evaluation source book for teachers tamil std. v vi &...

Uô -̈Xd Lp-®Vô-Wônf£ Ut-ßm T«t£ ¨ß-Y-]m (SCERT), úLW-[m

B£-̈ -Vo-L-fid-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-” Y[-Ëp

5, 6, 7 Yœl-◊-Ls

R™r

T¥Ls

Evaluation Source Book for Teachers

Tamil

Std. V, VI & VII

©

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Vidyabhavan , Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012

PADIKALEvaluation Source Book for TeachersTamilStd. V, VI & VII

Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training

Chief Academic Co-Ordinator

Madhusoodhanan. C

Research Officer (Evaluation), SCERT

Academic Charge

Dr. P.K. Thilak

Research Officer, SCERT

M.V. Gangadharan

Lecturer, DIET, Wayanad

Art

N.T. Rajeevan

Layout

C. Mahadevan

Academic Co-OrdinatorDr. Sahaya Dhas D,

Research Officer, SCERT,

Es-[-Pd-Lm

1. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m................................................................................................................................................7

Ts-∞d-Lp-Æ-Ÿm Lt-\-¤m

TÙPj-ßh-P-ÿm UÙQ-YoLfim

UÙQ-Yo-L-fim A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim

A±-˚YlTt± A±-Rp / £k-R-˚]-˚Vl Tt±f £k-ßj-Rp

Lt-\p ˛ SU-’ Li-˙QÙh-Pm

Ußl-¿-” ˛ ˙SÙd-Le-Ls

Ußl-¿h-”j RXe-Ls ˛ Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-Ls

Ußl-¿-” ˛ G˚R? Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gl-T-•?

Y[-Ëp GRt-œ?

2. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ ˘UÙØ-´p ..........................................................................................23

RÙn-˘UÙ-Ød-LpÆ EVo-˘RÙ-PdL Yœl-◊-L-∞p

©Wf-£˚] A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] A‘-œÿ-˚\-Ÿm ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-Ÿm

˘UÙØ Yœl-◊-L-∞p A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls

˘UÙØ Yœl-◊-L-∞p NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj˚R Eflß ˘Nn-Rp

◊ßV Ußl-¿h-”l TiTÙh˚P ˙SÙd°

Lt-\˙X Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\≠u Ußl-¿-”-

Ußl-¿h•u TVuTÙh”jRXm

G˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-’?

Gq-YÙ-fl Ußl-©-”-Y-’?

©u-Úh-P-ÿm ER-Æ-Ÿm

©u-Úh-P-ÿm ER-Æ-Ÿm Gl-T-•?

AX-œj -ßh-P-ÿm ˘NVp-TÙh-”j -ßh-P™P-¤m

B£-¨-V-¨u Te-˚Lf N¨-VÙ-Lf ˘Nn-Rp

3. Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-” UÙß-̈ ..................................... 71

Ußl-¿h˚P S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ßh-P-™-Pp

AX-œj-ßh-Pm RVÙ-¨j-Rp

Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙T-” RVÙ-¨j-Rp

4. Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ˛ Tp-̇ Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p ...................... 88

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’

AX-œ Ußl-¿-”

UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

AX-œ Ußl-¿-” ˛ £X Ej-ß-Ls

T⁄Y Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\p ®˚X-˚Vl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ A±-Æj-Rp

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

˘UÙØ œ±jR L⁄j-’-Ls / ÿ•-‹-Ls

˘UÙØ Tt-±V Gi-Qe-Ls

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-fim œ±l-◊-L-fim

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-Ls

T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

5. ˘Tt-̇ \Ùo-L-fi-Pu L⁄j-’lT -̈UÙt-\m ........................ 120

˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-Ÿm ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m

˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\m ˛ UÙß¨

Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j ßh-Pm

ÿu-‡˚W

Lt-\˚Xl TV-‡s-[-RÙdL A±-Æ-Vp Èo-Y-UÙ] Ußl-¿-” ˙R˚Y. ßh-P-™-”m˙TÙ˙R Ußl-¿h-”

ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”Ls, Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls, Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls CYt-

±u J⁄e-°-˚Ql-◊-Pu Uh-”˙U ßh-P-™-Pp ÿ›˚U A˚P-Ÿm. ARt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-Ls Cq-Y-[-Ë-≠p Eh-

T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].

˙LW-[l TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f Nh-P-Lm 2007 T¨k-’-˚Wd-œm A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\d-œ HtT E⁄-YÙd-°V Lt-\p

L⁄-Æ-L-fid-œm, B£-¨-Vo ˚L˙V”Lfid-œm C˚Ql-TÙLl T•-Ls Gu-‡m Cq-Y-[-Ëp RVÙ-¨d-Ll-Th”s-

[-’. ßh-P-™hP Y˚W-ÿ-˚\L-[Ù˙XÙ Nh-P-Èo-Y-UÙ-L˙YÙ Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-

˚P-Ÿm Æ[dL CV-XÙ-’. B£-¨-Vo-Ls A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´u Gp-˚Xd-œs∞-⁄k-’, TV-‡s[ YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-

Ÿm Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm Ht-fld-˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. TÙPj-ßh-Pj-˚Rl Tt-±V Li-˙QÙh-P˙U CRt-œ Ek-’-R-XÙL

A˚UV ˙Yi-”m. AßL ˙RPp YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m £k-R˚] YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[l TV-‡s-

[-RÙdL CV-Xh-”m.

YÙrj-’L-fi-Pu,

˙TWÙ-£-¨-Vo Gm.-H. LÙRo

CVd-œ-So

7

Ju-\ôm YÏl-©p ØRp Sôs:

''úRu-ùUô¯! ¿ YûWkR TPm Su-\ôL Es-[úR!''

''m... BUô....''

''CùRu] BPô?''

''BUô G]-Õ Ïh-¥ BÓ...''

''Ïh-¥ Bh-¥t-Ï Øu-]ôp GRt-Ï ùT¬V úY-?''

''An-úVô, Ïh-¥ BÓ G]-Õ éûYd L¥d-Ïm...''

''ARt-Ï é GeúL?''

''úY-d-Ï Ak-Rl -Td-Lm CÚd-Ï.''

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m

8

˘TÙ’ A±-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ A±-Æ-Vp

£kR˚]dœ...

˙Ru-˘UÙØ R]-’ —t-fll-◊\j-

˙RÙ”m ˘Tt-˙\Ù-˙WÙ-”m ©\-˙-WÙ”m D”-

Th” E⁄-YÙd-°V Sm-©d-˚L-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls

CYt-˙\Ù-” Ts-∞d-œ Yk-RÙs. A˚Y A±-

Æ-Vp Èo-Y-UÙ-]-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”˘Uu-

T -ßp-˚X. B]Ù-¤m Ts-∞-´-¤s[

ÿ˚\VÙ] Lp-Æf ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Cq-

Y±‹ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Lf ˘NVp-T-”-°-\-’.

AYt˚\ A±-Æ-´p ÿ•-‹-L-[ÙL UÙt

flY˙R Lt-\p.

Ts-∞dLp-Æ-Ÿm Lt-\-¤m

SÙm U°rf-£˚V A˚P-Y-Rt-œm —Rk-ß-Wj˚R EQo-Y-Rt-œm A±-̊ Yj ̇ R•l

˘Tfl-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\-˚] A˚PVf ˘Nn-Y-’ CVp-TÙ] Lt-\-˙X. ÿ˚\-VÙ] Lt\p,

LpÆ- CYt±u YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y SU-’ NÍ-Lj-RÙp Cq-‹-X˚L ˙Uu-˚U-V-˚P-Vf ˘NnV

ÿ•k-R-’. B´-‡m Cl-˙TÙ-’m SÙm UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm AYo-L-[-’ LpÆ˚Vl

Tt-±-Ÿm Hu LY˚X ˘LÙs-°-˙\Ùm?

LPkRLÙXj RY-fl-L-̊ [j ß⁄jß Bd-L-Èo-Y-UÙ] TÙ˚R˚V ̇ SÙd° EX˚Ld

˘LÙi-”˘NpX ◊ßV R˚X-ÿ-˚\VÙp CVX ˙Yi-”m. SÙm VÙo GuT’m Sm-UÙp

Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV CV-¤m Gu-T-’ œ±j-’m ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-Y˙R Cu˚\V Lp-Æ-´u

ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-L-UÙL A˚U°u-\-’. CYt-˚\d Lt-\p YÙ´XÙL˙Y UÙQYu A±k-’

˘LÙs-°-\Ùu.

G≤p, Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙL SÙm GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m.?

� UÙQ-Y-˚]d œ±jR ÿ•-‹-Ls, Gßo-TÙol-◊-Ls.

� Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR ÿ•-‹-Ls, Gßo-TÙol-◊-Ls.

� A±-‹, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls Tt-±V L⁄j-’-L-fim ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim.

� UÙQ-Y-≤u ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] Y[of-£d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] „Z˚X Yœl-©-¤m ≈h-

•-¤m E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls.

� UÙQ-Y-≤u Y[of-£l-TÙ-˚R-˚VŸm ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm Ußl-©h-”j ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

ER-Æ-Ls ˘NnY-Rt-LÙL ˙Ut-˘LÙs-fim SP-Y-•d-˚L-Ls.

9

CRt-Lô-Lj úR£-V- TôP Ht-Tôh-Óf Nh-P-Lj-§p á\l-Th-Ós-[-Yt-û\l T¬-úNô

§j-Õl Tôod-L-Xôm.

