnm-is agebulebas Soris, aCvenebs prokariotuli ujredidan eukariotuli ujredis evoluciis SeuZleblobas. ix. naxati gv.225.

kanadis kaJbadian qanebSi aRmoCenilia lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi da baqteriebi. es Sre TariRdeba 2 miliardi wliT. afrikis fiqalebSi (transvaali da svazilendi napovnia Cxiresebri baqteriebi da lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi.. maT 3 miliardi wliT aTariReben.

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yvelaze mniSvnelovania avstraliaSi ediakaris midamoebSi aRmoCenili meduzebi- nawlavRruianebi, mimagrebuli cxovrebis niriT (marjnebis uConCxo naTesavi). isini rRaciT gvanan umartives fexsaxsrianebsac, brtyel Wiebsac da moluskebsac. edikariuli fauna, romlis msgavsic Semdeg planetis sxvadasxva adgilebSic aRmoCnda da TariRdeba 1,5 miliardi wliT, SeuZlebelia davukavSiroT CvenTvis dReisaTvis cnobil cocxal formebs. am organizmebis ganmasxvavebel niSnad iTvleba mineraluri ConCxis saerTod ararseboba. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es arsebebi ar SeiZleba yofiliyvnen ufro gvian ganviTarebuli saxeobebis winaparni. mTel dedamiwaze kembriul SreSi cocxali organizmebi gaqvavebuli saxiT araCveubrivi simravliT aRmoCnda. es aris e.w. “kembriuli afeTqeba”. am organizmebs miekuTvnebian Rrubelebi, meduzebi, moluskebi da sxvadasxva kibosnairebi. arian ki isini iseTi primitiulebi, rogorc SeiZleba erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos? kibosnairebidan ufro metad gavrcelebul trilobitebs Tvalis usrulyofilesi konstruqcia hqondaT. Tvalebi specialur RerZze iweodnen da garSemo yvelafers erTdroulad xedavdnen. TiToeul Tvals gaaCnda orientirebuli kalcitisgan Camoyalibebuli ormagi broli, romelic saSualebas iZleoda aberaciis Tavidan asacileblad. trilobitebis Tvalis srulyofili agebuleba yovelTvis mecnierTa gaocebas iwvevda mkvlevarTa azriT, baduris Tundac erTi ujredis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, sakmarisia, raTa uarvyoT darvinis Teoria. rogor moxda, rom aseTi srulyofilebi iyvnen pirveli cocxali organizmebi. ix. naxati gv. 226.

kembriuli organizmebi imdenad rTulia, rom evolucionistTa azriT, maT warmoSobas aseuli milioni weli unda dasWireboda. SesaZlebeli iyo isini erTmaneTisgan warmoSobiliyvnen? gansxvavebuli tipebi- Rrubelebi, nawlavRruianebi, fexsaxsrianebi, moluskebi, kaneklianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian da TavianTi niSan-TvisebebiT mkveTrad SemosazRvrulni arian. maT Soris damakavSirebuli rgolebi arsad ar sCans, ar arsebobs. namarxi uxerxemloebis arcerTi klasi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ar aris gardamavali Sualeduri formebiT. am saintereso faqtis Sesaxeb werdnen iseTi cnobili mecnierebi, rogorebic arian J.kiure, v.a.dogeli, v.n.beklemiSevi. evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, kembriuli organizmebis winaparTa formebi unda gaCeniliyo da daxociliyo milardobiT, magram arcerTi maTgani paleontologiur koleqciaSi ar aris. J.kiue da misi mimdevrebi samarTlianad ukavSirebdnen “kembriul afeTqebas” samyaros Seqmnis udides movlenas. Semdeg ordovikiul SreSi isev gardamavali rgolebis gareSe vxvdebiT didi raodenobis Tevzisnairebs. uxerxemloebidan Tevzis warmoSobas unda mohyoloda agebulebaSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi. elementaruli aRnagobis plastiuri arseba (Wia an meduza) an rbili tanis da mkvrivi niJaris mqone (miluski) organizmi gadaiqca layuCebian myari ConCxis

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mqone Tevzad. rogorc evolucionistebi varaudoben, am process 10 milionze meti weli unda moecva, unda warmoSobiliyo miliardobiT gardamavali forma, romelTagan erTic ki ar aris napovni. “me unda vTqva, rom CemTvis cnobili Tevzebi warmoiSvnen savsebiT gansakuTrebulad da arafrisgan”,-wers avtoritetuli ixtiologi e.uaiti. ix. naxati gv. 227. Semdeg SreSi aseve Sualeduri rgolebis gareSe erTdroulad warmoiSva yvela amfibia-wyalxmeleTa organizmebi. yvela kontinentze aTasobiT Tevzebis, amfibiebisa da reptiliebis namarxi gansazRvruli gvarebia napovni. SesaZloa am namarxebis safuZvelze avagoT evoluciuri jaWvebi? Sualeduri formebi Tevzis farflsa da oTxfexa cxovelis kidurs Soris ar aris cnobili. yvela namarxi organizmi calsaxad an Tevzia an amfibia. “didi xnis win gadaSenebuli” mtevanfarfliani Tevzi_ celakanti sxva devonur mtevanfarflianebTan erTad iTvleba gardamaval formad Tevzebsa da amfibiebs Soris. amtkicebdnen, rom am arsebebs uxdebodaT TavianT farflebze dayrdnobiT erTi wyalsatevidan meoreSi gadaadgileba. amitom TandaTan gadaewyvnen da Seeguen xmeleTze cxovrebis nirs. 1938 wels moxerxda celakantis cocxlad daWera da misi kvlevis Semdeg darwmundnen, rom is mxolod da mxolod Tevzia da Tanac sulac ar cdilobs xmeleTze cxovrebas. igi Seguebulia gansakuTrebiT didi siRrmeebSi arsebobas. navaraudevi filtvebi mas ar aRmoaCnda, arc sxva romelime niSani, romelic mas Tevzebisgan ganasxvavebda. momdevno triasul SreSi analogiurad uceb Cndebian qvewarmavlebi, romlebic qviriTs ki ar yrian, aramed myar naWuWian kvercxebs deben. arc erTi gardamavali forma reptilebis winaprisa cnobili ar aris. frinvelebi. isini geologiur SreSi uecrad Cndebian, gardamavalii rgolebis gareSe. arcerTi cxoveli naxevrad frTebiT da naxevrad TaTebiT, an naxevrad bumbuliT da naxevrad qercliT ar aris napovni. dawvrilebiTma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom struqturebi, romlebic adre dinozavrebis “frTebad” iTvleboda, kologenuri boWkoebi aRmoCnda. es boWkoebi, magaliTad, zRvis gvelebs, ganlagebuli aqvT uSualod kanqveS. “analizs ar eqvemdebareba, Tu rogor moxda reptilebis qerclisgan bumbulis warmoSoba”,- axdens faqtis konstantacias am dargis cnobili specialisti r.keroli. frinvelTa maxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba sahaero parkebis arseboba, romelic mas frenis dros sunTqvaSi exmareba. am organos Seswavlam patara zomis dinozavr teropodebSi, frinvelis savaraudo “evoluciur winaparSi”, aCvena misi principuli gansxvaveba frinvelTa filtvebTan da sahaero parkebTan. paleontologiuri faqtebiT ar dasturdeba arc ZuZumwovarTa warmoSoba reptiliebisgan. Tanamedrove mecnierebisTvis ZuZumZovara winapari cxovelebi ucnobia. pirveli ZuZumwovris gamoCena mecnierTaTvis amouxsnel amocanad rCeba. iqneb Sualeduri formebi sxva cxovelebisgan ganadgurdnen? magram

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ratom ar ganadgurdnen formirebuli sxva saxeobebi? britaneTis arqeologiis institutis mecnieri f.hitCingi wers:”sainteresia, rom mudmivi xarvezebia gaqvavebulobebSi, yvela mniSvnelovan adgilze, sadac aucilebelia am gaqvavebul formaTa arseboba, isini ar arseboben”. Tu msgavs saxeobebSi sazRvrebi Znelad gasarCevia, zesaxeobriv taqsonebSi sazRvrebi mkveTrad aris aRniSnuli xarvezebiT. Sualeduri rgolebis aRmouCenloba xom ar miewereba paleontologiuri masalis simwires? ara, gaqvavebulobis didi siWarbe da maTi dawvrilebiTi kvleva-Seswavla iTvleboda miliardobiT wliani istoriis mtkicebulebad. Aai, ras ambobs amis Sesaxeb mecnieri l.sanderlendi:”yvela kontinentis da okeaneebis fskeris 120-wlianma farTo da gulmodgine geologiurma kvlevebma suraTi Seudareblad naTeli da sruli gaxada 1859 welTan SedarebiT (rac aris darvinis “saxeobaTa warmoSobis” gamoqveynebis TariRi). aRmoCnda formaciebi, romelic aseulobiT miliard gaqvavebulobebs Seicavs, muzeumebSi inaxeba 250 aTasi sxvadasxva saxeobis as milionamde gaqvavebuloba”. kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena saxeobebs Soris farTo da mkveTri Cavardnebi, romelic maT Seqmnaze da araTavisTavad warmoSobaze miuTiTebs,,. ueWvelia, Tu evolucia realuri iqneboda, Cven unda gvepovna milionobiT gaqvavebuloba, romelic gviCvenebda sicocxlis erTi forma rogor gadadioda meoreSi. namarxi neStebis uzarmazar raodenobaSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi savaraudo gardamavali forma. kvlevebi imdenad gulmodgine da xangrZlivi iyo, Tuki Sualeduri formebi odesme arsebobdnen, SeuZlebelia, igi ver aRmoeCinaT. harvardis universitetis geologiisa da paleontologiis profesoris s.guldas mtkicebulebiT, saxeobaTa didi nawili gaqvavebulobebSi Cndeba “savsebiT formirebuli” da aseve “amTavreben TavianT istorias”. mcenareTa mravalferovani samyaroc ver moeqca evoluciis kalapotSi. magaliTad, yvavilovani mcenareebi gaqvavebulobebSi ucbad Cndebian didi raodenobiT da Tanac mTlianad formirebulebi. es SeuZlebelia aixsnas evoluciuri paleontologiis poziciebidan. mecnierebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom mcenareTa namarxi formebi cxadi mtkicebulebaa samyaros Seqmnisa da ara TavisTavad mimdinare evoluciisa.

& 50. mcdari Sualeduri formebi.

amoucnobi arqeopterifsi (namarxi frinveli daaxloebiT mtredis zomis) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda gardamaval formad mfrinav xvlikebsa da frinvelebs Soris. mas frTebze brWyalebi gaaCnda, magram aseTi brWyalebi Tanamedrove frinvelebs- goacins da turakosac gaaCniaT. es brWyalebi maT tropikul tyeebSi aucileblad sWirdebaT, sadac mcenareuli safari imdenad xSiria, rom Wirs xeze afrena, xolo acoceba ufro advilia. es brWyalebi maT bartyebsac sWirdebaT, sanam frenas iswavlian. avtoritetuli mecnieris a.feduCis

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mtkicebiT, frinvelTa TiTebi veranairad ver ganviTardeboda dinozavrebis TiTebidan. arqeopteriqsis kbilebis arseboba aranairad ar ukavSirdeba xvlikebidan mis warmoSobas. kbilebi gaaCndaT gadaSenebul uamrav srulyofil frinvels, xolo zogierT Tanamedrove reptilias kbilebi sulac ara aqvs. arqeopteriqsis kbilebs iseve, rogorc sxva namarx frinvelebisas, gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli agebuleba da sulac ar hgvanan nebismieri cnobili dinozavris kbilebs. ix. naxati gv. 229.

arqeopteriqss bumbulic da frTebic srulyofilad hqonda formirebuli. mis tvins gaaCnda mxedvelobiTi qerqi da ganviTarebuli naTxemi iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove frinvelebs. fexebis TiTebi sxvadasxva mxares hqonda gafarCxuli, xolo TviTon fexebi moxrili, "muxlebiT” ukan (iseve, rogorc Cveulebriv frinvelebs), raTa totebze moxerxebulad msxdariyvnen. mis ConCxSi aris frinvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebli orTiTura Zvali, oRond ar aris kilebi, Tumca es mraval Tanamedrove frinvelsac ara aqvs, magaliTad, siraqlemas. qariSxalas umravlesobasac kili Zalian sustad aqvs ganviTarebuli. arqeopteriqss praqtikulad frinvelTa yvela niSan-Tviseba gaaCndaT. a.fduCis azriT, bumbulian dinozavrs, rogorc arqeopteriqss xataven xolme, es frinveli sulac ar hgavda. mfrinav dinozavrs- pterodaqtils frTebis magivroba skidurebze gadaWimuli kani uwevda, xolo arqeopteriqss Camoyalibebuli bimbuliani frinvelis frTebi gaaCnda. gardamavali forma maT Soris ar arsebobs. pterodaqtilisgan pirdapir arqeopteriqsis warmoSoba iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc Ramurisgan mtredisa. Tumca arqeoperiqss namdvilad gaaCnda Tanamedrove frinvelebisgan gansxvavebiT kbilebi da kudi xerxemlis malebiT, magram s.guldas da n.eldrijis azriT, is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gardamaval formad, aramed mxolod “, ucnaur mozaikad”. ix. naxati gv. 230.

aRmoCenilia frinvelTa kidev ufro uZvelesi winaprebi (protoavis). aRiarebuli geoqronologiuri skalis mixedviT, isini arqeopteriqsebze 75 milioni wliT adre cxovrobdnen. damatebiT maT hqondaT msubuqi Rruiani Zvlebi. es frinvelebi 225 milioni wlis win warmoiSvnen aRiarebuli skalis mixedviT, anu im pirvel dinozavrebTan erTad, romlebsac gaumarTleblad Tvlian frinvelTa winaprebad. bunebaSi arseboben saocari cxovelebi, garegnulad TiTqos da msgavsni Sualeduri formebisa, magaliTad ixvniskarta. mas gaaCnia ixvis niskartis msgavsi xaxa da apkiani TaTebi. is balaxebisgan wnavs budes da kvercxebze zis iseve, rogorc frinveli. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom ixvniskarta frinvelebisgan ganviTarda? amave dros aqvs namdvili bewvis safarveli, kudi Taxvis msgavsi, xolo naSiers kvebavs rZiT, rogorc Cveulebrivi ZuZumwovara. an iqneb ZuZumwovrebidan ganviTarda? magram frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebs Soris ar unda iyos

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Sualeduri rgoli. rogorc iTvleba frinvelebi warmoiSvnen reptiliebisgan. bumbuli ganviTaada qvewarmavalTa qerclisgan. ix. naxati gv. 231.

mxeckbila xvliki, romelic iTvleba gardamaval rgolad qvewarmavlebsa da ZuZumwovrebs Soris, 100 procentiani qvewarmavalia. mas mxolod da mxolod sxvadasxva zomisa da daniSnulebis kbilebi gaaCnia iseve, rogorc es ZuZumwovrebs aqvT. zogierT gadaSenebul mxeckbila reptiliebs (probainognathus) gaaCndaT gasaocari saimedoobis ybebi-TiToeul mxares ormagi ybis saxsriT, erTi saxsari Senawevrebuli ZuZumwovarTa saxsris msgavsad, xolo meore ki reptilebis msgavsad. Tumca es aranairad ar aris Sualeduri agebuleba. es konstruqcia srulebiT ar uCvenebs erTis meoresgan evoluciur ganviTarebas. aRwerili cxovelebi gasaocrad moicaven sakuTar TavSi sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelTa nawilebs, rogorc mozaikis Tavisebur fragmnetebs, magram aseT fragmentebs (arqeopteriqsis frTebs, ixvniskartas ixvis cxvirsa da bewvis safarvels, mxeckbila xvlikis kbilebs da ybebis saxsrebs da sxv.) gaaCniaT savsebiT dasrulebuli formebi da ara Sualeduri. am iSviaT cxovelTa sxeulis nawilebis agebulebaSi aseTi uzarmazari naxtomebis arseboba iseve Zneli asaxsnelia evoluciiT, rogorc saxeobebis warmoqmna erTmaneTisgan. doqtorma k.patersonma, britaneTis sabunebismetyvelo istoriis muzeumis mTavarma paleontologma, dawera sqeltaniani wigni evoluciis Sesaxeb, kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar Seitana wignSi gardamaval formaTa naxatebi, man gulaxdilad aRiara, “rom vicode Tundac erTi maTgani cocxali an gaqvavebuli, mas am wignSi aucileblad Sevitandi”. paleontologebis aswlovani Ziebis sruli warumatebloba aSkarad aCvenebs, room bunebaSi gardamavali formebi arc arasodes arsebobda. Sualeduri rgolebis araarseboba darvinsac awuxebda, magram igi imedovnebda, rom aseTi rgolebi momavalSi aucileblad aRmoCndeboda, Tumca es ase ar moxda. ganvixiloT evoluciuri Teoriis arc ise Soreuli siamaye_ “cxenebis seria”. es SedarebiTi-morfologiuri rigi sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba. TiTqos ase Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij yalibdeboda Tanamedrove cxeni. sakmaod aSkaraa Cliqis evoluciuri ganviTareba. da ra? detalurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tanamedrove cxenis “genealogia”, romlis wardgenac ase uyvars mraval muzeums, Sedgenilia iseTi cxovelebis neStebisgan, romlebic sxvadasxva periodSi ki ar cxovrobdnen, aramed erTdoulad. namarxi cxenebi aRmoaCines planetis sxvadasxva nawilSi da araferi ar amtkicebs maT garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT gamoCenas dedamiwaze. im SreebSi, sadac napovnia hirakoteria, aRmoCenilia Tanamedrove cxenic. am cxovelebis umravlesoba ubralod gadaSendnen, xolo “cxenebis seria” agebulia xelovnurad da ar arsebobs araviTari damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom es cxovelebi erTmaneTs cvlidnen zustad aseTi TanmimdevrobiT. sul ufro meti mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom

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cxenebis “genealogiis” arsebiTi nawili Sedgeba iseTi cxovelebisgan, romlebsac erTmaneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar gaaCndaT. magaliTad, pirvel “cxens” miakuTvneben maCvebs. evoluciis Teoriis Semowmeba da damtkiceba mxolod paleontologias SeuZlia. mxolod mas ZaluZs bolo sityva Tqvas evoluciiis msvlelobasa da mis utyuarobaze. gardamavali formebi ar arsebobs. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, genetikosi l.i. koroCkini miuTiTebs, rom “evoluciuri movlenebi...formulirdeba rogorc spekulaciuri koncefcia, romelic eqsperimentul Semowmebas ar eqvemdebareba”. evoluciis uzarmazari Senoba haerSi gamokidebuli aRmoCnda. Tavgamodebuli evolucionisti s. guldic ki iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom “msxvil gadasvlebSi gardamavali etapebis gaqvavebuli mtkicebulebebi ar arsebobs... evoluciuri Teoriis didi da gamaRizianebeli probleba yovelTvis iyo Cveni uunaroba, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi, Tundac sakuTar warmodgenebSi, ver SevqmeniT funqciuri Sualeduri formebi”. ix. naxati gv. 232.

& 51. uZvelesi flora da fauna.

umdidres tropikur florasa da faunas dedamiwis yvela nawilSi pouloben, maT Soris, polusebzec ki, rac warsulSi gansakuTrebuli Tbili klimatis arsebobaze miiuTiTebs. uZveles gaqvavebul xeebze praqtikulad ar SeimCneva wliuri rgolebi, anu zamTari zafxulisgan praqtikulad ar ganirCeva. zogierTi cxoveli da mcenare aRwevda uzarmazar zomebs da didxans cocxlobda, maT Soris gvxvdeba Tanamedrove formebic. sxvadasxva klasebis gadaSenebul saxeobaTa raodenoba 1-4-jer aRemateba Tanamedroveebs. ZuZumwovarTa klasi iyofa 20 Tanamedrove da 17 gadaSenebul rigad, xolo klass reptiliebSi namarxi rigebi 3,5-jer aRemateba Tanamedroveebs. mecnieruli monacemebis Tanaxmad, atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis raodenoba 5-10-jer aRemateboda axlandels (0,03 %). naxSirorJangs gaaCnia saTburis efeqti. is gamWvirvalea speqtris sxivuri nawilisTvis da atarebs mzis sinaTles dedamiwis zedapirisken, intensiurad STanTqavs siTbur gamosxivebas da ise inarCunebs siTbos, rogorc erTgvari qurqi. mecnierTa gamoTvliT, naxSirorJangis raodenobis atmosferoSi 10-jer gazrda gamoiwvevs saSualo wliuri temperatures 6-8 gradusiT gazrdas ekvatorTan, xolo polusebze saSualo temperatura dadebiTi gaxdeba. ratom ase araTanabrad? ekvatoruli atmosfero gajerebulia wylis orTqliT, xolo polaruli wyals TiTqmis ar Seicavs. CrdiloeTSi saSualo temperaturis aweva gamoiwvevs atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis mkveTr momatebas. wylis orqlsac aseve Zlieri Tboefeqti

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gaaCnia. Tanamedrove polarul atmosferoSi wylis orTqli TiTqmis ar aris, is imdenad gamWvirvalea yovel wams polusis zedapirze 3-jer meti mzis sinaTle aRwevs, vidre ekvatorze. mTeli es gamosxiveba haeris gamWvirvalobis da troposferos mcire sisqis gamo (8-10 km, xolo ekvatorTan 16-18 km) kosmosSi brundeba da ifanteba. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, antarqtidas gaaCnia siTbos wliuri uaryofiTo balansi, igi msoflio sivrceSi imaze met siTbos asxivebs, vidre TviTon mzisgan iRebs., anu is asxivebs im siTbosac, romelic Tbil qarebs aq moaqvs. mzis sxivebi airekleba Tovlze an curdeba polusis zedapiris gaswvriv da gadis kosmosSi. Zvel atmosferoSi mze haers kargas aTbobda. siTbo STainTqmeboda polareTis zedapiris gaswvriv wylis orTqlis sqeli feniT. dRevandel pirobebSi mzis sxivebis 30%irekleba da brundeba kosmosSi, 20% STainTqmeba atmosferos mier, xolo 50%niadagisa da okeanis mier. klimatis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi mzisgan miRebuli energia msoflio sivrceSi gamosxivdeba siTbur diapazonSi. warsulSi ki Sekavebuli siTbo dedamiwas unarCunebda Tbil klimats ekvatoridan polusebamde. dedamiwa mogvagonebda did saTburs. rogorc dabadebis wignidan cnobilia, adamianebi 800-900 wels cocxlobdnen. im dros mravali arseba iyo Zlieri da ueWvelia, rom gaaCndaT sicocxlis didi xangrZlivoba. dinozavrebi aRwevdnen uzarmazar zomebs, radgan qvewarmavlebs axasiaTebT zrda mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, umdidresi mcenareuloba uxvad uzrunvelyofda cxovelebs sakvebiT. uZvelesi adamianebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba grafikulad rom gamovsaxoT, cxadad davinaxavT, Tu rogor swrafad Semcirda igi warRvnis Semdeg. rasTan iyo es dakavSirebuli? ix. grafiki gv. 235.

SesaZloa Zvel atmosferoSi wylis molekulebisgan mzis gamosxivebiT xdeboda damatebiTi ozonis Sris warmoqmna. aseTi ormagi ekrani wylis orTqlisa da ozonisa saimedod akavebda mavne kosmosur gamosxivebas, romelic mutaciebs da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcirebas iwvevs. SesaZloa Tu ara, rom mxolod mavne gamosxivebis ararsebobas da xelsayrel klimats uzrunveleyo sicocxlis aseTi xangrZlivoba warRvnamdel msoflioSi? mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es nakleb sarwmunooa. am movlebis raime bunebrivi pirobebiT axsna SeuZlebelia. kiTxvaze pasuxi dRes mxolod saRvTismetyvelo memkvidreobaSi SeiZleba vipovoT. “mas Semdeg, rac Cven miviwevT codnis mwvervalidan mwvervalisken, uecrad aRmovaCineT, rom TviToeuli maTgani ukve didi xania dapyrobili aqvs RvTismetyvelebas”,-werda eleqtronis aRmomCeni jon tomsoni. codvis dacemis Semdgom adamianisTvis aucilebeli gaxda sikvdilis siaxlovis SegrZneba, raTa ganiwmindos man Tavisi cxovreba. sikvdilis siaxlove afxizlebs adamians, exmareba mas gaxdes ukeTesi. es sakuTrai gamocdilebiT bevrisTvis ukve cnobilia.

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Tuki Cven, Tanamedove adamianebs, sul ramdenime aTeuli weli da mravali avadmyofoba gvaqvs TadarigSi da mainc viviwyebT maradiul cxovrebas, warmoidgineT, ramdenad udardelad da qarafSutulad vicxovrebdiT, rom gagvaCndes Zlieri janmrTeloba da aTaswlovani sicocxle da miT ufro, Tuki ukvdavebi viqnebodiT. Cveni sxeulis droebiTi sikvdili erTgvari zRudea codvisaTvis, sulis erTgvari acraa samudamo sikvdilisgan dasacavad. “keTilganzraxviTaa dadgenili sikvdili”,- werda ioane oqropiri. Sescoda pirvelma adamianma da gaxda mokvdavi. gamravlda codva warRvnamdel adamianebSi da Semoqmedma sicocxlis xangrZlivoba warRvnis Semdeg 10-jer Seamcira, xolo cxovelTa sicocxle dakavSirebuli da damokidebulia TviT Semoqmedebis gvirgvinis- adamianis cxovrebaze. Sescoda adamma da yvela qmnileba mokvdavi da xrwnadi gaxda. Caeflo codvebSi warRvnamdeli kacobrioba da Semcirda sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da fizikuri siZliere rogorc adamianisa, ise sxva organizmebisa. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcirebis biologiuri meqanizmebi metad gansxvavebulia. ratom gansxvavdeba ase saocrad Tanamedrove planeta warRvnamdelisgan? ratomaa rom danaleq qanebSi, kembriulidan kainozouramde katastrofuli modelis mixedviT warRvnamde formirebuli organizmebi ase Zlier gansxvavdebian Tanamedrove organizmebisagan? Semoqmedis nebiT gaCnda es samyaro, misive nebiT gaCnda adami, misive nebiT warRvnam gaanadgura uZvelesi msoflio. ra Tqma unda, misive gegmis mixedviT planetis saxe, flora da fauna, Seicvala. SesaZloa am cvlilebaTa zogi mizezi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:warRvnam da misma Tanamdevma xangrZlivma wvimebma atmosferodan Camorecxes naxSirorJangi, rasac Sesabamisad mohyva saTburis efeqtis da saSualo temperaturis Semcireba, gansakuTrebiT polusebTan. saerTod, planetis klimatis Secvlam gamoiwvia sxva globaluri katastrofebi. Seicvala klimati, Seicvala niadagi da Sesabamisad cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaro.

Tavi 12. sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze.

sicocxlis warmoSobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mecnierTa mosazreba orad gaiyo. erTni amtkicebdnen, rom cocxalni mxolod cocxlisgan warmoiSoba biogenezis saSualebiT, xolo meoreni SesaZleblad miiCneven abiogenezs- cocxalis warmoSobas aracocxalisgan. pirvelni aRiareben Semoqmeds, xolo meoreni materias ganixilaven, rogorc TavisTavad myofs da damoukidebels. aris gamonaklisebic. biogenezis momxre akademikosi vernadski rCeboda materialistad da amtkicebda,

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rom “sicocxle mudmivia iseve, rogorc mudmivia kosmosi”, xolo germaneli maTematikosi leibnici varaudobda, rom aracocxali materia RvTiuri sulis moqmedebis Sedegad cocxlad nel-nela, TandaTan formirdeba. me-19 saukuneSi cnobilma frangma mecnierma lui pasterma eqsperimentulad daadgina TviTCasaxvis anu cocxali organiozmebis TavisTavad warmoSobis SeuZlebloba, Tundac gansakuTrebul sakveb xsnarSi, Tuki es xsnari kargad naduRebia da Semdeg daculia mikrobebis SeWrisgan. am eqsperimentisTvis man safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis specialuri premiac miiRo. lui pasteri iTvleba mikrobiologiisa da imunologiis fuZemdeblad, manve aRmoaCina anaerobuli baqteriebi da baqteriuli duRilis mizezebi. igi sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis ideis Sesaxeb ambobda:”STamomavlebi erT mSvenier dRes gulianad icineben Cveni Tanamedrove materialisti mecnierebis sisuleleebze”. gacilebiT gvian rusma akademikosma a.i.oparinma SemogvTavaza hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmadac sicocxle dedamiwaze SesaZloa warmoiSva ara uceb, mikroorganizmebis saxiT, aramed maT win uZRoda organuli naerTebis abiogenuri warmoqmna. 1955 wels amerikelma mkvlevarma s.milerma moaxdina pirvelyofili planetis savaraudo mkacri pirobebis imitireba:eleqtrul ganmuxtvebs 60 kilovoltamde-mde sididiT uSvebda narevSi, romelic Seicavda meTans, amiaks, wyalbads, wylis orTqls. temperatura 80 graduss celsiusiT aRwevda, xolo wneva ramdenime paskali iyo. milerma miaRwia, rom am gziT mieRo ZmarmJava, WianWvelamJava, anu umartivesi cxomovani mJavebi da mcire raodenobiT ramdenime aminomJava. es cdebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanamedrove molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis pirvel nabijebad.

& 52. abiogenezi da Termodinamikis kanonebi

evoluciuri Teoriis CarCoebSi dRemde ver moxerxda pasuxis gacema mTavar kiTxvaze, saidan gaCndnen pirveli organizmebi? Tuki erTi organizmidan meoris ganviTareba rogorRac warmosadgenia, TavisTavadi Casaxva cocxali organizmisa Znelad asaxsneli da gaugebaria. SesaZloa aracocalma materiam warmoSvas sicocxle? savsebiT cxadia, rom es kiTxva yovelTvis eWvs iwvevda. kvanturi Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, cnobili mecnieri heizenbergi qebiT ixseniebs Tavis kolega, aseve genialur mecniers paulis. is wers:”pauli skeptikurad udgeba Tanamedrove biologiaSi gavrcelebul darvinistul Sexedulebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxeobaTa ganviTareba dedamiwaze SesaZlo yofila mxolod mutaciebis wyalobiT da fizikur-

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qimiuri kanonebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad”. mivubrundeT mecnierul faqtebs da ganvixiloT navaraudevi abiogenezis dasawyisi. molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirvelad okeaneSi an xmeleTis tenian adgilebSi SemTxveviT warmoiqmna aminomJavaTa molekulebi, Semdeg es molekulebi Sejgufdnen, Sesqeldnen da warmoqmnes e.w.koacervatebi. ai aq daiwyo cilebis Camoyalibeba. rogorc viciT, aminomJavaTa SemTxveviTi nakrebidan konkretuli cilis molekulis warmoqmnis albaToba sul raRac 10 xarisxad -325-is tolia. saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom bunebaSi arsebobs ara marto sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli 20 aminomJava, aramed sxva daaxloebiT 300. maT umravlesobas sicocxlisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. garda amisa, rogorc eqsperimentebma aCvena, aminomJavebi erTmaneTs ufro Znelad uerTdebian, vidre im nivTierebaTa molekulebs, romlebic igulisxmeba, rom unda yofiliyo pirvelyofil “bulionSi”. am gziT kidevac rom momxdariyo cilis warmoqmna, is biologiurad araaqtiuri iqneboda. saqme imaSia, rom biologiurad aqtiuri cilebi Seicaven mxolod marcxniv mbrunav aminomJavebs, xolo qimiuri kanonebiT SesaZloa narevis miReba, romelic marcxnidan marjvniv mbrunav amoinomJavebs erTnairi SemTxveviTi proporciebiT Seicaven. amis gamo ar SeiZleba marcxniv mbrunavi amonomJavebi TavisTavad gamocalkevdnen marjvniv mbrunavebisgan da Camoayalibon cila, anu Sesabamisad sicocxle TavisTavad ver warmoiSveboda. molekulebis TvigarTulebis procesi SeuZlebelia sxva mizezTa gamoc. gavixsenoT Termodinamikis meore sawyisi. erT-erTi misi formulireba gvamcnobs:TavisTavad warmodgenili yoveli molekuluri sistema miiswrafvis udidesi qaosisken, misi enTropia (qaosis xaerisxis maxasiaTebeli sidide) izrdeba. amis gamo, magaliTad, siTbo TavisTavad ar gadaecema naklebad gamTbari sxeulidan ufro gamTbars. molekulebis TviTgarTulebis procesi, anu mowesrigebulobis TviTformireba ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis meore sawyiss, radgan am process Tan unda axldes enTropiis Semcireba. mowesrigebulobis gamovlinebas Cven vxvdebiT bunebaSi, magram es sulac ar aris TviTmowesrigeba! wyali grovdeba dabal adgilebSi, warmoqmnis guburebs, xolo gayinvisas simetriul fifqebs; bevr nivTierebas gaaCnia kristalebis warmoqmnis Tviseba. es mdomareoba ubralod potenciuri energiis minimums pasuxobs da Tan axlavs siTbos gamoyofa, anu enTropia izrdeba. naklebi enTropiiT ufro mowesrigebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvla SesaZlebelia mxolod zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, Ria sistemebSi arawonasworul Seuqcevad procesebSi (arawonasworuli Termodinamikuri struqturebis TviTorganizaciis Teoriis fuZemdbelia i.prigoJini). magram ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi, raTa navaraudevi procesi-- cilebis an dnm-s warmoqmna CavTvaloT arawonasworulad an Seuqcevadad. katalizatorebis msgavsi nakrebi, romlebic monawileoben cilebis sinTezSi, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia yofiliyo pirvelyofil

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okeaneSi. ar iqneboda arc Sualeduri molekulebis warmoqmnis SemTxveviTi procesebis gamaZlierebeli dadebiTi Seqcevadi kavSirebi, xolo am Sualeduri molekulebis daSlis intensivoba gaZlierdeboda ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gavleniT, hidroliziT da iq arsebuli sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebiT. cocxal organizmebSi enzimebi (cilebi) uzrunvelyofen sinTezis mimdinareobis siCqares. es siCqare asjer aRemateba tyviamfrqvevis srolis siswrafes. sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba:Sualeduri molekulebi metad aramdgradi arian da iSlebian, mTeli amwyobi brigadebi (molekulaTa jgufebi) wamSi aseulobiT icvlebian. TviTsinTezi TiToeul momentSi fluqtuaciis saSualebiT (saWiro molekulebis SemTxveviTi warmoqmna) wavidoda pirdapiri gziT, ufro swrafad Seqcevadi gziTac, an es procesi iqneboda wonasworuli da Seqcevadi. giganturi fluqtuaciis albaToba, romelic uzrunvelyofda cilis warmoqmnas bolomde, umniSvnelod mcirea. cilebis molekulebis TviTwarmoqmnis hipoeza ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis ZiriTad kanonebs. prigoJini da misi kolegebi verc ki miuaxlovdnen im mtkicebulebebs, rom molekulis TviTwarmoqmnisaTvis aucilebeli informaciis uzarmazari raodenoba SesaZloa dagroviliyo binebrivi gziT, enTropiis kanonis sawinaaRmdegod. prigoJin-arnold-hakenis TviTorganizaciis Teoria gvTavazobs mxolod da mxolod zogierT Teoriul gansjasa da analogiebs, romlebic Zalian Sors arian qaosidan sicocxlis warmoSobis mtkicebulebebidan. amas TviT prigoJinic aRiarebda. TviTorganizaciis Teoria ver xsnis sicocxlis warmoSobas, anu cilis molekulebis warmoqmnas. is mxolod da mxolod komentars akeTebs mowesrigebulobis zogierTi gamovlinebis Sesaxeb. cocxal arsebebs, ueWvelia, gaaCniaT TviTorganizaciis unari. am dros energiis gare wyaroebis xarjze mcirdeba maTi enTropia, magram es ver xsnis sicocxlis warmoSobas. uformo miwaSi pawawina Teslisgan izrdeba uzarmazari xe, romelic iyenebs mzis energias, mineralur marilebs, naxSirorJangs. Tesli da kvercxujredi Seicavs aucilebel genetikur informacias, kods zrdasrul organizmad CamoyalibebisaTvis, regulaciisa da ganaxlebis programebs. kvercxujredi warmoadgens metad rTul struqturas, aRWurvils sicocxlisaTvia aucilebeli yvela metaboluri sistemebiT. magram mainc rogor warmoiSva pirveli arseba? es kiTxva evoluciuri TeoriisTvis amouxsnel amocanad rCeba.

