evidences of climate change and drought
DESCRIPTION
Evidences of climate change and droughtTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BY MEDIDA SUNIL KUMAR
Evidences of Climate Change and Drought
![Page 2: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is mean by climate?
What is mean by climate change?
What is mean by climatic variability?
![Page 3: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Past Climate of Earth
![Page 4: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Earliest Atmosphere:
Primarily H2, water vapor, CH4 and NH4 like Jupiter and Saturn.
2. Second Atmosphere:
Consisting largely of N2 plus CO2 and inert gases, was produced by volcanism
Early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance associated one cold glacial phase about 2.4
billion years ago
Late Archaean eon O2 containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by
photosynthesizing cyanobacteria
3. Third Atmosphere:
Movement of plate tectonics and volcanism released CO2
Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago
The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years,
significantly higher than today's 21%.
Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere
![Page 5: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Causes of Climate Change
Natural Causes
Volcanoes
Solar Output
Earth's Orbit around the Sun
Anthropogenic Causes
Fossil Fuels
Industrial Revolution
Change in Land use
![Page 6: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Solar activity vs temperature
![Page 9: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Greenhouse GasPre-1750
Tropospheric Concentration
Recent Tropospheric
Concentration
Change in Tropospheric
Concentration
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 280 ppm 400 ppm 40%
Methane (CH4) 700 ppb 1874 ppb 168%
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 270 ppb 324 ppb 20%
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
0 21-529 ppb NA
Ozone (O3) 25 ppb 34 ppb 36%
We Have Also Altered the Atmosphere
![Page 10: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Evidence of Changing Climate Evaporation & rainfall are increasing
Coastal glaciers are retreating
Mountain glaciers are disappearing
Permafrost is thawing
Sea ice is shrinking
Greenland is melting
Sea level is rising
Species are moving
![Page 11: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Evaporation & Precipitation are increasing
NCDC, 2000
Effect is not uniform; most places getting wetter, some getting drier.
![Page 12: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Muir Glacier, Alaska, 1941-2004
NSIDC/WDC for Glaciology, Boulder, compiler. 2002, updated 2006. Online glacier photograph database. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center.
August 1941 August 2004
Coastal Glaciers Retreating
![Page 13: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Glacier Retreating
1875 2004
![Page 14: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Courtesy Lonnie Thompson
Mountain glaciers are disappearing
![Page 16: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Permafrost melts when T ≥ 0°C ACIA 2004
Permafrost is ThawingAverage annual ground temperature, Fairbanks, AK
°C
![Page 17: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NASA photograph
North Polar ice cap is sea ice -- it’s floating and so does not change sea level when it melts.
But the reduced reflectivity when the ice is replaced by water amplifies the warming effect of greenhouse gases.
Arctic Summer Ice is Shrinking
1979 2003
![Page 18: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Greenland is melting
ACIA, 2004
Summer surface melting on Greenland, 1979-2002
![Page 19: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Greenland melting (continued)
2005 broke the 2002 record
![Page 20: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sea Level
Data source: Coastal tide gauge records. Credit: CSIRO. 2012. Data source: Satellite sea level observations. Credit: CLS/Cnes/Legos. 2012
![Page 22: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sea-level from satellites: 4 cm rise in last 10 years
![Page 23: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rise in global ocean heat content 1955-2005
Some ups and downs, but clear overall increaseLevitus et al., 2005, GRL
![Page 24: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Extreme weather events
Image Credit: http://www.grida.no/graphic.aspx?f=series/et-common/trends_L.gif
![Page 26: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Global surface temperature 1855-2010
![Page 28: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Observed surface temperature trend
Trends significant at the 5% level indicated with a ‘+’. Grey: insufficient data
![Page 29: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Vulnerability of India to Climate Change
![Page 30: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE CASE SEA LEVEL RISE ??
![Page 31: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DROUGHT
Drought is one of the most widespread complex and complicated
disasters.
Extended period of deficient rainfall relative to normal's
68% of the country’s geographical area is prone to drought in varying
degrees
Chronically drought prone areas: – @ 33% (RF: <750 mm)
Drought prone area: – @ 35% (750-1125 mm)
Drought onset: Total rainfall deficiency is > 10 percent of normal's
Severe drought: Total rainfall deficiency is > 25 percent of normal‘s
![Page 32: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Period No Region affected by famines/droughts
5th century BC 1 Kashmir , Ayodhya (eastern UP), Rajasthan, Gujarat,Maharashtra & Punjab
1st century BC 1 Kashmir9th century AD 1 Kashmir10th century AD 2 Kashmir , Punjab, large parts of northern India11th century AD 2 Delhi, Bihar , Bengal, Orissa, Rajasthan & Kashmir13th century AD 4 Orissa, Bihar , Assam, Bengal, Rajasthan, Maharashtra & Gujarat14th century AD 5 Delhi, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Mysore, Karnataka & Gujarat 15th century AD 5 Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Orissa, Assam & most parts of India,
especially the areas along the rivers Ganga & Yamuna16th century AD 6 Most of the then Bombay presidency, Punjab, Maharashtra, Delhi,
Rajasthan, Kutch & central India17th century AD 6 Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan & Bengal18th century AD 24 Bombay presidency , Gujarat, Maharashtra & Madras19th century AD 38 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh & Bihar 20th century AD 60 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Bihar , Maharashtra, Jammu &KashmirSource ‘Drought of Relief’, Down to Earth, May 2001
Chronology of drought and famine in India
![Page 35: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Typical Effects of drought Failure or loss of crops.
Loss of dairy and fishery production.
Reduced energy production.
Increased unemployment
Soil erosion.
Acute shortage of drinking water.
Health hazards and loss of life.
Widespread poverty.
Prices of all commodity shoot up.
![Page 36: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Strategies adopted before drought at household level
• Crop diversification on/ crop variety diversification
• Livelihood diversification
• Staggering of seedling periods
• Early migration
• Keeping land fallow
• Limited re-sowing
![Page 37: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Early warning and response mechanisms
Close monitoring of drought
Augmentation of water supply and conservation
Proper and scientific expansion of irrigation facilities
Land use
Inter-basin transfer of river waters
Promoting Water-shed programmes
Main mitigation strategies
![Page 38: Evidences of climate change and drought](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070319/557d34d8d8b42a447f8b46c3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)