YÏl-Tû\«p B£-¬-Vo UôQ-Yo E\Ü Ød-¡-V-Uô-]-Rô-Ïm. LôW-Qm, Ts-°-«---

Úk-Õ ùTßm A±Ü VôÚ-ûP-V-ùRu-T-Õm ARû] EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Y-Õ Vôo Gu-T-Õm

Ød-¡-V-Uô-]-Rô-Ïm. Ø§ok-úRôo Re-L-Þd-Lô-Ld Li-P-ûP-Ùm ¾o-Ü-L-°p §Úl-§VûPV

úYi-¥-V-Yo-Ls Ap-Xo, Cu-û\V UôQ-YoLs Re-Ls ¨ûX-ûV-Ùm úRûY-L-û[Ùm

®Uo-N-]d Li-úQôh-Pj-§p Et-ß-úSôd-Ï-T-Yo-Ls. AYo-Ls Re-L-[-Õ Aà-T-Ye-

LÞm Li-úQôh-Pe-L-Þm Ød-¡-V-Uô-]ûY Gu-T-ûRl ×¬k-Õ ùLôs[ úYi-Óm.

ÑRk-§-W-Uô-Lf £k-§d-L-Üm, G§o-®-û]-Vôt-\-Üm U] Eß§Ùs-[-Yo-L-[ôL Uôß-Y-RtÏj

úRûY-Vô] U]-¨-ûXûV Y[-Wf ùNnV Sôm AYo-Lû[ Fd-Ï-®dL úYi-Óm.

ReL[Õ Lp-®-Ùm G§o-LôX Yônl-×-m Tt-±V ©Wf-N-û]j ¾oÜ ùRôPo-Tô] LXk-

ÕûW-Vô-Pp-L-°p Te-Ï ùT\úYi-Óm, UôQ-Yo-Ls Ts-°-«-- -Úk-Õ Gu] Lt-¡-

\ôoLs Gu-T-Õm AYo-Ls Ts-°d-Ï GRt-Ï YÚ-¡-\ôo-Ls Gu-T-Õm Lt-\p ùNVp-

TôhûP úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Y-§p Ød-¡-V-Uô-]-Rô-Ïm.

þ úR£V TôP Ht-Tôh-Óf NhPLm˛ 2005

TÙPj-ßh-P-ÿm UÙQ-Yo-L-fim

NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œh-Th-P-’m ÆUo-N] A•l-T-˚P´XÙ-]-’-UÙ] TÙP Ht-TÙ-”,

UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl A‘L ˙Yi-”m? UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Ru-˚U-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’

˘LÙi-” Uh-”˙U Cq-Y-‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´˚] E⁄-YÙdL CV-¤m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u YÙr-Æ-Vp „Z-¤m ˙Yfl-Th-P-˚Y. AY-‡-˚PV / AY-fi-

˚PV A‡-T -Ye-L -fim UÙflThP˚Y. AR-]Ùp, AYu/ AY-[-’ EX-Ld

Li˙QÙhP-ÿm ˙Yfl-Th-P-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

� Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u Bfi-˚U-Ÿm ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.

� Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y≤u Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ÿm ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.

� Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡d-œm £k-R-˚]jß\u Ei”.

� A±˚Y ˘Y∞-lT”j’Y’m TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’m ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-´-XÙ-œm.

� UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, D”-TÙ-”-Ls, Ái-”-Rp-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y ˙Yfl-Th-

P-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

All individuals have their ownunique rainbows of intelligenceand, given the proper opportunitiesto shine, they will demonstrate aca-demic achievement applying theirfull spectrum of human potential.

Sue Teele

10

� -˙Yfl-ThP œ”m-Tf „Zp-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ Tp-˙Y-fl YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-Pu Y⁄YRÙp

UÙQ-Y-≤u Li-˙QÙh-Pm, Sm-©d-˚L-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls C˚Y ˙Yfl-Th-P-RÙL˙Y

C⁄d-œm.

Cq-˙Y-flTÙ”-Ls Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•-¤m ©W-ß-T-≠d-œ-Up-XYÙ? B]Ùp CYt˚\

ÿ›˚UVÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-

R-‹m CV-¤UÙ? CRt-LÙ] ÿVt-£˚Vj ˘RÙPe-œ-Y-’, UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-°-˚P-˙VVÙ] C˚P-

˘Y-∞˚V A±k-’m, AYoLs Jq-˘YÙ-⁄Y⁄m- L⁄j’L˚[-l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-Y-ß¤m

˘Y∞lT”j’Yß¤m -˙Y-flT”°u\]o GuT˚R Htfld˘LÙi”UÙœm. -˙Y-flThP

L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm Li-˙QÙh-Pe-L-˚[-Ÿm ®˚X˘T\f˘Nn’, AYt-˚\l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs[‹m

œ›YÙLf £k-ßd-L-‹m ˘NVp-T-P-‹m A±YÙdLjßtLÙ] Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-

YÙd-œ-Y-’m ˘RÙPok-’s[ ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-œm. Aq-YÙ-fl UÙQ-Yo-Lfidœl ˘TÙ’YÙL‹m

R≤-VÙ-L-‹m, A±V-‹m ˘TÙ⁄sLÙQ‹m CV-¤-°u\ ˘NVp-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld

˘LÙi˙P Yœl-T-˚\-´p A±YÙdLf ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ ˙Um-T-”jR CV-¤m.

UÙQ-Y-oLfim A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Lfim

B-XU-Wd LôÓ-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-¡-V- G-ßm-×-Ls ©u-]o Gu] ùNn-§-Úd-Ïm? LûRûV

®¬-Ü-T-ÓjR B£¬Vo ùLôÓjR Nk-Rol-Tm CÕ-Rôu. LûRûV ®¬-Ü-T-Ój§ ùY°-«P

IkÕ ÏÝd-L-ú[ô-Óm á±-]ôo.- JqùYôÚ ÏÝ-Üm

LûR-«u ùRôPok-Õs[ êuß ¨Lrf-£-Ls ÅRm

Li-P±kÕ Lôh-£-L-[ôL ùY°«hP-]o. ©\ ÏÝd-

Ls AûR U§l-©h-P-]o. ÏÝd-Ls SôPLm

Bd-Ï-Y-Rt-Lô] ®Yô-Rj-§p DÓTh-

P-]o. ®Yô-Rj-§t-Ïl-©u Jq-ùYôÚ

ÏÝd-L-[ôL ùY°-«-Pj ùRôPe-¡-]o.

úUûNd-Ï-úUp UWd-Lm×-Lû[ úNojÕ

11

ûYjÕd LôhûP EÚ-Yôd-¡-]o. úUûNûVj RûX-¸-ZôL ûYjÕ ARu-úUp úTôo-ûYûV ê¥ Ïu-ß-L-

[ôd-¡-]o. ùT¬-V- Ø-L-ê-¥-Lû[ A¦kÕ ×-,- Ø-Vp, £e-L-UôL S¥-Lo-Ls Tôh-ÓLû[l -Tô¥ AWe¡p Yk-

R]o.

Gßm-×-L°Pm ×-, ""Sôu Ee-Ls EÚ-YjûR ûYjÕ H[-]-UôLl úT£-®h-úPu. ¿e-Ls EÚ-Yôd-¡V LôÓ

Lû[lúTôp VôÚm CÕ-YûW EÚ-Yôd-L-®p-ûX. ¿e-Ls Lôh-¥p YôÝm GpXô E«-¬-]e-L-Þd-Ïm SuûU

ùNnÕ®h-¼o-Ls. RY-\ôLl úT£V Guû] Uu-²jÕ ®Óe-Ls'' G]d ùLg-£-V-Õ.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-‹m SÙP-Lj˚R Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok-’ S•jR œ› Tßp ·±-

V’. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æ-]-⁄m AY-W-Yo L⁄j-’-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R-XÙm Gu-fl Eflß A∞j-R-]o.

œ±l-◊-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ L˚R E⁄-YÙdL Gj-R-˚]˙VÙ YØ-Ls SUd-œj ˘R¨-Ÿm. B]Ùp Ce-œ B£-¨-Vo SÙP-

Lj-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-ß-]Ùo. SÙP-Lj-ßu ˚UVd L⁄j-’ Uh-”-Uu± SÙPL ÆUo-N-]j-ßu YÙ´-XÙLj

-RÙe-Ls Li-P-±kR Gi-Qe-L-˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œm Ck-SÙ-P-Lm YÙnl-T-∞j-R-’. ˙U¤m RÙe-Ls TVu-

T”j-ßV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\L˚[f —V-UÙL Ußl-©P‹m ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ˘Nn-ÿ˚\ YÙnl◊m °˚Pj-

R’. A±k-’ ˘LÙsRp, A±˚Y ˙Um-T-”j-’Rp ˙TÙu\ E[f-

˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls Ce-œ S˚P-˘Tt-\] Gu-T-˚RŸm LÙQ-XÙm. UÙQ-

Yo-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T˚R CRu

A•l-T-˚P-´p T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-‹m.

� A‡-T-Ye-L˚[j R≤d -L-Y-]j-’-Pu AX£ BWÙn

- °-\Ùo-Ls.

� L•-]-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[m LÙi-°

- \Ùo-Ls.

� œ›-YÙ-Ld LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•d L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn’

A±-˚Yl ˘Tfl-Y-’-Pu, ©\-⁄-Pu LXk-’-˚WVÙ•

˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

12

� ÿ›-˚U-VÙL A±-VÙ-R-Yt˚\ A±-V-‹m ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙQ-‹m

Rj-’-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\-]o.