&53. abiogenezi bioqimiis poziciidan.

zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebda, rom maT SesZles aminomJavaTa narevidan cilebis sinTezi. sinamdvileSi miRebul iqna cilebTan Zalian mcired mimsgavsebuli nivTiereba e.w. proteinoidebi. es nivTiereba Sedgeboda polimeruli badisagan (cilebSi, rogorc viciT, aminomJavebi

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jaWvs warmoqmnian da ara bades). aminomJavebs Soris arsebobs rogorc , ise - peptiduri bmebi. cilebSi arsebuli -peptiduri bmebi formirdeba mravali specialuri molekulebis rTuli urTierTqmedebiT. bmebis SemTxveviT warmoqmnisas, mxolod baxevari SeiZleba iyos peptiduri. polimerul bades ar gaaCnia cilis sivrciTi struqtura, ara aqvs cilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli molekulaTa SeerTebis gansazRvruli rigi da Sesabamiosad aranairi kavSiri ar SeiZleba hqondes sicocxlesTan. cocxal arsebebSi cilebis warmoqmnisas monawileobs dnm, informaciuli rnm, araumcires 20 sxvadasxva satransporto rnm, ribosomebi, romlebic 3-4 ribosomuli rnm-sgan da 55 sxvadasxva cilis molekulisgan- an fermentTa mTeli kompleqsisgan Sedgeba. aseve aucilebelia energiiT uzrunvelyofa, rac atf-is meSveobiT xorcieldeba. erTi molekula saSualo cilis sinTezs aTasamde atf-is molekula sWirdeba. Cveulebrivma SeTbobam an mzis pirdapirma dasxivebam SesaZloa daarRvios molekuluri bmebi. cilis sinTezSi monawileobs mTeli cocxali ujredi, Tundac erTi komponnetis darRveva procesis blokirebas iwvevs. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi gaocebas iwvevs organizmSi am rTuli sistemis funqcionirebis faqti. cilebis TviTwarmoqmnis SesaZleblobas kvalificiuri bioqimikosebi sruliad gamoricxaven. 1986 wels Sedga Sexvedra sicocxlis warmoSobis Semswavleli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisa, romelsac 300-mde wamyvani mkvlevari eswreboda. mecnierebma daamtkices, rom pirveladi okeanis pirobebSi rnm-is sinTezi sruliad gamoricxuli iyo. ufro metic, aRmoCnda, rom monosaqarid ribozas sinTezic ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. dnm-s cocxal ujredis SigniTac ki ar gaaCnia sruli stabiluroba. misi aRnagoba mudmivad kontrolirdeba da swordeba (adgili aqvs reparacias) gansazRvruli fermentebiT. es makromolekula funqcionirebs dinamiuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. es wonasworoba damyarebulia aRnagobaSi arsebul darRvevebs da fermentebis mier am darRvevebis gasworebebs Soris. ujreds gareT dnm swrafad iSleba. dnm-s ormagi spiralis aRmomCeni nobelis premiis laureati f.kriki kategoriulad uaryofs sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobas. biologiuri makromolekula sadRacidan da rogorRac romc warmoqmniliyo, es jer kidev ar niSnavs cocxal ujreds. ujredis SedgenilobaSi uamravi makromolekula Sedis. isini erTmaneTs garkveuli wesrigiT ukavSirdebian. ujredisTvis aucilebeli fermentTa warmoqmnis albaToba, Tundac miliard weliwadSi erTxel, sul raRac 10 xarisxad -40000-s Seadgens. es ricxvi, rogorc erTma avtoritetulma astrofizikosma fred hoilma ganacxada, “sakmaod cotaa imisaTvis, rom daimarxos darvini da misi evoluciuri Teoria”. mTeli mzis sistema rom adamianebiT aivsos (10 xarisxad 50) da TiToeuli maTgani rom TvaldaxuWuli cdilobdes rubikis kubikis awyobas, cocxali ujredisTvis aucilebeli fermentebis warmoqmnis zemoTaRniSnuli albaToba, daaxloebiT toli iqneboda am adaminebis mier kubikebis waxnagebis erTdroulad awyobis albaTobisa. es rac Seexeboda fermentebs, magram ujredSi arsebobs bevrad ufro rTuli warmonaqmnebi. ujredis

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ukve gamzadebuli aucilebeli nivTierebebiT TviTawyobis albaToba, Tundac yvelaze xelsayrel qimiur garemoSi Seadgens 10 xarisxad -100 000 000 000. es sidide TvalnaTliv gviCvenes, Tu razea laparaki. ra gziT “moaxerxes” mecnierebma aseTi umniSvnelo albaTobis ignorireba? molekuluri evoluciis mkvlevarebi TavianT mecnierebas “metad hipoTezurs” uwodeben da amboben, rom sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis albaTobis gamoTvla arasdros xdeboda da mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda, radganac evolucia damtkicebul faqtad iTvleboda, xolo mecnierebi ki mxolod cdilobdnen aexsnaT, Tu rogor mimdinareobda is. sicocxlis TviTwarmoSoba arc ise bunebrivi procesia, rogor gulubryvilodac amas darvinis mimdevrebi varaudobdnen, pirioqiT, sul dasawyisidan (rTul molekulaTa warmoqmna) da sul bolomde (adamianis warmoSoba) es aris Seusabamo, daujerebel, urTierTgamomricxav SemTxvevaTa uazro xuxula. samarTliani iqneba, Tu davaskvniT, rom spontanuri abiogenezis amJamad aRiarebuli sqemebi moklebulia yovelgvar gonivrulobas. sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis SeuZlebloba Zvel da axal evoluciur TeoriaSic “lodi Sebrkolebisad” iqca. cnobilia genialuri Tomas edisonis (swored man gamoigona Tanamedrove naTura, daamuSava telefoni da telegrafi) erTi saintereso gamonaTqvami:”RvTis arseboba SesaZlebelia damtkicdes Tundac qimiuri gziT”. udidesi gamomgoneblis am winaswarmetyvelebis aRsruleba axla Cvens winaa. molekuluri fizikis, genetikisa da bioqimiis faqtebi srulad amtkiceben organizmTa SemTxveviTi warmoSobis SeuZleblobas. maSasadame, gamodis, rom Semoqmedi gvyavs? genialuri mecnieri maqs borni, kvanturi Teoriis erT-erTi damaarsebeli werda:”materializmis dro wavida, Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom fizikur-qimiuri aspeqti aranairad sakmarisi ar aris sicocxlis faqtebis gamosaxatavad, rom araferi vTqvaT azrovnebis faqtebis Sesaxeb”.

& 54. sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SeuZlebloba

makromolekulis TviTwarmoqmnis SesaZleblobebis ganxilvisas savaraudoa, rom uZveles dedamiwaze arc arsebuliyo aseTi procesebis pirdapiri akrZalvebi. Tumca sul mcire ori akrZalva mainc iqneboda:pirveli-hidrolizis reqciis Sedegad aminomJavebisgan formirebuli cilis molekulebis daSla da meore- Jangbadis mier aminomJavaTa dauyovneblivi daJangva. varaudoben, rom uZveles dedamiwaze Jangbadi ar arsebobda da am dros SesaZlo iyo makromolekulebis Camoyalibeba. magram yvelaze uZveles qanebSi aRmoCenilia rkinis Jangi, ase rom araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs Zvel atmosferoSi Jangbadis ararsebobis savaraudod. atmosferoSi Jangbadi Tundac ar yofiliyo, mzis ultraiisferi gamosxiveba, romelic daubrkoleblad SemoiWreboda ozonis ekranis ararsebobis gamo, mainc

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gaanadgurebda cilis molekulebs. ase rom sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis ideas Jangbadis arseboba-ararseboba veranairad ver amarTlebs. aris mesame akrZalvac. varaudobdnen (gansakuRebiT mileris cdebis Semdeg), rom pirveli atmosfero Sedgeboda meTanis da amiakisgan, anu komponentebisgan, romlebic aucilebelia aminomJavaTa TviTsinTezisaTvis.rogorc eqsperimentulma gamokvlevebma da Zveli atmosferos kompiuterulma modelirebam aCvena, es gazebi daiSleboda ultraiisferi sxivebiT da pirveli atmosfero SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod azotisa da naxSirorJangisgan yofiliyo Sedgenili. maSin, saidan wamoiSvnen cilebis Semadgeneli aminomJavebi? sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel makromolekulaTa TviTwarmoSoba moiTxovs uzarmazari raodenobis urTierTgamomricxav pirobebs. es pirobebi ar iZleva saSualebas, SeerTdes molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis nawilebi mTlian mecnierul koncefciad. ar aris SemuSavebuli aranairi seriozuli mecnieruli Teoria imis Sesaxeb, Tu da rogor pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli cilis sinTezi. arsebuli hipoTezebi, maT Soris uaxloesic, (sicocxlis formireba ara dnm-s, aramed rnm-genomebis safuZvelze), aRwers zemoTaRniSnuli procesis mxolod patara, gancalkevebul fragmentebs. isini Zalian xelovnurad gamoiyurebian da mxolod specialistTa Rimils iwveven. rogorc genetikosebi amtkiceben, didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad SesaZloa aRmoaCino eqsperimentatori, romelic sicocxlis SemTxveviTi TviTCasaxvis ideis momxre iqneba. molekuluri evoluciis sferoSi 50-wlianma eqsperimentebma mecnierebs ukeT daanaxa dedamiwaze sicocxlis warmoSobis kvlevis problemebis masStaburoba, vidre misi gadaWris gzebi. sicocxlis TviTcasaxvis procesis yovelmxrivma gamokvlevebma daadastura misi SeuZlebloba, Tumca mainc Cndebian enTuziastebi, romlebic akademikos v.i.vernandskis msgavsad, cdiloben moaxdinon evoluciuri Teoriis reaminacia fantastikuri axali hipoTezebiT. es hipoTezebi iTvaliswinebs sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SesaZleblobas kosmosSi da Semdeg meteoritis, an gonier arsebaTa mier mis transportirebas dedamiwaze da Semdgom gansaxlebas. sakuTari fantastikuri hipoTezebis tyveobaSi myofi es mecnierebi ki ar xsnian sicocxlis warmoSobas, aramed es probleba gadaaqvT kosmosur siRrmeebSi. magram fizikis kanonebi universaluria. yvela Catarebuli albaTobis gamoTvlebi samarTliani iqneba iqac da kosmosSi TviTCasaxvis SesaZleblobebze laparaki mxolod Rimils iwvevs. es vernandskisac esmoda. is ar uSvebda azrs, rom cocxali arsebebi SesaZlebli iyo aracocxali materiis ganviTarebis Sedegi yofiliyo, rogorc amas t.Sardeni Tvlida (vernadski da Sardeni 1920-ian wlebSi erTad muSaobdnen sorbonis universitetSi). vernadski amtkicebda, rom “sicocxle mudmivia da igi gadaecema yovelTvis cocxalidan cocxals”. gamoCenili paleontologi v.s.soloviovi saubrobda cocxalis aracocxalidan warmoSobis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. dedamiwaze sicocxlis spontanur materialistur warmoSobas uaryofda s.v.meienic.

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SevecdebiT imis gaazrebas, Tu ramdenad umniSvnelo ricxvia sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis albaToba. SesaZloa Tu ara maimunma, romelic ubartyunebs klaviSebze, uecrad akrifos mTeli “omi da mSvidoba”? rogorc maTematikosebi amboben, SesaZlebelia, magram albaToba Zalian mcirea, daaxloebiT 10 xarisxad -5 000 000. gamodis, rom erTi umartivesi ujredis SemTxveviT Camoyalibebis molodini, Tundac idealur hipoTezur pirobebSi, tolia imisa, rom maimunma 20 aTasjer SesZlos “omi da mSvidobis” uSecdomod srulad akrefa klaviaturaze. sasciloa msgavs movlenebze gaTvlebis keTeba. da Tanac, vinc xelSi aiRebs tolstois am nawarmoebs, eWvi ar Seepareba, rom es dawera adamianma da Tanac metad niWierma. ra Tqma unda, is marTali iqneba. Tu Cven SevxedavT miqelanjelos skulpturebs, darwmunebiT vityviT, rom is adamianma Seqmna da Tanac saocari niWis mqonem. aravis azradac ar mouva, rom Tqvas, xelovnebis aseTi nimuSebi TavisiT warmoiSva, rodesac qvis lodi moswyda kldes da ufskrulSi mieqaneboda. ratom aravin Cadis ufskrulebSi xelovnebis genialuri nimuSebis saZebnelad? maS ratomaa, rom Cven vucqeriT am saocar samyaros da ar vambobT, rom es aris umaRlesi gonebis SesaniSnavi da umSvenieresi Semoqmedeba, rogorc amas amtkicebda cnobili mecnieri erstedi:”yvelanairi yofiereba mTlianad RvTis Semoqmedebaa, yvelaferze aRbeWdilia misi goneba”, an rogorc amas ambobs isaak niutoni:”brma fizikuri aucileblobebisgan, romelic yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairia, ar SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo arsebaTa mravalferovneba. Ees SesaZloa warmoSobiliyo TviTmyofi arsebis gonebiTa da nebiT, romelsac me ufal RmerTs vuwodeb..”

Tavi 13.

adamianis warmoSoba

Cveni Tanamedroveni skolis asakidan mieCvivnen hipoTezas, maimunisgan adamianis warmomavlobis sesaxem rogorc did mecnierul aRmoCenas. pirvelad adamianTan maimunis Sedareba “gabeda” e.taisonma 1699 wels. 1735 wels k.linem adamiani maimunebTan erTad erT gvarSi gaaerTiana. orive mecniers mxedvelobaSi hqondaT adamianis d amaimunis saerTo msgavsi aRnagoba. C.darvinma Tavis SromaSi “adamianis warmoSoba da sqesobrivi gadarCeva”, romelis 1872 wels gamoqveynda, camoayaliba jipoTeza, maimunisgan adamianis warmoSobis SesaZleblobaze da dasva sakiTxi Tanamedrove maimunisa da adamianis saerTo winapris Sesaxeb.

& 55. cxovelisgan adamianis warmoSobis

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dadasturebis mcdeloba.

skolis moswavleTa mraval Taobas wlidan wlamde aswavlidnen, rom Sromam adamiani maimunisgan Seqmna. Cvens mexsierebas didi xniT gahyva joxi-saTxreli da mWreli qvebi, rogorc Sromis pirveli iaraTebi da maimunSi pirveli gamokrToma cxovelisTvis uCveulo sazrianobisa. daiwera uamravi mimzidveli wigni am “kacobriobis ganTiadis” Sesaxeb. simarTlis msgavsi SeiZleba mogveCvenos saubari imaze, Tu naxevrad adamianebisa da naxevrad maimunebis am sazogadoebaSi rogor gaCnda urTierTobis aucilebloba da aman ki rogor gamoiwvia pirobiTi xorxismieri bgerebis warmoqmna, rogor yalibdeboda ojaxebi arsebobisTvis brZolis pirobebSi, rogor primitiulad nawildeboda Sroma:mama dadioda sanadirod, deda amzadebda saWmels da zrunavda Svilebze. magram am idilias aklda mTavari- maimunis gaadamianebis damamtkicebeli faqtebi. me-19 saukunis bolos am Sexedulebebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad seriozuli mecnierebi ar scnobdnen am hipoTezis WeSmaritebas. r.virxovi, l.agasisi, k.beri, r.oueni. g.mendeli. l.pasteri miuTiTebdne, rom jipoTeza mcdaria da ewinaaRmdgeba faqtiur monacemebs. mainc ra damamtkicebeli argumentebi mojyavs evolucionistebs Cveni cxoveluri warmomavlobis dasamtkiceblad? 1. adamianebs da maimunebs saerTo aqvT TiTebis kanis saxianoba, kargad ganviTarebuli laviwi, 48 an 46 qromosoma, rezus faqtori da sisxlis jgufebi, mioglobinisa da hemoglofinis sxvadasxva jaWvebis aminomJavaTa Tanmimdevroba. 2. saerToa placentianebTan da ZuZumwovrebTan:gulis adgilmdebareoba da Tbilsisxlianoba, kidurTa ori wyvili, sarZeve Zirkvlebi, kbilebis diferencireba saWrelad, eSvebad da saReW kbilebad, Canasaxis nervuli mili da misi ganviTareba dedis wiaRSi, eqvsi wyvili salayuCe rkalis arseboiba embrionSi (rogorc ukve gavarkvieT & 46-Si warmoadgens hekelis gayalbebas). 3. atavizmebi, msgavsi darRvevebi, rogorc ukve viciT &45-dan ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes Cveni cxoveluri warmoSobis damamtkicebel sabuTs. adamianis msgavseba cxovelebTan, ra Tqma unda, SeiniSneba, magram is aranairad ar amtkicebs Cvens evoluciur naTesaobas cxovelebTan. organizmebis agebulebis analogiebi aranaklebi damajereblobiT amowmebs Semoqmedebis erTiani gegmis arsebobas. rasi xedaven evolucionistebi adamiansa da maimuns Soris? swor mdgom gamartul siarulSi, SromaSi da iaraRebis damzadebaSi, danawevrebul metyvelebaSi da sxva socialur faqtorebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba yovelTvis eqceoda anatomiur gansxvavevebs. es aris S-msgavsi xerxemlis RerZi da Tavis qalas sxvaoba. damianebs moZravi aqvs mxolod erTi Zvali- qveda yba, is

42

damoklebuli da naliseburia (gaxsnis farTo kuTxiT), qalas tvinis nawilis ZvlebSi SeiniSneba nakerebi. adamians gacilebiT didi moculobis tvini gaaCnia (saSualod 1400-1500 sm ), xolo maimuns mxolod 300-400 sm ), adamianebs mcire zomis eSvebi da kargad ganviTarebnuli vestibularuli aparati gaaCniaT. arsebobs sxva anatomiuri gansxvavebebic iseTebi, rogoricaa zeda kidurebis sigrZe da mxris saxsris moZraobis ampliduta, adamianis cera TiTis ganviTarebuloba, muxlis saxsrisa da terfis agebulebis sxvaoba (maimunebSi ganviTarebulia terfis cera TiTi, mTlianad terfi moWidebis funqcias asrulebs, adamianis terfis TiTebis falangebi Sezrdilia). mainc raSia mTavari gansxvaveba? sad gadis mTavari gamyofi zRvari adamiansa d cxovels Soris? Tanamedrove mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT pasuxi gascen am kiTxvas. anTropologiaSi arc ki arsebobs adamianis gansazRvreba. ueWvelia, rom mTavari ganmasxvavebeli adamianisa cxovelisgan misi suliereba. es is saCuqaria, romlis Sesaxebac Semoqmedma pirveli adamianis Seqmnisas gvamcno. man STabera adams “sicocxlis sunTqv”a (dab. 2,7. da hyo igi Tavisufali, gonieri da ukvdavi xatad da msgavsad Tavisa (RvTisa). darvini grZobda Tavisi naSromis mraval nakls. mTeli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi igi ver bedavda mis gamoqveynebas. erT-erT werilSi igi werda:”Semdegi werili sruliad gagicruebT imedebs, is Zalian hipoTezuria. me darwmunebuli var, arom am wignSi Znelad Tu moipoveba Tundac erTi punqti, romelzec SeuZlebeli iqneba sawinaaRmdego daskvnebamde mimyvani faqtebis SerCeva”. darvinis Sroma “saxeobaTa warmoSob”a pirvelad 1859 wels gamoqveynda. ufro gabeduli Sromis gamoqveyneba adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb darvinma mxolod 30 wlis Semdeg gabeda. me-18 saukunemde adamianebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom RvTisgan erTxel seqmnil samyaroSi yvela cocxali organizmi da, maT Soris .adamianic arsebobda didi struqturuli cvlilebebis gareSe, magram maT Tavs moaxvies azr, rom cxovelTa saxeobebi sulac ar aris RvTis qmnileba, aramed isini erTmaneTisgan ganviTardnen evoluciis procesSi, xolo TviT adamiani maimunisgan warmoiSva. ideam imdenad myarad da Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, rom dRemde sqeltaniani enciklopediebis furclebidan Wkviani TvalebiT Semogvcqerian Cveni “bebiebi da babuebi”- adamian-maimunebi.adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCenen maTi neStebis mimarT.

&56. namarxi neStebi. sensacia da realoba.

43

me-19 saukunis dasasruls didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT

gamotovebuli rgolis (“missing ling)- maimunsa da adamians Soris

gardamavali formebis mosaZieblad.

piTekantropi (iavaneli adamiani). axali jipoTeziT

STagonebulma holandielma eqim-anatomma eJen

diubuammiatova insisusis kaTedra, keTilmowyobili cxovreba da

gaemgzavra kunZul ivaze maimunis msgavsi winapris neStebis

saZebnelad. 1891 wels man aRmoaCinacxovelTa gaqvavebuli

neStebis mTeli sabado, maT Soris adamianis barZayis Zvali da

Tavis qalas saxuravi, romelic aSkarad maimunisas hgavda.

aRtacebulma diubuam iCqara sazogadoebisTvis exarebina

“winapris”- didi zomis adamianis msgavsi maimunis armoCenis

faqti.diubuas sulac ar awuxebda is faqti, rom barZayis Zvali da

Tavis qala erTmaneTisgan 15 metris daSorebiT ipovna.

Zvlebis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom am adamians Zvlebis

Zalian rTuli daavadeba hqonda, Tanac Sors wasuli forma. igi

saWiroebda movla-patronobas da siberis asaks kulturuli

sazogadoebis pirobebSi Tu miaRwevda,xolo velur pirobebSi aseTi

avadmyofobiT vercerTi adamiani ver icxovrebda.

ix. naxati gv. 248. “piTekantropi” e.diubua

1895 wels mier napovn qalas saxuravs ikvlevda SedarebiTi da

paTologiuri anatomiis udaod did avtoriteti r.virxovi. man miuTiTa

qalas Zvlebis nakerTa siRrmeebsa da ganacxada, rom es iyo

cxovelis Tavis qala, savaraudod, giganturi gibonisa, xolo

barZayos Zvals am Tavis qalasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda.

virxovna am Temaze debatebSi monawileobaze saerTod uari

ganacxada., magram cnoba saocari napovnis Sesaxeb, rogorc

evoluciuri Teoriis damamtkicebeli faqtisa, swrafad moedo mTel

msoflios da wignebis furclebze aRmoCnda.

mxolod 1920 wels gamoaSkaravda, rom maSin e.w.

44

piTekantropTan erTad diubuam ipova kidev ori adamianis Tavis

qala da adamianis barZayis Zvlebi. mTel msoflioSi cnobilma

“piTekantropis aRmomCenma” sazogadoeba SecdomaSi

Seiyvana:mas rom yvela es Zvlebi erTdroulad waredgina, TavSi

azrad aravis mouvidoda adamianis barZayis Zvlebsa da

maimunis Tavis qalas Soris kavSirebis Zebna.

napovn ramdenime maimunis Tavis qalasaseve piTekantropis

neStebs uwodebdnen. Semdgomma detalurma kvlevebma

aCvenes, rom es gibonis

Tavis qalebi iyo. mkvlevarebma kidev erTi gansakurebuloba

SeniSnes:

am Tavis qalebis bazaluri nawili ise iyo mocilebuli, rogorc amas

adamiani akeTebs, raTa cxovelis tvini sakvebad gamoiyenos.

aSkaraa, rom am gibonebze adamianebi nadirobdnen, rogorc

sakvebze.

sikvdilamde cota xniT adre eJen diubuam aRiara, rom napovni

Tavis qala maRtlac didi gibonis unda yofiliyo da ara adamianis,

magram... sensacia ukve Sesdga.

eoanTropi (piltdauneli adamiani). 1912 wels did

britaneTSi, piltdaunis dasxlebis Soriaxlos arqeologma dausonma

aRmoaCina adamianis gaqvavebuli yba da Tavis qala iseTive,

rogorc Tanamedrove orangutanis, magram kbilebi ufro brtyeli

zedapiris hqonda iseTive, rogorc adamians. Zneli gasagebi iyo,

es yba da Tavis qala erT arsebas ekuTvnoda Tu ara, Tumca

feriTa da faqturiT isini ertmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen. geologiuri

sazogadoebis sxdomaze napovn masalas “dousonis eoanTropi”

uwodes da sazogadoebam kidev erTi sensacia miiRo.neSti metad

didi mzrunvelobiT gadamales britaneTis muzeumis sacavSi da

mravali wlis manZilze igi aRaravis unaxavs, mkvlevarebs

aZlevdnen mxolod da mxolod TabaSiris aslebs, romlebzec

aseulobiT monografiebi iwerebioda, Tu rogor mimdinareobda

45

maimunis gaadamianebis procesi, ratom ganviTarda jer tvini da

mere yvelaferi sxva danarCeni. am masalaze ramdenime aseuli

disertacia iqna daculi.

mxolod 1953 wels Zvlebi amoitanes sacavidan da Cautares

qimiuri analizi. Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. es

iyo namdvili Soki. eoanTropi nayalbebi aRmoCnda!Tavis qala

namdvilad Zveli iyo, xolo yba-TiTqmis Tanamedrove, bolomde

gaqvavebulic ar iyo da orangutans ekuTvnoda. is SeRebili iyo

specialuri qimiuri saRebaviT , romelic radioaqtiuri aRmoCnda, es

ki mis arabritanul warmoSobas aaSkaravebda. maimunis kbilebi

rom adamianis kbilebisTvis miemsgavsebinaT, is ubralod

gaqlibes. dRemde ver gaurkveviaT, ra iyo es- gaazrebuli tyuli Tu

gaWianurebuli xumroba.

ix. naxati gv. 249.

hesperopiTeki (mebraseli adamiani). 1922 wels

nakadulis kalapotis danaleqebSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines

gaqvavebuli kbili. kbilis forma iseTi iyo, rom ver miakuTvnebdnen

verc maimuns da verc adamians. mecnierebma daskvnebi

naCqarevad gamoitanes, rom es iyo maimun-adamianis kbili.

napovnis Sesaxeb cnoba dauyovnebliv gamoaqveynes sam

mniSvnelovan samecnieri JurnalSi da iqve dabeWdes aRdgenili

(mxolod erTi kbiliT) winapris ferweruli gamosaxuleba. xuTi wlis

Semdeg ipovnes aseTive kbilebis mqone arsebis mTliani ConCxi.

es iyo gareuli Rori, romlis mogvareebi axlac cxovroben

paragvaiSi. “Rorulma warmoSobam” ratomRac sulac ar SeuSala

hesperopiTeks samecniero wignebis furclebze Cveni winaprebis

rangSi moxvedriliyo. marTalia, britaneTis enciklopediis me-14

gamocemaSi mas aRar moisxenieben rogorc maimunis msgavs

adamians. metad mokrZalebulad xsnian, rom pesperopiTeki

46

“sxva rigis” arseba aRmoCnda.

evolucionistebi anTropogenezis procesSi gamohyofen oTx

stadias:

1. xeze mcxovrebi maimunebi- driopiTekebi:ramapiTeki da

avstralopiTeki.

2. uZvelesi adamianebi- arqanTropebi:gamarTuli adamiani,

sinanTropi, heidekbergeli adamiani.maT Soris kvlav ixsenieben

piTekanT

3. Zveli adamianebi- neandertalelebirops.

4. pirveli Tanamedrove adamianebi- kromanionebi.

Semdeg paragrafebSi ganvixilavT am navaraudevi

ganviTarebis stadiebs da SevecdebiT avxsnaT, ramdenad

damajereblad amtkiceben isini adamianis evolucias.

& 57. driopiTeki.

ramapiTeki. 1934 wels delis maxloblad aRmoaCines ori

aTeuli kbili da ybis ramdenime namtvrevi. am masaliT

“aRadgines” adamianis msgavsi mokakvuli, mouxeSavi arseba-

ramapiTeki. maimunis yba advilad Seicnoba misi eSvebis

wyalobiT, magram Sua nawili, razec eSvebia ganlagebuli,

mocemul fragmentul masalaSiar iyo da saerTod, ybisd Zvlis am

natexiT SesaZloa rogorc adamianis, aseve maimunis ybis

aRdgena. airCies raRac Sualeduri- maimun-adamianis.

ix. naxati gv. 250.

me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aRmoaCines ramapiTekis ufro

sruli yba, romelic faqtiurad ar gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove

orangutanis ybisgan, magram es ukve aravis ainteresebda.

sazogadoeba SeeCvia Tavis axal “winapars”- ramapiTeks.

47

avstralopiTeki (samxreTeli maimuni).”Sualeduri

adamianebis” didi raodenobiT namarxebi aRmoaCines afrikaSi,

xolo Semdeg sxva adgilebSic.am monapovars Tavidan did

mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen, magram 1950-ian wlebSi, roca

naTeli gaxda, rom uwin napovni “winaprebi” ver amarTlebdnen

evolucionistTa imedebs, avstralopiTekebis mimarT interesi

gaizarda.

1974 wels eTiopiaSi joxansonis eqspediciam aRmoaCina

avstralopiTekis SedarebiT sruli ConCxi, romelsac “lusi”

uwodes.Semonaxuli iyo Zvlebis 40%. ConCxs gaaCnda erTaderTi

aramaimunisTvis damaxasiatebeli niSani- is SesaZloa CaTbliliyo

gamarTul mosiaruled. misi muxlis saxsari adamianis saxsris

msgavsad ewyoboda, anu gaSlis farTo kuTxiT. sxva yvela

danarCeni niSniT es Zvlebi zustad emTxveoda juja Simpanzes

ConCxs, maT Soris kbilebis sistemac.

muxlis saxsari aRmoaCines sxva SreSi, ConCxis povnis

adgilidan aTeuli metriT ufro dabla, es ki miRebuli skaliT niSnavs,

rom muxlis saxsari sul cota naxevari milioni wliT adre arsebul

organizms ekuTvnoda.

johansonis kvlevis angariSSi naTqvami iyo, rom muxlis saxsari

am ConCxs ar ekuTvnoda, magram es swrafad daiviwyes da

“lusis” yvela gamoqveynebul ???

avstralopiTeki (samxreTeli maimuni).”Sualeduri adamianebis” didi raodenobiT namarxebi aRmoaCines afrikaSi, xolo Semdeg sxva adgilebSic.am monapovars Tavidan did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen, magram 1950-ian wlebSi, roca naTeli gaxda, rom uwin napovni “winaprebi” ver amarTlebdnen evolucionistTa imedebs, avstralopiTekebis mimarT interesi gaizarda. 1974 wels eTiopiaSi joxansonis eqspediciam aRmoaCina avstralopiTekis SedarebiT sruli ConCxi, romelsac “lusi” uwodes. Semonaxuli iyo Zvlebis 40%. ConCxs gaaCnda erTaderTi aramaimunisTvis damaxasiatebeli niSani- is SesaZloa CaTbliliyo

48

gamarTul mosiaruled. misi muxlis saxsari adamianis saxsris msgavsad ewyoboda, anu gaSlis farTo kuTxiT. sxva yvela danarCeni niSniT es Zvlebi zustad emTxveoda juja Simpanzes ConCxs, maT Soris kbilebis sistemac. muxlis saxsari aRmoaCines sxva SreSi, ConCxis povnis adgilidan aTeuli metriT ufro dabla, es ki miRebuli skaliT niSnavs, rom muxlis saxsari sul cota naxevari milioni wliT adre arsebul organizms ekuTvnoda. johansonis kvlevis angariSSi naTqvami iyo, rom muxlis saxsari am ConCxs ar ekuTvnoda, magram ratomRac es swrafad daiviwyes da “lusis” yvela gamoqveynebul gamosaxulebas muxlis saxsaric uxatia. gamokvlevebma aCvenes muxli Tundac rom “lusis” ekuTvnodes, misi agebuleba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba adamianis muxlisgan. aseTi saxsari msgavsi moxris kuTxiT orangutanebs, romlebis SesaniSnavad daZvrebian xeebze. ix, naxati gv. 256.

mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom “lusi” ar iyo gamarTulad mosiarule. amaze mravali anatomiuri niSani metyvelebs:maimunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli proporciebi da terfis TiTebi miuTiTebem maimunisTvis damaxasiaTebel cxovrebis nirze, drois did nawils is xeebze atarebda. olduvais xeobaSo, voiqtorias tbis maxlobla ipovnes astralopiTekis Tavis qalaze ufro masiuri qala. am neSts boisis zirjanTropi uwodes. qalas aklda Sua nawili, ris gamoc misi moculobis gansazRvra SeuZlebeli iyo. anTropologebis me-7 saerTaSoriso kongresze es Tavis qala maimunis tipiur qalad scnes, xolo TviT zirjanTropi- avstralopiTekad. zirjanTropis povnis adgilTan axlos patara maimunis msgavsi cxovelebis ConCxebi. am “winaprebs” Homo habilis (moxerxebuli adamiani) uwodes, radganac am ConCxebis adgilas ipovnes ostaturad damzadebuli sanadiro daniSnulebis iaraRi bolo-mrgvali qvis burTebi, romlebic warsulSi TokebiT ebmebodnen erTmaneTs. nadirobisas adamianebi aseT konstruqciebs cxovelebs fexebSi esvrodnen. cxovels Tokebi fexebSi eblandeboda. adamianTa veluri tomebi dResac warmatebiT iyeneben am iaraRs- bolos. oRondac es napovni bolo ekuTvnoda neandertalels, romlis Tavis qala iqve aRmoaCines, magram amis Sesaxeb Tavis droze ar ganacxades. habilisebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi avstralopiTekebidan gardamaval rgolad iTvlebodnen. ufro dawvrilebiTi kvlevis semdeg mecnierebma isini maimun-avstralopiTekebad scnes. es daskvnebi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg ganmtkicda, roca “lusis” neSti olduvaiSi aRmoCenil Homo habilis-is e.w. homonid 62-is ConCxs Seadares. es arseba “lusisTan” SedarebiT 2 milioni wliT

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gvian cxovrobda da es mniSvnelovnad axlos unda mdgariyo adamianTan, magram es sulac ar aris ase. homonis 62-s Zalian patara moculobis tvini, grZeli da Zlieri xelebi (muxlebs qvemoT) xeebze cocvas Seguebuli fexebi gaaCnda. simaRliTac sakmaod dablebi iyvnen. am monapovarma masalebma kidev erTxel daadastures, rom avstralopiTeki da Homo habilis-i ar SeiZleba Sualedur statiad CaiTvalos maimunsa da adamians Soris. igive daskvnamde mividnen mecnierebi, rodesac Seiswavles avstralopiTekis neStebi da Seadares isini adamianisa da Tanamedrove maimunebis ConCxebs. dadginda, rom avstralopiTekebi ar idgnen adamianTan axlos, maT gaaCndaT patara, maimunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tvini da ar dadiodnen gamarTulebi or fexze. es ukanaskneli faqti Tavis qalas kompiuteruli skanirebis meTodiTac damtkicda. adamianis Siga yuri vestibulaciis natifi meqanizmia. es aris rTuli siTxiT amovsebuli labirinTi, igi saSualebas aZlevs adamians Tavisuflad gadaadgildes or fexze. vstralopiTeks Siga yuri iseve martivad aqvs mowyobili, rogorc Tanamedrove maimunebs. Sesabamisad gadaadgilebac maT mxolod maimunebis msgavsad SeeZloT. zogierTi niSnebiT avstralopiTekebi hgvanan aziur maimunebs, xolo sxva gansakuTrebulobebiT ki uaxlovdebian afrikul did maimunebs. avstralopiTekebi ukve aRar iTvlebian evoluciis progreul safexurad, radgan isini namdvilad ar dadiodnen or fexze. isini araTu adamianis pirdapir naTesavebad da winaprebad, aramed afrikul maimunebTan SedarebiTac ki ar dganan ufro axlos adamianTan. saxeoba Homo habilis (aseve Homo rudolfensis) SecdomiT arian gamoyofilebi da is neStebi, romelsac maT miaweren, sinamdvileSi avstralopiTekebs ekuTvnis.

&58. uZvelesi adamianebi

sinanTropi (pekineli adamiani). 1929 wels pekinTan axlos gamoqvabulSi arqeologebma ipovnes cxovelTa didi raodenobis ConCxebi da maimunis tipis damsxvreuli Tavis qalebi. aRmoaCines Sromis iaraRebi da sanadiro boloebi (qvis burTebi). mkvlevari a.brei miuTiTebs adamianTa did masStabur saqmianobaze:didi raodenobis damuSavebul irmis rqebze da qvis iaraRebze. qvebis dasamusaveblad adamianebi specialur Rumelebsac ki iyenebdnen. amaze miuTiTebs nacris Svidmetriani fena. savsebiT cxadia, rom pekinis gamoqvabulSi cxovrobda da saqmianobda ganviTarebuli adamiani. adamianebis ConCxebi mezobel gamoqvabulSi aRmoaCines, romelic SesaZloa maTi sacxovrebeli iyo, xolo gamoqvabuli cxovelTa da maT Soris maimunTa ConCxebiT, albaT, saxelosno an samzareulo.

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maimunTa xorci ugemuria, xolo tvini yovelTvis delikasetad iTvleboda. ai ratom aRmoCnda am gamoqvabulSi sxva cxovelebis mTliani ConCxebi, xolo maimun-“sinanTropebis” mxolod damtvreuli Tavis qalebi. monadireebi gamoqvabulSi ar moaTrevdnen maimunebis usargeblo sxeulebs, aramed mxolod Tavebi mohqondaT. pekinis gamoqvabulis gaTxrebis procesi metad CaxlarTuli da xangrZlivi iyo. napovnis Sesaxeb xmamaRla winaswarmetvelebdnen, magram ramdenad marTldeboda maTi winaswarmetyveleba, aSkarad ar acxadebdnen. a.breis angariSzec ucnobi mizezebis gamo sdumdnen. SinanTropi maimuni aRmoCnda, romlebzec adamianebi nadirobdnen, magram ratomRac isic damkvidrda adamianebis winaprebis rigSi.heidelbergeli adamiani. 1907 wels germaniaSi aRmoaCines adamianis masiuri yba, Cveulebrivi kbilebiT. heidelbergeli adamianis ybis garda arafewri ar upovniaT, magram raRac amoucnobi mizezebiT isic Cvens maimunis msgavs winaparTa rigSi Caricxes. ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierebi heidelbergel adamians miakuTvneben pirvelyofil adamianebs-neandertalelebs, anu Homo erectus-s.Homo erectus(gamarTuli adamiani). zogjer maTgan gamohyofen saxeobas Homo ergaster, romelsac miakuTvneben pirvelyofili adamianebis mravlad napovn neStebs. maT adre uwodebdnen piTekantrops, sinanTrops d a.S. Homo erectus-is qalas rentgenulma analizma aCvena misi naxevarwriuli Rarebi iseTive iyo, rogoric Tanamedrove adamianebis. ese igi, Homo erectus-i SesaniSnavad dadioda or fexze. erT-erTi yvelaze uZveles Homo erectus-s (KNM-WT 15000) hqonda tipiuri adamianis ConCxi, menjisa da gulmkerdis yafazis striqturis caTvliT. misi xseuli mSvenivrad iyo Seguebuli vertikalur gadaadgilebas- siarulsa da sirbils. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom Homo erectus-i srulyofili adamiania. SesaZloa am saxeobaSi moazreba gadaSenebuli tomi, romelsac ConCxis gansakuTrebuli agebuleba gaaCndaT. anTropologTa azriT, didi zomis kbilebi, warbzedarkalebi da aseve didi saxe Seesabameba uxeSi sakvebiT kvebas d ara maimunisgan mis warmoSobas. Homo erectus-is tvinis moculoba 800-1200 sm- ia, anu cotaTi naklebi Cveni tvinis moculobaze (1500 sm ), magram orjer meti maimunis tvinis moculobaze. evropel xalxTa did umravlesobaSi SeiniSneba mocemul sidididan 400 sm-iT gadaxra orive mimarTulebiT. sakmaod didi raodenobiT normaluri ganviTarebis mqone adamianebs aReniSnebaT tvinis moculoba mxolod 700-800 sm . Homo erectus-is Sualedur mdgomareobas arc gaqvavebulobis qronolia adasturebs. napovni Homo erectus-is neStebi, avstralopiTekebis, Homo Habilis da Homo sapiensis-is neStebTan

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erTad erT dros miekuTvneba, e.i. yvela es saxeobebi erTmaneTis Tanamedroveni yofilan. mecnierTaTvis es Sedegebi sruliad moulodneli iyo, radgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom Homo Habilis, H.ergaster da H. erectus evoluciur Tanmimdevrobebs warmoadgendnen. ix. naxati gv. 254.

Homo erectus-is Sromis iaraRebi (aSelis kultura) saocrad gansxvavdeba im qvebisgan, romlebsac Zveli maimunebi iyenebdnen (olduvais kultura). olduvais “instrumentis” dasamzadeblad gansakuTrebuli Cvevebi ar iyo saWiro. sakmarisia mdinaris kenWisgapoba. aSelis iaraRis damzadeba ki moiTxovda codnas, rTul azrovnebas, gamocdilerbis dagrovebas da STamomavlobisTvis mios gadacemas. olduvais da aSelis kulrurisTvios damaxasiaTebel iaraRebs Soria ar arsebobs Sualeduri, SeniSneba mkveTri Tvisobrivi naxtomi. erTis mxriv cxovelis mier mdinaris naoirebTan SemTxveviT gapobili kenWi, meores mxriv seriozuli ostatoba, romlis gameoreba Tanamedrove adamians kidec gauWirdes. aranairi evolucia olduvaidan aSelamde ar SeiniSneba, Sesabamisad ar arsebobda arc Sualeduri arsebebi. pirveli adamianebis mier Seqmnilma aSelis materialurma kulturam mecnierebi gaaoca sakulto iaraRebis arsebobiT, romlebic aSkarad mowmoben am pirveli gonieri adamianebis tipiur adamianur azrovnebis formaze. naxati gv. 255.

&59. Zveli adamianebi

neandertaleli adamiani (Homo neandertalel). is iTvleba Homo erectus-is Stamomavlad. Cnobila 80-mde karga dSenaxuli neandertaleli adamianis neSti. is, rom neardertaleli “aSkarad hgavs” adamians, faqtia da ar aris kamaTis sagani. magram is SeiZleba cavTvaloT adamianandel arsebad, naklebad hgavs igi adamians? misi tvinis moculoba ramdenadme metic kia (saSualod 1650 sm ). ekologiuri Teoriis poziciebidan saerTod gaugebaria, rogor moxda, rom tvinis moculoba jer gaizarda neandertalels tvinis moculobamde, xolo Se,mdeg Semcirda Tanamedrove adamianis tvinis moculobamde. kbilebisa da ybebis detalurma Seswavlam aCvena sruli Seusabamoba da erTi da igiveoba neandertalelisa da Tanamedrove adamians Soris. neandertalels hqonda mokle, viwro Tavis qala, didi zomis yvrimalebi da cxviri. amerikulma

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anTropologiurma asocoaciam aRiara, rom isini maimunebs daaxloebiT iseve hgavdnen, rogorc Tanamedrove danieli an norvegieli SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT maimuns. neStebidan gamohyofen ramdenime ConCxs, romlebsac neandertalelebisTvis tipiurs uwodeben. kvlevebma aCvenes, rom am Zvlebis Tavisebureba gamowveuli iyo am adamianebis daavadebiT. ase magaliTad, erT-erTi ramdenadme "aSkara namarxi neandertalelisa” itanjeboda arTritis mZime formiT, meore avadmyofobda bavSvobaSi raqitiT, xolo sibereSi arTratiT, amave dros Tavis qalaSi Zlieri tramvebi hqonda miRebuli. ase Tu ise, saSualod am adamianebis ConCxebi ar scildebian saerTod miRebul normebs. anTropologebi miuTiTeben, rom Tanamedrove adamianebs xandazmulobis asakSi xSirad unviTardebaT “neandertaluri” niSnebi- mZime morkaluli rkalebi qalas wagrZelebuli ybis kamara da sxv. SemCneulia, rom sxvadasxva xalxebsa da tomebSi sakvebis momzadebis teqnologiebis daxvewam gamoiwvia sxvadasxva formebis, warbzeda rkalebisa da kbilebis “civilizebul” zomebamde miaxloveba. AnTropologebi dTvlian, rom saxis uxeSi nakvTebi ar miuTiTeben neandertalelebis maimunebTan msgavsebaze. Zveli dedamiwa nakleba ddasaxlebuli iyo da adamianta sxvadasxva tomebi erTmaneTisgan da saerTod, danarCeni kacobriobisgan gamocalkevebulad cxovrobdnen. mecnierTa azriT, neandertalelebi adamianTa gamocalkevebuli rasaa, romelTa organizmsac qronikulad aklda vitamini d. SesaZloa, es iyo Sedegi im mkacri klimatisa, romelSic uwevdaT neandertalelebs cxovreba. evropis saSualo wliuri temperatura gamyinvarebis periodSi 5 gradusiT dabalidabali unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove temperaturasTan SedarebiT. isini cxovrobdnen gamoqvabulebSi da xSirad itanjebodnen raqitiT da arTsitiT, rac maTi ConCxis damaxasiaTebel cvlilebebs iwvevda. is faqti, rom aseTi avadmyofi adamianebi, miT ufro bavSvebi cxovrobdnen, uZlebdnen autanel pirobebs, aSkarad miuTiTebs maTSi ganviTarebul zneobrivi movaleobis grZobaze da maT socialur organizebaze.

ix. naxati gv. 256. adamianis namarxi neStebis geografia.

pirveyofili adamanebis ganviTarebis done. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad napovni qvis xanis iaraRebi gvakvirvebs damzadebis ostatobiTa da gawafulobiT. Tundac Cveulebrivi qvis najaxi an dana erTi SexedviTaa ubralo. mecnierebi aRniSnaven masalis aRcevi ssizustes, formis da funqciis saocar erTobliobas. ostatobis saocari gamovlineba SeiniSneba ara marto gvian paleoliTSi, aramed adreulSic. dafaruli

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mikroskopiuli gamokvlevebi Cautarda xaris neknebs, romlebzec amoWrili iyo sxvadasxva simboloebi. es da kidev sxva mravali arqeologiuri masala cxadad adasturebs, neandertalelebis sakmaod maRal inteleqtualur dones. erT-erT neandertalelTa dasaxlebaSi napovnia fleita, romelic damzadebulia daTvis wvivisagan. is ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove fleitisagan (tonaloba si-bemoli). m adamianebSi aRmoCenili religiuri azrovnebis formebi da sakulto daniSnulebis iaraRebi, aSkarad gamohyofs neandertalelebs cxovelTa samyarodan. ueandertalelebi ueWvelia, rom namdvilad ganviTarebulni iyvnen, magram arc isini arian Cveni uSualo winaprebi. mecnierebi sul ufro xSirad amboben, rom neandertalelebi da kidev ufro ganviTarebuli kromanionelebi, romlebsac Homo sapiers-s miakuTvneben, arsebobdnen erTdroulad. neandertalelebis Canasaxis dnm-s analizma aCvena, rom nukleotilebSi sxvaoba didad ar scildeba Tundac Tanamedrove adamianTa rasebSi arsebul gansaxlebas, magram Tanamedrove kacobrioba ufro axlo dgas kromanionelebTan, vidre neandertalelebTan, albaT, isini warmoadgenen Cvens uSualo winaprebs. sul ufro meti mecnieri midis im daskvnamde, rom pirvelyofili adamianebi iyvnen savsebiT Homo sapiers (gonieri adamianebi) da maimunisgan iseve gansxvavdebodnen, rogorc Cven, Tanamedrove adamianebi, xolo maTi cxovrebis primitiuli xasiaTi gamowveuli iyo materialur-teqnikuri bazis uqonlobiT. TviToelu Cvengani Zveli planetis im pirobebSi namvilad ver iqneboda ufro “Tanamedrove”. axalma arqeologiurma aRmoCenam aSkarad aCvena. rom ar aris marTebuli adamianis Sinagani ganviTareba mis Sromis iaraRebis gansazRvriT. 1992 w. alpebSi yinulebis Zlieri dnobis Semdeg ipoves araCveulebrivad Senaxuli adamianis gvami. mas CanTaSi aRmoaCnda kaJis qvisgan damzadebulimiaraRebi, Zvlis sadgisi, abedis nagleji cecxlis gasaCaReblad. Welz eertya spilenZis najaxi xis tariT, romlis formac zustad miesadageba CrdiloeT italiaSi napovn eqsponats, romelic Cvens eramde 2700 wliT TariRdeba. am adamianis aRWurvilobidan rom mxolod romelime erTi Semonaxuliyo, maSin am gaxmaurebuli monapovars an Suasaukuneebs miakuTvnebdnen, an spilenZis xanas, neoliTs da mezoliTs da, SesaZloa, paleoliTsac ki. am adamianis garegnuli niSnebi, Sesamoseli da aRWurviloba savsebiT iZleva amis saSualebas. mravalwl;iani diskusiebis Semdeg, mecnierebi fiqroben, rom tiroleli adamiani Suasaukuneebs miakuTvnon. am aRmoCenam aSkarad aCvena, rom instrumentTa primitiuloba sulac ar aris adamianis ganuviTareblobis maCvenebeli, aramed damokidebulia konkretul teqnikur SesaZleblobebTan. materialuri xelmokleoba da cxovrebis mkacri pirobebi

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mSvidobianad gadalaxes Zvelma adamianebma. neoliTis xanis (axali qvis xana) mkvlevarebi miuTiTebem Semdeg gasaocar faqtze:aRmoCenilia ramdenime namarxi Concxi, romlebsac aReniSnebaT warmatebiT Catarebuli qala-tvinis qirurgiuli operaciebis kvali. Tanac es adamianebi operaciis Semdeg mSvidobianad cxovrobdnen mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tanamedrove medicinis pirobebSiac, xSirad ver aRweven sasurvel Sedegebs neiroqirurgebi. WarmoidgineT, rogori ostatoba unda hqonoda eqims, romelic qvis (obsidianis) instrumentebiT atarebda Tavis qalas trepanacias. “Yqromosomuli adami” da “mitoqonriuli eva. Adamianis warmoSobis sakiTxs anTropologiuris da arqeologiis garda mecnierebis sxva dargebic swavloben da kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebs iyeneben. magaliTad, genetikosebma daamtkices, rom dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilebSi ori Tanamedrove adamianis genomi gacilebiT naklebad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, vidre afrikis dasavleTiT erT tyeSi mcxovrebi ori gorilas genomi. aseve Catarda planetis sxvadasxva wertilebSi mcxovreb mamakacTa Yqromosobis kvleva. misma Sedegebma aCvenes, rom SesaZlebelia yvela tanamedrove adamians hyavda erTi saerTo winapari mamakacTa xazidan. mitoqondriis dnm-s Seswavlisas ki aRmoCnda rom Cven yvelani SesaZlebelia erTi qalisgan warmoviSviT, Tumca genetikosebi ver pasuxoben kiTxvas, cxovrobdnen Tu ara maT mier “aRmoCenili” winaprebi erTdroulad. mecnierebma Cvens am winaprebs adami da eva daarqves. yuradReba siqcevs maTi arsebobis savaraudo xandazmuloba- 150-180 aTasi weli. oRondac, es dro gamoTvlilia mutaciebis dagrovebis siCqaris mixedviT, rasac Tavad mecnieri-genetikosebi sarwmunod ar miiCneven.. mravali faqtis eqstrapolacia (garemos mutangenuroba, organizmis Sinagani mdgomareoba, generaciaTa cvlis sixSire, saSualo asaki, romelSic Stamomavloba Cndeba da a.S.) aseTi didi drois SualedSi SesaZlebelia iyos metad miaxloebiTi da mravaljeradi Secdomebi gardauvalia. aucilebelia agreTve mxedvelobaSi iqnas miRebuli, rom mutaciebis siswrafis gamoTvlebs safuZvlad udevs Simpanzesa da adamianis gemotipebis Sedareba, rac eyrdnoba dausabuTebel varauds 5-7 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi maimunis gaadamianebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove evolucionistebi anTropogenebis mamoZravebel Zalas miakuTvneben erTdroulad faqtorTa or jgufs:pirvel jgufs Seadgens socialuri faqtorebi (sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesi, saerTo Sroma da nadiroba, zrunva STamomavlobaze, zrunva avadmyofebsa da xandazmulebze), meore jgufs- arsebobisTvis brZola da bunebrivi gadarCeva. es ori jgufi

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urTierTgamomricxavni arian, radganac axali formis warmoqmnisTvis wamyvani erT-erTi faqtori unda iyos. Tu mTavaria mxecuri Sidarxeibrivi brZola, maSin urTierTdaxmareba ar xorcieldeba da piriqiT. amasTanave, bunebrivi garCevis moqmedeba nivelirdeba sqesobrivi gadarCeviT. evolucionistTa poziciis aseTi orWofoba mis ususurobaze miuTiTebs. Cven ganvixileT maimunisgan adamianis warmoSobis pipoTezis mxolod yvelaze martivi aspeqtebi. Tanamedrove mecnierebi, romlebic Zlier CauRrmavdnen da Caswvdnen adamianis umaRlesi nervuli moqmedebebis saidumloebebs, tvinis agebulebasa da funqciebs, maTTvis savsebiT aSkaraa cxovelis etapobrivad gaadamianebis ideis umarTebuloba. Tvinis institutis direqtoris akadenikos n.p. bexterevuis damokidebuleba evoluciisadmi savsebiT gansazRvrulia:”me rogorc evolucias ver vxedav, ise amis gareSe ar SemiZlia igi warmovidgino... aseTi saocrebis warmoSoba (adamianis tvini) SeuZlebelia Semoqmedis gareSe”. warsulis Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, praqtikulad arcerTi mecnieri aRar cdilobs ase ubralod amtkicos adamianis warmoSoba maimunebisgan, rogorc amas XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde akeTebdnen. aRiarebulia, rom adamianis warmoSobis istoria Zalian rTuli da da daxlarTulia. avtoritetuli anTropologi da evolucionisti r.levontini wers:”paleontologiis calkeuli amaRelvebeli da optimisturi mtkicebebis miuxedavad, aranairi hominidebis namarxi saxeobebi Cvens winaprebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos”. miwis wiaRSi gamaognebeli TanmimdevrobiTaa Semonaxuli sruliad gansxvavebuli arsebebis namarxebi, maT Sorisa Zalian Zvelebic. aRmoCenilia uamravi adamianis da maimuniis namarxi neStebi, magram gulmodgine Ziebis miuxedavad, ar aris maimunsa da adamians Soris Sualeduri arsebis arcerTi neSti. amitom savsebiT samarTlianad vaskvniT, rom maimunebi yovelTvis iyvnen maimunebi, xolo aamianebi- adamianebi. adamianis maimunisgan warmoSobis sakiTxSi evoluciur Teorias Tavis sasargeblod arc erTi sarwmuno mtkicebuleba ar gaaCnia. adamiani ar warmoSobila cxovelisgan. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom is dedamiwaze gaCnda uceb, TviT adamianuri saxiT. am aSkara CixSi myofi bevri arqeologi, anTropologi, biologi da sxva dargis mecnieri Caufiqrdnen adamianis warmoSobis saRvTismetyvelo ganmartebebs. avtoritetuli Tanamedrove arqeologi p.v.volkovi wers:”Cven sul ufro naTlad vxedavT adamianis aunikalurobas, Cven vpoulobT mis samyaroSi uecari aRmoCenebis sul ufro da ufro met mtkicebulebebs. sul ufro metad vrwmundebiT, rom Cveni Soreuli winaprebi CvenTan axlos dganan, Cveni msgavsni arian da rom Cveni istoriis dasawyisi TavisTavad SemTxvevis wyalobiT ar Seqmnila”.

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& 60. adamianTa rasebi.

ZiriTadi rasebi. rasebs (franguli race-jiSi, xarisxi, gvari) uwodeben adamianTa did jgufebs, romlebic gamoirCevian zogierTi morfologiur-fiziologiuri niSnebiT. magaliTad, saxis nakvTebi, kanis feri, Tvalebis forma da feri, Tmebi da a.S. rasebis warmoSobas, maT urTierTobebs, maT Tvisebebs Seiswavlis mecniereba rasaTmcodneoba.dedamiwaze sami ZiriTadi rasaa:evropiduli, mongoloiduri da negroiduli. evropoiduli rasis warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT swori an talRiseburi, xSirad Ria feris Tmebi da kani. mamakacebs intensiurad ezrdebaT wveri; evropeidebis saxe viwroa win wamoweuli ara farTo cxviriT, ybis nawili ar gamodis win. Tvalebis xazi horizontaluria, tuCebi Txeli. rasa Camoyalibda evropaSi, magram axla mTels materikzea gansaxlebuli. mongloidebs, Cveulebriv, gaaCniaT swori, uxeSi muqi Tmebi, ufro muqi feris kani moyviTalo elferiT, saxe garToa, gabrtyelebuli, sustad profilirebuli, yvrimalebi Zlier winaa wamoweuli, wveri mamakacebs naklebad ezrdebaT, vidre evropeidebs, damaxasiatebelia wvrili Tvalebi, zemoT aweuli gare kuTxiT. tuCebi saSualo sisqisaa. mongoloiduri rasa aziaSi Camoyalibda da ZiriTadad axlac iq cxovroben. negroidebi- Savkaniani adamianebi , wablisferi muqi TvalebiT da veuli Savi TmebiT. Wveri mamakaceb naklebad ezrdebaT, vidre evropeidebs. Subli viwro da dabalia, cxviri- farTo, tuCebi- sqeli, Tvalebi- farTod gaxelili. saxis ybis nawili winaa gamoweuli. negroidebi gavrcelebuli arian Zveli samyaros ,Tel ekvatorialur sartyelSi. am sam ZiriTad rasas aranairad ar miewera amerikeli indielebi da avstralieli aborigenebi. amerikel indielebs akuTvneben mongloidebis rasas, magram maT evropeiodul rasis msgavsad win wamoweuli arwiviseburi cxviri gaaCniaT da Tvalebis formac gansxvavdeba mongoloidurisagan. avstraliis aborgenebi, romlebsac negroidul rasas miakuTvneben, ar aqvT iseTi xveuli Tmebi, rogorc klasikur afrikul negroidebs gaaCniaT, aramed maTi Tmebi talRovania , xolo wveri iseTive intensivobiT ezrdebaT, rogorc es evropeidul rasas axasiaTebs. amitom zogjer gamoyofen ara sam, aramed xuT ZiriTad rasas. rasis SigniT SeiniSneba jgufebad dayofa. magaliTad, buriatebi gansxvavdebian vietnamelebisagan, Cinelebi- yirgizebisagan da a.S. anTriopologebi ansxvaveben ramdenime aTeul adamianta rasebs, romelTagan bevri kontaqtiur jgufebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze daaxloebiT 50

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milioni adamiani miekuTvneba gardamaval tips evropeidulsa da mongoloidurs Soris. rasaTa warmoSoba. genetikosebis, arqeologebis da anTropologebis monacemebiT, rasebi warmoiSvnen erT teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erTi jgufisagan. Wmida werilis mixedviT, adamianTa mTeli modgma STamomavlebi arian noes sami Svilisa- semis, qamis da iafetis. Semitebma Camoayalibes mcire aziis xalxebi, qamitebma daasaxles afrika da avstralia da warmoSves negroiduli rasa, iafetis Stamomavlebi ki wavidnen CrdiloeTSi, gaiyvnen orad. erTni dasavleTisken dasaxldnen da evropeidebs misces dasabami, xolo meoreni aRmosavleTiT wavidnen da Camoyalibdnen mongoloidur rasad. Tanamedrove rasebi Camoyalibdnen mWidro urTierTmoqmedebiT. bunebriv-klimatur pirobebTan kavSirSi da genofondSi SemTxveviTi cvlilebebis wyalobiT dedamiwaze gansaxlebul adamianebSi myardeboda rasobrivi niSnebi. ase magaliTad, mongoloidebis Tvalis cximovani kanis nakeci icavs Tvalis mtvriani qarebisagan da gaciebisagan civi subkontinentaluri zamTris pirobebSi. negroidebis sqeli xveuli Tma Tavze warmoqmnis Termoizolaciis fenas, xolo Savi kani icavs tropikuli mzisagan. gamokvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT, negroidebis kani 10-jer ufro metad gamZlea ultraiisferi gamosxivebis mimarT, xolo CrdiloeTis ganedSi kanis muqi feri xels uSlis organizmis antiraqituli D vitaminis gamomuSavebaSi. evropeidebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia Ria kani da Tvalebi, swori da Ria feris Tma- recesiuli niSan-Tvisebebia kanis muq ferian, muq Tvalebian da muq xveul TmebTan SedarebiT. aSkaraa, rom es niSan-Tvisebebi Camoyalibda evropis mcire ricxobrivi jgufebiT (1-1,5 aTasamde) dasaxlebis gamo. axlonaTesauri qorwinebebis Sedegad warmoiqmna da ganmtkicda recesiuli homizigotebi. es hipoTeza wamoayena n.i.vavilvma, romelmac aRmoaCina msgavsi niSnebi mTiani avRaneTis dasaxlebebSi.. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi mcirecxovnobiT gamowveuli genebis dreifi da Ria feris kaniT gadarCeva erTmaneTTan mWidrod urTierTqmedebda. S*ainteresoa, rom grenlandiis eskimosebi muqkanianebi arian aucilebel D vitamins maTi maTi organizmi Cveulebriv das yoveldRiuri sakvebidan- Tevzisa da selapis RviZlidan iReben. maTi fenotipis formirebisas gadarCeva kanis feriT aar xdeboda; magram eskomosebs sxva damaxasiaTebeli Semguebloba gaaCniaT- isini dablebi arian, gaCniaT sxeulis mkerdi mkvrivi aRnagobis da kanqveSa sqeli cximovani qsovili. adaptaciuri niSan-Tvisebebi xSirad rasisagan damoukidebladac warmoiqmneba. erTsicitebis ferments- fosfatazas- gaaCnia sami forma, romlebic sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebTan arian Seguebulni “normaluri”, “Tbili” da “civi”. “civi” fosfatazas

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makodirebeli genebis Sexvedris albaToba yvela xalxebSi yovel 20 C.g. izrdeba 10%-iT da maqsimums aRwevs CrdiloeTis ganedis xalxebSi- loparebSi, aleutebsa da eskimosebSi. gadarCevis garda rasebis formirebaSi genetikuri dreifis da izolaciaSi monawileobda gvaris fuZemdeblis efeqti. mxolod fuZemdeblis efeqtma ixsnas, magaliTad, afrikaSi pigmeebis- muqkaniani dabali (saSualod 141 sm) da nilotebis- Sreebis naklebad muqkaniani da maRali (182 sm) tomebis Tanaarseboba. Rasis iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa magaliTad TiTebis saxianoba (anabeWdi), an kbilebis wyoba, garemosTan mWidro kavSiri ar gaaCnia da formirebulia genTa dreifis sedegad. kacobrioba axlac icvleba. Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaze garemos gavleba SedarebiT Sesustebulia, magram samagierod gavrcelda aqseleraciis da gracializaciis procesebi. gracializacia xasiaTdeba ConCxis SefardebiT masiurobis SemcirebiT, rac aixsneba Zlieri fizikuri Sromis naklebi aucileblobiT. Tanamderove Cvil bavSvebSi aqseleraciis Sedegad sxeulis masis gaormageba erTi wliT adre SeiniSneba, vidre es asi wlis win xdeboda, xolo 14-16 wlis mozardebi 15-16 sm-iT maRlebi arian. es cvlilebebi yvela rasaSi SesamCnevia. rasizmi. es aris cru moZRvreba “maRal” da “dabal” rasebSi xalxTa istoriasa da kulturaze rasobrivi davlenis gansazRvruli gavlenis Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom dabali rasa araTu raime kulturul faseulobis Semqmneli SeiZleba iyos, aramed misi SeTvisebac ar SeuZlia da amitom is unda ganadgurdes. Rasizmis safuZvelSi devs araswori mtkiceba imisa, rom TiTqos rasebs erTmaneTTan aranairi naTesauri kavSirebi ar gaaCndeT. RasaTmcodne mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom raime arsebiTi gansxvaveba rasebs Soris ar arsebobs. rasebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadoba Seadgens mTlianis mxolod 4-6%-s, rac imas niSnavs, rom TeTrkaniani amerikeli, romelic fenotipiT SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba Savkanianisgan, qsovilebis SedgenilobiT SesaZloa ufro axlos idges mastan, vidre sxva Savkaniani amerikeli. xolo dedamiwaze, rom marto Savkaniani adamianebi darCnen, isini Seinaxavdnen planetis mTeli mosaxleobis genetikuri mravalferovnebis 95%-s. arsebiTi inteleqtualuri anomaliebi Savkanianebs ar gaacniaT. saqme imaSia, rom SavkanianebSi inteleqtualuri saqmianoba, SedarebiT musikasTan da sportTan, naklebi popularobiT sargeblobs. aq genetikuri naklovaneba ki ar iCens Tavs, aramed kulturisa da aRzrdis Tavisebureba. mravalsaukunovanma monobis periodma Taviseburi gavlena iqonia am rasis fsiqikasa da qcevebze da gaxda gadarCevis faqtori. marTalma noem, rogorc wmida werili gvauwyebs, mamis SeuracxyofisTvis dawyevla Tavisi Svili- qami- negridebis winapari

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da uwinaswarmetyvela mis STamomavlobas xangrZlivi monoba. maTi batonebi ki iafetis STamomavlebi- evropeoidebi iqnebodnen. es iyo RvTis samarTliani sasjeli. qami iseTive RviZli Svili iyo, rogorc iafeti. amerikis espaneli dampyroblebi, romlebmac mxecurad gaanadgures indielebi, rom TavianT saqciels imiT amarTlebdnen, TiTqos indielebi ar iyvnen adamiosa da evas STamomavlebi. sinamdvileSi amerikis pirveli mosaxleni- indielebi amerikaSi gacilebiT martivi gziT moxvdnen, vidre espaneli zRaosnebi; isini iq aliaskidan gadavidnen da gansaxldnen. faSistebma msoflio batonobis mizniT gaiTavises zogierTi anTropologisa da genetikosis mcdari rasistuli Sexedulebebi. eseni iyvnen e.fiSeri, f.lenci da sxv. maTi Sexedulebebi miuTiTebdnen ariuli rasis aRmatebulobasa da upiratesobaze. rasizmis propaganda mimdinareobda ara marto aSkarad, aramed faruladac, social-darvinizmis moZRvrebis saxiT. am cru-swavlebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi adamianTa ganviTareba mimdinareobs iseTive faqtorebiT, rogorc cxovelebSi. es faqtorebia arsebobisaTvis brZola da bunebrivi gadarCeva, romlis Sedegadac viTomcda xdeba ufro Rirebuli adamianebis gadarCeva da am Tanasworobis genetikurad gamyareba. es adamianebi hqmnian mdidarTa klass. adamianTa sazogadoebis cxovelTa samyarosTan mimsgavseba da materialuri mdgomareobiT mis ganviTarebulobaze msjeloba metad aRaribebs adamianis arss. unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamiani upirveles yovlisa, RvTis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnili sulieri arsebaa da misi mTavari ganviTareba xdeba sulieri srulyofilebis gzaze mis idumal Sinagan samyaroSi da momavali saukuno cxovrebis samzadisSi.

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saboloo varianti 6.V.2007.

60

Tavi 10.

evoluciis hipoTeza da samyaros Seqmna.

dabadebis wignis pirvel TavebSi naTqvamia, rom samyaro, dedamiwa da yvelaferi, rac maszea, Seqmnilia Semoqmedis mier samyaros Seqmnis eqvs dReSi. amas wmida mamebi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi amtkicebdnen (ix. danarTi). mecxramete saukuneSi sazogadoeba daSorda rwmenas, ris gamoc TandaTan gaZlierda evoluciuri Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi., cxovelebi, mcenareebi warmoiSvnen materiis istoriuli TviTganviTarebis procesSi, rasac evolucia uwodes. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, Tevzebi moluskebisgan ganviTardnen, amfifiebi_ Tevzebisgan, qvewarmavlebi_ amfibiebisgan, xolo frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi_ qvewarmavlebisgan. organizmebis hipoTezur cvlilebebs, romlebic iwveven makroevoluciur gadasvlebs, mecnierebma aromorfozebi uwodes (berZ. airo- vwev+ morphe forma), xolo mcire SeguebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebs_ idioadaptacia (berZ. idios Taviseburi+ laT.- adaptatio), individTa navaraudev istoriul TviTganviTarebas ki_filologenezi. aromorfozebs miakuTvnes xerxemlianebSi ybebis gaCena (ufro aqtiuri kveba), ConCxis Camoyalibeba kunTebis mimagrebisaTvis (organizmis meti moZraobisaTvis), venuri da arteriuli sisxlis mimoqcevis gayofa (sisxlis maqsimalurad gajereba JangbadiT da Tbilsisxlianoba), aseve layuCebis, filtvebis gaCena (sasunTqi funqciebi), gulis gaCena (sisxlis mimoqcevis funqcia). mcenareebSi did aromorfozad iTvleba fotosinTezis, farulTeslovnebSi yvavilisa da nayofis warmoSoba da sxv. varaudobdnen, rom frinvelTa klasis warmoSoba gamoiwvia mTelma rigma didma aromorfozebma, xolo am klasis mravalferovneba ganapiroba Semdgomma idioadaptaciebma. frinvelebSi aromorfozebad iTvleba Rrubliseburi filtvebis warmoSoba, gulis marjvena da marcxena parkuWebs Soris mTliani tixris warmoqmna, sisxlis mimoqcevis didi da mcire wris sruli gayofa da Tbilsisxlianoba. am TvisebebiT frinvelebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian qvewarmavlebisgan. frenasTan Seguebulobad-idioadaptaciad iTvleba wina kidurebis frTebad gadaqceva, bumbulis safarvelis da rqovani niskartis warmoqmna, ormagi sunTqva da sahaero parkebi, damoklebuli nawlavebi da Sardis

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buStis ar arseboba. Tanamedrove evoluciur TeoriaSi evoluciis msvlelobisas arCeven SeguebulobaTa hipoTezuri warmoSobis sam formas: 1) aromorfozebs, romlebic iwveven organizmebis organizaciis donis arsebiT amaRlebas, 2) idioadaptaciebs_ garemo pirobebTan organizmTa Seguebas biologiuri organizaciis donis principuli cvlilebebis gareSe, 3) degeneracias_romlis drosac adgili aqvs organizmebis garemosTan Seguebas organizaciuli donis mkveTri gamartivebis gziT. magaliTad, parazitul cxovrebis nirze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, varaudoben, rom Wia-parazitebs gauqraT grZnoobaTa organoebi, gaumartivdaT nervuli da saWmlis momnelebeli sistema. mcenare parazitebma dakarges fotosinTezis unari. Txunelas Tvalebis gaqrobac degeneraciis magaliTad iTvleba.

(naxati gv. 189.)