� Ru-˚]d œ±j-’m R]-’ —t-fll-◊-\m, NÍ-Lm C˚Y œ±j-’m ÆUo-N-]-Èo-

UÙ] SP-Y-•d-˚L-Ls G”d-°-\Ùo-Ls. Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.

� NÍL A±-‹-˚W-L-˚[j RU’ A•l-T-˚Pf £k-R-˚]-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ll T˚Pj-’

˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

YÙrd˚L ÿ›-Y-’m ®Wk-R-W-UÙL S˚P-˘T-flm ˘NVp-TÙ˙P C’. B]Ùp A±-YÙd-

Ll-T-”-°-\-’ Gu-T˚R SÙm Ei-˚U-VÙ-L˙Y EQok-’ ˘LÙsYßp˚X.

YÙrd-˚L-´p SUd-œ A‡-T-Yl-ThP ˙R˚Y-L-fid-LÙL Ap-XYÙ A±˚Y E⁄-

YÙd-L-‹m ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-˙RÙm. C’ ˙TÙu\ ˙R˚Y-L-fid-˙LtT Lt-\p ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-Th-” Ap-XYÙ Yœl-T-˚\-´-¤m A±-YÙd-Ll-TP ˙Yi-”m.?

B]Ùp Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-L˚[ UÙQ-Yu R≤-VÙ-Lf ˘NnV CV-¤UÙ? AYu / AYs

RÙm D”T”m NÍLjß≠⁄k’ CjR˚LV ©WfN˚]L˚[ A±°u\]o. R]d˙L

E¨V L⁄j-’d-L-fid-œm E[f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œm Es[ A˙R ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj-

˚Rl ©\-W-’ ©Wf-N-˚]j æo-‹-L-∞-¤m A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. A’ ˙TÙu\ Te-L-∞l◊

YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m ˙Um-T-”j-’--Rp YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-Lf ˘Nn-Ÿm A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-

TÙ˙P YÙrd-˚L-´p Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ÿ-Pu Ju± ®t-œm.

A±-˚Yl Tt± A±-Rp/ £k-R˚]˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßj-Rp

T˚Pl-◊j ß\-‡-P-‡m ÆUo-N-]l TÙo-˚Y-Ÿ-P-‡m £k-ßdL CV-¤-Y-’ Gu-T-’ Lt-\-

≠u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-L-UÙL UÙ±-Ÿs-[-’. CR-]-•l-T-˚P-´p Lt-\p, Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-

TÙh˚P S≈-]l-T-”j-’m YØ-ÿ˚\ Tt-±V ˙RP˙X Gi-Qe-Ls Tt-±V £k-R˚]

G]-XÙm. Ap-X-’ A±-Æ-˚]d œ±jR ◊¨-R˙X (Metacognities) TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßu

J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. Gi-Qe-Ls œ±jR £k-R˚] Gu-T-Rt-œ Gu] ˘TÙ⁄s?

ÆUo-N-]l -Èo-Y-UÙ-Lf £k-ßj-Rp YÙ´-XÙ-L UÙQYoL˚[l T˚Pl-◊j

UÙQ-Yu, ˘T¨-˙VÙo, Ut-flm TX-⁄-

˚PV D”-TÙh-•u YÙ´-XÙLf ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-L-˚[f ˘Nn-°u-\Ùu. ®f-N-V-UÙL

UÙQ-Y-≤u Ti-◊-L-∞u ·fl-L-˘[p

XÙm NÍj ˘RÙPo-◊d-œs APe-°-V-

]YÙ-œm. GRÙoj-Rj-’-Pu UÙQ-Y≤u

˘RÙPo◊ ARu ’Yd-Lm ÿRp NÍ-L-

UV-UÙ-]-’. AR-]Ùp C[m-©s-

˚[˚V(New born baby) J⁄ NÍL

ÆXe-œ G]d ·\-XÙm.

˘Xq˛ ≈˙PÙv°

13

ß\‡˚P-V-Yo-L-[ÙL UÙt-fl-Y˙R ˘UÙØd Lt-\-≠u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm. CRt-˙Lt\ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ S≈]l-

T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˙RP˙X ˘UÙØ-´-p A±-YÙd-Lm œ±j-R £k-ßj-Rp, Ap-X-’ Gi-Qe-Ls œ±j-R £k-ßj-Rp.

U≤-R-≤u £k-R-˚]j-ß-\u CVp-TÙ-]-RÙ-œm. J⁄ „r®˚X´p ˘Tt\ RL-Yp-L-∞p,

� Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-Ls Li-P-±V‹m

� Ju˙\Ù” JufldLÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙdL‹m

� L⁄j-’-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° ®˚]-‹-·W‹m

� Lt-T-˚]-jß\‡Pu B˙XÙ-£dL‹m

� LÙWQ LÙ¨-Vj ˘RÙPo-˚Td Li-P-˚PV‹m

ÿVt-£l-T-Ru YÙ´-XÙL Cf-£k-R-˚]j ß\u-Ls ˘Y∞l-T-”-Y-’-Pu A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm ˙Um-T-”j-R-¤d-œm

˙SWÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-X-‹m CVp-°-\-’. Cf-£k-R-˚]f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[d Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m ELkR UÙt-

\eLs ˘Nn-’ „r®˚XL-fid-œ HtT TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ÿVt-£j-RÙ˙XÙ? ARu YÙ´-XÙL A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-L-∞p Ht-ThP R˚P-L-˚[-Ÿm Gp-˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm LPk-’ ˘NpX UÙQ-Yo-L-[Ùp CV-¤m. A±-˚Yl Tt±

EQok’ £k-R-˚]-˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßl-T-Ru YÙ´-XÙ-Ll Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p RÙu E⁄-YÙd-°V A±‹,

R]d˙L E¨V R≤l-ThP Rj-’-Ye-L-fim £j-RÙk-Re-L-fi-UÙL UÙfl-°u-\].

Lt-\p ˛ SU-’ Li-˙QÙh-Pm

UÙQ-Yu Gl-T-•l T•d-°-\Ùu

Gu-T-˚Rl Tt-±V ÿ•-‹-L-∞u

A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-¿h-˚Pj

ßh-P-™P ˙Yi-”m, SÙm

E⁄-YÙd-°V Li-˙QÙh-Pe-Ls G˚Y?

� GkR J⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡d-œm YÙnl◊d

°˚Pd-œ-UÙ-´u —V-˙Y-Lj-ß-¤m R]d˙L

E¨V ÿ˚\-´-¤m T•dL CV-¤m.

� UÙQ-Yo-Ls Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls

13

1414

YÙ´-XÙ -L -‹m J⁄-Y-˙WÙ -˘PÙ -⁄ -Yo ˘LÙi”s[

D”-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m CVp-TÙ] ÿ˚\-´p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls. Tp-˙Y-fl ˘NVp

L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Ru ÍX-ÿm UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ Su-\Ù-Ld LtL CV-¤-°u-\-’.

� Lt-\p J⁄ ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-œm. UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’ Ts

- ∞-L-∞p Uh-”Up-X. G]˙Y Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\˚X ≈h-•p ®Lr-T-Yt-˙\Ù-” ̆ RÙPo◊

- T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Yo-Ls Lt-T-’ B£-¨-Vo Lt-©l-T-Yt˚\ Uh-”-UpX;

AYoLs —V-UÙL A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. UÙQ-Yu ÿu-]-‡-T-Ye-L-

˚[Ÿm Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm BRÙ-W-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” ˘Tfl-°u\ A±˚Y Es-YÙe°d

˘LÙs-°-\Ùu. Aq-YÙ-fl UÙQ-Yo-Ls RUd˙L E¨V L⁄j’-L-∞-¤m ÿ•-‹-L∞¤m

˘Nu-\ -˚P-°u-\ -]o. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡d-œm A±˚Yl ˘Tfl-Y-Rt -œj

R]d˙L E¨V R≤j-’-Y-UÙ] J⁄ A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿi-”. Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-” ®Wk-

RWUÙL C⁄d-œm.

� BWmTdLpÆ UÙQ-Yo-Ls ÷i-˚U-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Æ˚[-VÙh-”Ls,

Tp˙Yfl YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ ÿVt-£j-Rp ÿRXÙ] TX ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-

Ru YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y Lt-°u-\-]o.

� UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p CVp-TÙ-L˙Y —Zt£ ÿ˚\-´-XÙ-œm (Spiral); ˙So-˙LÙh”

ÿ˚\-´-Xp-X(non- linear). G]˙Y Lt\ L⁄j-’-L-˚[j ß⁄m-Tj ß⁄mT ¡s

- TÙo˚Y ˘Nn-Y-’ Lt-\-Yt˚\ Su-\Ù-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ ER‹m.

� UÙQ-Yo-Ls, Bn‹ ˘Nn-˙RÙ, ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙PÙ, AYo-L-fid-œ A‡-T-Yl-Th-

P˙RÙ B] ˘NVp-L-˚[ Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jß Efl-ßl-T-”j-’-Rp

Gu-T-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm. AR-]Ùp ◊ßV Lt-\-≠p ARt-œ

ÿk-ßV RL-Yp-L-˚[-˙VÙ, ÆY-We-L-˚[˙VÙ Uh-”m L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-PÙp

˙TÙRÙ’. ÿu-]-RÙ-L-˙Y Ts-∞, ≈” ©\ CPe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Tt\ RL-Yp-L

-˙[Ù-”m AR-˚]j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-R-XÙm.