43. evoluciuri ideebis ganviTareba

cocxali arsebebi, dawyebuli erTujrediani cxovelidan damTavrebuli adamianiT, xasiaTdebian organizaciis gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT, organizmis nawilebis gasaocrad zusti urTierTqmedebiT, formaTa gansacvifrebeli mravalferovnebiT. rogor warmoiSva yovelive es? uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunemde zeimobda kreacionistuli koncefcia (laT. creatura-Seqmna: mTeli mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, TviT adamianic RvTis qmnilebaa da isini inarCuneben pirvelqmnil Tvisebebs. XVIII saukuneSi Camoyalibda transformistuli koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna Zalian martivi organizmebi. isini RvTis Canafiqris Sesabamisad ganviTardnen da Camoyalibdnen ufro rTul Tanamedrove formebad anu ganicades evolucia. tranformistuli Teoriis mxardamWerebi iyvnen i. kanti, m. de-mopertiui, r. huki, J. biufoni, erazm darvini (Carlz darvinis babua). zogierT evoluciur ideebs Zvel filosofosTa naSromebSic vxvdebiT. magaliTad, Talesi, anaqsimandre, epikure, lukreciusi. magram yvelaze ganvrcobili forma evoluciurma hopoTezam Jan-batist lamarkis SromebSi miiRo, romlebic XIX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda. lamarki varaudobda, rom sicocxle TviT Caisaxeba da Semdeg miemarTeba maRalorganizebuli formisken, es swrafva srulyofilebisken RvTisganaa Cadebuli. organizmTa im jgufebma, romlebic sxvebze adre warmoiSvnen, ukve miaRwies maRal organizebas, xolo ufro gvian warmoSobilebi, agebulebiiT da

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ganviTarebiT jer kidev martivni arian. lamarkma evoluciis mimdinareobis meqanizmic SemogvTavaza: ama Tu im organos gaZlierebuli varjiSi iwvevs am organos zomebSi zrdas da srulyofas, xolo uvarjiSoba_ gamartivebas da gaqrobas. lamarki varaudobda, rom Jirafis grZeli kiseri Camoyalibda mraval TaobaSi kisris varjiSisa da gaWimvis Sedegad, xolo Txunelas Tvalebis gaqroba gamoiwvia am organos uvarjiSobam. frinvelebs, romlebic mdinareebis Slamian napirebTan binadroben, grZeli fexebi aqvT, rom SlamSi ar Caeflon. lamarki Tvlida, rom individis mier SeZenili adaptaciuri Tvisebebi Taobidan Taobas memkvidrebiT gadaecemoda. lamarkis mcdari Sexedulebebi gamoaaSkarava genetikis ganviTarebam. Jan-batist lamarks ekuTvnis termini “biologia”. lamarkis mixedviT, bunebaSi Camoyalibebuli wesrigi “damyarebulia uzenaesi Semoqmedis mier, romelmac Seqmna yvela arseba”. lamarkis evoluciurma Teoriam farTo aRiareba ver hpova. XIX saukuneSi mas gauswro J. kiuves da misi mimdevrebis kreacionulma modelma. kiuvem gadaxeda biologiur klasifikacias da SemoiRo “tipis” da “ojaxis” kategoriebi. is swavlobda xerxemlianTa agebulebas da mixvda, rom yvela organo warmoadgens erTi mTliani sistemis nawils. ase rom Tu cxovels aqvs Cliqi, mTeli misi organizmi balaxismWamelis cxovrebis nirs Seesabameba:kbilebi da ybebi Seguebulia mcenareulobis ReWvas, kuWi mravalsakniania, xolo nawlavebi_ Zalian grZeli. Tu arsebas mxverplis dasaglejad mWreli kbilebi aqvs, maSin ybebic ise aqvs Camoyalibebuli, rom ukeT daiWiros da gaiCeros msxverpli, aqvs brWyalebi, moqnili xerxemali da mokle saWmlis momnelebeli traqti. sxeulis nawilebis aseT urTierTSesabamisobas kiuvem korelaciis principi uwoda. am principis xelmZRvanelobiT mecnierma warmatebiT aRwera mravali namarxi organizmi da Camoayaliba ori axali disciplina_ SedarebiTi anatomia da paleontologia. kiuve amtkicebda, rom yvela cocxali organizmi Seqmnilia RvTisgan da dedamiwaze isini srulyofili saxiT gamoCndnen. igi fiqrobda, rom geologiur-paleontologiuri danaleqebi katastrofebis Sedegia, romlebmac gamoiwvies organizmebis masiuri ganadgureba da maT namarx formebad gadaqceva. swored amitom danaleqi qanebi ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc cocxali samyaros evoluciuri ganviTarebis matiane. samwuxarod, kiuve mwir geologiur masalebs flobda da SecdomiT fiqrobda, rom katastrofebi, maT Soris msoflio warRvnac, dedamiwaze yovelgvar cocxals anadgurebda da yoveli katastrofis Semdeg sicocxle xelaxla iqmneboda. ufro gviani kreacionistebi, maT Soris Tanamedrovenic ganixilaven erT globalur katastrofas_ msoflio warRvnas. msoflio warRvnaSi gulisxmomen ara marto did wyaldidobas, aramed gacilebiT did masStabian da

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mravalwaxnagovan geologiur movlenebs, maT Soris dedamiwis qerqis gardaqmnas, qvanaxSirisa da navTobis sabadoebis Camoyalibebas, planetis klimatis cvlilebebs da amasTan kavSirSi cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaroSi momxdar did Zvrebs. kiuves erT-erTi mimdevari Jan lui agasisi_ Tevzebisa da kaneklianebis dargSi fundamenturi Sromis avtori, romelic agreTve aris paleontologiis, geologiis da warRvnis Sesaxeb bibliis gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT katastrofebis Teoriis SemmuSavebeli, lakoniurad gamoTqvams XIX saukunis mecnier-katastrofistebis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis arss:”mecniereba_ es aris RvTis azrebis, Canafiqris gadmoTargmna adamianur enaze”. evoluciuri ideebis formirebis mniSvnelovan etapad iqca Carlz darvinis Sromebi. mecnierma SeniSna, rom bevri organizmi warmodgenilia met-naklebad msgavsi saxeobebiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Seguebulia konkretul garemo pirobebs. darvins ekuTvnis moZRvreba adaptirebul niSan-TvisebaTa formirebaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis rolis Sesaxeb. darvinis azriT, gadarCevis masalas warmoadgens organizmebis aramimarTuli cvalebadoba. mcire cvlilebebi polulaciebSi dResac SeiniSneba. magram darvini Sors wavida. misi azriT, Cveni planetis yvela Tanamedrove binadari nel-nela, TandaTan TviT ganviTarda martivi organizmebidan, es hipoTeza arcerTi faqtiT ar dadasturda. misi farTo gavrceleba drois suliskveTebam moitana, romelic adamianis gonebis SesaZleblobes gazviadebulad uyurebda da yvela movlenis axsnas naturalisturi midgomebiT cdilobda. darvinma saxelganTqmuli kembrijis universitetis saRvTismetyveli fakulteti daamTavra. miuxedavad imisa, rom Semdgom misma azrebma “evolucia” ganicades, mecnieri sicocxlis warmoSobis upirveles mizezad RvTis SemoqmedebiT aqts Tvlida. is werda: ” imis aRiarebis SeuZlebloba, rom uzarmazari da saocari samyaro Cveni_gonieri arsebebis CaTvliT SemTxveviT warmoiSva, me mimaCnia RvTis arsebobis mTavar damamtkicebel sabuTad”. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cxadi gaxda, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis TeoriiT veranairad ver aixsneboda zesaxeobrivi taqsonebis formireba. genetikis monacemebi mkveTrad gaemijnen darviniseul TvisebaTa TandaTanobiT cvlilebebis meqanizms. mTeli rigi mecnierebi_ s. Cetverikovi, j. holdeini, j. heqsli, f. dobJanski, e. mairi, i. Smalhauzeni, a.n. da a.s severcovebi, l. tatarinovi da sxvebi cdilobdnen gadaelaxaT darvinis hipoTezis umweoba da Seqmnes egreT wodebuli evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria. es iyo mcdeloba, aegoT evoluciuri Teoria genetikis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mutaciur cvlilebebs da bunebriv gadarCevas polulaciur doneze ganixilavda. amavdroulad mecnierebaSi yalibdeboda sinTezuri Teoriis sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi. 1920-ian wlebSi akademikosi

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l.s. bergi marTebulad amtkicebda, rom SemTxveviT da aramimarTul xasiaTis cvlilebebs SeuZliaT mxolod da mxolod daarRvion organizmis gamarTuli muSaoba da arasdros ar srulyofen da ar daxvewen mas. XX saukunis meore naxevvarSi evoluciuri Teoria daiSala mraval urTierTsapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxav hipoTezebad, romlebic veranairad ver ayalibebdnen rTuli sistemis evoluciis ZiriTad meqanizms. axali mecnieruli monacemebi aCvenebdnen im hipoTezis umweobas, romelic iTvaliswinebda bunebrivi gadarCevis saSualebiT TiToeuli niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibebas. amis gamo 1968 wels molekulur biologiaSi moRvawe mecnierebma m. kimuram, t. juqsma da d. kingma SemogvTavazes evoluciis hipoTeza neitraluri mutaciebis safuZvelze. es mutaciebi ar eqvemdebareboda bunebrivi gadarCevis procesebs. am “neitralurma evoluciurma Teoriam” mZafri kritika gamoiwvia bunebrivi gadarCevis “SemoqmedebiTi rolis” (darviniseburad) momxre mecnierebis mxridan. 1972 wels ori cnobili paleontologi n. eldriji amerikis bunebismcodneobis istoriis muzeumidan da s. guldi harvardidan, im faqtze dayrdnobiT,rom ar arsebobs msxvil taqsonebs Soris gardamavali formebi, mividnen daskvnamde: evolucia TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebis gziT SeuZlebelia warmarTuliyo. maT koncefcia wamoayenes evoluciis araTanabari tempis Sesaxeb, romelic mimdinareobda stabilurobis xangrZlivi periodebis da swrafi evoluciuri naxtomebis monacvleobiT, anu es iyo “wyvetili wonasworobis” pipoTeza. kamaTi am Temaze dResac ar wydeba, magram aseTi naxtomebis meqanizmi jer kidev ucnobia. germaneli paleontologi o.Sindevolfi da amerikeli genetikosi r. goldSmidti cdilobdnen erTmaneTTan SeeTanxmebinaT evoluciuri Teoria da namarxi gardamavali formebis ararsebobis faqti. maT evoluciis sinTerzuri Teoriis mcire mutaciuri cvlilebebis sapirispirod SemogvTavazes hipoTeza “sistemuri mutaciebis” Sesaxeb, romelsac mivyavarT genomis did gardaqmnamde e.w. “damaimedebeli simaxinjeebis” warmoqmnamde. Sindevolfis mixedviT, “pirveli Citi qvewarmavlis kvercxidan gamofrinda”. Zneli gasagebi ar unda iyos, Tu ra simravlis warmoudgenel arsebebs gaaCenda msgavsi SemTxveviTi procesebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT genetikosebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom Tuki aseTi naxtomebi marTlac migvayvanda Tanamedrove florisa da faunis warmoSobamde, es SesaZlebeli iqneboda isev da isev Semoqmedi RmerTis Canafiqris Sesabamisad. rusma mecnierebma i. altuxovma da n. voroncovma ivaraudes, rom evoluciuri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia moxdes genomis gansazRvrul nawilSi naxtomiseburi cvlilebebis gziT. n. voroncovma agreTve wamoayena hipoTeza mozaikuri evoluciis Taobaze (organizmis fragmentebis cvlilebebis saSualebiT).

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Tanamedrove evoluciuri Teoria warmoadgens urTierTgamomricxav da urTierTsapirispiro koncefciebis erTobliobas, romelTagan vercerTi ver xsnis organizmTa warmoSobas. savaraudo makroevoluciis erTaderT damamtkicebel sabuTad paleontogiuri namarxebi gamodgeboda, romlebic cxadyofdnen Tu rogor gadadioda erTi saxeoba meoreSi, magram aseTi gardamavali formebi arasdros da arsad ar aris napovni. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, avtoritetuli genetikosi da evolucionisti e.k.xusnutdinovi aRiarebs, rom mecnieruli monacemebis CarCoebSi savsebiT “SesaZloa vifiqroT”, rom es samyaro evoluciis produqti ar aris, aramed igi RvTis Semoqmedebaa. radganac Tanamedrove mecnierebs SesaniSnavad esmiT evoluciuri Teoriis dasabuTebis mTeli sirTuleebi, isini sul ufro xSirad ubrundebian wmida werils.

44. mutacia da savaraudo makroevolucia

organizmSi mutaciebi mudmivad mimdinareobs. mutaciebis simravles garemos araxelsayreli faqtorebi iwvevs. es faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos mavne gamosxiveba, qimiuri zemoqmedeba da sxv. mutaciaTa nawili uSualo kavSirSia organizmis funqcionirebasTan. genebis kvlavwarmoqmnis procesSi mudmivad xdeba Secdomebi. arsebobs uamravi sxvadasxva funqciis mqone fermentebi, romlebic akontroleben da asworeben genebis dazianebebs. genebSi cvlilebebs iwvevs rekombinaciebic. “mobiluri genetikuri elementebis” Carevis gamo zogjer genebi sxvadasxvagvarad ikiTxeba. am “mobilur genetikur elementebs” sxvagvarad “mxtomare genebsac” uwodeben, Tumca, rom iqvas, isini genebs arc ki warmoadgenen. rodesac isini “Caxtebian” romelime genSi, cvlian mis informacias. CamoTvlili meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofen Seguebulobebis warmoqmnas da saxeobis SigniT iZlevian formaTa simravles . garegnuli cvlilebebi, rogori SesamCnevic ar unda iyos, organizmis fundamentur struqturas da funqciebs ar exeba. genebis ufro masStabur cvlilebebs mivyavarT ara axali saxeobis warmoSobamde, aramed mis daRupvamde. organizmisTvis yvela cvlileba misaRebi ar aris. arseboben dasaSvebi zonebi, romelTa CarCoSic genSi momxdar cvlilebebs katastrofuli Sedegebi ar mohyveba. amaze metyvelebs seleqcionerTa mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba. variaciebs, romelTac aRwevs seleqcia, aqvT

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mkacrad dadgenili sazRvrebi. romelime niSan-Tvisebis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia garkveul zRvramde, romlis gadalaxvis Semdegac xdeba darRvevebi an sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabruneba. ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT SemTxveviTi mutaciebis gziT saxeobaTa warmoSobis evoluciuri hipoTeza. warmovidginoT, rom genebSi daSvebulma Secdomebma Tvalis baduraSi garkveuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. aseTi cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba mTeli aparatis gardaqmnas: sasargeblo mimarTulebiT erTdroulad unda Seicvalos ara marto Tvalis nawilebi, aramed Tavis tvinis Sesabamisi centric. yovelive amaze pasuxismgebelia mravali genisgan Semdgari struqturaTa mTeli rigi. ramdenad realuria am struqturebis SeTanxmebuli, sasargeblo mutaciebis molodini? mecnierebaSi raRac movlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. vTqvaT, Cven moneta avagdeT. imis albaToba, rom moneta miwaze daecema 1-is tolia_ anu es gardauvalia. gerbis mxares davardnis albaToba ½-ia, aseve zurgis mxares davardnisac_½ , anu es movlena Tanabrad SesaZlebelia. imis albaToba, rom moneta kidiT davardes, Zalian mcirea (yvelaze frTxilad srolis SemTxvevaSic ki araumetes 10-4

(xarisxad) ). aseTi ram jer aravis unaxavs, magram maTematikurad amgvari SesaZlebloba gamoricxuli ar aris. monetis haerSi gaCerebis albaToba 0-is tolia, anu es movlena saerTod gamoricxulia. Tuki molekulebSi mimdinareobs SemTxveviTi cvlilebebi, maSin maTac gaaCniaT TaviaTi albaToba. mecnierebis mier registrirebuli mutaciebi momdinareobs saSualod 10-6_ 10-8(xarisxad) albaTobiT, gacilebiT iSviaTad 10-9 _ 10-

10(xarisxad) . Cveulebriv, genebSi es mcire darRvevebia, romlebic odnav cvlian organizms. SevecadoT, gaverkveT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia msgavsma cvlilebebma gardaqmnan genebis kompleqsi ise, rom aman axali saxeobis Camoyalibebamde migviyvanos. yvela mutacias rodi mohyveba axali cilis warmoqmna, arc yvela axali cila niSnavs axali funqciis gaCenas, xolo axali funqcia jer kidev ar niSnavs axali niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibebas. saWiroa konstruqciuli cvlilebebi. erTi saxeobis organizmTa genebis meore saxeobis genebad konstruqciuli gardaqmnisTvis aucilebelia moxdes saSualod 5 damoukidebeli zusti da sasargeblo mutacia; anu es niSnavs, rom sul ubralo niSan-Tvisebis gamosavlenad unda Seicvalos saSualod xuTi geni. Cveulebriv ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebas 10 geni gansazrvravs (ZuZumwovarTa organizmSi daaxloebiT ramdenime aTeul aTasi genia, baqteriis organizmSi- aTidan aTasamde). ase rom sul martivi axali niSan-Tvisebis warmoqmnis albaToba 10-250(xarisxad) Seadgens. es imdenad mcire ricxvia, rom sulerTia ra droSi davelodebiT msgavsi mutaciis warmoqmnas_ erT weliwadSi Tu miliardSi, erT individSi

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Tu miliardSi. dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobis mTel savaraudo droSi SeuZlebelia Tundac erTi rTuli niSan-Tviseba Camoyalibebuliyo. albaT, ar aris Zneli warmosadgeni, Tu ra raodenobis niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibeba iqneboda saWiro erTi saxeobis meored gardaqmnisaTvis da dedamiwaze mravali organizmis warmoSobisaTvis. genuri mutaciebis gziT nebismieri axali niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibebas ar eyofoda mTlianad is dro, romelsac mecnierebi samyaros arsebobas miaweren. mutaciebi SemTxveviTia, rogor unda velodoT maTgan sinqronulobas da Tanazomierebas? sxva saqmea, rodesac mutaciebs ganvixilavT rogorc avadmyofobis, simaxinjis an sikvdilis mizezs. amisTvis, albaT, nebismieri darRveva gamodgeba, magram is, rom mutacia CaiTvalos xelsayrelad, aucilebelia mTeli im genTa nakrebis “sasargeblo darRvevebis” saswaulebrivi Tanxvedra da sinqronuloba, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian organizmis sxvadasxva zustad TanSewyobil sistemebsa da funqciebze. akademikosi l.s. bergi werda: ”SemTxveviT warmoqmnil axal niSan-Tvisebas iolad SeuZlia daarRvios rTuli meqanizmi. arakeTilgoniereba iqneba imis molodini, rom es niSan-Tviseba srulyofs am meqanizms”. geologiuri fenebi Semoinaxavdnen daujerebeli raodenobis simaxinjeebs da is gacilebiT meti iqneboda, vidre normaluri arsebebi, magram araviTari msgavsi namarxebSi ar aRmoCenila. paleontologiisa da maTematikis faqtebTan kamaTi rTulia. saxeobaTa mravalferovneba aranairad ar SeiZleboda warmoSobilyo SemTxveviTi mutaciebis gziT. mutaciebis farTo diapazonis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT drozofilaze Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi; Tumca faqtiurad gansxvaveba mutaciebs Soris sakmaod mcirea. drozofilebis erT-erTi sakmaod cnobili mkvlevari r. goldSmidti amtkicebda, rom “Cven romc SegveZlos erT individSi erTad SevaerToT aTasze meti variacia, sulerTia es mainc ar iqneba axali saxeoba im saxiT, rogorc bunebaSi gvxvdeba”. uamravma drozofilam gamoscada yvela SesaZlo genetikurad uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba, magram misgan veraferi ver miiRes, garda odnav Secvlili drozofilisa, ufro metic, aRmoCnda, rom am mweris mutaciebis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia ara genebis darRvevebTan, aramed “mobiluri genetikuri elementebis” CasmasTan. ujredis SigniT procesebis mmarTav homeozisur genebSi mobiluri elementebis CasmiT aixsneba drozofilebSi ulvaSebis nacvlad Tavze umaqnisi da arasaWiro TaTebis gaCena. SesaZlebelia ki Tavze paralizebuli fexebis gaCena miviCnioT progresuli ganviTarebis niSnad? baqteriebsa da virusebSi SeZenili mutaciuri cvlilebebis diapazoni sakmaod farToa. genebis arahomologiurobis xarisxi SesaZloa aTeul procentebs aRwevdes. isini swrafad eguebian garemo pirobebs, magram sakuTar saxeobriv specifiurobas inarCuneben.

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magaliTad, tuberkuliozis gamomwvevi Cxirebi ganicdian mutaciebs, swrafad warmoqmnian antibiotikis mimarT rezistentul Stamebs, magram TavianT ZiriTad Tvisebebs inarCuneben. biofizikurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom mutaciebi, romlebic iwveven antibiotikebis mimarT aramgrZnobelobas, ar mateben organizms axal sasargeblo genebs, piriqiT, is mihyavT morfologiur degeneraciamde. magaliTad, streptomicinis mimarT aramgrZnobeloba yalibdeba im mutaciis Sedegad, romelic ribosomis muSaobis SezRudvas da struqturis daSlas iwvevs; anu mutacia, romelic viTomda icavs baqterias antibiotikis damRupveli moqmedebisgan, aRaribebs genofonds da arRvevs ribosomebis normalur muSaobas. baqteriebze Catarebulma cdebma eqsperimentulad daamtkices mutaciebis saSualebiT makroevoluciis SeuZlebloba. evoluciuri procesisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara drois xangrZlivoba, aramed TaobaTa is uricxvi raodenoba, romelsac baqteria wlebis ganmavlobaSi iZleoda. baqteriebis populaciebze dakvirvebebi aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda. mutaciaTa raodenobas specialurad zrdidnen anomaluri garemos zemoqmedebiT, anu qmnidnen e.w. mutaciur zewolas. baqteriebma gaiares gza, romelic umaRles cxovelebSi aseul milion wels Seesabameba (TaobaTa raodenobiT). baqteriebis mutanturi Stamebi mudmivad ubrundebodnen sawyis e.w. “velur tips”. axali Stamebis warmoqmna ar scildeboda Sida saxeobriv CarCoebs. ase rom dasakvirvebeli niSan-TvisebaTa variaciebi saxeobis sazRvrebSi SezRudulia. Sejvarebis dros rekombinaciebis da mutaciebis wyalobiT organizmebs eZlevaT cvalebadobis saSualeba, rac uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli saxeobis arsebaTa gasaocar mravalferovnebas, maT garemosTan Seguebas da gadarCenas. magram aseT cvlilebebs, rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, ar SeuZliaT erTi saxeobis genuri kompleqsi meore saxeobis genur kompleqsad Secvalon. bunebas rom darviniseuli evoluciis gziT evlo, romlis mixedviTac bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad mxolod ufro Zlieri da ukeT Seguebuli mutanti gadarCeba, maSin dedamiwa savse iqneboda koSmaruli arsebebiT, romelTa Sorisac virTagva erT-erTi simpatiuri da uwyinari cxoveli aRmoCndeboda. magram ase rom ar aris?! samyaro saocrad mSvenieria. is uzadoa gansakuTrebuli da amaRlebuli mSvenierebiT, romelic SeuZlebelia mutaciebiT aixsnas. “RvTis qmnileba-samyaro yvelaze srulyofilia”,- werda didi germaneli maTematikosi leibnici. Temis dasasruls aRvniSnavT Semdegs:Tuki vaRiarebT, rom arsebobisaTvis brZola aris mizezi saxeobaTa warmoSobisa, rogorc amas darvini ambobda, maSin ratomaa, rom martiv formebs xSirad gaaCniaT upiratesoba rTul formebTan SedarebiT. umartivesi organizmebi saeWvoa CaiTvalos garemosTan

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naklebad Seguebulad, vidre maRalorganizebuli formebi. Tuki gadarCebian yvelaze ukeT Seguebulni, maSin dedamiwaze mxolod saarsebo garemosTan SesaniSnavad Seguebuli umartivesebi unda cxovrobdnen. SemTxveviTi mutaciebis bunebrivi gadarCeviT Znelia aixsnas planetaze mcxovrebi aseTi rTuli organizmebis mravalferovneba. mravali mkvlevaris gonebis damatyvevebelma materilizmma biologiaSi daamtkica Tavisi umweoba. misi dro wavida. dRes mravali seriozuli biologi evoluciur Teorias ganixilavs, rogorc mecnierebas organizmSi SesaZlo cvalebadobebis Sesaxeb, misgan gamohyofs “evoluciis xis” rekonstruqcias, romelsac savaraudo istoriad miiCnevs. Tanamedrove evoluciuri Teoria warmoadgens hipoTezur, Tavisebur filosofias mecnierebaSi. iqneba es darvinizmi Tu evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria, goldSmidtis mutaciuri sistema Tu guld-eldrijis wyvetili wonasworobis modeli, kimuras, jugsis da kingis neitraluri evoluciis hipoTeza, Tu altuxovis naxtomiseburi evolucia, an voroncovis mozaikuri evolucia- yvela es modeli warmoadgens varauds, Seumowmebelsa da urTierTgamomricxavs. cota Tu iqneba valificiuri biologi, romelic kvlav darwmunebulia evoluciur-materialisturi versiis marTebulobaSi. biologebi, iseve rogorc sxva dargis mecnierebi, sul ufro metad uRrmavdebian azrs Semoqmedi RmerTis Sesaxeb.

45. homologiuri organoebi, rudimentebi da atavizmebi

am organoebis arseboba erTi SexedviT SesaZloa mogveCvenos ganvlili evoluciis damadasturebel faqtebad. homologiuri organoebi. ganvixiloT yvelaze cnobili homologia- xerxemlianTa wina kidurebi. TiTqosda saxeze gvaqvs kiduris evoluciuri ganviTareba Tevzis farflidan frinvelis frTamde. naxati gv. 199. xerxemlianTa wina kidurebi

magram ra? aRmoCnda, rom msgavsi kidurebi sxvadasxva klasebSi formirdeba gansxvavebuli Canasaxovani ujredebis jgufebisgan. raime Tanamimdevrul ganviTarebaze laparakic ki SeuZlebelia. rogorc biologebi amtkiceben, homologia araWeSmariti aRmoCnda. organoebi Tuki namdvilad erTmaneTis homologebi iqnebodnen, maSin isini embriogenezSi ebrionis erTi

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da igive ujredebisgan unda viTardebodes. mosalodneli iyo, rom homologiuri organoebi, rogorc saerTo warmoSobis mqone da erTi struqturisgan ganviTarebuli, unda kontrolirdebodes identur genTa kompleqsiT. magram arc es molodini gamarTlda. mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom mravali ZuZumwovris garegnuli msgavseba gvaZlevs saSualebas vifiqroT maT evoluciur urTierTkavSirze. magram am organizmebis makromolekulebis (magaliTad dnm-s, cilebisa da sxva) aRnagoba aseT kavSirebs uaryofs. cilebis filogenezur xeTa (evoluciuri molekuluri Tanmimdevroba) umravlesoba urTierTgamomricvelni arian. gaerTianebul xeze yvelgan Cans filogenetikuri Seusabamoba- Ziridan dawyebuli, totebis CaTvliT yvela rangis jgufebSi. SedarebiTi molekuluri gamokvlevebi uaryofen evolucias. homologia WeSmariti ar aRmoCnda "evoluciuri naTesavebis” sxva organoTa Seswavlis SemTxvevaSic. dadginda, rom Tevzebsa da amfibiebs Tirkmelebi uviTardebaT embrionis iseTi qsovilidan, romelic reptiliebsa da ZuZumZovrebSi gaiwoveba Canasaxis ganviTarebis procesSi, xolo maTi Tirkmelebi viTardeba embrionis sruliad sxva adgilidan. zvigenis saylapavi formirdeba embrionaluri nawlavis Rrus zeda nawilidan, xolo salamandris da minogis saylapavi- qveda nawilidan. rTuli asaxsneli Seiqmna ZuZumwovarTa bewvis, balnis safarvelis evoluciuri warmoSoba reptiliebis qerclidan. es struqturebi embrionis sxvadasxva qsovilebidan viTardeba:balniani safarveli yalibdeba epidermisis bolqvidan, xolo qercli dermisis Canasaxidan. mecnierebs Zalian iSviaTad eZlevaT saSualeba aRmoaCinon namdvilad homologiuri organoebi, anu ara marto garegnobiT msgavsi, aramed embrionis identuri nawilebidan formirebuli. "evoluciuri naTesavebis” organoebs Soris embrionuli da genetikuri saerTo kanonzomierebebis ararseboba amtkicebs, rom ar SeiZleba es organoebi erTmaneTisgan ganviTarebuliyo. cxovelTa kidurebis formebi, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris. isini zustad Seesabameba am cxovelTa saarsebo garemosa da cxovrebis nirs. wylis binadar Tevzs zustad aseTi formis farfli sWirdeba, sxva cxovelebs udro rTuli kidurebi esaWiroebaT. isini dasaxsruli kidurebis gareSe ver iarsebebdnen. aba raime CaideT pirSi, roca idayvis saxsari ar muSaobs; aba, SeecadeT dajdeT muxlis saxsris mouxrelad; CaketeT majis saxsari da SeecadeT raime gaakeToT aseTi xeliT. wina mxrisa da wvivis ormagi Zvlebic gvexmareba xelis mtevnisa da fexis terfis mobrunebaSi. cocxal arsebaTa kidurebi Seqmnilia optimaluri msgavsebiT da gansxvavebiT, rac ganapirobebs am organizmTa normalur cxovelqmedebas. veranairi gamomgoneblur-inJinerul-konstruqtoruli azri ufro gonivrul formas ver SemogvTavazebda. anatomma r.ouenma darvinamde bevrad adre, 1843 wels

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SemoiRo homologiis cneba. is sxvadasxva organizmTa organoebis garegnul msgavsebas ganixilavda rogorc maTi Seqmnis erTiani gegmis damamtkicebel sabuTs.rudimentebi. ase eZaxian im organoebs, romlebic cxovelebSi TiTqos araviTar funqcias aRar asruleben, magram maT didi mniSvneloba hqondaT organizmis evoluciuri winaprisTvis. me-19 saukuneSi iTvleboda, rom adamians 180-mde rudimentuli organo gaaCnda. am organoebs miakuTvnebdnen Tvalis mesame quTuTos, farisebr, nuSisebr jirkvlebs, muxlis menisks, apendiqss, kudusuns da mraval sxva organoebs, romelTa funqciebi ar iyo aRmoCenili da Seswavlili. rogorc dadginda, adamians ara aqvs arcerTi usargeblo organo da yvelas Tavis funqcia gaaCnia. Tvalis mesame quTuTo anu naxevarmTvariseburi nakeci mdebareobs Tvalis Siga kuTxeSi da Tvalis kakals exmareba Setrialdes nebismieri mimarTulebiT. mis gareSe mobrunebis kuTxe mkveTrad SezRuduli iqneboda. is atenianebs Tvals da monawileobs TvalSi moxvedrili ucxo sxeulis CamowmendaSi. es nakeci gamohyofs webovan nivTierebas, romelic agrovebs ucxo nawilakebs patara grovebad da aadvilebs Tvalis zedapiridan maT usafrTxo mocilebas. naxevarmTvariseburi nakeci SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos cxovelTa moxamxame apkis naSTad im mizezis gamo, rom es organoebi sxvadasxva nervebiT inervirdeba. rogorc aRmoCnda, apendiqsi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianis imunur sistemaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki organizmis intensiuri zrdis periodSi. mas gaaCnia damcvelobiTi funqcia da anxorcielebs brma nawlavis baqteriuli floris kontrols. statistika aCvenebs, rom apendiqsis amoclis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba avTvisebian warmonaqmnTa riski. amerikaSi 30-ian wlebSi bavSvebis naxevarze mets moaciles “sruliad usargeblo” nuSisebri jirkvlebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi niu-iorkis onkologiuri samsaxuris TanamSromlebma aRmoaCines, rom is adamianebi, romlebsac amoclili hqondaT nuSisebri jirkvlebi, daaxloebiT samjer metad iyvnen daavadebulni limfogranulo matoziT- avTvisebiani daavadebiT. 1889 wels frangma eqimma f. glenarma wamoayena originaluri koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema srulyofili ar aris, rasac is xsnida adamianis cxoveluri warmoSobiT. amis Sesaxeb man 30-mde samecniero statia gamoaqveyna. adamians, romelsac awuxebda tkivili kuWis areSi, diagnozs usvamdnen “glenaris sindromi”- nawlavebisa da sxva organoebis daweva. maT eniSnebodaT qirurgiuli CareviT brma nawlavis fiqsacia da gastropeqsia- es rTuli operaciebi miznad isaxavda bunebis “arasrulyofilebis” gamosworebas. i. meCnikovma wamoayena hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema jer kidev evoluciuri ganviTarebis etapebs gadis da cudadaa Seguebuli kvebis

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racions. am hipoTeziT STagonebulma ingliselma eqimma leinma daiwyo operaciebis keTeba. igi adamianebs umoklebda msxvil nawlavs. pirvel rigSi gleneri Tvlida, rom adamianebs aTavisuflebda lpobis baqteriebisagan, romlebic msxvil nawlavebSi binadroben. mas miaCnda, rom am gziT SesaZlebeli iyo uamravi daavadebis gankurneba:dawyebuli Tormetgoja nawlavis wyluliT da damTavrebuli SizofreniiT. marto leinma daaxloebiT am tipis 1000-ze meti operacia gaakeTa. mas mimdevrebic bevri hyavda. es monaTxrobi dRes gancvifrebasa da gaognebas iwvevs. unda iTqvas, rom am eqsperimentebis ukan aTasobiT sabralo msxverplia, maT Soris daRupulebic. axla ki cxovelTa Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom veSapi is ZuZumwovaraa, romelic wylis garemos daubrunda. (darvini varaudobda, rom uwyveti plastikuri deformaciebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia daTvi gadaiqces veSapad). veSaps daaxloebiT sxeulis Sua nawilze gaaCnia Zvlovani gamonazardebi. varaudobdnen, rom es gamonazardebi sruliad usargebloa da veSapis ukana kidurebis rudimentebia_ anu im kidurebisa, romliTac am cxovelis winapari odesRac xmeleTze dadioda. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es Zvlebi aranairad ar ukavSirdeba xerxemals. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvenes, es Zvlovani gamonazardebi sulac ar yofila usargeblo, isini iWeren kunTebs da icaven am adgilze arsebul sust organoebs. kivis, romelic garegnulad ukudo qaTams mogvagonebs, Tvlian, rom aqvs rudimentuli frTebi. am frTebiT misi winaprebi haerSi dafrinavdnen, xolo exla usargebloa. aRmoCnda, rom frTis es narCenebi kivis wonasworobis dasacavad aucileblad sWirdeba. warmoidgineT, ramdenad aucilebelia is am frinvelisTvis. Cvenc, adamianebi wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad xelebs vSliT xolme, kivisac xom sWirdeba raRacis gaSla? atavizmebi. kacobriobis cxoveluri warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT adamianTa e.w. atavizmebis magaliTi, maT Soris Warbi Tmianoba saxesa da Tvalis siaxloves. aRvniSnavT, rom am Tmian safarvels ise xataven, rogorc cxovelur bewvs. sinamdvileSi ki es adamianis Cveulebrivi Tmebia. arsebobs embrionaluri darRvevebis sxva uamravi magaliTic. romel evoluciur process unda mieweros, magaliTad, orTaviani Tevzis an gvelis gaCena, an ra SeiZleba vTqvaT cxovelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, Tu is oTxfexianis nacvlad xuTfexiani daibada? aseTi darRvevebi da simaxinjeebi drodadro Cndeba bunebaSi. SeniSnulia bavSvebis dabadeba “kudiT”. am movlenis aRwerisas bavSvs xSirad xataven goWis dagrexili kudiT. sinamdvileSi ki aseT kudebs ar gaaCniaT malebi, rogorc es Cveulebric cxovelis kudebs aqvT. isini warmoadgenen

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Canasaxovani Sris naSTs, romelic SemTxveviT kudis adgilze aRmoCnda da sulac ar hgavs cxovelis kuds, is ufro Camokidebul materiis naglejs mogvagonebs, danarCeni ki mxatvris warmosaxvis nayofia.

46. biogenetikuri kanonis aramarTebuloba

darvinis Tanamedrove ingliseli mecnieri ernst hekeli swavlobda embrionebis gamosaxulebebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom embrionTa ganviTarebaSi aisaxeba warsuli evoluciis niSan-Tvisebebi. hekelis biogenetikuri kanoni Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: TiToeuli organizmi Tavis embrionaluri ganviTarebis dros imeorebs stadiebs, romlebic misma saxeobam gaiara evoluciis procesSi. kanoni sakmaod STambeWdavad JRers. amis dasamtkiceblad hekelma gamoaqveyna adamianis embrionis gamosaxuleba, romelzed garkveviT Canda layuCebi da kudi. hekelis am wignis gamoqveynebam didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. rodesac profesionalma embriologebma ixiles adamianis Canasaxis es gamosaxureba, hekeli amxiles faqtebis falsifikaciaSi. avtorma aRiara, rom suraTi ramdenadme “tuSiT daamuSava” (martivad rom vTqvaT, miaxata layuCebis xvrelebi), Tavi ki imarTla- ra moxda, yvela xom ase iqceva! ienis universitetis samecniero sabWom hekeli damnaSaved scno mecnierul TvalTmaqcobaSi da profesorTa Semadgenlobidan garicxa. adamianis Canasaxis yba-kisris ubanSi arsebul kanis nakecs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs layuCis xvrelTan. es saylapavis qsovilis nakecebia, romelzec ramdenime jirkvalic aris ganlagebuli. moxris adgilze aseTi nakecis arseboba savsebiT bunebrivia. zrdis naklebi siCqaris gamo embrionis qveda nawili yovelTvis ufro momcroa Canasaxis sxva nawilTan SedarebiT.

naxati gv. 203. xerxemlianTa embriogenezis adreuli stadiebis msgavseba.

biogenetikuri kanoni amtkicebs, rom xerxemlianTa embrionebi ganviTarebis sawyis etapze erTmaneTis msgavsia, romlis mizezic TiTqosda maTi saerTo winapris arsebobaa. msgavseba namdvilad arsebobs, magram imitom xom ara, rom yvela xerxemliani organizmis agebulebaSi saerTo idea devs da es mkveTrad vlindeba Canasaxis ganviTarebis adreul etapze? amas

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jer kidev hekelamde miuTiTebda akademikosi k.beri, romelic iTvleba embrionis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis aRmomCenad. igi werda, rom biogenetikuri kanoni SeuZlebelia WeSmariti iyos Tundac im mizezis gamo, rom embrions aReniSneba ganviTarebis iseTi niSnebic, romlebic mxolod maRali organizaciis formebs gaaCniaT. magaliTad, yvela ZuZumwovris Canasaxs ebriogenezis dasawyisSi ybebi iseTive patara da mokle aqvs, rogorc adamians. frinvelTa Canasaxis tvini embriogenezis pirvel mesamedSi hgavs ZuZumwovarTa tvins, Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda, Zlier gansxvavdeba. paleontologi a.p.pavlovi jer kidev 1901 wels miuTiTebda, rom cxovelebis -amunitebis axalgazrda individTa namarx formebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi iseTi niSnebi, romlebic zrdasrul asakSi qrebian, Tumca es niSnebi gaaCniaT ufro rTul formebs. imis damamtkicebel sabuTad, rom veSapis winapari xmeleTis binadari ZuZumwovara iyo, mohyavT ara marto ukana kidurebis “rudimentis” arseboba, aramed kbilebis embrionuli Canasaxebis magaliTic. aRniSnuli Canasaxovani kbilebi arasdros ar yalibdeba namdvil kbilebad. ufro dawvrilebiTma kvlevebma aCvena, rom embrionis es nawili absoluturad funqcionirebadia- isini mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ybis Zvlebis formirebaSi. evoluciis Teoria xSirad awydeba urTierTgamomricxav faqtebs. ase magaliTad, cxenis "evoluciis procesSi” dakarguli TiTebi reducirebulia embrionaluri ganviTarebis Zalian adreul stadiaze, es ki ewinaaRmdgeba biogenetikur kanons. sazRvargareTul samecniero literaturaSi biogenetikuri kanoni TiTqmis aRar ganixileba. mecnierTa umravlesoba gadaWriT miiCnevs, rom is saerTod SeuZlebelia xorcieldebodes embrionSi, radgan ewinaaRmdegeba Teoriuli biologiis mTel rig debulebebs. rusi mecnierebi agrZeleben kavSirebis Ziebas hipoTezur evoluciasa da embrionis agebulebas Soris. am mxriv raime mniSvnelovans ver miaRwies. cnobili embriologi a.s. severcovi ambobs, rom mecnierebi mxolod “xelebis cecebiT” cdiloben ipovon raime urTierTkavSiri evoluciasa da embrions Soris. embrionis ganviTarebis kvlevisas bolo dros aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebi ar eTanxmeba biogenetikur kanons. amitom gasakviri araa mecnierTa skeptikuri damokidebuleba am kanonis mimarT. cnobili avtoriteti Tanamedrove embriologi s.gilberti metad kategoriulia:”embriologiisa da evoluciuri biologiis damRupveli kavSiri Seiqmna me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniaSi moRvawe ebriologisa da filosofosis ernst hekelis mier”. embriologiaSi evoluciuri ideis erT-erTi yvelaze damRupveli Sedegi aris abortebis gamarTleba. mecnier-evolucionistTa azriT, adreul stadiebze orsulobis Sewyveta niSnavs ara adamianis, aramed jer kidev cxovelis sikvdils. marTlmadidebeli eklesia bavSvTa mkvlelobis am faqts erT-erT umZimes codvad miiCnevs.

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hekelis mcdari kanonis analizisas gvaxsendeba sabWoTa akademikosi T.d.lisenko, romelsac aseve surda evoluciis ideas “daxmareboda”. man aaRorZina lamarkis idea garemo pirobebis ganmsazRvreli rolis Sesaxeb da “aRmoaCina” naxtomiseburi gadaqceva xorblis Wvavad, qerisa-Svriad da sakuTari sicruiT STagonebulma pawawina frinvelis yaranas kvercxidan gugulic ki gamoCeka. erT-erT samecniero konferenciaze mecnierma genetikosma lisenkos hkiTxa, ratomaa, rom mas da mis aspirantebs yvelaferi gamosdiT, xolo sxvebs, sabWoTa kavSirSic da sazRvargareTac, ki ara? “saxalxo akademikosma” upasuxa: imisaTvis, rom miiRoT garkveuli Sedegi, saWiroa gsurdeT swored am Sedegis miReba. Tu Tqven gindaT miiRoT gansazRvruli Sedegi, Tqven mas miiRebT”. magram keTilsindisieri mkvlevari am gziT ar wava. mas emaxsovreba nikoloz kopernikis sityvebi:"Cemi amocanaa_vipovo WeSmariteba umaRlesi RmerTis SemoqmedebaSi”. simarTle rom iTqvas, darvinis TanamedroveebSi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb hipoTeza seriozulad arc ki yofila aRqmuli. is warmoadgenda cnobismoyvareobisa da dausrulebeli xumrobis sagans. darvinis megobarma da maswavlebelma sejvikma am hipoTezas uwoda mamacurad da ramdenadme sarwmunod gamoTqmuli “gansacvifrebeli paradoqsi”, Tumca igi umTavresad mogvagonebs "sapnis buStebisgan dawnul Toks”. erT-erTi werili man daasrula sevdiani iumoriT:”warsulSi Tqveni megobari, axla maimunis erT-erTi STamomavali”. mxatvrebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen karikaturebis xatvaSi, xolo mwerlebi sasacilo siuJetebis SeTxzvaSi, magaliTad, meTevzeTa dagrZelebuli xelebis da STamomavlobiTi fostalionebis dagrZelebuli fexebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba saxeobaTa warmoqmnas. yvelasTvis cnobili iyo, rom erTi saxeobis cxovelebi SesaZloa erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdebodes da amis mixedviT daiyos qvesaxeobad an jiSebad, magram erTi saxeobis meorad gardaqmna, ra Tqma unda, saeWvod miaCndaT. aseve adamianebi ratomRac WeSmaritad ver “afasebdnen” bunebrivi gadarCevis SemoqmedebiT rols. damamtkicebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis gamo am axal hipotezas sxva TezisiT icavdnen_ rom cvlilebaTa dagrovebis procesi Zalian nela, milionobiT wlebi mimdinareobs da adamianisTvis amis danaxva SeuZlebelia. yvela es dasabuTeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos azrs moklebuli ar unda iyos. amitom adamianebi xSirad SecdomaSi Sedian da askvnian_ Tu mcire cvlilebebi populaciebSi faqtia, maSin makroevoluciac realobaa. aseT cTomilebaSi Cavardna sapatio iyo asi wlis win da ara dRes. genetikis ganviTarebasTan erTad naTeli gaxda genetikuri meqanizmebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs populaciebSi cvalebadobebs da veranairad ver xsnian hipoTezur

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makroevolucias. am meqanizmebis moqmedeba saxeobis sazRvrebiT Semoifargleba.

47. Semoqmedebis gegma

Tuki organizmebi erTmaneTisgan ar warmoiSvnen, maS riTi aixsneba evoluciis xeze Tvalxiluli kanonzomierebebis arseboba. es wesrigi zustad mogvagonebs samyaros Seqmnis Cvens mier daviwyebul RvTiur gegmas, romelic aRwerilia dabadebis wignis pirvel gverdebze. cnobili mecnieri maikl faradei werda: ”me gancvifrebuli var, ratomaa rom adamianebi arCeven, mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi ixetialon SeucnobelSi roca RmerTma maT aCuqa aseTi SesaniSnavi wigni”. iqmneboda ara calkeuli saxeobebi, aramed saxeobaTa jgufebi im pirobebis Sesabamisad, romlebSic organizmebs unda earsebaT. swored amiT aixsneba biologebis mier didi xnis win aRmoCenili konvergencia_ agebulebisa da garegnobis msgavseba Zalian daSorebul saxeobebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva klasebs miekuTvnebian. magaliTad, ixtiozavri, zvigeni, delfini da pingvini. es organizmebi "viTardebodnen" msgavs pirobebSi damoukideblad, gansxvavebuli evoluciuri gzebiT. Tanamedrove genetikosebi daskvnamde mividnen, rom konvergenciis mizezi aris “winaswar daprogramebuli gegma”. saarsebo garemos gaTvaliswinebiT yvela iorganizmma Semoqmedisgan miiRo aucilebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. (pirveli amaze alaparakda J. kiuve me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi.)

ix. naxati 207, 208.

ganvixiloT Tevzebis magaliTi. isini srulyofilad arian Seguebuli wyalSi cxovrebis nirTan. maT ar sWirdeba Termoregulaciis meqanizmi. moZraobis saSualeba da agebuleba SedarebiT martivia. cxovroben “rogorc Tevzi wyalSi”. sanapiro zolis da Waobebis binadarT (qvewarmavlebi, amfibiebi da sxv.) Tevzebisgan gansxvavebiT xoxvac sWirdebaT, amitom elementaruli farflebis nacvlad mravalsaxsriani da TiTebiani kidurebi aqvT. maTi qerclic sxva garemo pirobebis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. xmeleTis binadarT siarulisa da sirbilisTvis Zlieri kidurebi gaaCniaT, Tavi sxeulidan wamoweulia, xolo bewvi SesaniSnavad icavs maT rogorc sicxis, aseve sicivisgan. frinvelebs frenisTvis frTebi miecaT. Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba TvalsaCinoa da eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. cnobili Tanamedrove mecnieri, nobelis premiis laureati artur komptoni werda:”umaRlesma gonebam Seqmna samyaro da adamiani. me

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ar miWirs amis dajereba, radgan is faqti, rom arsebobs gegma da Sesabamisad goneba, utyuaria”. Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba xsnis sxvadasxva saxeobebis cxovelTa organoebis msgavsebas, aseve mcenareebSi n.vavilovis mier aRmoCenili erTi da igive niSan-Tvisebebis mdgrad ganmeorebas da maTSi “homologiuri rigebis” cvalebadobis arsebobas. ix. & 34. niSan-TvisebaTa msgavsebebi SeiniSneba ara marto monaTesave saxeobebSi, aramed gvarebSi, ojaxebsa da klasebs Sorisac ki. RvTiuri gegmiTaa ganpirobebuli mTel rig cocxal arsebebSi msgavsi struqturuli warmonaqmnebi. magaliTad, frTebi frinvelebSi, RamurebSi, mwerebsa da uZveles reptiliebSi. cnobili mecnieri s.v.meieni amtkicebda, rom cocxal organizmebs, romlebic aranairad monaTesaveni ar arian, formaTa warmoqmnis doneze Zalian bevri saerTo gaaCnia. gonieri SemoqmedebiTi mizanmimarTulobiT aixsneba cxovelTa gansxvavebul sistematikur jgufebSi (magaliTad, CanTosnebSi da placentianebSi) e.w. paraleluri (damoukidebeli) evolucia. is principi, romlis mixedviTac Camoyalibda mcenareTa da cxovelTa erTi saxeobis mTeli rigi niSan-Tvisebebi misi Seqmnisas, ra Tqma unda, gavrcelda sxva saxeobebis Camoyalibebis drosac. cocxal organizmebs Soris zoologiur, genetikur da embrionalur doneze aRmoCenili msgavsebebi naTlad amtkicebs Semoqmedis erTiani gegmis arsebobas.

ix. naxatebi gv. 208, 209.

ratomac ar SeiZleba iyos Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili organizmebi erTmaneTis msgavni? ratomaa aucilebeli rom maT hqondeT absoluturad gansxvavebuli organoebi da genebi? kanonzomieria, rom Cven yvelani erTmaneTs vgavarT. aqedan gamomdinare yovelTvis iqneba SesaZlebeli simarTlis msgavsi makroevoluciuri Tanmimdevrobis ageba, romelSic ar iqneba rTuli ZiriTadi da Sualeduri formebis gamoyofa. upirobod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cxovelTa nebismier saxeobaSi Cadebulia cvalebadobis farTo SesaZlebloba. es niSnavs, rom, magaliTad, katebma sacxovrebel pirobebTan kavSirSi SeiZleba zomaSi moimaton an dapataravdnen, gaxdnen fumfulebi an sworbewvianebi, magram isini ar gaxdebian maimunebi. saxeobaTa urTierTgardaqcevis varaudi ar dadasturda arc paleontologiuri masalebiT, arc genetikuri gamokvlevebiT. TiToeul saxeobas aseTi gardaqmnebisgan genetikur doneze uZlieresi dacva gaaCnia. swored saxeobis stabilurobis damamtkicebeli mTeli rigi aRmoCenebis gamo genetika burJuaziul cru mecnierebad gamoacxades, xolo mecnier genetikosebi vavilovis meTaurobiT represirebuli iqnen.

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Tanamedrove mecnierebi xSirad scildebian erTmaneTs SexedulebebiT, roca msjeloba midis saxeobebisa da gvarebis arssa da mkacrad dadgenil sazRvrebze. araa dadgenili populaciebSi SesaZlo cvalebadobis sazRvrebi. magaliTad, lokokinebs hyofdnen orasze met saxeobad, magram ufro dawvrilebiTi gamokvlevebisas aRmoCnda, rom SesaZlebelia isini or saxeobad gaerTiandnen. bevri mecnieris azriT. bibliuri “gvari” (Seqmnili arqetipi) zogjer Seesabameba saxeobas, zogjer gvars da zogjer- ojaxs. umaRles cxovelTa Soris. magaliTad, mglebSi, daTvebSi, katebSi yovel am ojaxis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT saerTo qcevebi da fiziologia. mecnierebs jer kidev gasarkvevi aqvT romeli organizmebis agebulebaSi moxda cvlilebebi maTi Seqmnidan dRemde, raTa miakuTvnon isini erT Seqmnil arqetips. SesaZloa yvela cvlileba ver aixsnas bunebrivi mizezebiT, gansakuTrebiT cocxal arsebaTa saocari gansaxleba mTel dedamiwaze da maTgan Tanamedrove florisa da faunis Camoyalibeba. RvTis mier Seqmnil cxovelTa TvisebebSi Cadebulia adamianisTvis gasagebi samoZRvrebo mniSvneloba:lomi umaRlesi Zalauflebisa da Zlierebis simboloa, arwivi yofiT cxovrebaze sulieri amaRlebis, saSineli dinozavri brma Zalas asaxavs, xolo maimuni sulierebas moklebuli adamianis pirovnebas. mtaceblebi da msxverplni. Zalian bevri Tanamedrove saxeoba idealurad Seguebulia mtacebluri cxovrebis nirs:Tavdasxmas, daWeras, kvlas. aseTi cxovrebis wesisTvis maT specifiuri niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT. aviRoT, Tundac, gareuli kata, Sxamiani gvelebi an obobebi. maTi arseboba rogor SevuTavsoT Semoqmedebis gegmas? Seqmna ki RmerTma Tavidanve sikvdili? wminda werilis mixedviT, adamianis codviT dacemamde sikvdili ar arsebobda da yvela cocxali arseba, rogor ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, ikvebeboda mcenareuli sakvebiT. zogierT pirvelqmnil samyaros niSnebs SegviZlia dResac davakvirdeT, magaliTad, panda, erTi SexedviT mrisxane mtacebeli, romelsac basri kbilebi da brWyalebi gaaCnia, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom misi ZiriTadi sakvebi bambukia. paleontologebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi balaxismWameli niangis namarxi forma. arseboben piranis saxeobebi, romelTac mtacebeli mogvareebis msgavsi Zlieri ybebi da basri kbilebi gaaCniaT, magram mxolod mcenareuli sakvebiT ikvebebian. Ramurebis zogierTi saxeoba nayofis mWamelia, zogi ki_ mtacebeli. erTsac da meoresac Zlieri da basri kbilebi aqvT. lomi SesaniSnavi monadiruli instiqtiT gamoirCeva, aqvs Zlieri muskulatura, mas SeuZlia erTi dartymiT xerxemalSi gadatexos antilopa. saWmlis momnelebeli sistema mowyobilia axali xorcis

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monelebisTvis, magram krizisul situaciebSi lomi bostneulis sakvebiTac ikvebeba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom Zveli samyaros klimati bevrad ufro xelsayreli iyo mcenareuli safaris ganviTarebisTvis. mdidari mcenareuloba mTlianad uzrunvelyofda cocxal organizmTa kvebas. cnobilia, rom mdedr koRos gasamravleblad aucileblad sWirdeba hemoglobini, amitomac is cxovelebs wovs sisxls, xolo mamri mxolod mcenareTa wveniT kmayofildeba. SesaZloa Zveli mcenareebi Seicavdnen hemoglobins da mdedri koRoebic mcenareuli wveniT ikvebebodnen. pirvelqmnil samyaroSi Tavdasxmis saSualebaTa funqciebi gansxvavebuli iyo da ara iseTi, rogorc dResaa. adamianTa codviT dacemam cxoveluri instiqtebis Secvlac gamoiwvia, maT organizmSi CairTo genebi, romlebSic kodirebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis cilebi. amis Sedegad cxovelebma daiwyes nadiroba, xolo danarCen cxovelebs daeuflaT mtacebelTa mimarT SiSi. es SiSi maT TavdacvaSi exmarebaT. instiqti karnaxobda obobebs, sad da rogor gaebaT qseli da ra momentSi datakebodnen msxverpls. qsels gaaCnia urTulesi qimiuri struqtura da warmoadgens namdvil inJinrul saocrebas. zogi obobis qselebSi frinvelebic ki ebmebian. mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma adamianma Seitana sikvdili pirvelqmnil samyaroSi, cxovelTa erTma jgufma daiwyo taceba-glejva, xolo meorem damalva da gaqceva. Tanamedrove gvelebis Sxami Seicavs rTul qimiur nivTierebebs, zogi Sxami azianebs centralur nervul sistemas da arTulebs sunTqvis process, sxva ki iwvevs sisxlis Sededebas. Cven droSi urTulesi "reaqtiuli” dacva mtaceblebisagan Svelis xoWo-bombardirs. Semoqmedma RmerTma Tavidanve izruna sakuTar qmnilebebze da aRWurva maTi organizmi momavali cvlilebebisTvis aucilebeli “iaraRiT”. agreTve aRvniSnavT, rom Cven, miCveulebma vifiqroT da viazrovnoT Cveni dacemuli samyaros kategoriebiT, ar SegviZlia bolomde SevimecnoT pirvelqmnili samyaros gansakuTrebuloba, magram nel-nela viwyebT misi ganumeorebeli didebulebis gaazrebas. ix. naxatebi gv. 210, 211, 213.

wmindanTa saocari cxovreba erTgvari damtkicebaa imisa, rom ucodvel samyaroSi arsebaTa urTierTobebi gansxvavebuli da mSvidobiani iyo. Rirs mamas germanes udabnoSi lomebi emsaxurebodnen, Rirs sergisa da serafimesTan uSiSrad modiodnen tyis mxecebi. wmida werilis mixedviT qristes meored mosvlis Semdeg mtaceblebi daibruneben pirvelqmnil mdgomareobas. “Zroxa da dedadaTvi erTad mosZoven da maTi Svilebi erTmaneTis gverdiT dawvebian, lomi ZroxasaviT SeWams Calas” (es. 11,7).

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ix. naxati 214, 215.

Tavi 11. biostratigrafia

makroevoluciis hipoTezis, iseve rogorc nebismieri samecniero koncefciis dasamtkiceblad an uarsayofad aucilebelia Teoriuli damuSaveba da eqsperimentuli gamokvleva. ras SeuZlia daamtkicos ganvlili evoluciis arsebobis faqti? ra Tqma unda, geologiur fenebSi namarx organizmebs. aseTi SemowmebisaTvis aucilebelia gamokvleul iqnes geologiuri wiaRis warmoqmnis pirobebi, arsebaTa namarxi formebis ganlagebis Tanmimdevroba da maT Soris gardamavali rgolebis arseboba. darvinis dros geologiur-paleontologiuri masala Zalian mwiri iyo. mas Semdeg mecnierebma aRmoaCines milionobiT gaqvavebuli organizmi. winamdebare TavSi gavecnobiT, Tu ra Sedegebi aCvena am napovni masalebis kvlevam.

48. geoqronologiuri skala.

naxati gv. 216. geoqronologiuri skala

dedamiwis qerqis dawvrilebiTma Seswavlam aRmoaCina namarxi organizmebis ganlagebis saintereso kanonzomierebebi:qveda geologiur fenebSi aRmoCenil iqna martivi formis namarxebi, xolo zedaSi- ufro rTulis. magram es kanonzomierebebi iseTi TvalsaCino da advilad saxilveli ar aris, rogorc winamdebare geoqronologiur skalaze gamosaxaven. fenebSi sakmaod didi sixSiriT pouloben gaqvavebul formebs ufro dabla an ufro maRla “TavianT erebTan” SedarebiT. erT fenaSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes sxvadasxva iarusebis flora da fauna. saqmes arTulebs is, rom dedamiwis qerqis dauzianebeli da daurRveveli Wra Zalian iSviaTia. kargi Sedegia, Tu aRmoaCines oTxi-xuTi epoqa periodi, rogorc es did kanionSi (kolorados raioni) moxda, xolo iseTi SemTxveva, rom Wra aTive periods moicavdes, saerTod ar arsebobs. dedamiwis zedapiris didi nawili sam geologiur periodsac ar moicavs. yvela plastebSic rodia SesaZlebeli maxasiaTebeli gaqvavebulobis aRmoCena, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos plastis konkretuli periodisTvis mikuTvneba.

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xSirad fenis asakobrivi ufrosoba ganisazRvra misi ganlagebis rigiT SreebSi(stratigrafiulad). geologiuri mecnierebis damaarsebelma Carlz laielma geoqronologias safuZvlad daudo uniformizmis principi (mTeli gasuli drois manZilze Tanamedrove geologiuri pirobebis eqstrapolacia) da paleontologiuri neStebis mixedviT geologiuri fenebis daTariReba (xelmZRvanelobda namarxebiT). laieli da darvini axlo megobrebi iyvnen da ar aris gasakviri, Tu laielma geologia daafuZna darvinis hipoTezis jer kidev daumtkicebel faqtiur masalebze. daadgino asakobrivi Tanafardoba Sreebisa, romlebic erTmaneTisgan Zalian didi manZiliTaa daSorebuli, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia, organizmTa neStebis arseboba ganalagebs sruliad konkretul reperebs. ase magaliTad, devonuri sistemis qanebi pirvelad gamoyves devonSiris sagrafoSi, xolo permuli_ permis olqSi. am qanebs Soris asakobrivi Tanafardoba mecnierebma gansazRvres organuli neStebis mixedviT. devonSiris danaleqebSi didi raodenobiT iyo Tevzebi, xolo permisaSi_ qvewarmavlebi. evoluciuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, permuli danaleqebi ufro axalgazrdaa, amis gamo skalaze is moTavsebuli unda iyos devonurze zemoT. evoluciuri Teoria Tevzebidan qvewarmavlebis ganviTarebamde 100-120 milion wels gamohyofs da es mniSvneloba aRebuli aris permul da devonur danaleqebis asakebs Soris sxvaobad. ase aRmoCnda geoqronologiuri skala mijaWvuli hipoTezuri evoluciis miliard wlebs. avtoritetuli sedimentologi (sedimentologia- danaleqebis Semswavleli geologiuri disciplina) s.i.romanovski aseTi midgomebis arakoreqtulobaze wers:”laieli normad iRebda Tanamedrove dedamiwis mdgomareobas da radganac man miiRo darvinis evoluciuri Teoria, uneblied daiwyo dedamiwis istoriis Secvla sicocxlis istoriiT. laielidan es codva sxva Taobis geologebzec gadavida, bevri maTgani misgan dRemde ver ganTavisuflda”. TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT martiv magaliTs. vTqvaT, moxda katastrofa, romelmac Camarxa zRvis yure da misi binadrebi. garkveuli drois Semdeg am adgilze amoizarda tye da masSi mxecebi dasaxldnen. momdevno katastrofam isinic Camarxa. ori aseTi plastis arseboba miuTiTebs milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi sicocxlis evoluciur ganviTarebaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. Tanamedrove mecnierebi midian dakvnamde, rom SreTa Tanmimdevroba sulac ar warmoadgens sicocxlis istoriuli

ganviTarebis TandaTanobiT da nel-nela qvaSi aRbeWdvas, aramed igi aris katastrofebis Sedegi. didi rusi wmida mama ioane kronStadteli jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi afrTxilebda geologebs evoluciuri daskvnebis mcdarobaSi: ”Tqven ki, geologebo, Tavs iqebT, rom Tqveni

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gonebiT gadaaWarbeT RvTis gonebas da CaswvdiT dedamiwis fenebis agebulebas da amtkicebT amas wminda werilis "dabadebis" winaaRmdeg. Tqven ufro gjeraT usulo miwis fenebis mkvdari asoebis, vidre udidesi winaswarmetyvelisa da RvTis mxilvelis_ moses STamagonebeli sityvebis”. mecnier kriacionistebi Jan kiuves droidan moyolebuli Semdegnairad msjelobdnen: Tanamedrove dedamiwaze mcxovrebi organizmebi rom daifaros danaleqebiT, ras davinaxavT geologiur SreebSi? moluskebi, nawlavRruianebi da mravalferovani kibosnairebi aRmoCndebian qvemoT, radgan isini cxovroben zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze. zemoT ganlagdebian Tevzebi, kidev ufro maRla_ amfibiebi da reftiliebi, radgan isini sanapiro zolSi cxovroben. yvela zeda SreSi aRmoCndebian frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi. aseTi Sreebi mogvagoneben geoqronologiur skalas, magram, ra Tqma unda, evoluciur TviTganviTarebas umartivesidan ufro rTulisken ver daamtkiceben. axla Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi dagrovili faqtebis gamo SeimCneba dabruneba geologiur-paleontologiuri danaleqebis formirebis procesebis Tavdapirvel gagebasTan. neokatastrofuli mimarTuleba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi iwodeba “aqtualur katastrofizmad”. naxatebi gv. 28,219.

daTariRebis radiaciuli meTodebi. geoqronologiuri skalis sisworis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT radioizotopiis meTodebiT daTariRebis Sedegebi. es meTodebia: uran-tyviis, Torium-tyviis, kalium-argonis, rubidium-stronciumis, uran-qsenonis, renium-osmiumis, radionaxSirbadis da sxv. magaliTad, uranis daSlis erT-erTi produqtia tyviis radiaqtiuri izotopi. uranisa da tyviis TanafardobiT msjeloben daSlis procesis xangrZlivobisa da qanis asakis Sesaxeb. radiaciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba daiwyes mas Semdeg, rac dedamiwis sxvadasxva plastebis asaki saxelmZRvanelod aRebuli namarxebis daxmarebiT evoluciuri principiT sruliad iyo “gansazRvruli”. Tu sakvlev obieqtSi sawyisi izotopis da misi daSlis produqtis proporcia daaxloebiT iseTive aRmoCndeboda, rogorc im warmonaqmnSi, romlis asakic ukve “cnobili” iyo, maSin es obieqti etalonis Tanatolad CaiTvleboda. amgvarad, radiaciuli meTodebi mcdar sistemebs miewera. geologiur warmonaqmnSi gansazRvruli qanebisa da mineralebis ararsebobis gamo, bevr SemTxvevaSi izotopebis meTodebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. zogjer am qanebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic izotopebis meTodebis pirdapiri gamoyeneba, rogorc damoukidebeli meTodebisa, Sedegebis

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Zalian did dacilebebs iZleva. amis mizezebi Semdegia:a) uranisa da tyviis Tavdapirveli Semcvelobis dadgena qerqis qanebSi SeuZlebelia; b) miwisqveSa wylebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba izotopebis gamorecxva. amis gamo danaleq qanebSi (romlebSic pouloben gaqvavebul neStTa umravlesobas) asakis gansazRvra iZleva Sedegebis Zalian did gafantulobas: TviT danaleqebis formirebis procesi gulisxmobs iq wylis masebis aucilebel arsebobas da radioaqtiuri elementebis gamorecxvas. wyalSi xsnadi mineralebis, siliciumis oqsidis, piritis, kalciumis karbonatisa da sxva araorganuli naerTebis qsovilebSi TandaTan SeRweva iwvevs organizmebis gaqvavebas . kalium-argonis meTodis gamoyeneba garTulebulia imis gamoc, rom kaliumi wyliT metad iolad gamoirecxeba, xolo argoni-gazia. am meTodiT daTariRebis monacemebis intepretaciisas Cveulebriv uaryofen asakis im maCveneblebs, romlebic an Zalian didia, an Zalian mcire geoqronologiuri skalis monacemebTan SedarebiT. ukugdebul da miRebul monacemebs Soris gansxvavebas miaweren raRac hipoTezuri mizezebis gamo gamowveul argonis siWarbes an danakargs. qanebis siRrmeebSi argonis didi Semcveloba, romelic maCvenebelia qanis didi asakisa, nawilobriv dakavSirebulia maRali wnevis pirobebSi magmuri argonis Semcveli qanebis gamyarebasTan da aramc da aramc ar aris dakavSirebuli radioaqtiuri daSlis xangrZlivobasTan. izotopuri meTodebi Zalian xSirad iZleva araswor Sedegebs. adgili aqvs dasanan SemTxvevebs:axali zelandiis axalamofrqveuli lavis asaki aRmoCnda 1-3,5 milioni wlis, xolo 1986 wels amofrqveuli sent-gelensis lava- 0,4-3 milioni wlis, kolorados platos meoTxeuli bazaltebis asaki, romelic geoqronologiur skalaze 10 aTas wels Seesabameba, izotopuri meTodiT- 117-260 milioni wliT daTariRda. axal urTierTgamomricxav monacemTa miRebis gamo specialistebs uwevT daTariRebis am meTodikis xelaxla gadaxedva. rogor amtkiceben geoqronologias zemoT CamoTvlili daTariRebis meTodebi? miRebuli Sedegebis farTo speqtridan irCeven ramdenadme ufro “simarTlis msgavss”, xolo sxva Sedegebis mcdaroba romeliRac mizezebT aixsneba. geologiaSi gansakuTrebiT rTulia Teoriis Semowmeba. aravis ar unaxavs rogor yalibdeboda dedamiwis wiaRi. eqsperimentebis Catarebac, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia. rogor unda moiqcnen mecnierebi, Tuki monacemTa dacileba Zalian didia? winaswar aRiarebul “simarTlesTan” miaxloebuli Sedegebi WeSmaritebad miaCniaT da aqveyneben, romelic Zalian dacilebulia- iSviaTad aqveyneben, xolo cdomilebebis mizezebi kvlav gaugebari rCeba. xolo am dacilebis mizezebi kvlav daudgeneli rCeba. amis gamo geoqronologiur monacemebiT sargeblobisas saWiroa didi sifrTxile. amis Sesaxeb gvirCevs Tanamedrove avtoritetuli

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paleontologi s.v.meieni:”xSirad garegani skalis saxiT (Sreebis Tanamimdevrobis urTierTdamokidebulebiT) gamoisaxeba absoluturi drois radiometriuli skala, rasac SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT... saqme mdgomareobs ara imdenad absoluturi daTariRebis teqnikur arasrulyofaSi, ramdenadac imaSi, rom isini miiRebian mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki drois damokidebulebiT winaaRmdegobaSi ar Sedian konkretul geologiur sxeulebTan”. Sreebis Tanamedrove daTariReba upiratesad biologiuria. magaliTad, Tu geologiur warmonaqmnSi qvanaxSiris tye aRmoCndeba, radiodaTariRebisgan damoukideblad am warmonaqmns paleozour eras (400 milion wlis win) miakuTvneben. Tu aRmoCndeba dinozavrTa raime kvali, maSin, rogorc wesi, daaTariReben mezozouri eriT (200 milioniweli). ix. naxatebi gv. 220 saxelmZRvanelo namarxebi, amonitebi, gv. 221 radioaqtiuri daSla

planetis asaki. me-19 saukunemde kreacionisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad mTeli samyaro iTvleboda eqvs dReSi Seqmnilad, rogorc es wminda werilSi da wm. mamaTa swavlebebSia mocemuli. SesaZloa Tu ara raime erTmaneTTan fardobaSi iyos ramdenime aTasi wlis win samyaros Seqmna da radioizotopuri daTariRebis monacemebi? es monacemebi amtkiceben, rom dedamiwis asaki miliardobiT wels moicavs. uranis naxevraddaSlis periodi 4,5 miliardi welia. mas ki nimuSebSi tyviasTan Tanabar TanafardobaSi naxuloben, rac imas niSnavs, rom planeta sul cota 2-3 miliardi wlisaa. klasikur geologiaSi varaudoben, rom odesRac dedamiwa gavarvarebul sferos warmoadgenda, romlis gacivebis Semdeg mis qerqSi moxda uranis qarsis kristalizacia. am dros xdeboda sakmaod sufTa nivTierebis miReba, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc yvelasTvis cnobili NaCl-is kristalizaciisas xdeba:am dros kristalizaciaSi sxva marilebi monawileobas ar iReben da SedarebiT sufTa NaCl miiReba. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivad Tvlidnen, rom Tavdapirvelad dedamiwis qerqis nivTierebebSi urani tyviasTan Sereuli ar unda yofiliyo. magram Tuki dedamiwa Seqmnilia ramdenime aTasi wlis win da is arasodes warmoadgenda gavarvarebuls feros, maSin Tavdapirvel radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa sisufTaveze varaudi gamoiricxeba, e.i. radioaqtiuri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia imis damtkiceba, rom dedamiwa arsebobs miliardobiT weli. wiaRSi gaqvavebul neStTa arseboba sruliad ar mowmobs Soreul warsuls:gaqvaveba sakmaod swrafad mimdinareobs- sul ramdenime aTeuli weliwadi sakmarisia amisTvis. bunebrivi katasrofebis modelirebisas (vulkanuri amofrqveva, cxovelTa da mcenareTa organizmebis gruntis siRrmeebSi Camarxva da sxv.)