� Lt-\p S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’ J⁄e-°-˚QkR ÿ˚\-´-XÙ-œm. Lt\p GuT’ Tj-ß-L-[Ù-

L˙YÙ, Æ`-Ve-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ ©¨j-’d Lt-T-Rp-X. AR-]Ùp Lt-\˚X J⁄e-

°˚QkR ÿ˚\-´p A‘L ˙Yi-”m.

15

� BWm-Td LpÆ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p, ©\-¨-Pm TZ-œm˙TÙ’ Uh-”˙U ˙Um

- ThP ÿ˚\-´p ÿu-˙]-±-V-’ Gu-T-˚Rd LÙQ ÿ•k-R-’.

Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt-±-Ÿm Lt-˙TÙ-¨u CVp-˚Tl Tt-±-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P-Yt-±u

A•l-T-˚P-´p Uh-”˙U Ußl-¿h-”f-˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. Lt-

\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ™L CVp-TÙ-]’m ˘RÙPof-£-VÙ-]-’m UÙflk-Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚P

- V’UÙL A˚U-Ÿm „Zp E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”m. C’-˙TÙu\ ©u-]-¶-´p S˚P-

˘T-flm Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u £\l-Tm-Ne-Ls G˚Y-VÙL C⁄d-œm?

� œZk˚R ˚UV-UÙL C⁄d-œm; UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V-VÙ] ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[ Eh-

˘LÙi-P-RÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

� Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-˚]-Ÿm ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-P-RÙL A˚U-Ÿm. -Y-œl-©-¤s[

GpXÙ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œm E¨V J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙL A˚U-VÙ-’.

� G∞V A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd ˘LÙi-P-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

� Lt-\-¤m ˛ Lt-©j-R-¤m ˘NVp-TÙh-•u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL A˚U-Ÿm. CYt-±u A•l

-T-˚P-´p Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-” UÙß-¨˚V E⁄-YÙd-œm˙TÙ’ Ußl

-¿h-˚Pl Tt± SÙm G›lT ˙Yi-•V Æ]Ùd-Ls G˚Y?

� Ußl-¿-” Tt-±V Li-˙QÙh-Pm Gu]?

� UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-’ GRt-LÙL?

� Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V-’ Gu]?

� Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V-’ Gl-˙TÙ-’?

� Ußl-¿h˚P Gq-YÙ-fl ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m ? Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-” G’?

Ußl-¿-” ˛ ˙SÙd-Le-Ls

Yœl-©p Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ SpX ÿ˚\-´p ˘NVp-T-”j-’m Jo B£-¨-V¨u

£X ˘NVp-L-˚[d LÙi-˙TÙm.

16

� Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-˚[d Lt-T-Ru YÙ´-XÙL UÙQ-Y≤-Pm Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L-˚[Ÿm

Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-°-\Ùo.

� UÙQ-Y-≤u R≤l-ThP £\kR ˙R˚Y-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ÿVt-£d-°-\Ùo.

� Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ™L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ÿ˚\-´p ßh-P-™-”-

°-\Ùo.

� R]d-œ Gu] ˘NnV CV-¤m/ Gu] ˘NnV CV-XÙ-’, GYt-˙\Ù-” D”-TÙ-” Es-

[-’/ D”-TÙ-” Cp-˚X.... Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-’/ Æ⁄l-T-™p-XÙ-R-’, ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l ◊¨k’

˘LÙs-[-‹m Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV Gp-˚X-L˚[ ˘U’-YÙL Ae-∏-L-¨d-L-‹m UÙQ-Y-‡dœ

ER-‹-°-\-’.

� TX-Yt-˚\-Ÿm ˘T\ CV-¤-°u-\-’ Gu-‡m U]l-TÙu-˚U˚V UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-˚P˙V

E⁄-YÙd° AYo-L˚[ Fd-Ll-T-”j-’-°u-\-]o.

� TÙPj-ßhP ˙SÙd-Le-L˚[ GkR A[-‹d-œ ®˚\-˙Yt\ ÿ•k-R-’ Gu-T-˚Rd

LiP-˚P-°-\Ùo-Ls.

� UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Y[of-£-˚Vd LÙh-”m NÙu-fl-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’ AYt-˚\l ˘Tt-

˙\Ù-¨Pÿm ©\-¨Pÿm ˘R¨-Æd-°u-\-]o.

� UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ AYo-L-∞u Lt-\-˚Xd œ±j-’f —V Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV Fd-Ll-

T-”j’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

� GpXÙ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\-¤d-œm Y[of-£d-œm ’˚Q ®t-°-\Ùo-Ls.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ AYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Tt\ RL-Yp-L-˚[l

TVu-T-”jßd Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Rp Gu-‡m ˙SÙd-

L-Up-XYÙ CYt-±t-œs-[-’.?

17

˙Ro-‹d-œl ©u Ts-∞d-·-Pm ß\kR SÙs. SÙu-LÙm Yœl-©p —t-fll-◊-\f-„-Zp TÙPl-©-̈ -̇ Y˚[. ®o-

UXÙ B£-̈ ˚V K-Qj-̇ Ro-Æu (Ju-\Ùm T⁄-Yj-̇ Ro-‹) Æ˚Pj-RÙs-Ls A∞j-RÙo-Ls. Jq˘YÙ⁄- ̆ TVWÙL

A˚Zj-’ Æ˚Pj-RÙs-L˚[ A∞j-R-’-Pu AYo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR °˙W-”m B£-̈ -Vo ·fl-°-\Ùo. ''Av-

Yß H °-̇ W-”, ̊ `X_Ù © °˙Wh, A]v • °˙Wh.....''B£-̈ ˚V A]-̊ Nl TÙoj’d ̇ Lh-PÙo, Cq-Y-⁄-

P-ÿm SÙu-LÙm Yœl-©p C⁄d-L-XÙm Gu\Ù ®˚]d-°u-\Ùn? B£-̈ -V-̈ u ̇ LsÆ Yœl-©p ·h-Pf-£-

¨l◊d-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-´t-fl. A]v R]d-œd °˚PjR Æ˚Pj-RÙ-˚[˙V Et-fll-TÙoj-’ ∏˙Z TÙoj-’d

˘LÙi-” ®u-\Ùu. Yœl-©-˙X˙V ™Ll-˘T-¨V UÙQ-Y-]Ù] A]£tœj Ru-≤-P˙U ™L-‹m ̆ Yfll-◊j

˙RÙu-±V ®™-Pm. Ru-̊ ]f „rk-’ C⁄k-R-Yo-L-∞u £¨l©-≤-̊ P´p Gu] ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-”-̆ Uufl

A]-£t-œj ̆ R -̈V-Æp-̊ X.

A]-£u B£-¨˚V ˘NnR ˘NVp -U-ßl-¿h-•t-œ ER-‹-YRÙ?

C’-RÙu Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-LUÙ? RWm-©-¨jRp, ©u-TdL ˘Tg-£p Eh-LÙW ˚YjRp,

GRt-œm ER-YÙ-R -Yu G] ˘Y∞l-T -˚P-VÙL ÿj-ß-˚W-´h-”f NÍ-Lj-ß-Pm

JlT˚PjRp, ˙TÙu-\˚Y Lp-Æ-´u ˙SÙd-L-UpX Gu-T˚R Cu-fl SÙm ◊¨k-’

˘LÙi˙PÙm. (ARt-LÙL øiP LÙX-UÙ-´t-fl Gu-\Ù-¤m).

Æ[d-°d-·-±u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P Íu-fl ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙SÙd-Le-L-fii-”.

1. UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\-¤d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ ˘Nn-Rp.

2. UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj˚R Eflß ˘Nn-’ Yœl-◊-Vo‹ A∞j-Rp, NÙu-±-Rr

YZe-œ-Rp.

3. Lp-Æ-´u Y[of-£-˚Vf NÍ-Lj-ßt-œj ˘R¨-Æj-’ Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm ˘Tfl-Rp.

Ck-˙SÙd-Le-Ls VÙ‹m AYt-±u ˘TÙ⁄s ®˚X-VÙ-L-‹m ˘NVp-TÙh-” ®˚X-VÙ-

L‹m Ti-©u A•l-T-˚P-´-¤m ˙Yfl-Th-P-RÙ-œm. ˙SÙd-Le-Ls ˙Yfl-T-”-Y-Rt-œ

HtT Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm ARu YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-fim ˙Yfl-Th˙P BL

˙Yi”m. ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L˚[ Ju\ÙLd LXlTRÙp J⁄ ˙SÙd-Lj-

˚R-Ÿm A˚PV CV-XÙR ®˚X E⁄-YÙ-œm. Cj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X SU-’ Lp-Æf

˘NVp-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm ÿ˚\-˚V-Ÿm Ud-L-fid-°-˚P˙V AY-Sm-©d-˚L˚V Ht-T-”jß

Æ”m. Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm Efl-ßl-T-”j’Y’ Jq˘YÙu

18

±tœm Ht\ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’m Cj-R-˚LV ®˚X-˚Vj RÆol-T-Rt-LÙ]

SpX YØ-ÿ-˚\L[Ù-œm.

Ußl-¿h-”j RXe-Ls ˛ Tp˙Yfl ®˚XLs

Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp Ußl-¿-” Gu\ ˘NÙp˚X SÙm TX „r®˚XL-∞-¤m TVu-T-

”j’-Y-’i-”. Ce-œd Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV LQd-°-”-Rp, Æ[d-œ-Rp, ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs-fi-Rp CYt-±u ˘UÙjR Y•-Y-UÙL Ußl-¿h-˚Pd LÙQ ˙Yi-”m. Lt-©j-

R˚X A±-Æ-Vp √ß-VÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Íu-fl RXe-Ls Ei-” Gu-T-˚Rd

LÙQXÙm.