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mecnierebi ramdenime saaTSi iReben torfs, qvanaxSirsa da navTobs. zogierTi marTlmadidebeli mecnieri varaudobs, rom samyaro suliac ar aris 7500 wlis, rogorc igi dabadebis wignSia miTiTebuli. realobad miiCneven evolucias, romelic maTi gagebiT niSnavs “TandaTanobiT, nabij-nabij Semoqmedebas”, xolo samyaros dReebSi gulisxmoben abstraqtuli drois periodebs. wmida werilis aseTi gageba ar Seesabameba wmida mamaTa ganmartebas da vardeba mraval winaaRmdegobaSi:pirvelqmnil samyaroSi jer kidev adamianis Seqmnamde sikvdilisa da xrwnis aucilebloba. wmida mamaTa mixedviT, sikvdili da xrwna mxolod adamis codviT dacemis Semdeg gaCnda. es mecnieruli mimarTuleba (Teisturi evolucia) me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ruseTSi ganviTarda. mecnierTa nawils saarsebo moTxovnilebad eqca rogorme SeeTavsebina mecniereba wmida werilTan. isini xelovnurad ganmartavdnen eqvs dRis Sesaqmes, rogorc drois grZel periods, dawyebuls “didi afeTqebis” momentidan. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom evoluciuri Tanmimdevroba kosmosis, dedamiwis warmoSobisa da Semdeg dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebisa emTxveva eqvs dReSi samyaros Seqmnis movlenaTa rigs. am wlebis mecnierebi is is iyo iwyebdnen mecnierebisa da rwmenis urTierTSeTanxmebisaTvis fiqrs da moxarulebi iyvnen, rom SesZles bibliis teqstis “gamarTleba”, Tundac aseTi gaWirvebiT. es pirveli mniSvnelovani warmatebebi mecnierebasTan Serigebis saqmeSi miRweul iqna cnobili mecnierebis naSromebis wyalobiT, eseni arian dekanozi glebi (kaleda), s.v.meieni, v.i.gomankovi. ix. naxati gv. 222, 223. gasuli wlebis manZilze bevri ram Seicvala Cvens qveyanaSi. xelmisawvdomi gaxda wm.mamaTa Sromebi, romlebic manamde farTo sazogadoebisTvis dafaruli iyo. gamoCnda axali mecnieruli monacemebi. Tanamedrove mecnierebi muSaoben mecnierebisa da bibliis urTierTSesabamisobaze. isini Semoqmedebis eqvs dReSi Cveulebriv 24 saaTian dReebs gulisxmoben, xolo TviTSemoqmedebad_ pirvel RvTiur saswauls, “arafrisgan” samyaros Seqmnas. isini uaryofen cocxali materiis evoluciur transformacias. mecniereba TandaTan aRiarebs wm. werilis yoveli sityvis WeSmaritebas. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-prezidentis akademikos v.e.fortovis sityvebiT:”faqtebi, romelic sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinebSi bolo dros dagrovda, eWvqveS ayenebs warsulis im Teoriebs, romlebic Seuryeveli gvegona. esenia darvinizmi, dedamiwaze sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis Teoria, sayovelTaod miRebuli geologiuri epoqebi. paleontologiisa da anTropologiis ukanaskneli monacemebi amJRavneben gasaocrad bevr saerTos bibliis ZiriTad sakiTxebTan.

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49. gardamavali formebis ararseboba

ras Seicaven geologiuri Sreebi? qanebs, romelic ZiriTadad baqteriebsa da lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebs Seicaven, kembriulamdel periodis Sreebs miakuTvneben. am umartivesi organizmebis prokariotul ujredebs ar gaaCndaT birTvi. sxva yvela organizmi Seicavs birTvs da eukariotebs miekuTvneba. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom eukariotebi prokariotebisgan warmoiSvnen, magram bioqimikosebis mier aRmoCenili Zlieri gansxvaveba maTi rnm-s agebulebas Soris, aCvenebs prokariotuli ujredidan eukariotuli ujredis evoluciis SeuZleblobas. ix. naxati gv.225.

kanadis kaJbadian qanebSi aRmoCenilia lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi da baqteriebi. es Sre TariRdeba 2 miliardi wliT. afrikis fiqalebSi (transvaali da svazilendi napovnia Cxirisebri baqteriebi da lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi.. maT asaks 3 miliardi wliT aTariReben. yvelaze mniSvnelovania avstraliaSi ediakaris midamoebSi aRmoCenili meduzebi- nawlavRruianebi, mimagrebuli cxovrebis niriT (marjnebis uConCxo naTesavi). isini raRaciT gvanan umartives fexsaxsrianebsac, brtyel Wiebsac da moluskebsac. edikariuli fauna, romlis msgavsic Semdeg planetis sxvadasxva adgilebSic aRmoCnda da TariRdeba 1,5 miliardi wliT, SeuZlebelia davukavSiroT CvenTvis dReisaTvis cnobil cocxal formebs. am organizmebis ganmasxvavebel niSnad iTvleba mineraluri ConCxis saerTod ararseboba. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es arsebebi ar SeiZleba yofiliyvnen ufro gvian ganviTarebuli saxeobebis winaparni. mTel dedamiwaze kembriul SreSi cocxali organizmebi gaqvavebuli saxiT araCveulebrivi simravliT aRmoCnda. es aris e.w. “kembriuli afeTqeba”. am organizmebs miekuTvnebian Rrubelebi, meduzebi, moluskebi da sxvadasxva kibosnairebi. arian ki isini iseTi primitiulebi, rogorc SeiZleba erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos? trilobitebs, romlebic kibosnairebidan ufro metad gavrcelebui iyvnen, Tvalis usrulyofilesi konstruqcia hqondaT.Tvalebi specialur RerZze iweodnen da garSemo yvelafers erTdroulad xedavdnen. TiToeul Tvals gaaCnda orientirebuli kalcitisgan Camoyalibebuli ormagi broli, romelic saSualebas iZleoda aberaciis Tavidan asacileblad. trilobitebis Tvalis srulyofili agebuleba yovelTvis mecnierTa gaocebas iwvevda. mkvlevarTa azriT, baduris Tundac erTi ujredis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, sakmarisia, raTa uarvyoT darvinis Teoria.

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rogor moxda, rom aseTi srulyofilebi iyvnen pirveli cocxali organizmebi. ix. naxati gv. 226.

kembriuli organizmebi imdenad rTulia, rom evolucionistTa azriT, maT warmoSobas sul cota aseuli milioni weli unda dasWireboda. SesaZlebeli iyo isini erTmaneTisgan warmoSobiliyvnen? gansxvavebuli tipebi- Rrubelebi, nawlavRruianebi, fexsaxsrianebi, moluskebi, kaneklianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian da TavianTi niSan-TvisebebiT mkveTrad SemosazRvrulni arian. maT Soris damakavSirebuli rgolebi arsad ar sCans, ar arsebobs. namarxi uxerxemloebis arcerTi klasi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ar aris gardamavali Sualeduri formebiT. am saintereso faqtis Sesaxeb werdnen iseTi cnobili mecnierebi, rogorebic arian J.kiure, v.a.dogeli, v.n.beklemiSevi. evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, kembriuli organizmebis winaparTa formebi unda gaCeniliyo da daxociliyo milardobiT, magram arcerTi maTgani paleontologiur koleqciaSi ar aris. J.kiue da misi mimdevrebi samarTlianad ukavSirebdnen “kembriul afeTqebas” samyaros Seqmnis udides movlenas. Semdeg ordovikul SreSi isev gardamavali rgolebis gareSe vxvdebiT didi raodenobis Tevzisnairebs. uxerxemloebidan Tevzis warmoSobas unda mohyoloda agebulebaSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi. elementaruli aRnagobis plastiuri arseba (Wia an meduza) an rbili tanis da mkvrivi niJaris mqone organizmi gadaiqca layuCebian myari ConCxis mqone Tevzad. rogorc evolucionistebi varaudoben, am process 10 milionze meti weli unda moecva, unda warmoSobiliyo miliardobiT gardamavali forma, romelTagan erTic ki ar aris napovni. “me unda vTqva, rom CemTvis cnobili Tevzebi warmoiSvnen savsebiT gansakuTrebulad da arafrisgan”,-wers avtoritetuli ixtiologi e.uaiti. ix. naxati gv. 227.

Semdeg SreSi aseve Sualeduri rgolebis gareSe erTdroulad warmoiSva yvela amfibia-wyalxmeleTa organizmebi. yvela kontinentze aTasobiT Tevzebis, amfibiebisa da reptiliebis namarxi gansazRvruli gvarebia napovni. SesaZloa am namarxebis safuZvelze avagoT evoluciuri jaWvebi? Sualeduri formebi Tevzis farflsa da oTxfexa cxovelis kidurs Soris ar aris cnobili. yvela namarxi organizmi calsaxad an Tevzia an amfibia. “didi xnis win gadaSenebuli” mtevanfarfliani Tevzi celakanti sxva devonur mtevanfarflianebTan erTad iTvleba gardamaval formad Tevzebsa da amfibiebs Soris. amtkicebdnen, rom am arsebebs uxdebodaT TavianT farflebze dayrdnobiT erTi wyalsatevidan meoreSi gadaadgileba. amitom TandaTan gadaewyvnen da Seeguen xmeleTze cxovrebis nirs. 1938 wels

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moxerxda celakantis cocxlad daWera da misi kvlevis Semdeg darwmundnen, rom is mxolod da mxolod Tevzia da Tanac sulac ar cdilobs xmeleTze cxovrebas. igi Seguebulia gansakuTrebiT did siRrmeebSi arsebobas. navaraudevi filtvebi mas ar aRmoaCnda, arc sxva romelime niSani, romelic mas Tevzebisgan ganasxvavebda. momdevno triasul SreSi analogiurad uceb Cndebian qvewarmavlebi, romlebic qviriTs ki ar yrian, aramed myar naWuWian kvercxebs deben. arc erTi gardamavali forma reptilebis winaprisa cnobili ar aris. frinvelebi. isini geologiur SreSi uecrad Cndebian, gardamavali rgolebis gareSe. arcerTi cxoveli naxevrad frTebiT da naxevrad TaTebiT, an naxevrad bumbuliT da naxevrad qercliT ar aris napovni. dawvrilebiTma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom struqturebi, romlebic adre dinozavrebis “frTebad” iTvleboda, kolagenuri boWkoebi aRmoCnda. es boWkoebi, magaliTad, zRvis gvelebs, ganlagebuli aqvT uSualod kanqveS. “analizs ar eqvemdebareba, Tu rogor moxda reptilebis qerclisgan bumbulis warmoSoba”,- axdens faqtis konstantacias am dargis cnobili specialisti r.keroli. frinvelTa maxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba sahaero parkebis arseboba, romelic mas frenis dros sunTqvaSi exmareba. am organos Seswavlam patara zomis dinozavr teropodebSi, savaraudo frinvelis “evoluciur winaparSi”- aCvena misi proncipuli gansxvaveba frinvelTa filtvebTan da sahaero parkebTan. paleontologiuri faqtebiT ar dasturdeba arc ZuZumwovarTa warmoSoba reptiliebisgan. Tanamedrove mecnierebisTvis ZuZumwovarTa winapari cxovelebi ucnobia. pirveli ZuZumwovris gamoCena mecnierTaTvis amouxsnel amocanad rCeba. iqneb Sualeduri formebi sxva cxovelebisgan ganadgurdnen? magram ratom ar ganadgurdnen formirebuli sxva saxeobebi? britaneTis arqeologiis institutis mecnieri f.hitCingi wers:”sainteresoa, rom arsebobs mudmivi xarvezebi gaqvavebulobebSi, yvela mniSvnelovan adgilze ar arsebobs es gaqvavebuli formebi”. Tu msgavs saxeobebSi sazRvrebi Znelad gasarCevia, zesaxeobriv taqsonebSi sazRvrebi mkveTrad aris aRniSnuli xarvezebiT. Sualeduri rgolebis aRmouCenloba xom ar miewereba paleontologiuri masalis simwires? ara, gaqvavebulobis didi siWarbe da maTi dawvrilebiTi kvleva-Seswavla iTvleboda miliardobiT wliani istoriis mtkicebulebad. ai ras ambobs amis Sesaxeb mecnieri l.sanderlendi:”yvela kontinentis da okeaneebis fskeris 120-wlianma farTo da gulmodgine geologiurma kvlevebma suraTi Seudareblad naTeli da sruli gaxada 1859 welTan SedarebiT (rac aris darvinis “saxeobaTa warmoSobis” gamoqveynebis TariRi). aRmoCnda formaciebi, romelic aseulobiT

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miliard gaqvavebulobebs Seicavs, muzeumebSi inaxeba 250 aTasi sxvadasxva saxeobis as milionamde gaqvavebuli forma”. kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena saxeobebs Soris farTo da mkveTri Cavardnebi, romelic maT Seqmnaze da araTavisTavad warmoSobaze miuTiTebs”. ueWvelia, Tu evolucia realuri iqneboda, Cven unda gvepovna milionobiT gaqvavebuli formebi, romelebic gviCvenebda Tu rogor gadadioda sicocxlis erTi forma meoreSi. namarxi neStebis uzarmazar raodenobaSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi savaraudo gardamavali forma. kvlevebi imdenad gulmodgine da xangrZlivi iyo, Tuki Sualeduri formebi odesme arsebobdnen, SeuZlebelia, igi ver aRmoeCinaT. harvardis universitetis geologiisa da paleontologiis profesoris s.guldas mtkicebulebiT, saxeobaTa didi nawili gaqvavebulobebSi Cndeba “savsebiT formirebuli” da aseve “amTavreben TavianT istorias”. mcenareTa mravalferovani samyaroc ver moeqca evoluciis kalapotSi. magaliTad, yvavilovani mcenareebi gaqvavebulobebSi ucbad Cndebian didi raodenobiT da Tanac mTlianad formirebulebi. es SeuZlebelia aixsnas evoluciuri paleontologiis poziciebidan. mecnierebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom mcenareTa namarxi formebi cxadi mtkicebulebaa samyaros Seqmnisa da ara TavisTavad mimdinare evoluciisa.

50. mcdari Sualeduri formebi.

amoucnobi arqeopteriqsi (namarxi frinveli daaxloebiT mtredis zomis) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda gardamaval formad mfrinav xvlikebsa da frinvelebs Soris. mas frTebze brWyalebi gaaCnda, magram aseTi brWyalebi Tanamedrove frinvelebs- goacins da turakossac gaaCniaT. es brWyalebi maT tropikul tyeebSi aucileblad sWirdebaT, sadac mcenareuli safari imdenad xSiria, rom Wirs xeze afrena, xolo acoceba ufro advilia. es brWyalebi maT bartyebsac sWirdebaT, sanam frenas iswavlian. avtoritetuli mecnieri a.feduCis mtkicebiT, frinvelTa TiTebi veranairad ver ganviTardebodnen dinozavrebis TiTebidan. arqeopteriqsis kbilebis arseboba aranairad ar ukavSirdeba xvlikebidan mis warmoSobas. kbilebi gaaCndaT gadaSenebul uamrav srulyofil frinvels, xolo zogierT Tanamedrove reptilias kbilebi sulac ara aqvs. arqeopteriqsis kbilebs, iseve rogorc sxva namarxi frinvelebisas, gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli agebuleba da sulac ar hgvanan nebismieri cnobili dinozavris kbilebs. ix. naxati gv. 229.

arqeopteriqss bumbulic da frTebic srulyofilad hqonda formirebuli. mis tvins gaaCnda mxedvelobiTi qerqi da

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ganviTarebuli naTxemi iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove frinvelebs. fexebis TiTebi sxvadasxva mxares hqonda gafarCxuli, xolo TviTon fexebi moxrili, "muxlebiT” ukan (iseve, rogorc Cveulebriv frinvelebs), raTa totebze moxerxebulad msxdariyvnen. mis ConCxSi aris frinvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli laviwis orTiTura Zvali, oRond ar aris tropi, Tumca es mraval Tanamedrove frinvelsac ara aqvs, magaliTad, siraqlemas. qariSxalas umravlesobasac tropi Zalian sustad aqvs ganviTarebuli. arqeopteriqss praqtikulad frinvelTa yvela niSan-Tviseba gaaCndaT. a.feduCis azriT, bumbulian dinozavrs, rogorc arqeopteriqss xataven xolme, es frinveli sulac ar hgavda. mfrinav dinozavrs_ pterodaqtils frTebis magivrobas kidurebze gadaWimuli kani uwevda, xolo arqeopteriqss Camoyalibebuli bumbuliani frinvelis frTebi gaaCnda. gardamavali forma maT Soris ar arsebobs. pterodaqtilisgan pirdapir arqeopteriqsis warmoSoba iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc Ramurasagan mtredisa. Tumca arqeoperiqss namdvilad gaaCnda Tanamedrove frinvelebisgan gansxvavebiT kbilebi da kudi xerxemlis malebiT, magram s.guldas da n.eldrijis azriT, is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gardamaval formad, aramed mxolod “ucnaur mozaikad”. ix. naxati gv. 230.

aRmoCenilia frinvelTa kidev ufro uZvelesi winaprebi (protoavis). aRiarebuli geoqronologiuri skalis mixedviT, isini arqeopteriqsebze 75 milioni wliT adre cxovrobdnen. damatebiT maT hqondaT kilebi damsubuqi Rruiani Zvlebi. es frinvelebi 225 milioni wlis win warmoiSvnen aRiarebuli skal is mixedviT, anu im pirvel dinozavrebTan erTad, romlebsac gaumarTleblad Tvlian frinvelTa winaprebad. bunebaSi arseboben saocari cxovelebi, garegnulad TiTqos da msgavsni Sualeduri formebisa, magaliTad ixvniskarta. mas gaaCnia ixvis niskartis msgavsi xaxa da apkiani TaTebi. is balaxebisgan wnavs budes da kvercxebze zis iseve, rogorc frinveli. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom ixvniskarta frinvelebisgan ganviTarda? amave dros aqvs namdvili bewvis safarveli, kudi Taxvis msgavsi, xolo naSiers kvebavs rZiT, rogorc Cveulebrivi ZuZumwovara. an iqneb ZuZumwovrebidan ganviTarda? magram frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebs Soris ar unda iyos Sualeduri rgoli. rogorc iTvleba frinvelebi warmoiSvnen reptiliebisgan. bumbuli ganviTarda qvewarmavalTa qerclisgan. ix. naxati gv. 231.

mxeckbila xvliki, romelic iTvleba gardamaval rgolad qvewarmavlebsa da ZuZumwovrebs Soris, 100 procentiani qvewarmavalia. mas mxolod da mxolod sxvadasxva zomisa da daniSnulebis kbilebi gaaCnia iseve, rogorc es ZuZumwovrebs

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aqvT.zogierT gadaSenebul mxeckbila reptiliebs (projbainognathus) gaaCndaT gasaocari saimedoobis ybebi-TiToeul mxares ormagi ybis saxsriT, erTi saxsari Senawevrebuli ZuZumwovarTa saxsris msgavsad, xolo meore ki reptilebis msgavsad. Tumca es aranairad ar aris Sualeduri agebuleba. es konstruqcia srulebiT ar uCvenebs erTis meoresgan evoluciur ganviTarebas. aRwerili cxovelebi gasaocrad moicaven sakuTar TavSi sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelTa nawilebs, rogorc mozaikis Tavisebur fragmentebs, magram aseT fragmentebs (arqeopteriqsis frTebs, ixvniskartas ixvis cxvirsa da bewvis safarvels, mxeckbila xvlikis kbilebs da ybebis saxsrebs da sxv.) gaaCniaT savsebiT dasrulebuli formebi da ara Sualeduri. am iSviaT cxovelTa sxeulis nawilebis agebulebaSi aseTi uzarmazari naxtomebis arseboba iseve Zneli asaxsnelia evoluciiT, rogorc saxeobebis warmoqmna erTmaneTisgan. doqtorma k.patersonma, britaneTis sabunebismetyvelo istoriis muzeumis mTavarma paleontologma, dawera sqeltaniani wigni evoluciis Sesaxeb. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar Seitana wignSi gardamaval formaTa naxatebi, man gulaxdilad aRiara, “rom vicode Tundac erTi maTgani cocxali an gaqvavebuli, mas am wignSi aucileblad Sevitandi”. paleontologebis aswlovani Ziebis sruli warumatebloba aSkarad aCvenebs, rom bunebaSi gardamavali formebi arc arasodes arsebobda. Sualeduri rgolebis araarseboba darvinsac awuxebda, magram igi imedovnebda, rom aseTi rgolebi momavalSi aucileblad aRmoCndeboda, Tumca es ase ar moxda. ganvixiloT evoluciuri Teoriis arc ise Soreuli siamaye- “cxenebis seria”. es SedarebiTi-morfologiuri rigi gamoiyureba sakmaod simarTlis msgavsad. TiTqos ase Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij yalibdeboda Tanamedrove cxeni, sakmaod aSkaraa Cliqis evoluciuri ganviTareba. da ra? detalurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tanamedrove cxenis “genealogia”, romlis wardgenac ase uyvars mraval muzeums, Sedgenilia iseTi cxovelebis neStebisgan, romlebic sxvadasxva periodSi ki ar cxovrobdnen, aramed erTdoulad. namarxi cxenebi aRmoaCines planetis sxvadasxva nawilSi da araferi ar amtkicebs maT gamoCenas dedamiwaze garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT. im SreebSi, sadac napovnia hirakoteria, aRmoCenilia Tanamedrove cxenic. umravlesoba am cxovelebisa ubralod gadaSendnen, xolo “cxenebis seria” agebulia xelovnurad da ar arsebobs araviTari damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom es cxovelebi erTmaneTs cvlidnen zustad aseTi TanmimdevrobiT. sul ufro meti mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom cxenebis “genealogiis” arsebiTi nawili Sedgeba iseTi cxovelebisgan, romlebsac erTmaneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar gaaCndaT. magaliTad, pirvel “cxens” miakuTvneben maCvebs.

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evoluciis Teoriis Semowmeba da damtkiceba mxolod paleontologias SeuZlia, mxolod mas ZaluZs bolo sityva Tqvas evoluciiis msvlelobasa da mis utyuarobaze. gardamavali formebi ar arsebobs. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenri, genetikosi l.i.koroCkini miuTiTebs, rom “evoluciuri movlenebi...formulirdeba rogorc spekulaciuri koncefcia, romelic eqsperimentul Semowmebas ar eqvemdebareba”. evoluciis uzarmazari Senoba haerSi gamokidebuli aRmoCnda. Tavgamodebuli evolucionisti s.guldic ki iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom “msxvil gadasvlebSi gardamavali etapebis gaqvavebuli mowmobebi ar arsebobs... evoluciuri Teoriis didi da gamaRizianebeli probleba yovelTvis iyo Cveni uunaroba, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi, Tundac sakuTar warmodgenebSi, ver SevqmeniT funqciuri Sualeduri formebi”. ix. naxati gv. 232.

51. uZvelesi flora da fauna.

umdidres tropikur florasa da faunas dedamiwis yvela nawilSi pouloben, maT Soris, polusebzec ki, rac warsulSi gansakuTrebuli Tbili klimatis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. uZveles gaqvavebul xeebze praqtikulad ar SeimCneva wliuri rgolebi, anu zamTari zafxulisgan praqtikulad ar ganirCeva. zogierTi cxoveli da mcenare aRwevdnen uzarmazar zomebs da didxans cocxlobdnen, maT Soris gvxvdeba Tanamedrove formebic. sxvadasxva klasebis gadaSenebul saxeobaTa raodenoba 1-4-jer aRemateba Tanamedroveebs. ZuZumwovarTa klasi iyofa 20 Tanamedrove da 17 gadaSenebul rigad, xolo klass reptiliebSi namarxi rigebi 3,5-jer aRemateba Tanamedroveebs. mecnieruli monacemebis Tanaxmad, atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis raodenoba 5-10-jer aRemateboda axlandels (0,03 %). naxSirorJangs gaaCnia siTburi efeqti. is gamWvirvalea speqtris sxivuri nawilisTvis da atarebs mzis sinaTles dedamiwis zedapirisken, intensiurad STanTqavs siTbur gamosxivebas da ise inarCunebs siTbos, rogorc erTgvari qurqi. mecnierTa gamoTvliT, naxSirorJangis raodenobis atmosferoSi 10-jer gazrda gamoiwvevs saSualo wliuri temperaturis 6-8 gradusiT gazrdas ekvatorTan, xolo polusebze saSualo temperatura dadebiTi gaxdeba. ratom ase araTanabrad? ekvatoruli atmosfero gajerebulia wylis orTqliT, xolo polaruli- wyals TiTqmis ar Seicavs. CrdiloeTSi saSualo temperaturis aweva gamoiwvevs atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis mkveTr momatebas. wylis orqlsac aseve Zlieri Tboefeqti

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gaaCnia. Tanamedrove polarul atmosferoSi wylis orTqli TiTqmis ar aris, is imdenad gamWvirvalea yovel wams polusis zedapirze 3-jer meti mzis sinaTle aRwevs, vidre ekvatorze. mTeli es gamosxiveba haeris gamWvirvalobis da troposferos mcire sisqis gamo (8-10 km, xolo ekvatorTan 16-18 km) kosmosSi brundeba da ifanteba. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, antarqtidas gaaCnia siTbos wliuri uaryofiTo balansi, igi msoflio sivrceSi imaze met siTbos asxivebs, vidre TviTon mzisgan iRebs, anu is asxivebs im siTbosac, romelic Tbil qarebs aq moaqvs. mzis sxivebi airekleba Tovlze an curdeba polusis zedapiris gaswvriv da gadis kosmosSi. Zvel atmosferoSi mze haers kargad aTbobda. siTbo STainTqmeboda polareTis zedapiris gaswvriv wylis orTqlis sqeli feniT. dRevandel pirobebSi mzis sxivebis 30%irekleba da brundeba kosmosSi, 20% STainTqmeba atmosferos mier, xolo 50%niadagisa da okeanis mier. klimatis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi mzisgan miRebuli energia msoflio sivrceSi gamosxivdeba siTbur diapazonSi. warsulSi Sekavebuli siTbo dedamiwas unarCunebda Tbil klimats ekvatoridan polusebamde. dedamiwa mogvagonebda did saTburs. rogorc dabadebis wignidan cnobilia, adamianebi 800-900 wels cocxlobdnen. im dros mravali arseba iyo Zlieri da ueWvelia, rom gaaCndaT sicocxlis didi xangrZlivoba. dinozavrebi aRwevdnen uzarmazar zomebs, radgan qvewarmavlebs axasiaTebT zrda mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, umdidresi mcenareuloba uxvad uzrunvelyofda cxovelebs sakvebiT. uZvelesi adamianebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba grafikulad rom gamovsaxoT, cxadad davinaxavT, Tu rogor swrafad Semcirda igi warRvnis Semdeg. rasTan iyo es dakavSirebuli? ix. grafiki gv. 235.

SesaZloa Zvel atmosferoSi wylis molekulebisgan mzis gamosxivebiT xdeboda damatebiTi ozonis Sris warmoqmna. aseTi ormagi ekrani wylis orTqlisa da ozonisa saimedod akavebda mavne kosmosur gamosxivebas, romelic mutaciebs da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcirebas iwvevs. SesaZloa Tu ara, rom mxolod mavne gamosxivebis ararsebobas da xelsayrel klimats uzrunveleyo sicocxlis aseTi xangrZlivoba warRvnamdel msoflioSi? mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es nakleb sarwmunoa. am movlebis raime bunebrivi pirobebiT axsna SeuZlebelia. kiTxvaze pasuxi dRes mxolod saRvTismetyvelo memkvidreobaSi SeiZleba vipovoT. “mas Semdeg, rac Cven miviwevT codnis mwvervalidan mwvervalisken, uecrad aRmovaCenT, rom TviToeuli maTgani ukve didi xania dapyrobili aqvs RvTismetyvelebas”,-werda eleqtronis aRmomCeni jon tomsoni. codviT dacemis Semdgom adamianisTvis aucilebeli gaxda

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sikvdilis siaxlovis SegrZneba, raTa ganiwmindos man Tavisi cxovreba. sikvdilis siaxlove afxizleba adamians, exmareba mas gaxdes ukeTesi. es sakuTari gamocdilebiT bevrisTvis ukve cnobilia. Tuki Cven, Tanamedrove adamianebs, romlebsac sul ramdenime aTeuli weli da mravali avadmyofoba gvaqvs TadarigSi da mainc viviwyebT maradiul cxovrebas, warmoidgineT, ramdenad udardelad da qarafSutulad vicxovrebdiT, rom gagvaCndes Zlieri janmrTeloba da aTaswlovani sicocxle, miT ufro, rom ukvdavebi rom vyofiliyaviT. Cveni sxeulis droebiT sikvdili erTgvari zRudea codvisaTvis, sulis erTgvari acraa samudamo sikvdilisgan dasacavad. “keTilganzraxviTaa dadgenili sikvdili”,- werda wminda ioane oqropiri. Sescoda pirvelma adamianma da gaxda mokvdavi. gamravlda codva warRvnamdel adamianebSi da Semoqmedma sicocxlis xangrZlivoba warRvnis Semdeg 10-jer Seamcira, xolo cxovelTa sicocxle dakavSirebuli da damokidebulia TviT Semoqmedebis gvirgvinis- adamianis cxovrebaze. Sescoda adamma da yvela qmnileba mokvdavi da xrwnadi gaxda. amoisvara codvebSi warRvnamdeli kacobrioba da Semcirda sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da fizikuri siZliere rogorc adamianisa, ise sxva organizmebisa. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcirebis biologiuri meqanizmebi metad gansxvavebulia. ratom gansxvavdeba ase saocrad Tanamedrove planeta warRvnamdelisgan? ratomaa rom danaleq qanebSi, kembriulidan kainozouramde katastrofuli modelis mixedviT warRvnamde formirebuli organizmebi ase Zlier gansxvavdebian Tanamedrove organizmebisagan? Semoqmedis nebiT gaCnda es samyaro, misive nebiT gaCnda adami, misive nebiT warRvnam gaanadgura uZvelesi msoflio. ra Tqma unda, misive gegmis mixedviT planetis saxe, flora da fauna, Seicvala. SesaZloa am cvlilebaTa zogi mizezi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:warRvnam da misma Tanamdevma xangrZlivma wvimebma atmosferodan Camorecxes naxSirorJangi, rasac Sesabamisad mohyva saTburis efeqtis da saSualo temperaturis Semcireba, gansakuTrebiT polusebTan. saerTod, planetis klimatis Secvlam gamoiwvia sxva globaluri katastrofebi. Seicvala klimati, Seicvala niadagi da Sesabamisad cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaro.

Tavi 12. sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze.

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sicocxlis warmoSobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mecnierTa mosazreba orad gaiyo. erTni amtkicebdnen, rom cocxalni mxolod cocxlisgan warmoiSoba biogenezis saSualebiT, xolo meoreni SesaZleblad miiCneven abiogenezs- cocxalis warmoSobas aracocxalisgan. pirvelni aRiareben Semoqmeds, xolo meoreni materias ganixilaven, rogorc TavisTavad myofs da damoukidebels. aris gamonaklisebic. biogenezis momxre akademikosi vernadski rCeboda materialistad da amtkicebda, rom “sicocxle mudmivia- iseve, rogorc mudmivia kosmosi”, xolo germaneli maTematikosi leibnici varaudobda, rom aracocxali materia RvTiuri sulis moqmedebis Sedegad cocxlad nel-nela, TandaTan formirdeba. me-19 saukuneSi cnobilma frangma mecnierma lui pasterma eqsperimentulad daadgina TviTCasaxvis anu cocxali organizmebis TavisTavad warmoSobis SeuZlebloba, Tundac gansakuTrebul sakveb xsnarSi, Tuki es xsnari kargad naduRebia da Semdeg daculia mikrobebis SeWrisgan. am eqsperimentisTvis man safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis specialuri premiac miiRo. lui pasteri iTvleba mikrobiologiisa da imunologiis fuZemdeblad, manve aRmoaCina anaerobuli baqteriebi da baqteriuli duRilis mizezebi. igi sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis ideis Sesaxeb ambobda:”STamomavlebi erT mSvenier dRes gulianad icineben Cveni Tanamedrove materialisti mecnierebis sisuleleebze”. gacilebiT gvian, 1924 wels rusma akademikosma a.i.oparinma SemogvTavaza hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmadac sicocxle dedamiwaze SesaZloa warmoiSva ara uceb, mikroorganizmebis saxiT, aramed maT win uZRoda organuli naerTebis abiogenuri warmoqmna. 1955 wels amerikelma mkvlevarma s.milerma moaxdina pirvelyofili planetis savaraudo mkacri pirobebis imitireba: eleqtrul ganmuxtvebs 60 kv simZlavriT uSvebda narevSi, romelic Seicavda meTans, amiaks , wyalbads, wylis orTqls. temperatura 800C aRwevda, xolo wneva ramdenime paskali iyo. milerma miaRwia, rom am gziT mieRo ZmarmJava, WianWvelamJava, anu umartivesi cxomovani mJavebi da mcire raodenobiT ramdenime aminomJava. es cdebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanamedrove molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis pirvel nabijebad.