Ußl-©-”-R˙X Lt-\p

R]-’ ˘NV-˚Xd œ±j-’m £k-R-˚]-˚Vd œ±j-’m £k-ßj-’d œ±d-˙LÙs-L˚[

A˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u ÿ›-˚U-VÙL Y[of£ A˚Pk-RÙp Uh-”˙U UÙQ-Y-≤u

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙ-” G∞-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m Sp-X-ÿ-˚\-´-¤m A˚U-Ÿm. C’ UÙQ-

Yu R]d˙L E¨V ß\u-L-˚[-Ÿm Gp-˚X-L[-Ÿm ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-

œm. —V Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL S˚P-˘T-flm Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-” Lt-\-˙X-VÙ-œm. ™L

BZ-UÙ] Lt-\-¤-UÙ-œm.


A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh˚P G∞-˚U-VÙd° UÙQ-Y-¨-Pj-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm Lt-\-¤d-œ

ERY ˙Yi-”-UÙ-´u B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ AYt-˚\l Tt-±V N¨-VÙ] ◊¨-Rp ˙Yi-”m.

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-•p R]-’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Gk--®-˚X-´-¤s-[-]o? AYo-Ls

A˚PV ˙Yi-•V CPm G’? ARt-œ -RÙu Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m? Gu-T-

Yt˚\ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-'˙P B£-¨-V-WÙp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[j ßh-P-™P

CV¤m. CRu A•lT˚P´XÙ] æoUÙ]ÿm CjR˚LV ◊¨RpLfim °˚PdL

˙Yi•V CPeL∞pRÙu Lt\¤dœ¨V Ußl¿”Ls £\l©Pm ˘Tfl°u\].

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX Gp-˚Xd-œs Gu-˘]u] Lt-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T˚R Ußl-©h”

A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ÆY-We-L˚[ A∞l-T˙R Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”m ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm.

18

19

œ±l-©hP C˚P-˙Y˚[L∞p J⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤Pm Ht-ThP UÙt-\m, Lt\p ®˚X,˘Tt\

A±‹ GkR A[‹ TVu-T-”jR ER-‹-°u-\-’ GuT˚RŸm ◊ßV „Z≠p A±˚Yl

TVu-T-”j-’m UÙQ-Y-≤u Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV ®˚X CYt˚\Ÿm Ußl-©P C’ ER-‹m.

Ußl-¿”˛ G˚R? Gl-̇ TÙ-’? Gl-T-•?

UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[l ˘T\ Ußl-¿h-”f

˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p LY-]m ˘N¤jR ˙Yi-•-V] VÙ˚Y?

� Tp-˙Y-fl Ui-P-Xe-L-∞-p UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\-¤m ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-fim.

� UÙQ-Y-≤u ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls, Bo-Y-Íh-Pp ˙TÙu-\-˚Y.

� UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\p, Ti-◊-Ls CYt-±p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L-fim œ±l-©hP LÙXj-

ßp Ht-T-”m Y[of-£-Ÿm.

� Ts-∞-´-¤m Ts∞dœ ˘Y∞-˙V-Ÿm Tp-˙Y-fl „Zp-L-∞-¤m, YÙnl◊L∞-¤m

UÙQ-Y-≤u Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p.

˘UÙØ Lt-\-≠p Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ LiP-˚PV ˙Yi-•-V˚Y VÙ˚Y? ˘UÙØ Yœl-

©p ©Wf-£-˚], ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’-L-[ÙXp-XYÙ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-TP ˙Yi-

”m?C’-˙TÙu\ A±-YÙd-Lm S˚P-˘Tt-\RÙ? GkR A[‹ SPk-R-’? R˚P-Ls Gu-

˘]u] ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Ußl-©h-”d Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Y-≤u ˙Yfl-

ThP Et-Tj-ßl ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls, ˘NVp-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y C’-˙TÙu\ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-Rp-

Ls ˘Y∞l-T-”-°u-\-]. CYt-˚\-Ÿm Aj-’-Pu E⁄-YÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-

©P ˙Yi-”m.

UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\-¤m Y[of-£-Ÿm Gl-˙TÙ-’? Ap-X-’ GqY[‹ ˙SW C˚P-˘Y-

∞d-œs Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m Gu\ Æ]Ù˚Y, GR˚] Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m Gu-‡m

Æ]Ù-‹-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jß Sm™˚P˙V TX-⁄m ˙Lh-°u-˙\Ùm. Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

Gu-T-˚Rd Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-TÙh-”-Pu C˚Qj-’m ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-ß-Ÿm S˚P-

˘T-\f ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. Ußl-¿-” ÿ›-˚U-V-˚PV Lt-\-≠u GpXÙd ·fl-L-fid-

œm RœkR Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm A∞d-L-˙Yi-”m. C’ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVpTÙ”

YÙ´-XÙL S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

20

B£-¨˚V UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V ®Wk-R-W-UÙ-Ld LY-≤j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙ-

¤m A’ œ±j-’ Ufl-T-̈ -∫-X˚] ̆ Nn-V, Lt-\p RWj-ß-̊ ]d Li-P-±V œ±l-©hP LÙXm

˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm. ÿ˚\-NÙo Utflm ÿ˚\-NÙWÙ Ußl-¿h˚Pj ̆ RÙPok’ SPjß Jq˘YÙ⁄

UÙQY≤u Y[of£˚VŸm Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-”m. Jq-˘YÙ⁄ AX-°u Cfl-ß-´-

¤m ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn’ UÙQ-Y-≤u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ Æ¨YÙ] Ußl-¿-

” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. C’ ˙TÙu-fl Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ T⁄-Yj-ß-¤m £X ˘TÙ’ Ußl-¿-”Lfim

˙R˚Yl-T-”m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡m ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-´p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm Lt-\p Ts-

∞-´p Uh-”˙U S˚P-˘T-flm J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-” ApX Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm SÙm Ae-∏-L-¨d-

°u-˙\Ù-˘U-≤p SÙm ˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V] 1. Tp-˙Y-fl E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ RL-

Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”m. 2. Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls, Lt-\p

˘TÙfll-◊-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L-d LPk-’ ˘Np-¤m Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤Pÿm Ei-˚U-VÙ-

L˙Y Lt-\p S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-]YRÙ Gu-T˚R A±V ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-

L-˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

˘Yq-˙Y-fl ’˚\-L-∞p UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\p Y[of-£-´p Ht-ThP UÙt-\m œ±jR

ÆY-We-Ls NÙuflLs A∞d-Lj Rœ-ß-VÙ] J⁄ YØ-ÿ-˚\˙VÙ Ej-ß˙VÙ °˚Pd-

Ll-˘T-\-Æp-˚X. Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[d LY-≤j-’ AYo-Ls ·fl-Y-˚Rd ˙Lh-

Pp, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo EPu-Lt-˙TÙ-¨-Pm ÆYÙ-Re-Ls SPj-’-Rp YÙ´-XÙ-Ll TX RL-Yp-L-

˚[l ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-[-‹m, A˚Rl˙TÙX˙Y UÙQ-Yo-Ls G›-ß-V-˚Y, Lh-”-˚W-Ls

CYt˚\ Ußl-©h-”m UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u —V Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-” CYt˚\ A•l-T-

˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-”m RL-Yp-Ls ˙NL-¨d-L-XÙm. CYt±u YÙ´-XÙL UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u

Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR A±˚Y SÙm Æ¨-Y-˚P-Vf ˘Nn-°u-˙\Ùm.

21

Ußl-¿h-” ÿ•-‹-Ls A±-Æl-◊m Te-∏-”m

UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\p Y[of-£-´u ÿ•-‹-L-˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-P-‡m ©\-⁄-P-‡m Te-°”m

˙TÙ’Uh-”˙U Lt-\-≠u T•l-T-•-VÙ] Y[of-£˚V B£-¨-V-⁄m ©\-⁄m ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[

CV-¤m. UÙQ-Yu L•-]-UÙ-]-Yt-˚\d Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m, Al-©-Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹

LÙQ-‹m C’ ER-‹m. UÙQ-Y-≤u LpÆj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] GpXÙ ÆYWe-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Tt-

˙\Ù-⁄-P-‡m T°ok-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

� UÙQ-Yu GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Lt-fls-[Ùu?

� Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p AYu / AYs Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d

°\ÙoLs?

� UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-˚Y, Æ⁄l-T-™p-XÙ-R-˚Y- G˚Y?

� UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ Gk-R-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ ˙R˚Yl-T-”-°-\-’?

� UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\˚X G∞-˚U-VÙd-œ-Y] G˚Y?

� ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls ≈h-•-≠-⁄k-’ LY-≤jR Gu-˘]u] ÆY-We-Ls AYu/ AY-fi-

˚PV Lt-\p Y[of-£-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi-”s-[]?

Ußl-¿h-” ÆY-We-Ls ©\-⁄-Pu ˙TÙh-•-´-”-Y-Rt-Lp-X. UÙ\ÙL AY-]-Y-‡-Pu ˙TÙh-

•-´-”-Y-Rt-˙L-VÙ-œm Gu-‡m Gi-Qj˚R UÙQ-Y-≤-Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

˙Stfl Ap-X-’ J⁄ YÙWj-ßt-œ ÿu AYu GkR ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-RÙu, Cu-fl AYu

GkR ®˚X-´-¤s-[Ùu ˙TÙu\ EQo˙Y UÙQ-Y-‡d-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

Y[-Ëp GRt-œ?

˙U˙X ·\l-Th-P-Yt-fls Ju-±t-œ ˙Ut-Th-P-Yt-±t-LÙ] Æ˚P-L-˚[d LÙQ-‹m

˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ[d-L-‹m T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m Ck-Ëp ÿVt£

;˘Nn-°u-\-’. Cq-Y-[-Ëp Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-

L˚[ J⁄e-°-˚Qj-’d LÙQ-‹m -U-ßl-©-P-‹m SU-’ A±˚Y ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m

22

ER‹m G] Sm-◊-°-˙\Ùm.

Lt-\-¤d-œm Ußl-¿h-•t-œ-ÿs[ ̆ RÙPo-˚Td œ±j-’ SPj-ßV ̆ T⁄m-TÙu-˚U-VÙ] Bn-‹-L-

fim ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-’ Gu-]-̆ Yu-\Ùp ̨ Yœl-T-̊ \d Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ ̇ Um-T-”jR ̇ Yi-”m

Gu\ ̇ SÙd-œ-Pu N -̈VÙ-Lj ßh-P-™h-”f ̆ NnR Ußl-¿-”-Ls, UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj˚R EV-Wf ̆ Nn-

Y-ßp ÿd-°V Te-œ Y°d-°u-\-’. C’ Gq-YÙ-fl CV-¤m? J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ” ˘RÙPo-TÙL Yœl-©-

¤s[ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u T´t£, AYo-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m A±‹, AYo-L-fi-̊ PV Li-̇ QÙh-Pm CYt˚\

Ußl-¿-” YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-fim B£-¨˚V AR˚] UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\-L-∞u

A•l-T-̊ P-VÙ-Ld L⁄-’-°-\Ùo. ARu LÙW-Q-UÙ-Ld Lt-\-≠p D”-T-P-‹m UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u A±-Æp Ht-T-”m

UÙt-\e-L˚[ Aq-Yl-̇ TÙ-’ AX£ BWÙnk-’ Lt-\p ̆ NV˚X ™L Æ˚W-‹-T-”j-R-‹m ̆ Nn-Y-RÙp Lt-\p

CVp-TÙ-L˙Y S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’; Lt-\p RWm EV-⁄-°-\-’. B£-¨-V-˚W-Ÿm UÙQ-Y-˚W-Ÿm ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-

´p ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ] ̇ SÙd-Le-L-fim C˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Black and William : Assessment and ClassroomLearning, Assessment in education March 1998

Aj-’-Pu Ußl-¿h-•u ÿ˚\, YØ-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙh-”

UÙß-¨Ls CYt-±u TX -R-Xe-L-˚[l Tt-±j æo-UÙ-≤dL‹m ER-‹m. AYt±tLÙ]

Tp˙Yfl L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Ck-Ëp ÿu-˚Yd-°u-\].

Cq-Y-[-Ë-≠p 5 Tœ-ß-Ls Es-[-]. Lt-\p, Lt-T-Yo Tt-±V TÙPj-ßhPd Li-˙QÙh

Pm, Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-Lm, Y[-Ë-≠u Es-[-Pd-Lm C˚Y Tt± Ju-\Ùm Tœ-ß-´p

·±-˙]Ù-Up-X-YÙ? ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙ-”, Ußl-¿h-•u ◊ßV RXe

Ls, Ußl-¿h-•u TVu-TÙh-”j-R-Xm, Lt-\˚X ˙Um-T-”jR Ußl-¿h-˚Pl TVu-T-

”j-’-Rp ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ CWi-PÙm Tœ-ß-´p LÙQ-XÙm. Ußl-¿h˚P S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-

T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ßh-P-™-P-≠u ÆYWe-L-fim G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L-fim Íu-\Ùm Tœ-ß-

´-¤s[].

AX-œ, T⁄Y RXe-L-∞-XÙ] Lt-\p Ußl-¿-”, Ußl-¿h-” RXm, Ußl-¿h-” œ±l◊Ls

T⁄Y Ußl-¿-”, ˘NVp-TÙh-” UÙß-¨-Ls C˚Y APe-°-V˙R SÙu-LÙm Tœ-ß. IkRÙm

Tœ-ß-´p ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-P-]Ù] L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\j-ßu ÿd-°-Vj-’-Y-ÿm EjßLfim

Æ[d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ ˘UÙØ-´p

24

RÙn-˘UÙ-Ød-LpÆ EVo-˘RÙ-PdL Yœl-◊-L-∞p

˘UÙØ Yœl-©t-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls Utflm Ej-ß-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] GkR ÿ•-

Æt-œm ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-ú A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\˚V A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

EVo-˘RÙ-PdL Yœl-◊-L-∞p ˘UÙØd-LpÆ Gq-YÙ-fl S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-’ Gu-T-˚Rl

T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’, Gq-YÙ-fl A˚UV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T˚R ÆYÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

UÙQ-Yo-L-s ©\-Æ-´-˙X˙V ˘Ttfls[ ˘UÙØj-ß-\-‡-Pu œ”m-Tm Utflm —t-fll-

◊-\j-ß-¤s-[-YoL-˙[Ù-” D”-Th-”m ˘UÙØ˚V Su-\Ù-Ld ˚LVÙ-fim ß\u T˚Pj-R-

Yo-L-[Ù-L˙Y Ts-∞d-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls. Ck-®-˚X-´p B´-Wd-L-Qd-LÙ] ˘NÙt-Ls

Uh-”-Uu± J≠, ˘NÙt-Ls, YÙd-°-Ve-Ls, E˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls, ˘UÙØ YZe-Lp-L-˚[d

Lh-”j-’-T-”j-’m Ru-˚U-˚V-Ÿm, Y[-ÿ-˚PV ˘UÙØ A˚Ul-˚T-Ÿm A±k-ß-⁄l-

To. AYo-L-[Ùp RÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-˚Vf N¨-VÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-[-‹m ˙TN-‹m CV-¤-°u-

\-’. STo, CPm, „Zp CYt-±t-œ HtT ˙Tf-£-¤m TZd-Lj-ß-¤m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-

\e-Ls ˘Nn-V-‹m CV-¤-°u-\-’. ˘UÙØ-ú ÿ˚\-Vt\ ·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ˘UÙØ-

˚Vl ©¨j-R-±-Ÿm ß\˚]Ÿm A˚Pk-ß-⁄l-To. Yœl-T-˚\-´-≠-⁄k-’ Cj-ß-\u-L-

˚[l T•l-T-•-VÙL ˙Um-T-”j-ßd ˙Ls-Æj ß\-˚]-Ÿm ˘UÙØ T¨-UÙt-\j ß\-˚]-Ÿm

˙Uu-˙U-¤m EV-Wf ˘Nn-Y˙R BWmT Yœl-◊-L-∞p ˘UÙØd Lp-Æ-ú ˙SÙd-Lm.

CRt-LÙL Ju-fl CWi-PÙm Yœl-◊-L-∞p ̆ UÙØ-ú G›j-’ Y•-

Yj˚R A±-ÿ-Lm ˘Nn-’ ˘LÙi-” YÙ£j-’m, G›-ß-Ÿm

UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ ˘UÙØj-ß-\-≤p Efl-ßl-T-”jR

˙Yi-”m. Íu-\Ùm Yœl◊ ÿRp ̇ Um-ThP

˘UÙØl T¨-UÙt-\j ß\-˚]-Ÿm ÆUo-

24

25

N-]-Èo-Y-UÙ] £k-R-˚]-˚V-Ÿm Y[-Wf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˙Tf— -˘UÙ-Ø-Ÿm G›j-’ ˘UÙØ-

Ÿm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

˘UÙØ L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\j-R-ßt-LÙ] J⁄ L⁄-Æ Uh-”-Uu±, NÍ-Lj-ßu LXÙf-NÙ-Wl

©W-ß-T-≠l-TÙ-L-‹m Æ[e-œ-°-\-’. U≤-Ru ̆ UÙØ YÙ -́XÙ-L˙Y Ru EQo-‹-L˚[ ̆ Y∞l-

T-”j-R-‹m, T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m, L˚X-L˚[ W£d-L-‹m ˘Nn-°u-\Ùu. ˘UÙØ-

VÙ-]-’ EX˚L A±-V-‹m, Æ[d-L-‹m NÍL YÙr-‹-Pu C˚Qd-L-‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-RÙ-

œm. Cq-YÙ-fl U≤-R-≤u Cu-fl Y˚W-Ÿs[ Y[of-£d-œ ˘UÙØ ÿd-°V Te-œ Y°j-

’s-[-’. Ru-‡-̊ P-V- Utflm NÍ-Lj-ß-‡-̊ P-V ̇ Um-TÙh-•t-œ ̆ UÙØ-̊ Vf Ndß YÙnkR

J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-Ll TVu-T-”jR UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[j ß\-]-˚P-Vf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. C’˙Y

˘UÙØ-́ u ÿd-°V ̇ SÙd-L-UÙ-œm. Ck-̇ SÙd-°p BWmT Yœl-©p £fl A[-Æp ̆ RÙPe-

°V ÿVt£ EVo ˘RÙPdL Yœl-©p Æ¨-Y-˚P-°u-\-’.

CRt-LÙ-Lf NÍ-L-ÿm Ti-TÙ-”m Tt-±V ̆ UÙØ, CXd-°-Ve-L˚[ YÙ£j-’l ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-

[-‹m, W£d-L-‹m Æ[dL E˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-∞p DP-T-P-‹m Rm L⁄j’dL˚[˘Y∞´P‹m

Lh-”-˚W-Ls G›-R-‹m ©\ ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-∞p Teœ˘T\‹m Cm-UÙ-ß-¨-VÙ-]d Lt-\p

ÿ˚\-˚V-Vp-XYÙ SÙm Ae-∏-L-¨j-’s-˙[Ùm? ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˚[

A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” Cm-ÿ-˚\˚V Ht-fld ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œj ˘R∞-YÙ] £X

LÙW-Qe-Ls Es[].