52. abiogenezi da Termodinamikis kanonebi

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evoluciuri Teoriis CarCoebSi dRemde ver moxerxda pasuxis gacema mTavar kiTxvaze, saidan gaCndnen pirveli organizmebi? Tuki erTi organizmidan meoris ganviTareba rogorRac warmosadgenia, TavisTavadi Casaxva cocxali organizmisa Znelad asaxsneli da gaugebaria. SesaZloa aracocxalma materiam warmoSvas sicocxle? savsebiT cxadia, rom es kiTxva yovelTvis eWvs iwvevda. kvanturi Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, cnobili mecnieri heizenbergi qebiT ixseniebs Tavis kolegas, aseve genialur mecniers paulis. is wers:”pauli skeptikurad udgeba Tanamedrove biologiaSi gavrcelebul darvinistul Sexedulebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxeobaTa ganviTareba dedamiwaze SesaZlo yofila mxolod mutaciebis wyalobiT da fizikur-qimiuri kanonebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad”. mivubrundeT mecnierul faqtebs da ganvixiloT navaraudevi abiogenezis dasawyisi. molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirvelad okeaneSi an xmeleTis tenian adgilebSi SemTxveviT warmoiqmna aminomJavaTa molekulebi, Semdeg es molekulebi Sejgufdnen, Sesqeldnen da warmoqmnes e.w.koacervatebi. ai aq daiwyo cilebis Camoyalibeba. rogorc viciT, aminomJavaTa SemTxveviTi nakrebidan konkretuli cilis molekulis warmoqmnis albaToba sul raRac 10_325 tolia. saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom bunebaSi arsebobs ara marto sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli 20 aminomJava, aramed sxva daaxloebiT 300. maT umravlesobas sicocxlisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. garda amisa, rogorc eqsperimentebma aCvena, aminomJavebi erTmaneTs ufro Znelad uerTdebian, vidre im nivTierebaTa molekulebs, romlebic igulisxmeba, rom unda yofiliyo pirvelyofil “bulionSi”. am gziT kidevac rom momxdariyo cilis warmoqmna, is biologiurad araaqtiuri iqneboda. saqme imaSia, rom biologiurad aqtiuri cilebi Seicaven mxolod marcxniv mbrunav aminomJavebs, xolo qimiuri kanonebiT SesaZloa narevis miReba, romelic marcxniv da marjvniv mbrunav aminomJavebs erTnairi SemTxveviTi proporciebiT Seicaven. amis gamo ar SeiZleba marcxniv mbrunavi amonomJavebi TavisTavad gamocalkevdnen marjvniv mbrunavebisgan da Camoayalibon cila, anu Sesabamiosad sicocxle TavisTavad ver warmoiSveba. molekulebis TviTgarTulebis procesi SeuZlebelia sxva mizezTa gamoc. gavixsenoT Termodinamikis meore sawyisi. erT-erTi misi formulireba gvamcnobs:TavisTavad warmodgenili yoveli molekuluri sistema miiswrafvis udidesi qaosisken, misi enTropia (qaosis xarisxis maxasiaTebeli sidide) izrdeba. amis gamo, magaliTad, siTbo TavisTavad ar gadaecema naklebad gamTbari sxeulidan ufro gamTbars. molekulebis TviTgarTulebis procesi, anu mowesrigebulobis TviTformireba ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis meore sawyiss,

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radgan am process Tan unda axldes enTropiis Semcireba. mowesrigebulobis gamovlinebas Cven vxvdebiT bunebaSi, magram es sulac ar aris TviTmowesrigeba! wyali grovdeba dabal adgilebSi, warmoqmnis guburebs, xolo gayinvisas simetriul fifqebs; bevr nivTierebas gaaCnia kristalebis warmoqmnis Tviseba. es mdgomareoba ubralod potenciuri energiis minimums pasuxobs da Tan axlavs siTbos gamoyofa, anu enTropia izrdeba. naklebi enTropiiT ufro mowesrigebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvla SesaZlebelia mxolod zogierT gamonakliss SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, Ria sistemebSi arawonasworul Seuqcevad procesebSi (arawonasworuli Termodinamikuri struqturebis TviTorganizaciis Teoriis fuZemdebelia i.prigoJini). magram ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi, raTa navaraudevi procesi- cilebis an dnm-s warmoqmna CavTvaloT arawonasworulad da Seuqcevadad. katalizatorebis msgavsi nakrebi, romlebic monawileoben cilebis sinTezzSi, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia yofiliyo pirvelyofil okeaneSi. ar iqneboda arc Sualeduri molekulebis warmoqmnis SemTxveviTi procesebis gamaZlierebeli dadebiTi Seqcevadi kavSirebi, xolo am Sualeduri molekulebis daSlis intensivoba gaZlierdeboda ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gavleniT, hidroliziT da iq arsebuli sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebiT. cocxal organizmebSi enzimebi (fermentebi) uzrunvelyofen sinTezis mimdinareobis siCqares. es siCqare asjer aRemateba tyviamfrqvevis srolis siswrafes. sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba: Sualeduri molekulebi metad aramdgradi arian da iSlebian, mTeli amwyobi brigadebi (molekulaTa jgufebi) wamSi aseulobiT icvlebian. TviTsinTezi TiToeul momentSi fluqtuaciis saSualebiT (saWiro molekulebis SemTxveviTi warmoqmna) wavidoda pirdapiri gziT da ufro swrafad Seqcevadi gziTac, anu es procesi iqneboda wonasworuli da Seqcevadi. giganturi fluqtuaciis albaToba, romelic uzrunvelyofda cilis warmoqmnas bolomde, umniSvnelod mcirea. cilebis molekulebis TviTwarmoqmnis hipoTeza ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis ZiriTad kanonebs. prigoJini da misi kolegebi verc ki miuaxlovdnen im mtkicebulebebs, rom molekulis TviTwarmoqmnisaTvis aucilebeli informaciis uzarmazari raodenoba SesaZloa dagroviliyo bunebrivi gziT, enTropiis kanonis sawinaaRmdegod. prigoJin-arnold-hakenis TviTorganizaciis Teoria gvTavazobs mxolod da mxolod zogierT Teoriul gansjasa da analogiebs, romlebic Zalian Sors arian qaosidan sicocxlis warmoSobis mtkicebulebebidan. amas TviT prigoJinic aRiarebda. TviTorganizaciis Teoria ver xsnis sicocxlis warmoSobas, anu cilis molekulebis warmoqmnas. is mxolod da mxolod komentars akeTebs mowesrigebulobis zogierTi gamovlinebis Sesaxeb. cocxal arsebebs, ueWvelia, gaaCniaT TviTorganizaciis unari. am dros energiis gare wyaroebis xarjze mcirdeba maTi enTropia,

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magram es ver xsnis sicocxlis warmoSobas. miwaSi pawawina Teslisgan uzarmazari xe, romelic iyenebs mzis energias, mineralur marilebs, naxSirorJangs. Tesli da kvercxujredi Seicavs aucilebel genetikur informacias- kods zrdasrul organizmad Camoyalibebis,regulaciisa da ganaxlebis programebisTvis. kvercxujredi warmoadgens metad rTul struqturas, aRWurvils sicocxlisaTvia aucilebeli yvela metaboluri sistemebiT. magram mainc rogor warmoiSva pirveli arseba? es kiTxva evoluciuri TeoriisTvis amouxsnel amocanad

53. abiogenezi bioqimiis poziciidan.

zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebda, rom maT SesZles aminomJavaTa narevidan cilebis sinTezi. sinamdvileSi miRebul iqna cilebTan Zalian mcired mimsgavsebuli nivTiereba e.w. proteinoidebi. es nivTiereba Sedgeboda polimeruli badisagan (cilebSi, rogorc viciT, aminomJavebi jaWvs warmoqmnian da ara bades). aminomJavebs Soris arsebobs rogorc , ise- peptiduri bmebi. cilebSi arsebuli -peptiduri bmebi formirdeba mravali specialuri molekulebis rTuli urTierTqmedebiT. bmebis SemTxveviT warmoqmnisas, mxolod naxevari SeiZleba iyos peptiduri. polimerul bades ar gaaCnia cilis sivrciTi struqtura, ara aqvs cilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli molekulaTa SeerTebis gansazRvruli rigi da Sesabamisad aranairi kavSiri ar SeiZleba hqondes sicocxlesTan. cocxal arsebebSi cilebis warmoqmnisas monawileobs dnm, informaciuli rnm, araumcires 20 sxvadasxva satransporto rnm, ribosomebi, romlebic 3-4 ribosomuli rnm-sgan da 55 sxvadasxva cilis molekulisgan- an fermentTa mTeli kompleqsisgan Sedgeba. aseve aucilebelia energiiT uzrunvelyofa, rac atf-s meSveobiT xorcieldeba. erTi molekula saSualo cilis sinTezs atf-is aTasamde molekula sWirdeba. Cveulebrivma SeTbobam an mzis pirdapirma dasxivebam SesaZloa daarRvios molekuluri bmebi. cilis sinTezSi monawileobs mTeli cocxali ujredi, Tundac erTi komponentis darRveva procesis blokirebas iwvevs. Tanamedrove mecnierebSi gaocebas iwvevs TviT faqti organizmSi am rTuli sistemis funqcionirebisa. cilebis TviTwarmoqmnis SesaZleblobas kvalificiuri bioqimikosebi sruliad gamoricxaven. 1986 wels Sedga Sexvedra sicocxlis warmoSobis Semswavleli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisa, romelsac 300-mde wamyvani mkvlevari eswreboda. mecnierebma daamtkices, rom pirveladi okeanis pirobebSi rnm-s sinTezi sruliad gamoricxuli iyo. ufro

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metic, aRmoCnda, rom monosaqarid ribozas sinTezic ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. dnm-s cocxali ujredis SigniTac ki ar gaaCnia sruli stabiluroba. misi aRnagoba mudmivad kontrolirdeba da swordeba (adgili aqvs reparacias) gansazRvruli fermentebiT. es makromolekula funqcionirebs dinamiuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. es wonasworoba damyarebulia aRnagobaSi arsebul darRvevebs da fermentebis mier am darRvevebis gasworebebs Soris.ujreds gareT dnm swrafad iSleba. dnm-s ormagi spiralis aRmomCeni, nobelis premiis laureati f.kriki kategoriulad uaryofs sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobas dedamiwis qimiuri elementebisgan. biologiuri makromolekula sadRacidan da rogorRac romc warmoqmniliyo, es jer jidev ar niSnavs cocxal ujreds. ujredis SedgenilobaSi uamravi makromolekula Sedis. isini erTmaneTs garkveuli wesrigiT ukavSirdebian. ujredisTvis aucilebeli fermentTa warmoqmnis albaToba, Tundac miliard weliwadSi erTxel sul raRac 10-40000 . es ricxvi, rogorc erTma avtoritetulma astrofizikosma fred hoilma ganacxada, “sakmaod cotaa imisaTvis, rom daimarxos darvini da misi evoluciuri Teoria”. mTeli mzis sistema rom adamianebiT aivsos (1050) da TviToeuli maTgani rom TvaldaxuWuli cdilobdes rubikis kubikis awyobas, cocxali ujredisTvis aucilebeli fermentebis warmoqmnis zemoTaRniSnuli albaToba, daaxloebiT toli iqneboda am adaminebis mier kubikebis waxnagebis erTdroulad awyobis albaTobisa. es rac Seexeboda fermentebs, magram ujredSi arsebobs bevrad ufro rTuli warmonaqmnebi. ujredis ukve gamzadebuli aucilebeli nivTierebebiT TviTawyobis albaToba, Tundac yvelaze xelsayrel qimiur garemoSi Seadgens 10-100 000 000. es sidide TvalnaTliv gviCvenes, Tu razea laparaki. ra gziT “moaxerxes” mecnierebma aseTi umniSvnelo albaTobis ignorireba? molekuluri evoluciis mkvlevarebi TavianT mecnierebas “metad hipoTezurs” uwodeben da amboben, rom sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis albaTobis gamoTvla arasdros xdeboda da mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda, radganac evolucia damtkicebul faqtad iTvleboda, xolo mecnierebi ki cdilobdnen arxsnaT Tu rogor mimdinareobda is. sicocxlis TviTwarmoSoba arc ise bunebrivi procesia, rogor gulubryvilodac amas darvinis mimdevrebi varaudobdnen, piriqiT, sul dasawyisidan (rTul molekulaTa warmoqmna) da sul bolomde (adamianis warmoSoba) es aris Seusabamo, daujerebel, urTierTgamomricxav SemTxvevaTa uazro xuxula. samarTliani iqneba Tu davaskvniT, rom spontanuri abiogenezis amJamad aRiarebuli sqemebi moklebulia yovelgvar gonivrulobas. sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis SeuZlebloba Zvel da axal evoluciur TeoriaSic “lod Sebrkolebisad” iqca.

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cnobilia genialuri Tomas edisonis (swored man gamoigona Tanamedrove naTura, daamuSava telefoni da telegrafi) erTi saintereso gamonaTqvami:”RvTis arseboba SesaZlebelia damtkicdes Tundac qimiuri gziT”. udidesi gamomgoneblis am winaswarmetyvelebis aRsruleba axla Cvens winaa. molekuluri fizikis, genetikisa da bioqimiis faqtebi srulad amtkiceben organizmTa SemTxveviTi warmoSobis SeuZleblobas. maSasadame, gamodis, rom Semoqmedi gvyavs. genialuri mecnieri maqs borni, kvanturi Teoriis erT-erTi damaarsebeli werda: ”materializmis dro wavida, Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom fizikur-qimiuri aspeqti aranairad sakmarisi ar aris sicocxlis faqtebis gamosaxatavad, rom araferi vTqvaT azrovnebis faqtebis Sesaxeb”.

$54. sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SeuZlebloba

makromolekulis TviTwarmoqmnis SesaZleblobebis ganxilvisas savaraudoa, rom uZveles dedamiwaze arc arsebuliyo aseTi procesebis pirdapiri akrZalvebi. Tumca sul mcire ori akrZalva mainc iqneboda:pirveli-hidrolizis reaqciis Sedegad aminomJavebisgan formirebuli cilis molekulebis daSla da meore- Jangbadis mier aminomJavaTa dauyovneblivi daJangva. varaudoben, rom uZveles dedamiwaze Jangbadi ar arsebobda da am dros SesaZlo iyo makromolekulebis Camoyalibeba. magram yvelaze uZveles qanebSi aRmoCenilia rkinis Jangi, ase rom araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs Zvel atmosferoSi Jangbadis ararsebobis savaraudod. atmosferoSi Jangbadi Tundac ar yofiliyo, mzis ultraiisferi gamosxiveba, romelic daubrkoleblad SemoiWreboda ozonis ekranis ararsebobis gamo, mainc gaanadgurebda cilis molekulebs. ase rom sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis ideas Jangbadis arseboba-ararseboba veranairad ver amarTlebs. aris mesame akrZalvac. varaudobdnen (gansakuTrebiT mileris cdebis Semdeg), rom pirveli atmosfero Sedgeboda meTanis da amiakisgan, anu komponentebisgan, romlebic aucilebelia aminomJavaTa TviTsinTezisaTvis. rogorc eqsperimentulma gamokvlevebma da Zveli atmosferos kompiuterulma modelirebam aCvena, es gazebi daiSleboda ultraiisferi sxivebiT da pirveli atmosfero SesaZlebeli iqneboda Sedgenili yofiliyo mxolod azotisa da naxSirorJangisgan. maS, saidan wamoiSvnen cilebis Semadgeneli aminomJavebi? sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel makromolekulaTa TviTwarmoSoba moiTxovs uzarmazari raodenobis urTierTgamomricxav pirobebs.

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es pirobebi ar iZleva saSualebas, SeerTdes molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis nawilebi mTlian mecnierul koncefciad. ar aris SemuSavebuli aranairi seriozuli mecnieruli Teoria imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad da rogor pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli cilis sinTezi. arsebuli hipoTezebi, maT Soris uaxloesic (sicocxlis formireba ara dnm-s, aramed rnm-genomebis safuZvelze) aRwers zemoTaRniSnuli procesis mxolod patara, gancalkevebul fragmentebs. isini Zalian xelovnurad gamoiyurebian da mxolod specialistTa Rimils iwveven. rogorc genetikosebi amtkiceben, didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad SesaZloa aRmoaCino eqsperimentatori, romelic sicocxlis SemTxveviTi TviTCasaxvis ideis momxre iqneba. molekuluri evoluciis sferoSi 50-wlianma eqsperimentebma mecnierebs ukeT daanaxa dedamiwaze sicocxlis warmoSobis kvlevis problemebis masStaburoba, vidre misi gadaWris gzebi. sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis procesis yovelmxrivma gamokvlevebma daadastura misi SeuZlebloba, Tumca mainc Cndebian enTuziastebi, romlebic akademikos v.i.vernadskis msgavsad, cdiloben moaxdinon evoluciuri Teoriis reanimireba fantastikuri axali hipoTezebiT. es hipoTezebi iTvaliswinebs sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SesaZleblobas kosmosSi da Semdeg meteoritis, an gonier arsebaTa mier mis transportirebas dedamiwaze da Semdgom gansaxlebas. sakuTari fantastikuri hipoTezebis tyveobaSi myofi es mecnierebi ki ar xsnian sicocxlis warmoSobas, aramed es probleba gadaaqvT kosmosur siRrmeebSi. magram fizikis kanonebi universaluria. yvela Catarebuli albaTobis gamoTvlebi samarTliani iqneba iqac da kosmosSi TviTCasaxvis SesaZleblobebze laparaki mxolod Rimils iwvevs. es vernadskisac esmoda. is ar uSvebda azrs, rom cocxali arsebebi SesaZlebeli iyo aracocxali materiis ganviTarebis Sedegi yofiliyo, rogorc amas t.Sardeni amtkicebda.(vernadski da Sardeni 1920-ian wlebSi erTad muSaobdnen sorbonis universitetSi). vernadski ambobda, rom “sicocxle mudmivia da igi gadaecema yovelTvis cocxalidan cocxals”. gamoCenili paleontologi v.s.sokolovi saubrobda cocxalis aracocxalidan warmoSobis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. dedamiwaze sicocxlis spontanur materialistur warmoSobas uaryofda s.v.meienic. SevecadoT imis gaazrebas, Tu ramdenad umniSvnelo ricxvia sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis albaToba. SesaZloa Tu ara maimunma, romelic ubartyunebs klaviSebze, uecrad akrifos mTeli “omi da mSvidoba”? rogorc maTematikosebi amboben, SesaZlebelia, magram albaToba Zalian mcirea, daaxloebiT 10-5 000 000. gamodis, rom erTi umartivesi ujredis SemTxveviT Camoyalibebis molodini, Tundac idealur hipoTezur pirobebSi, tolia imisa, rom maimunma 20 aTasjer SesZlos “omi da mSvidobis” uSecdomod srulad akrefa klaviaturaze. sasaciloa msgavs movlenebze gaTvlebis keTeba. da Tanac TiToeuli, vinc

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xelSi aiRebs tolstois am nawarmoebs, eWvi ar Seepareba, rom es dawera adamianma da Tanac metad niWierma. ra Tqma unda, is marTali iqneba.Tu Cven SevxedavT miqelanjelos skulpturebs, darwmunebiT vityviT, rom is adamianma Seqmna da Tanac saocari niWis mqonem. aravis azradac ar mouva, rom Tqvas, xelovnebis aseTi nimuSebi TavisiT warmoiSva, rodesac qvis lodi moswyda kldes da ufskrulSi mieqaneboda. ratom aravin Cadis ufskrulebSi xelovnebis genialuri nimuSebis saZebnelad? maS ratomaa, rom Cven vucqeriT am saocar samyaros da ar vambobT, rom es aris umaRlesi gonebis SesaniSnavi da umSvenieresi Semoqmedeba, rogorc amas amtkicebda cnobili mecnieri erstedi:”yvelanairi yofiereba mTlianad RvTis Semoqmedebaa, yvelaferze aRbeWdilia misi goneba”, an rogorc amas ambobs isaak niutoni:”brma fizikuri aucileblobebisgan, romelic yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairia, ar SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo araviTari mravalferovneba...Seqmnil arsebaTa mravalferovneba SesaZloa warmoSobiliyo TviTmyofi arsebis gonebiTa da nebiT, romelsac me ufal RmerTs vuwodeb..”

Tavi 13.

adamianis warmoSoba

Cveni Tanamedroveni skolis asakidan mieCvivnen hipoTezas, maimunisgan adamianis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb rogorc did mecnierul aRmoCenas. pirvelad adamianTan maimunis Sedareba “gabeda” e.taisonma 1699 wels. 1735 wels k.linem adamiani maimunebTan erTad erT gvarSi gaaerTiana. orive mecniers mxedvelobaSi hqondaT adamianis da maimunis saerTo msgavsi aRnagoba. C.darvinma 1872 wels gamoqveynebul Tavis SromaSi “adamianis warmoSoba da sqesobrivi gadarCeva”, Camoayaliba hipoTeza maimunisgan adamianis warmoSobis SesaZleblobaze da dasva sakiTxi Tanamedrove maimunisa da adamianis saerTo winapris arsebobis Sesaxeb.

$55. cxovelisgan adamianis warmoSobis dadasturebis mcdeloba.

skolis moswavleTa mraval Taobas wlidan wlamde aswavlidnen, rom Sromam adamiani maimunisgan Seqmna. Cvens mexsierebas didi xniT gahyva joxi-saTxreli da mWreli qvebi,

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rogorc Sromis pirveli iaraRebi da maimunSi pirveli gamokrToma cxovelisTvis uCveulo sazrianobisa. daiwera uamravi mimzidveli wigni am “kacobriobis ganTiadis” Sesaxeb. simarTlis msgavsi SeiZleba mogveCvenos saubari imaze, Tu naxevrad adamianebisa da naxevrad maimunebis am sazogadoebaSi rogor gaCnda urTierTobis aucilebloba da aman ki rogor gamoiwvia pirobiTi xorxismieri bgerebis warmoqmna, rogor yalibdeboda ojaxebi arsebobisTvis brZolis pirobebSi, rogor primitiulad nawildeboda Sroma:mama dadioda sanadirod, deda amzadebda saWmels da zrunavda Svilebze. magram am idilias aklda mTavari- maimunis gaadamianebis damamtkicebeli faqtebi. me-19 saukunis bolos am Sexedulebebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad seriozuli mecnierebi ar scnobdnen am hipoTezis WeSmaritebas. r.virxovi, l.agasisi, k.beri, r.oueni. g.mendeli. l.pasteri miuTiTebdnen, rom hipoTeza mcdaria da ewinaaRmdgeba faqtiur monacemebs. mainc ra damamtkicebeli argumentebi mohyavs evolucionistebs Cveni cxoveluri warmomavlobis dasamtkiceblad?

1. adamianebs da maimunebs saerTo aqvT TiTebis kanis saxianoba, kargad ganviTarebuli laviwi, 48 an 46 qromosoma, rezus faqtori da sisxlis jgufebi, mioglobinisa da hemoglobinis sxvadasxva jaWvebis aminomJavaTa Tanmimdevroba. 2. saerToa placentianebTan da ZuZumwovrebTan gulis adgilmdebareoba da Tbilsisxlianoba, kidurTa ori wyvili, sarZeve Zirkvlebi, kbilebis diferencireba saWrelad, eSvebad da saReW kbilebad, Canasaxis nervuli mili da misi ganviTareba dedis wiaRSi, eqvsi wyvili salayuCe rkalis arseboba embrionSi (rogorc ukve gavarkvieT paragraf46-Si warmoadgens hekelis gayalbebas). 3. atavizmebi, msgavsi darRvevebi, rogorc ukve viciT paragraf45-dan ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes Cveni cxoveluri warmoSobis damamtkicebel sabuTs. adamianis msgavseba cxovelebTan, ra Tqma unda, SeiniSneba, magram is aranairad ar amtkicebs Cvens evoluciur naTesaobas cxovelebTan. organizmebis agebulebis analogiebi aranaklebi damajereblobiT amowmebs Semoqmedebis erTiani gegmis arsebobas. raSi xedaven evolucionistebi gansxvavebas adamiansa da maimuns Soris? swor mdgom gamarTul siarulSi, SromaSi da iaraRebis damzadebaSi, danawevrebul metyvelebaSi da sxva socialur faqtorebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba yovelTvis eqceoda anatomiur gansxvavevebs. es aris S-msgavsi xerxemali da Tavis qalas gansxvavebuli forma. adamianebs moZravi aqvs mxolod erTi Zvali _ qveda yba, is damoklebuli da naliseburia (gaxsnis farTo kuTxiT), qalas tvinis nawilis ZvlebSi SeiniSneba

104

nakerebi. adamians gacilebiT didi moculobis tvini gaaCnia (saSualod 1400-1500 sm3-i), xolo maimuns mxolod 300-400 sm3-i), adamianebs mcire zomis eSvebi da kargad ganviTarebnuli vestibularuli aparati gaaCniaT. arsebobs sxva anatomiuri gansxvavebebic, iseTebi, rogoricaa zeda kidurebis sigrZe da mxris saxsris moZraobis ampliduta, adamianis cera TiTis ganviTarebuloba, muxlis saxsrisa da terfis agebulebis sxvaoba (maimunebSi ganviTarebulia terfis cera TiTi, mTlianad terfi moWidebis funqcias asrulebs, adamianis terfis TiTebis falangebi Sezrdilia). mainc raSia mTavari gansxvaveba? sad gadis mTavari gamyofi zRvari adamiansa d cxovels Soris? Tanamedrove mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT pasuxi gascen am kiTxvas. anTropologiaSi arc ki arsebobs adamianis gansazRvreba. ueWvelia, rom mTavari ganmasxvavebeli adamianisa cxovelisgan misi sulierebaa. es is saCuqaria, romlis Sesaxebac Semoqmedma pirveli adamianis Seqmnisas gvamcno. man STabera adams “sicocxlis sunTqva” (dab. 2,7. da hyo igi Tavisufali, gonieri da ukvdavi xatad da msgavsad Tavisa (RvTisa). darvini grZobda Tavisi naSromis mraval nakls. mTeli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi igi ver bedavda mis gamoqveynebas. erT-erT werilSi igi werda:”Semdegi wigni sruliad gagicruebT imedebs, is Zalian hipoTezuria. me darwmunebuli var, rom am wignSi Znelad Tu moipoveba Tundac erTi punqti, romelzec SeuZlebeli iqneba sawinaaRmdego daskvnebamde mimyvani faqtebis SerCeva”. darvinis Sroma “saxeobaTa warmoSoba” pirvelad 1859 wels gamoqveynda. ufro gabeduli Sromis gamoqveyneba adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb darvinma mxolod 13 wlis Semdeg gabeda. me-18 saukunemde adamianebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom RvTisgan erTxel Seqmnil samyaroSi yvela cocxali organizmi da, maT Soris adamianic arsebobda didi struqturuli cvlilebebis gareSe, magram maT Tavs moaxvies azri, rom cxovelTa saxeobebi sulac ar aris RvTis qmnileba, aramed isini erTmaneTisgan ganviTardnen evoluciis procesSi, xolo TviT adamiani maimunisgan warmoiSva. ideam imdenad myarad da Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, rom dRemde sqeltaniani enciklopediebis furclebidan Wkviani TvalebiT Semogvcqerian Cveni “bebiebi da babuebi”- adamian-maimunebi.adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCenen maTi neStebis mimarT.

56. namarxi neStebi. sensacia da realoba.

105

me-19 saukunis dasasruls didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT

gamotovebuli rgolis (“missing link)- maimunsa da adamians Soris

gardamavali formebis mosaZieblad.

piTekantropi (iavaneli adamiani). axali hipoTeziT

STagonebulma holandielma eqim-anatomma eJen diubuam

miatova institutis kaTedra, keTilmowyobili cxovreba da

gaemgzavra kunZul iavaze maimunis msgavsi winapris neStebis

saZebnelad. 1891 wels man aRmoaCina cxovelTa gaqvavebuli

neStebis mTeli sabado, maT Soris adamianis barZayis Zvali da

Tavis qalas saxuravi, romelic aSkarad maimunisas hgavda.

aRtacebulma diubuam iCqara sazogadoebisTvis exarebina

“winapris”- didi zomis adamianis msgavsi maimunis aRmoCenis

faqti.diubuas sulac ar awuxebda is faqti, rom barZayis Zvali da

Tavis qala erTmaneTisgan 15 metris daSorebiT ipovna.

Zvlebis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom am adamians Zvlebis

Zalian rTuli daavadeba hqonda, Tanac Sors wasuli forma. igi

saWiroebda movla-patronobas da siberis asaks kulturuli

sazogadoebis pirobebSi Tu miaRwevda, xolo velur pirobebSi

aseTi avadmyofobiT vercerTi adamiani ver icxovrebda.

ix. naxati gv. 248. “piTekantropi” e.diubua

1895 wels diubuas mier napovn qalas saxuravs ikvlevda

SedarebiTi da paTologiuri anatomiis udaod did avtoriteti r.virxovi.

man miuTiTa qalas Zvlebis nakerTa siRrmeebsa da ganacxada,

rom es iyo cxovelis Tavis qala, savaraudod, giganturi gibonisa,

xolo barZayis Zvals am Tavis qalasTan araviTari kavSiri ar

hqonda. virxovma am Temaze debatebSi monawileobaze

saerTod uari ganacxada, magram cnoba saocari napovnis

Sesaxeb, rogorc evoluciuri Teoriis damamtkicebeli faqtisa,

106

swrafad moedo mTel msoflios da wignebis furclebze aRmoCnda.

mxolod 1920 wels gamoaSkaravda, rom maSin e.w.

piTekantropTan erTad diubuam ipova kidev ori adamianis Tavis

qala da adamianis barZayis Zvlebi. mTel msoflioSi cnobilma

“piTekantropis aRmomCenma” sazogadoeba SecdomaSi

Seiyvana:mas rom yvela es Zvlebi erTdroulad waredgina, TavSi

azrad aravis mouvidoda adamianis barZayis Zvlebsa da

maimunis Tavis qalas Soris kavSirebis Zebna.

napovn ramdenime maimunis Tavis qalas aseve piTekantropis

neStebs uwodebdnen. Semdgomma detalurma kvlevebma

aCvenes, rom es gibonis

Tavis qalebi iyo. mkvlevarebma kidev erTi gansakurebuloba

SeniSnes:

am Tavis qalebis bazaluri nawili ise iyo mocilebuli, rogorc amas

adamiani akeTebs, raTa cxovelis tvini sakvebad gamoiyenos.

aSkaraa, rom am gibonebze adamianebi nadirobdnen, rogorc

sakvebze.

sikvdilamde cota xniT adre eJen diubuam aRiara, rom napovni

Tavis qala marTlac didi gibonis unda yofiliyo da ara adamianis,

magram... sensacia ukve Sesdga.

eoanTropi (piltdauneli adamiani). 1912 wels did

britaneTSi, piltdaunis dasxlebis Soriaxlos arqeologma dausonma

aRmoaCina adamianis gaqvavebuli yba da Tavis qala iseTive,

rogorc Tanamedrove orangutanis, magram kbilebi ufro brtyeli

zedapiris hqonda iseTive, rogorc adamians. Zneli gasagebi iyo,

es yba da Tavis qala erT arsebas ekuTvnoda Tu ara, Tumca

feriTa da faqturiT isini erTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen. geologiuri

sazogadoebis sxdomaze napovn masalas “dousonis eoanTropi”

uwodes da sazogadoebam kidev erTi sensacia miiRo. neSti

metad didi mzrunvelobiT gadamales britaneTis muzeumis

sacavSi da mravali wlis manZilze igi aRaravis unaxavs,

107

mkvlevarebs aZlevdnen mxolod da mxolod TabaSiris aslebs,

romlebzec aseulobiT monografiebi iwerebioda, Tu rogor

mimdinareobda maimunis gaadamianebis procesi, ratom

ganviTarda jer tvini da mere yvelaferi sxva danarCeni. am

masalaze ramdenime aseuli disertacia iqna daculi.

mxolod 1953 wels Zvlebi amoitanes sacavidan da Cautares

qimiuri analizi. Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. es

iyo namdvili Soki. eoanTropi nayalbebi aRmoCnda! Tavis qala

namdvilad Zveli iyo, xolo yba-TiTqmis Tanamedrove, bolomde

gaqvavebulic ar iyo da orangutans ekuTvnoda. is SeRebili iyo

specialuri qimiuri saRebaviT , romelic radioaqtiuri aRmoCnda, es

ki mis arabritanul warmoSobas aaSkaravebda. maimunis kbilebi

rom adamianis kbilebisTvis miemsgavsebinaT, is ubralod

gaqlibes. dRemde ver gaurkveviaT, ra iyo es- gaazrebuli tyuili Tu

gaWianurebuli xumroba.

ix. naxati gv. 249.

hesperopiTeki (nebraseli adamiani). 1922 wels

nebrasis Statis nakadulis kalapotis danaleqebSi arqeologebma

aRmoaCines gaqvavebuli kbili. kbilis forma iseTi iyo, rom ver

miakuTvnebdnen verc maimuns da verc adamians. mecnierebma

daskvnebi naCqarevad gamoitanes, rom es iyo maimun-

adamianis kbili. napovnis Sesaxeb cnoba dauyovnebliv

gamoaqveynes sam mniSvnelovan samecnieri JurnalSi da iqve

dabeWdes aRdgenili (mxolod erTi kbiliT) winapris ferweruli

gamosaxuleba. xuTi wlis Semdeg ipovnes aseTive kbilebis

mqone arsebis mTliani ConCxi. es iyo gareuli Rori, romlis

mogvareebi axlac cxovroben paragvaiSi. “Rorulma

warmoSobam” ratomRac sulac ar SeuSala xeli hesperopiTeks

samecniero wignebis furclebze Cveni winaprebis rangSi

108

moxvedriliyo. marTalia, britaneTis enciklopediis me-14

gamocemaSi mas aRar moisxenieben rogorc maimunis msgavs

adamians. metad mokrZalebulad xsnian, rom pesperopiTeki

“sxva rigis” arseba aRmoCnda.

evolucionistebi anTropogenezis procesSi gamohyofen oTx

stadias:

1. xeze mcxovrebi maimunebi- driopiTekebi:ramapiTeki da

avstralopiTeki.

2. uZvelesi adamianebi- arqanTropebi:gamarTuli adamiani,

sinanTropi, heidelbergeli adamiani. maT Soris kvlav ixsenieben

piTekanTrops

3. Zveli adamianebi- neandertalelebi.

4. pirveli Tanamedrove adamianebi- kromanionelebi.

Semdeg paragrafebSi ganvixilavT am navaraudevi

ganviTarebis stadiebs da SevecdebiT avxsnaT, ramdenad

damajereblad amtkiceben isini adamianis evolucias.

57. driopiTeki.

ramapiTeki. 1934 wels delis maxloblad aRmoaCines ori

aTeuli kbili da ybis ramdenime namtvrevi. am masaliT

“aRadgines” adamianis msgavsi mokakvuli, mouxeSavi arseba-

ramapiTeki. maimunis yba advilad Seicnoba misi eSvebis

wyalobiT, magram Sua nawili, razec eSvebia ganlagebuli,

mocemul fragmentul masalaSi ar iyo da saerTod, ybis Zvlis am

natexiT SesaZloa rogorc adamianis, aseve maimunis ybis

aRdgena. airCies raRac Sualeduri- maimun-adamianis.

ix. naxati gv. 250.

me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aRmoaCines ramapiTekis ufro

109

sruli yba, romelic faqtiurad ar gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove

orangutanis ybisgan, magram es ukve aravis ainteresebda.

sazogadoeba SeeCvia Tavis axal “winapars”- ramapiTeks.

avstralopiTeki (samxreTeli maimuni).”Sualeduri

adamianebis” didi raodenobiT namarxebi aRmoaCines afrikaSi,

xolo Semdeg sxva adgilebSic. am monapovars Tavidan did

mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen, magram 1950-ian wlebSi, roca

naTeli gaxda, rom uwin napovni “winaprebi” ver amarTlebdnen

evolucionistTa imedebs, avstralopiTekebis mimarT interesi

gaizarda.

1974 wels eTiopiaSi joxansonis eqspediciam aRmoaCina

avstralopiTekis SedarebiT sruli ConCxi, romelsac “lusi”

uwodes.Semonaxuli iyo Zvlebis 40%. ConCxs gaaCnda erTaderTi

aramaimunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani_ is SesaZloa CaTvliliyo

gamarTul mosiaruled. misi muxlis saxsari adamianis saxsris

msgavsad ewyoboda, anu gaSlis farTo kuTxiT. sxva yvela

danarCeni niSniT es Zvlebi zustad emTxveoda juja Simpanzes

ConCxs, maT Soris kbilebis sistemac.

muxlis saxsari aRmoaCines sxva SreSi, ConCxis povnis

adgilidan aTeuli metriT ufro dabla, es ki miRebuli skaliT niSnavs,

rom muxlis saxsari sul cota naxevari milioni wliT adre arsebul

organizms ekuTvnoda.

johansonis kvlevis angariSSi naTqvami iyo, rom muxlis saxsari

am ConCxs ar ekuTvnoda, magram ratomRac es swrafad

daiviwyes da “lusis” yvela gamoqveynebul gamosaxulebas

muxlis saxsaric uxatia. gamokvlevebma aCvenes muxli Tundac

rom “lusis” ekuTvnodes, misi agebuleba arsebiTad

gansxvavdeba adamianis muxlisgan. aseTi saxsari msgavsi

moxris kuTxiT orangutanebs gaaCniaT, romlebic SesaniSnavad

daZvrebian xeebze.

ix, naxati gv. 251.