� ˘UÙØ Gu-T-’ G›j-’, ˘NÙp, YÙd-°-Vm, G]j R≤j-R ·flL[ÙL ®t-T˚Y

ApX; E˚W-VÙ-Pp, L˚R, TÙPp, L•-Rm, Æ[d-Lm, A±-Æl◊, Lh-”˚W ˙TÙu\

£±-V, ˘T¨V ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-[ÙL Es-[-]. J⁄-Yo ˘UÙØ˚V

CVp-TÙ-Ll TVuT-”j-’-Y-’ CYt-fls H˙R-‡m J⁄ Y•-Yj-ß-XÙ-œm.

� G›j-’-L-˚[j R≤-VÙL Ef-N-¨d-œm ˙TÙ’ Gk-Rl ˘TÙ⁄-˚[-Ÿm R⁄-Y-ßp˚X.

˘NÙt-Ls, YÙd-°-Ve-Ls, UW-◊j ˘RÙPo-Ls CYt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄s C⁄k-RÙ-¤m

œ±l-©hP Nk-Rol-Tj-ßp J⁄ ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Y-UÙL A˚U-Ÿm˙TÙ˙R

Al-˘TÙ-⁄s ÿ›-˚U-V˚PŸm. UÙQ-Y-˚]l ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p Cm-UÙ-ß¨

26

ÿ-›˚U-VÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˙[ L⁄j-’-L˚[ EQ-W-‹m L⁄j’

Æ[d-Lj-ßt-œm T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œm ’˚Q ®t-œm.

� CRu YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ SU-’ CXd-°-Ve-L-˚[-Ÿm Ti-TÙh-˚PŸm

Su-\ÙL Eh-˘LÙs[ CV-¤m.

� A±‹ E[-Æ-Vp (Cognitive Psychology) E[-̆ UÙ-Ø-́ Vp (Psycholinguistics)

NÍL ˘UÙØ-´-Vp (Socio Linguistics) B°V ’˚\-L-∞-¤m Lp-Æj ’˚\-´-

¤m SPkR A˙]L Bn-‹-Ls ˘UÙØ˚V ÿ›˚U-VÙL A‘-œm Cd-Li-

˙QÙh-Pj-ßtœ ™L‹m Efl-ß-VÙ-Lj ’˚Q ®t-°u-\-] G]-XÙm.

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-•t-œ Eh-ThP ˘UÙØd-LpÆ Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØj-ß-\u-L-∞u Y[of-

£-´p LY-]m ˘N¤j-’-°u-\-’. B]Ùp, ˙Lh-Pp, T•j-Rp, YÙ£j-Rp, G›-’-Rp

B°V ß\u-L-∞p Ju-˚\j R≤-VÙ-Ll ©¨j-’l TX-ÿ˚\ ˘Nn-RÙ-¤m SpX TXu

°˚Pl-T-ßp˚X. BL˙Y Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˚[ A‡-T-Æj-’

˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙R˚Y-L-fid-LÙL G›-R-˙YÙ, E˚W-VÙ-P-˙YÙ, ˘Y∞-´-P˙YÙ ˘Nn-Y-Ru

YÙ´-XÙL Cj-ß-\u-L˚[ A˚PV ÿVp-Y˙R SU-’ œ±d-˙LÙs.

£j-ß-W-ÿm ˚Ll-T-ZdLm

˘Nk-R-™-›m SÙl-T-Zd-Lm

27

©Wf£˚] A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-Ÿm

NÍ-Ll ©W-f£-˚]-L-˚[l Tt-±-V- Æ-Øl-◊-Qo‹ Ht-T-”j-R-‹m, A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j’

E⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm ˘UÙØ-´p ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. CR˚] A•l-

T˚P A±-Æ-Vp, NÍL A±-Æ-Vp ÿR-XÙ] TÙPe-L-∞p Eh-T-”j-ß-]Ùp ˙TÙRÙRÙ?

˘UÙØ, CXd-°-Vm, NÍ-Ll ©Wf£-˚]-Ls CYt-±t-°-˚P-˙V-VÙ] ˘RÙPo◊ Gu]?

CkR Nk-˙R-Le-L-fid-œ Ee-Ls Tßp Gu]?

NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£˚]-L˚[ BZ-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m, AYt-˚\l Tt-±V ÆØl-◊-

Qo‹ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-ß-¤m ˘UÙØ ÿd-°V Te-œ Y°d-°u-\-’. ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[

EQok’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m ˘UÙØ ˙R˚Y. C’-˙TÙu\ Gßo-Æ-

˚]-VÙt-\-¤d-LÙ] ÿd-°V YØ NÍ-Ll ©Wf-N-˚]-L-˚[l ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm CXd-°-

Vl-T-˚Pl-◊-L-[Ù-œm. CR˚] U]-ßp ˘LÙi-” CXd-°-Vm T˚Pj-R-Yo-L˙[ SpX

CXd-°-Vl T˚Pl-TÙ-∞-Ls. ß⁄-Ys-fi-Yo, TÙW-ß-VÙo.... ÿRp Rt-LÙ-Xl T˚Pl-TÙ-∞-

Ls Y˚W-´-¤m ®˚]-Æp ˘LÙs-L.

NÍ-Lj-ßu Utflm R≤ ST-¨-u N¨-VÙ] Y[of-£dœ ER-‹m Y˚L-´p U≤-

Ro-L-∞u A±-̊ Y-Ÿm U]-®-̊ X-L-̊ [-Ÿm UÙtflY-Rt-LÙ] CXd-

°-Vl T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ SÙm ̆ UÙØd-LpÆ-́ p TVu-T-”j-’-°-̇ \Ùm.

C’ ˙TÙu\ RW-UÙ] T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ YÙ£j-’ A˚Y G”j-’-

˚Wd-œm ©Wf£˚]-L-˚[d Li-P-±k-’ AYt-˚\l Tœl-

TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Y-’m UÙQ-Y-≤u LP-˚U-VÙ-œm. ˙U¤m,

Cl-©-W-f-£-˚]-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] R]’ L⁄j-˚Rj ˘R¨-

Æl-T-’m UÙQ-Y-≤u R˚X-VÙV LP-˚U-VÙ-°u-\-’.

Cj-R-˚LV U] Ek-’-Rp-Ls ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘UÙØ

˘Y∞-¬h”Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rtœ UÙQ-

Yo-L-fid-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨V ˙Yi-”m.

28

Hn! ̇ UL˙U! ø Hu ̆ TnVÙUp

C⁄d°u\Ùn? Ceœ ø¨u±

U≤RoLfim ÆXeœLfim

˘N•˘LÙ•Lfim ’u◊flY˚R

ø LÙQÆp˚XVÙ? EP˙]

˘Tn!

˘UÙØ, ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye

L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL‹m —V L⁄j-

’L∞u Bt\˚XŸm AZ˚LŸm

˙Um-T-”j-R‹m NÍL A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ]

©Wf-N-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹LÙQ‹m Uh-”UÙ TVu-T-”-

°u\-’?

� YÙ£l-◊d L⁄-Æ-Ls Gu\ ®˚X-´p A±-ÿ-L-UÙ-œm

CXd-°-Vl T˚Pl-◊-Ls œ±jR A±‹.

� E⁄-YÙ-œm ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym œ±jR A±-‹.

� CkR ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-ßp APe-°-Ÿs[ ˘NÙt-Ls, UW-◊j

˘RÙPo-Ls, S˚P ˙TÙu\ ˘UÙØd ·fl-Ls œ±jR A±-‹.

C˚Y˙V ©Wf-£˚]˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˚[ A•l-

T-̊ P-VÙ-Ld ̆ LÙi-” Yœl-©p E⁄-YÙ-œm ̆ UÙØ Tt-±V A±-YÙ-œm. —⁄e-

Ld ·±u, NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£˚]L˚[-Ÿm ̆ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-̊ [-Ÿm A•l-

T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ̆ LÙiP ̆ UÙØd-Lt-\p S˚P-˘T-flm-˙TÙ-’, NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£˚]-

L-˙[Ù-” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-flm J⁄ L⁄Æ Gu\ ®˚X-´-¤m UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-

˚P˙V ˘UÙØjß-\u Y¤Y˚P-°u-\-’. ˘UÙØ-´u CVp-TÙ] TVu-

TÙh-•u LÙW-Q-UÙL Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-flm ß\u Aß-L-¨d-°u-\-’. RÙu

YÙ›m EX˚L A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ A•l-T-˚Pd LÙW-Q-UÙL C⁄l-T-’

˘UÙØ-VÙ-œm. L⁄j-’d-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” YÙ£d-L-‹m, R]d˙L

E¨V L⁄j-’d-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m CV-¤m J⁄-Y-WÙp GpXÙ

Æ`-Ve-L-˚[-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[‹m CV-¤m.

Eu AiQu

29

T•j-’l- ˘Tt\ A±˙Y ER-‹m. ÈWQ

A±‹ Gu-T-’ UÙQ-Yu —V-UÙ-Ld- ˙Lh”,

E⁄-YÙd°d Li-P˚PY-Ru YÙ´-XÙ-Ll

˘Tfl-Y-RÙ-œm.