110

mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom “lusi” ar iyo gamarTulad

mosiarule. amaze mravali anatomiuri niSani

metyvelebs:maimunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli proporciebi da terfis

TiTebi miuTiTeben maimunisTvis damaxasiaTebel cxovrebis

nirze, drois did nawils is xeebze atarebda.

olduvais xeobaSi, viqtorias tbis maxlobla ipovnes

avstralopiTekis Tavis qalaze ufro masiuri qala. am neSts boisis

zirjanTropi uwodes. qalas aklda Sua nawili, ris gamoc misi

moculobis gansazRvra SeuZlebeli iyo. anTropologebis me-7

saerTaSoriso kongresze es Tavis qala maimunis tipiur qalad

scnes, xolo TviT zirjanTropi- avstralopiTekad.

zirjanTropis povnis adgilTan axlos aRmoaCines patara

maimunis msgavsi cxovelebis ConCxebi. am “winaprebs” Homo

habilis (moxerxebuli adamiani) uwodes, radganac am ConCxebis

adgilas ipovnes ostaturad damzadebuli sanadiro daniSnulebis

iaraRi bolo-mrgvali qvis burTebi, romlebic warsulSi TokebiT

ebmebodnen erTmaneTs. nadirobisas adamianebi aseT

konstruqciebs cxovelebs fexebSi esrodnen. cxovels Tokebi

fexebSi eblandeboda. adamianTa veluri tomebi dResac

warmatebiT iyeneben am iaraRs- bolos. oRondac es napovni bolo

ekuTvnoda neandertalels, romlis Tavis qala iqve aRmoaCines,

magram amis Sesaxeb Tavis droze ar ganacxades.

habilisebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi avstralopiTekebidan

gardamaval rgolad iTvlebodnen. ufro dawvrilebiTi kvlevis

semdeg mecnierebma isini maimun-avstralopiTekebad scnes. es

daskvnebi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg ganmtkicda, roca “lusis”

neSti olduvaiSi aRmoCenil Homo habilis-is e.w. “homonid 62”-is

ConCxs Seadares. es arseba “lusisTan” SedarebiT 2 milioni wliT

gvian cxovrobda da igi mniSvnelovnad axlos unda mdgariyo

adamianTan, Tumca es sulac ar aris ase. homonis 62-s Zalian

111

patara moculobis tvini, grZeli da Zlieri xelebi (muxlebs qvemoT),

xeebze cocvas Seguebuli fexebi gaaCnda. simaRliTac sakmaod

dablebi iyvnen. am monapovarma masalebma kidev erTxel

daadastures, rom avstralopiTeki da Homo habilis-i ar SeiZleba

Sualedur statiad CaiTvalos maimunsa da adamians Soris.

igive daskvnamde mividnen mecnierebi, rodesac Seiswavles

avstralopiTekis neStebi da Seadares isini adamianisa da

Tanamedrove maimunebis ConCxebs. dadginda, rom

avstralopiTekebi ar idgnen adamianTan axlos, maT gaaCndaT

patara, maimunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tvini da ar dadiodnen

gamarTulebi or fexze. es ukanaskneli faqti Tavis qalas

kompiuteruli skanirebis meTodiTac damtkicda. adamianis Siga

yuri vestibulaciis natifi meqanizmia. es aris rTuli siTxiT

amovsebuli labirinTi, igi saSualebas aZlevs adamians Tavisuflad

gadaadgildes or fexze. vstralopiTeks Siga yuri iseve martivad

aqvs mowyobili, rogorc Tanamedrove maimunebs. Sesabamisad

gadaadgilebac maT mxolod maimunebis msgavsad SeeZloT.

zogierTi niSnebiT avstralopiTekebi hgvanan aziur maimunebs,

xolo sxva gansakuTrebulobebiT ki uaxlovdebian afrikul did

maimunebs.

avstralopiTekebi ukve aRar iTvlebian evoluciis progreul

safexurad, radgan isini namdvilad ar dadiodnen or fexze. isini

araTu adamianis pirdapir naTesavebad da winaprebad, aramed

afrikul maimunebTan SedarebiTac ki ar dganan ufro axlos

adamianTan. saxeoba Homo habilis (aseve Homo rudolfensis)

SecdomiT arian gamoyofilebi da is namarxebi, romelsac maT

miaweren, sinamdvileSi avstralopiTekebs ekuTvnis.

58. uZvelesi adamianebi

112

sinanTropi (pekineli adamiani). 1929 wels pekinTan

axlos gamoqvabulSi arqeologebma ipovnes cxovelTa didi

raodenobis ConCxebi da maimunis tipis damsxvreuli Tavis qalebi.

aRmoaCines Sromis iaraRebi da sanadiro boloebi (qvis burTebi).

mkvlevari a.brei miuTiTebs adamianTa did masStabur

saqmianobaze:didi raodenobis damuSavebul irmis rqebze da qvis

iaraRebze. qvebis dasamuSaveblad adamianebi specialur

Rumelebsac ki iyenebdnen. amaze miuTiTebs nacris Svidmetriani

fena. savsebiT cxadia, rom pekinis gamoqvabulSi cxovrobda da

saqmianobda ganviTarebuli adamiani. adamianebis ConCxebi

mezobel gamoqvabulSi aRmoaCines, romelic SesaZloa maTi

sacxovrebeli iyo, xolo gamoqvabuli cxovelTa da maT Soris

maimunTa ConCxebiT, albaT, saxelosno an samzareulo.

maimunTa xorci ugemuria, xolo tvini yovelTvis delikatesad

iTvleboda. ai ratom aRmoCnda am gamoqvabulSi sxva

cxovelebis mTliani ConCxebi, xolo maimun-“sinanTropebis”

mxolod damtvreuli Tavis qalebi. monadireebi gamoqvabulSi ar

moaTrevdnen maimunebis usargeblo sxeulebs, aramed mxolod

Tavebi mohqondaT.

pekinis gamoqvabulis gaTxrebis procesi metad CaxlarTuli da

xangrZlivi iyo. napovnis Sesaxeb xmamaRla

winaswarmetvelebdnen, magram ramdenad marTldeboda maTi

winaswarmetyveleba, aSkarad ar acxadebdnen. a.breis

angariSzec ucnobi mizezebis gamo sdumdnen. sinanTropi

maimuni aRmoCnda, romlebzec adamianebi nadirobdnen,

magram ratomRac isic damkvidrda adamianebis winaprebis rigSi.

heidelbergeli adamiani. 1907 wels germaniaSi

aRmoaCines adamianis masiuri yba, Cveulebrivi kbilebiT.

heidelbergeli adamianis ybis garda araferi ar upovniaT, magram

raRac amoucnobi mizezebiT isic Cvens maimunis msgavs

113

winaparTa rigSi Caricxes. ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierebi

heidelbergel adamians miakuTvneben pirvelyofil adamianebs-

neandertalelebs, anu Homo erectus-s.

Homo erectus (gamarTuli adamiani). zogjer maTgan

gamohyofen saxeobas Homo ergaster, romelsac miakuTvneben

pirvelyofili adamianebis mravlad napovn neStebs. maT adre

uwodebdnen piTekantrops, sinanTrops d a.S. Homo erectus-is qalas

rentgenulma analizma aCvena misi naxevarwriuli Rarebi iseTive

iyo, rogoric Tanamedrove adamianebis. ese igi, Homo erectus-i

SesaniSnavad dadioda or fexze. erT-erTi yvelaze uZveles Homo

erectus-s (KNM-WT 15000) hqonda tipiuri adamianis ConCxi,

menjisa da gulmkerdis yafazis striqturis CaTvliT. misi xseuli

mSvenivrad iyo Seguebuli vertikalur gadaadgilebas- siarulsa da

sirbils.

mecnierebi varaudoben, rom Homo erectus-i srulyofili adamiania.

SesaZloa am saxeobaSi moazreba gadaSenebuli tomi, romelsac

ConCxis gansakuTrebuli agebuleba gaaCndaT. anTropologTa

azriT, didi zomis kbilebi, warbzedarkalebi da aseve didi saxe

Seesabameba uxeSi sakvebiT kvebas d ara maimunisgan mis

warmoSobas. Homo erectus-is tvinis moculoba 800-1200 sm3-ia,

anu cotaTi naklebi Cveni tvinis moculobaze (1500 sm3 ), magram

orjer meti maimunis tvinis moculobaze. evropel xalxTa did

umravlesobaSi SeiniSneba mocemul sidididan 400 sm3-iT

gadaxra orive mimarTulebiT. sakmaod didi raodenobiT normaluri

ganviTarebis mqone adamianebs aReniSnebaT tvinis moculoba

mxolod 700-800 sm3 .

Homo erectus-is Sualedur mdgomareobas arc gaqvavebulobis

qronologia adasturebs. napovni Homo erectus-is neStebi,

avstralopiTekebis, Homo Habilis da Homo sapiensis-is neStebTan

erTad erT dros miekuTvneba, e.i. yvela es saxeobebi erTmaneTis

114

Tanamedroveni yofilan. mecnierTaTvis es Sedegebi sruliad

moulodneli iyo, radgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

iTvleboda, rom Homo habilis, H.ergaster da H. erectus evoluciur

Tanmimdevrobebs warmoadgendnen.

ix. naxati gv. 254.

Homo erectus-is Sromis iaraRebi (aSelis kultura) saocrad

gansxvavdeba im qvebisgan, romlebsac Zveli maimunebi

iyenebdnen (olduvais kultura). olduvais “instrumentis”

dasamzadeblad gansakuTrebuli Cvevebi ar iyo saWiro.

sakmarisia mdinaris kenWis

gapoba. aSelis iaraRis damzadeba ki moiTxovda codnas, rTul

azrovnebas, gamocdilebis dagrovebas da STamomavlobisTvis

mis gadacemas.

olduvais da aSelis kulrurisTvios damaxasiaTebel iaraRebs Soria

ar arsebobs Sualeduri, SeniSneba mkveTri Tvisobrivi naxtomi.

erTis mxriv cxovelis mier mdinaris naoirebTan SemTxveviT

gapobili kenWi, meores mxriv seriozuli ostatoba, romlis

gameoreba Tanamedrove adamians SesaZloa kidec gauWirdes.

aranairi evolucia olduvaidan aSelamde ar SeiniSneba,

Sesabamisad ar arsebobda arc Sualeduri arsebebi.

pirveli adamianebis mier Seqmnilma aSelis materialurma

kulturam mecnierebi gaaoca sakulto iaraRebis arsebobiT,

romlebic aSkarad mowmoben am pirveli gonieri adamianebis

tipiur adamianur azrovnebis formaze.

naxati gv. 255.

59. Zveli adamianebi

115

neandertaleli adamiani (Homo neandertale). is iTvleba Homo erectus-

is STamomavlad. cnobila 80-mde kargad Senaxuli neandertaleli

adamianis neSti. is, rom neardertaleli “aSkarad hgavs”

adamians, faqtia da ar aris kamaTis sagani. magram ramdenad

SesaZlebelia is CavTvaloT adamianamdel arsebad? gana

naklebad hgavs igi adamians? misi tvinis moculoba ramdenadme

metic kia saSvalod Tanamedrove adamianis tvinze (saSualod

1650 sm3). evoluciuri Teoriis poziciebidan saerTod gaugebaria,

rogor moxda, rom tvinis moculoba jer gaezarda neandertalels ,

xolo Semdeg Semcirda Tanamedrove adamianis tvinis

moculobamde.

kbilebisa da ybebis detalurma Seswavlam aCvena sruli

Seusabamoba da erTi da igiveoba neandertalelsa da

Tanamedrove adamians Soris. neandertalels hqonda mokle,

viwro Tavis qala, didi zomis yvrimalebi da cxviri. amerikulma

anTropologiurma asocoaciam aRiara, rom isini maimunebs

daaxloebiT iseve hgavdnen, rogorc Tanamedrove danieli an

norvegieli SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT maimuns.

neStebidan gamoyofen ramdenime ConCxs, romlebsac

neandertalelebisTvis tipurs uwodeben. kvlevebma aCvenes, rom

am Zvlebis Tavisebureba gamowveuli iyo am adamianebis

daavadebiT. ase magaliTad, erT-erTi "aSkara neandertaleli”

itanjeboda arTritis mZime formiT, meore bavSvobaSi raqitiT

avadmyofobda , xolo sibereSi_ arTritiT, amave dros Tavis qalaze

Zlieri tramvebi hqonda miyenebuli. ase Tu ise, saSualod am

adamianebis ConCxebis agebuleba ar scildeba Tanamedrove

adamianisTvis miRebul normebs.

anTropologebi miuTiTeben, rom Tanamedrove adamianebs

xandazmulobis asakSi xSirad unviTardebaT “neandertaluri”

niSnebi_ mZime warbzeda rkalebi, qalas wagrZelebuli TaRi da

sxv. SemCneulia, rom sxvadasxva xalxebsa da tomebSi sakvebis

116

momzadebis teqnologiebis daxvewam gamoiwvia sxvadasxva

formebis, warbzeda rkalebisa da kbilebis “civilizebul”

zomebamde miaxloveba. anTropologebi Tvlian, rom saxis uxeSi

nakvTebi ar miuTiTeben neandertalelebis maimunebTan

msgavsebaze.

Zveli dedamiwa naklebad dasaxlebuli iyo da adamianTa

sxvadasxva tomebi erTmaneTisgan gamocalkevebulad

cxovrobdnen. mecnierTa azriT, neandertalelebi adamianTa

gamocalkevebuli rasaa, romelTa organizmsac qronikulad aklda

vitamini D. SesaZloa, es iyo Sedegi im mkacri klimatisa, romelSic

uwevdaT neandertalelebs cxovreba. evropis saSualo wliuri

temperatura gamyinvarebis periodSi Tanamedrove

temperaturasTan SedarebiT 5 gradusiT dabali unda yofiliyo . isini

cxovrobdnen gamoqvabulebSi da xSirad itanjebodnen raqitiT da

arTritiT, rac maTi ConCxis damaxasiaTebel cvlilebebs iwvevda. is

faqti, rom aseTi avadmyofi adamianebi, miT ufro bavSvebi

cxovrobdnen, uZlebdnen autanel pirobebs, aSkarad miuTiTebs

maTSi ganviTarebul zneobrivi movaleobis grZobaze da maT

socialur organizebaze.

ix. naxati gv. 256. adamianis namarxi neStebis geografia.

pirveyofili adamanebis ganviTarebis done.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad napovni qvis xanis iaraRebi

gvakvirvebs damzadebis ostatobiTa da gawafulobiT. Tundac

Cveulebrivi qvis najaxi an dana erTi SexedviTaa ubralo.

mecnierebi aRniSnaven masalis arCevis sizustes, formis da

funqciis saocar urTierTSerwymas. ostatobis saocari gamovlineba

SeiniSneba ara marto gvian paleoliTSi, aramed adreulSic.

mikroskopiuli gamokvlevebi Cautarda xaris neknebs, romlebzec

amoWrili iyo sxvadasxva simboloebi. es da kidev sxva mravali

117

arqeologiuri masala cxadad adasturebs, neandertalelebis

sakmaod maRal inteleqtualur dones. erT-erT neandertalelTa

dasaxlebaSi napovnia fleita, romelic damzadebulia daTvis

wvivisagan. is ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove fleitisagan

(tonaloba si-bemoli). am adamianebSi aRmoCenili religiuri

azrovnebis formebi da sakulto daniSnulebis iaraRebi, aSkarad

gamohyofs neandertalelebs cxovelTa samyarodan.

neandertalelebi ueWvelia, rom namdvilad ganviTarebulni

iyvnen, magram arc isini arian Cveni uSualo winaprebi.

mecnierebi sul ufro xSirad amboben, rom neandertalelebi da

kidev ufro ganviTarebuli kromanionelebi, romlebsac Homo sapiens-

s miakuTvneben, arsebobdnen erTdroulad. neandertalelebis

ConCxis dnm-s analizma aCvena, rom nukleotidebSi sxvaoba

didad ar scildeba Tundac Tanamedrove adamianTa rasebSi

arsebul gansxvavebas, magram Tanamedrove kacobrioba ufro

axlos dgas kromanionelebTan, vidre neandertalelebTan, albaT,

swored isini_kromanionelebi warmoadgenen Cvens uSualo

winaprebs.

sul ufro meti mecnieri midis im daskvnamde, rom pirvelyofili

adamianebi iyvnen savsebiT Homo sapiens (gonieri adamianebi) da

maimunisgan iseve gansxvavdebodnen, rogorc Cven,

Tanamedrove adamianebi, xolo maTi cxovrebis primitiuli xasiaTi

gamowveuli iyo materialur-teqnikuri bazis uqonlobiT. TviToeuli

Cvengani Zveli planetis im pirobebSi namvilad ver iqneboda ufro

“Tanamedrove”.

axalma arqeologiurma aRmoCenam aSkarad aCvena. rom ar

aris marTebuli adamianis Sinagani ganviTareba mis Sromis

iaraRebis gansazRvriT. 1992 w. alpebSi yinulebis Zlieri dnobis

Semdeg ipoves araCveulebrivad Senaxuli adamianis gvami. mas

CanTaSi aRmoaCnda kaJis qvisgan damzadebuli iaraRebi, Zvlis

sadgisi, abedis nagleji cecxlis gasaCaReblad. welze ertya

118

spilenZis najaxi xis tariT, romlis formac zustad miesadageba

CrdiloeT italiaSi napovn eqsponats, romelic Cvens eramde 2700

wliT TariRdeba. am adamianis aRWurvilobidan rom mxolod

romelime erTi Semonaxuliyo, maSin am gaxmaurebul

monapovars an Suasaukuneebs miakuTvnebdnen, an spilenZis

xanas, neoliTs da mezoliTs da, SesaZloa, paleoliTsac ki. am

adamianis garegnuli niSnebi, Sesamoseli da aRWurviloba

savsebiT iZleva amis saSualebas. mravalwliani diskusiebis

Semdeg, mecnierebi fiqroben, rom tiroleli adamiani

Suasaukuneebs miakuTvnon. am aRmoCenam aSkarad aCvena,

rom instrumentTa primitiuloba sulac ar aris adamianis

ganuviTareblobis maCvenebeli, aramed damokidebulia konkretul

teqnikur SesaZleblobebTan.

materialuri xelmokleoba da cxovrebis mkacri pirobebi

mSvidobianad gadalaxes Zvelma adamianebma. neoliTis xanis

(axali qvis xana) mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben Semdeg gasaocar

faqtze: aRmoCenilia ramdenime namarxi ConCxi, romlebsac

aReniSnebaT warmatebiT Catarebuli qala-tvinis qirurgiuli

operaciebis kvali. Tanac es adamianebi operaciis Semdeg

mravali wlis ganmavloba mSvidobianad cxovrobdnen .

Tanamedrove medicinis pirobebSiac, neiroqirurgebi xSirad ver

aRweven sasurvel Sedegebs . warmoidgineT, rogori ostatoba

unda hqonoda eqims, romelic qvis (obsidianis) instrumentebiT

atarebda Tavis qalas trepanacias.

“Yqromosomuli adami” da “mitoqonriuli eva.

adamianis warmoSobis sakiTxs anTropologiis da arqeologiis

garda mecnierebis sxva dargebic swavloben da kvlevis

sxvadasxva meTodebs iyeneben.

magaliTad, genetikosebma daamtkices, rom dedamiwis

sxvadasxva wertilebSi ori Tanamedrove adamianis genomi

gacilebiT naklebad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, vidre afrikis

119

dasavleTiT erT tyeSi mcxovrebi ori gorilas genomi. aseve Catarda

planetis sxvadasxva wertilebSi mcxovreb mamakacTa

Yqromosobis kvleva. misma Sedegebma aCvenes, rom

SesaZlebelia yvela Tanamedrove adamians hyavda erTi saerTo

winapari mamakacTa xazidan. mitoqondriis dnm-s Seswavlisas ki

aRmoCnda rom Cven yvelani SesaZlebelia erTi qalisgan

warmoviSviT, Tumca genetikosebi ver pasuxoben kiTxvas,

cxovrobdnen Tu ara maT mier “aRmoCenili” winaprebi

erTdroulad. mecnierebma Cvens am winaprebs adami da eva

daarqves.

yuradRebas iqcevs maTi arsebobis savaraudo xandazmuloba-

150-180 aTasi weli. oRondac, es dro gamoTvlilia mutaciebis

dagrovebis siCqaris mixedviT, rasac Tavad mecnieri-genetikosebi

sarwmunod ar miiCneven. mravali faqtis eqstrapolacia (garemos

mutangenuroba, organizmis Sinagani mdgomareoba,

generaciaTa cvlis sixSire, saSualo asaki, romelSic STamomavloba

Cndeba da a.S.) aseTi didi drois SualedSi SesaZlebelia iyos

metad miaxloebiTi da mravaljeradi Secdomebi gardauvalia.

aucilebelia agreTve mxedvelobaSi iqnas miRebuli, rom

mutaciebis siswrafis gamoTvlebs safuZvlad udevs Simpanzesa

da adamianis genotipebis Sedareba, rac eyrdnoba 5-7 milioni

wlis ganmavlobaSi maimunis gaadamianebis Sesaxeb

dausabuTebel varauds.

Tanamedrove evolucionistebi anTropogenezis mamoZravebel

Zalas miakuTvneben erTdroulad faqtorTa or jgufs: pirvel jgufs

Seadgens socialuri faqtorebi (sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesi,

saerTo Sroma da nadiroba, zrunva STamomavlobaze, zrunva

avadmyofebsa da xandazmulebze), meore jgufs_ arsebobisTvis

brZola da bunebrivi gadarCeva. es ori jgufi

urTierTgamomricxavni arian, radganac axali formis

warmoqmnisTvis wamyvani erT-erTi faqtori unda iyos. Tu

120

mTavaria mxecuri Sidasaxeobrivi brZola, maSin

urTierTdaxmareba ar xorcieldeba da piriqiT. amasTanave,

bunebrivi garCevis moqmedeba nivelirdeba sqesobrivi

gadarCeviT. evolucionistTa poziciis aseTi orWofoba mis

ususurobaze miuTiTebs.

Cven ganvixileT maimunisgan adamianis warmoSobis pipoTezis

mxolod yvelaze martivi aspeqtebi. Tanamedrove mecnierebi,

romlebic Zlier CauRrmavdnen da Caswvdnen adamianis

umaRlesi nervuli moqmedebebis saidumloebebs, tvinis

agebulebasa da funqciebs, maTTvis savsebiT aSkaraa cxovelis

etapobrivad gaadamianebis ideis umarTebuloba. tvinis institutis

direqtoris akadenikos n.p. bexterevas damokidebuleba

evoluciisadmi savsebiT gansazRvrulia: ”me rogorRac ver vxedav

evolucias, ar SemiZlia igi warmovidgino... aseTi saocrebis

warmoSoba (adamianis tvini) SeuZlebelia Semoqmedis gareSe”.

warsulis Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, praqtikulad arcerTi

mecnieri aRar cdilobs ase ubralod amtkicos adamianis

warmoSoba maimunebisgan, rogorc amas XIX saukunis bolos da

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde akeTebdnen. aRiarebulia, rom

adamianis warmoSobis istoria Zalian rTuli da da daxlarTulia.

avtoritetuli anTropologi da evolucionisti r. levontini wers:

”paleontologiis calkeuli amaRelvebeli da optimisturi mtkicebebis

miuxedavad, aranairi hominidebis namarxi saxeobebi Cvens

winaprebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos”.

miwis wiaRSi gamaognebeli TanmimdevrobiTaa Semonaxuli

sruliad gansxvavebuli arsebebis namarxebi, maT Soris_ Zalian

Zvelebic. aRmoCenilia uamravi adamianis da maimuniis namarxi

neStebi, magram gulmodgine Ziebis miuxedavad, ar aris

maimunsa da adamians Soris Sualeduri arsebis arcerTi namarxi

forma. amitom savsebiT samarTlianad vaskvniT, rom maimunebi

yovelTvis iyvnen maimunebi, xolo adamianebi_ adamianebi.

121

adamianis maimunisgan warmoSobis sakiTxSi evoluciur Teorias

Tavis sasargeblod arc erTi sarwmuno mtkicebuleba ar gaaCnia.

adamiani ar warmoSobila cxovelisgan. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom

is dedamiwaze gaCnda uceb, Tavisi adamianuri saxiT. am aSkara

CixSi myofi bevri arqeologi, anTropologi, biologi da sxva dargis

mecnieri Caufiqrda adamianis warmoSobis saRvTismetyvelo

ganmartebebs. avtoritetuli Tanamedrove arqeologi p.v.volkovi

wers: ”Cven sul ufro naTlad vxedavT adamianis unikalurobas,

Cven vpoulobT samyaroSi misi uecari gamoCenis sul ufro da

ufro met mtkicebulebebs. sul ufro metad vrwmundebiT, rom

Cveni Soreuli winaprebi CvenTan axlos dganan, Cveni msgavsni

arian da rom Cveni istoriis dasawyisi TavisTavad SemTxvevis

wyalobiT ar Seqmnila”.

& 60. adamianTa rasebi.

ZiriTadi rasebi. rasebs (franguli race-jiSi, xarisxi, gvari)

uwodeben adamianTa did jgufebs, romlebic gamoirCevian

zogierTi morfologiur-fiziologiuri niSnebiT. magaliTad, saxis

nakvTebi, kanis feri, Tvalebis forma da feri, Tmebi da a.S. rasebis

warmoSobas, maT urTierTobebs, maTs Tvisebebs Seiswavlis

mecniereba rasaTmcodneoba. dedamiwaze sami ZiriTadi rasaa:

evropeoiduli, mongoloiduri da negroiduli.

evropeoiduli rasis warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi,

gaaCniaT swori an talRiseburi, xSirad Ria feris Tmebi da kani.

mamakacebs intensiurad ezrdebaT wveri; evropeidebis saxe

viwroa win wamoweuli ara farTo cxviriT, ybis nawili ar gamodis

win. Tvalebis xazi horizontaluria, tuCebi Txeli. rasa Camoyalibda

evropaSi, magram axla mTels materikzea gansaxlebuli.

122

mongloidebs, Cveulebriv, gaaCniaT swori, uxeSi muqi

Tmebi, ufro muqi feris kani moyviTalo elferiT, saxe farToa,

gabrtyelebuli, sustad profilirebuli, yvrimalebi Zlier winaa

wamoweuli, wveri mamakacebs naklebad ezrdebaT, vidre

evropeoidebs, damaxasiaTebelia wvrili Tvalebi, zemoT aweuli

gare kuTxiT. tuCebi saSualo sisqisaa. mongoloiduri rasa aziaSi

Camoyalibda da ZiriTadad axlac iq cxovrobs.

negroidebi- Savkaniani adamianebi , wablisferi muqi

TvalebiT da xveuli Savi TmebiT. wveri mamakacebs naklebad

ezrdebaT, vidre evropeoidebs. Subli viwro da dabalia, cxviri_

farTo, tuCebi_ sqeli, Tvalebi_ farTod gaxelili. saxis ybis nawili

winaa gamoweuli. negroidebi gavrcelebuli arian Zveli samyaros

mTel ekvatorul sartyelSi.

am sam ZiriTad rasas aranairad ar miewereba amerikeli

indielebi da avstralieli aborigenebi. amerikel indielebs

akuTvneben mongloidebis rasas, magram maT evropeiodul rasis

msgavsad win wamoweuli arwiviseburi cxviri gaaCniaT da

Tvalebis formac gansxvavdeba mongoloidurisagan. avstraliis

aborgenebi, romlebsac negroidul rasas miakuTvneben, ar aqvT

iseTi xveuli Tmebi, rogorc klasikur afrikul negroidebs gaaCniaT,

aramed maTi Tmebi talRovania , xolo wveri iseTive intensivobiT

ezrdebaT, rogorc es evropeoidul rasas axasiaTebs. amitom

zogjer gamoyofen ara sam, aramed xuT ZiriTad rasas.

rasis SigniT SeiniSneba jgufebad dayofa. magaliTad, buriatebi

gansxvavdebian vietnamelebisagan, Cinelebi_ yirgizebisagan da

a.S. anTropologebi ansxvaveben adamianTa ramdenime aTeul

rasas, romelTagan bevri kontaqtur jgufebs warmoadgens.

magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze daaxloebiT 50

milioni adamiani miekuTvneba gardamaval tips evropeoidulsa da

mongoloidurs Soris.

123

rasaTa warmoSoba. genetikosebis, arqeologebis da

anTropologebis monacemebiT, rasebi warmoiSvnen erT

teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erTi jgufisagan. wmida werilis

mixedviT, adamianTa mTeli modgma STamomavlebi arian noes

sami Svilisa_ semis, qamis da iafetis. semitebma Camoayalibes

mcire aziis xalxebi, qamitebma daasaxles afrika, avstralia da

warmoSves negroiduli rasa, iafetis STamomavlebi ki wavidnen

CrdiloeTSi, gaiyvnen orad. erTni dasavleTisken dasaxldnen da

evropeoidebs misces dasabami, xolo meoreni aRmosavleTiT

wavidnen da Camoyalibdnen mongoloidur rasad. Tanamedrove

rasebi Camoyalibdnen mWidro urTierTqmedebiT.

bunebriv-klimatur pirobebTan kavSirSi da genofondSi

SemTxveviTi cvlilebebis wyalobiT dedamiwaze gansaxlebul

adamianebSi myardeboda rasobrivi niSnebi. ase magaliTad,

mongoloidebis Tvalis cximovani kanis nakeci icavs Tvals mtvriani

qarebisagan, xolo civi subkontinentaluri zamTris

pirobebSi_gaciebisagan. negroidebis sqeli xveuli Tma Tavze

warmoqmnis Termoizolaciis fenas, xolo Savi kani icavs tropikuli

mzisagan. gamokvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT, negroidebis kani

10-jer ufro metad gamZlea ultraiisferi gamosxivebis mimarT,

xolo CrdiloeTis ganedSi kanis muqi feri xels uSlis organizms

antiraqituli D vitaminis gamomuSavebaSi.

evropeidebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi Ria kani da Tvalebi,

swori da Ria feris Tma_ recesiuli niSan-Tvisebebia kanis muq

ferian, muq Tvalebian da muq xveul TmebTan SedarebiT.

aSkaraa, rom es niSan-Tvisebebi Camoyalibda evropis mcire

ricxobrivi jgufebiT (1-1,5 aTasamde) dasaxlebis gamo.

axlonaTesavuri qorwinebebis Sedegad warmoiqmna da

ganmtkicda recesiuli homozigotebi. es hipoTeza wamoayena n.i.

vavilovma, romelmac aRmoaCina msgavsi niSnebi mTiani

avRaneTis dasaxlebebSi.. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi mcirecxovnobiT

124

gamowveuli genebis dreifi da Ria feris kaniT gadarCeva

erTmaneTTan mWidrod urTierTqmedebda.

sainteresoa, rom grenlandiis eskimosebi muqkanianebi arian.

aucilebel D vitamins maTi organizmi, Cveulebriv, yoveldRiuri

sakvebidan_ Tevzisa da selapis RviZlidan iRebs. maTi fenotipis

formirebisas gadarCeva kanis feriT aRar xdeboda; magram

eskomosebs sxva damaxasiaTebeli Semguebloba gaaCniaT: isini

dablebi arian, aqvT sxeulis mkvrivi aRnagoba da kanqveSa sqeli

cximovani qsovili.

adaptaciuri niSan-Tvisebebi xSirad rasisagan damoukidebladac

warmoiqmneba. erTrocitebis ferments_ fosfatazas gaaCnia sami

forma, romlebic sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebTan arian

Seguebulni “normaluri”, “Tbili” da “civi”. “civi” fosfatazas

makodirebeli genebis Sexvedris albaToba yvela xalxebSi yovel

200 Crd.g. izrdeba 10%-iT da maqsimums aRwevs CrdiloeTis

xalxebSi_ loparebSi, aleutebsa da eskimosebSi.

rasebis formirebaSi garda gadarCevisa, genetikuri dreifisa da

izolaciisa monawileobda gvaris fuZemdeblis efeqtic. mxolod am

efeqtis arsebobiT SeiZleba aixsnas, magaliTad, afrikaSi

pigmeebis_ muqkaniani dabali (saSualod 141 sm) da nilotebis_

naklebad muqkaniani da maRali (182 sm) tomebis

Tanaarseboba.

rasis iseT niSnebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, TiTebis saxianoba

(anabeWdi), an kbilebis wyoba, garemosTan mWidro kavSiri ar

gaaCnia da formirebulia genTa dreifis Sedegad.

kacobrioba axlac icvleba. Tanamedrove civilizebul

sazogadoebaze garemos gavlena SedarebiT Sesustebulia,

magram samagierod, gavrcelda aqseleraciis da gracializaciis

procesebi. gracializacia xasiaTdeba ConCxis SefardebiTi

masiurobis SemcirebiT, rac aixsneba Zlieri fizikuri Sromis naklebi

aucileblobiT. Tanamderove Cvil bavSvebSi aqseleraciis Sedegad

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sxeulis masis gaormageba erTi wliT adre SeiniSneba, vidre es asi

wlis win xdeboda, xolo 14-16 wlis mozardebi 15-16 sm-iT

maRlebi arian. es cvlilebebi yvela rasaSi SesamCnevia.

rasizmi. es aris cru moZRvreba “maRal” da “dabal” rasebSi

xalxTa istoriasa da kulturaze rasobrivi niSnebis ganmsazRvreli

gavlenis Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom dabali rasa araTu raime kulturuli

faseulobis Semqmneli SeiZleba iyos, aramed misi SeTvisebac ar

SeuZlia da amitom is unda ganadgurdes. rasizmis safuZvelSi

devs araswori mtkiceba imisa, rom TiTqos rasebs erTmaneTTan

aranairi naTesavuri kavSirebi ar gaaCndeT.

rasaTmcodne mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom raime arsebiTi

gansxvaveba rasebs Soris ar arsebobs. rasebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadoba Seadgens mTlianis mxolod 4-6%-

s, rac imas niSnavs, rom TeTrkaniani amerikeli, romelic fenotipiT

SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba Savkanianisgan, qsovilebis

SedgenilobiT SesaZloa ufro axlos idges masTan, vidre sxva

Savkaniani amerikeli. xolo dedamiwaze, rom marto Savkaniani

adamianebi darCnen, isini Seinaxavdnen planetis mTeli

mosaxleobis genetikuri mravalferovnebis 95%-s.

arsebiTi inteleqtualuri anomaliebi Savkanianebs ar gaaCniaT.

saqme imaSia, rom SavkanianebSi inteleqtualuri saqmianoba,

SedarebiT musikasTan da sportTan, naklebi popularobiT

sargeblobs. aq genetikuri naklovaneba ki ar iCens Tavs, aramed

kulturisa da aRzrdis Tavisebureba. mravalsaukunovanma

monobis periodma Taviseburi gavlena iqonia am rasis fsiqikasa

da qcevebze da gaxda gadarCevis faqtori.

marTalma noem, rogorc wmida werili gvauwyebs, mamis

SeuracxyofisTvis dawyevla Tavisi Svili_qami_ negroidebis

winapari da uwinaswarmetyvela mis STamomavlobas xangrZlivi

monoba. maTi batonebi ki iafetis STamomavlebi_ evropeoidebi

iqnebodnen. es iyo RvTis samarTliani sasjeli. qami iseTive RviZli

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Svili iyo noesi, rogorc iafeti.

amerikis espaneli dampyroblebi, romlebmac mxecurad

gaanadgures indielebi, TavianT saqciels imiT amarTlebdnen rom,

TiTqos indielebi ar iyvnen adamisa da evas STamomavlebi.

sinamdvileSi amerikis pirveli mosaxleni_ indielebi amerikaSi

gacilebiT martivi gziT moxvdnen, vidre espaneli zRaosnebi; isini

iq aliaskidan gadavidnen da gansaxldnen.

faSistebma msoflio batonobis mizniT gaiTavises zogierTi

anTropologisa da genetikosis mcdari rasistuli Sexedulebebi.

eseni iyvnen e.fiSeri, f.lenci da sxv. maTi Sexedulebebi

miuTiTebdnen ariuli rasis aRmatebulobasa da upiratesobaze.

rasizmis propaganda mimdinareobda ara marto aSkarad,

aramed faruladac, social-darvinizmis moZRvrebis saxiT. am cru-

swavlebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi adamianTa ganviTareba

mimdinareobs iseTive faqtorebiT, rogorc cxovelebSi. es

faqtorebia arsebobisaTvis brZola da bunebrivi gadarCeva, romlis

Sedegadac viTomcda xdeba ufro Rirebuli adamianebis

gadarCeva da am Tanasworobis genetikurad gamyareba. es

adamianebi hqmnian mdidarTa klass. adamianTa sazogadoebis

cxovelTa samyarosTan mimsgavseba da materialuri

mdgomareobiT mis ganviTarebulobaze msjeloba metad

aRaribebs adamianis arss. unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamiani

upirveles yovlisa, RvTis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnili sulieri

arsebaa da misi mTavari ganviTareba xdeba sulieri srulyofilebis

gzaze mis idumal Sinagan samyaroSi da momavali saukuno

cxovrebis samzadisSi.

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