˛ ¥u ©VÙ˙`

˘UÙØ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls, NÍLl ©Wf-£-̊ ]-Ls, NÍL A±-YÙd-Lm ̇ TÙu-\-Yt˚\

A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘UÙØ Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yo-L-∞Pm Gu˘]u] E⁄-

YÙd-Ll-TP ˙Yi-”-˘UuT’ œ±j-’ N¨-VÙ] æo-UÙ-]e-Ls ˙Yi-”m. L⁄j’d-Ls,

˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls, ß\u-Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls B°V Gp-XÙ-Yt-˚\-Ÿm A±-YÙd-L-YÙ-ß-Ls,

E⁄YÙdLeLs (Mental Constructs) Gu-°-\Ùo-Ls. ©±-˘RÙ-⁄ Y˚L´p ·±-]Ùp

GkR J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ”m ß\-‡m U]-®-˚X-Ÿm J⁄-Y-¨Pm E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-´u AR-

‡-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊˚PV R≤l-ThP £X A±-YÙd-L-ÿm ˙R˚Y. AR-]Ùp UÙQ-Y-≤u

˘UÙØ Y[of-£-˚Vj ß\u ˘Tfl-R-XÙ-Ld ·flm TWm-T˚W A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\d-œl Tß-XÙL

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-Ld LÙi-°-˙\Ùm. ˘UÙØ-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV A±-YÙd-Lf

˘NVp-TÙh-•tœl ˘TÙ’YÙL SÙm Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim L⁄j’L-˚[d ∏˙Z LÙi-˙TÙm.

� ©Wf£˚]-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p/ Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV ®˚X-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p.

� ©Wf-£˚] A‡-T-Ym/ Æ[d-Ld Lh-”-˚W-Ls/ Tj-ß-¨-˚Lf ˘Nnß/ TPe-Ls/

˙L≠f-£j-ß-Wm/ A‡-T-Yj-ß˚] CVp-TÙL G”j-’-˚Wj-Rp (RL-Yp ˘RÙØp

÷hT YÙnl-◊.... TVu-T-”j-ß)

� LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

� ©Wf£˚] ˘RÙPo-TÙ] T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp (TÙ-P-Ë-≠-¤s-[˚Y/

B£¨Vo G”j-’-˚Wl-T-’)

� YÙ£l◊ (R-≤-VÙL / œ›-YÙ-L)

� —⁄d-L-UÙ] ÆYÙ-Rm / ™Ld-œ-˚\-YÙ] Æ]Ùd-Ls / Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p-Ls

˘UÙØ Yœl-◊L∞p A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls

30

� ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-∞p / ˘Y∞lT”jRpL∞p Te-œ ˘Tfl-Rp

3 R≤-S-To ÿVt£

3 œ›l -Te-L-∞l◊ / ˙Um-T-”j-’-Rp

3 œ›-Æu ˘Y∞-¬-”

3 B£-¨-Vo L⁄j-’ (Teachers Version)

� ©Wf-£ -˚] Tt-±V NÍL ÆØl-◊ -Qo-˚Y-Ÿm ˘UÙØ Tt-±V A±-˚Y-Ÿm

Efl-ßl-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m Y˚L-´p T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Rp (B£-¨-V¨u

R˚X-˚U-´p ˘Y∞-´-”m T˚Pl-◊-Ls, UÙ-Q-Yo œ›-Æp S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’).

3 L⁄j-’-Ls

3 S˚P

3 YÙd°V A˚Ul◊

3 ˘NÙt-Ls

3 G›j-’-Ls

3 CXd-LQ Y•-Ym

� ˘Y∞-¬-”-L˚[ C˚Qj-’ (B-£-¨-V-⁄-˚P-V-˚Y) Yœl-©p ˘TÙ’-

YÙ] Et-Tj-ßl ˘TÙ⁄˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp (—-Yol-Tj-ß-¨˚L /

Yœl◊ UXo CRr-Ls / Tj-ß-¨˚L/ J≠ CRr....)

� AßL ˙RP˚X ˙SÙd° / ◊ßV Lt-\p ©Wf-N-˚]˚V ˙SÙd-°.

Ce-œ B£-¨-V-¨u ˙Y˚X-´p UÙt-\m ®Lr-°u-\-’. AR-˚]l

◊¨k-’˘LÙi-” Sp-X-ÿ-˚\-´p ˘NVp-TP CVX ˙Yi-”m.

31

UÙQ-Y-≤u R≤j-ß-\u-L˚[ EQok-’m NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu ®˚X-

L-˚[l ◊¨k-’m ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-fid-œh-Th-” ˘UÙØ-´-¤m

Ti-TÙh-•-¤m UÙQ-Yu Brk-’ ̆ Np-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\˚] E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R

EVo ˘RÙPdL Yœl◊ B£-¨-V-¨u ˙SÙd-Lm. CRt-œ ER-‹m ÷i-˚U-

VÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ ER-Y-‹m ˘UÙØ-Lt-\-≠p Ht-T-”m

©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ˚Vl ©\o A±-VÙ-Yi-Qm

Sp-L-‹m CVX ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Y-≤u £k-R-˚]-˚Vj Ái-P-‹m, —V-UÙ-

Ll ©Wf-N-˚]-L-fid-œ BdL Èo-Y-UÙ] æo‹ LÙQ-‹m YØ-LÙh-•-]Ùp

Uh-”˙U CVp-TÙ] A±-YÙd-Lm S˚P-˘T-flm.

Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-” ßh-P-™hP Yi-Qm S˚P-˘T-\-‹m ˘Yt-±-V-˚P-

V-‹m B£-¨-V-¨u ®Wk-RW LY-]-ÿm D”-TÙ-”m ˙R˚Y Gu-T˚R G”j-’-

˚WdL ˙Yi-PÙ-Up-X-YÙ? CRt-LÙ] ◊¨-Rp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] ˙Y˚[-L-∞p °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. Ce-œ ®Wk-RW Ußl-¿h-•u ÿd-

°-Vj-’-Ym ˘Y∞l-T-”-°u-\-’.

32

˘UÙØ Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj˚R Efl-ß˘Nn-Rp

UÙQ-Yo-Ls Es-[-Pd-Lj-˚R-

Ÿm L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm Tp˙Y-fl

˙LÙQe-L-∞p TÙod-°-\Ùo-Ls.

UÙQ-Yo-Ls —V-UÙ-Ld L⁄j-’-L˚[ G›-’-°-\Ùo-Ls/

·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u £k-R-˚]j ß\˚] ˙Um-T-”j-’m

Y˚L-́ -XÙ] Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]-‹-°-\Ùo.

UÙQ-Yo-Ls æo‹ LÙQ / ˘Y∞-´P ˘Yq-˙Y-fl YØ-

ÿ-˚\-L-˚[˙VÙ Y•-Ye-L-˚[˙VÙ TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-

Ls.

TÙPl-T-œ-ß˚V YÙ£jR ©u Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] LRÙ-TÙj-

-ßWm/ Y¨/ ®Lr‹ G’ Hu G] UÙQ-Yo-Ls Æ]-‹-Y-

Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

Brk-’ YÙ£l-T-Rt-LÙL B£-¨˚V Æ[d-L-UÙ]

Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]-‹-Rp.

UÙQ-Yo -Ls —V L⁄j’dL˚[ Æ⁄l-T -UÙ]

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•e-L-∞p ˘Y∞-´-Pp. Gp-˙XÙ-

⁄m J˙W ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-˚[j RVÙ-¨j

RÙ-¤m ÿR-≠p R≤-S-To ˘Y∞-¬h-”d-œ YÙnl-T-∞j-

Rp.

Yœl-©p S˚P-˘T\

˙Yi-•-V˚Y

B£¨Vo-Ls E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V

YÙnl-◊-Ls Ap-X-’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚YG”j-’d-LÙh-”-Ls

1.

œ›d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙ-

Ld Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj˚R Efl-ßl-T-

”j-’m YÙnl-◊i-”.

2. GpXÙd L⁄j-’L-̊ [-Ÿm B£-̈ -Vo Ht-fld-̆ LÙs-°-\Ùo.

J˙W ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘TÙ’d L⁄j-’L˚[

B£-¨-Vo ·fl-°-\Ùo / UÙQ-Yo-Ls ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.

E⁄-YÙd-Ll-TP ˙Yi-•V Et-Tj-ßl

˘TÙ⁄˚[d œ›d-L-Xk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙ-Lj æo-UÙ-

≤d-°u-\-]o.

Lt -\ -≠p ©u Re-° -V -Yo -Ls N¨-VÙ -Ld ·\ÙR

L⁄j’L-̊ [-Ÿm B£-̈ -Vo G”j-’-̊ Wj-Rp.

œ›d-L-Xk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠u Æ]Ù˚Y UÙQ-Yo-Ls

˘TÙ’d LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-Pp YÙ -́XÙ-Lj ̆ RÙœj-’ ̆ Y∞-

-́”-Rp.

GRÙojR EXLl ©Wf-N-˚]-L˚[

˘Y∞-´h-” AYt-±u Sm-T-Lj-

Ru-˚U˚V Eflß ˘Nn-Rp.

3. NÍ-Lj-ßp Rt-̇ TÙ-’s[ GRÙojR ©Wf-N-̊ ]-L˚[/ L⁄-

Æ-L˚[(Ëp, œflk-R-L-”, £≤-UÙ, ˘Nnß CPe-Ls)

A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-’-°\Ùo-Ls.

Tp-˙Y-fl ’˚\-L-∞-¤s[ STo-L-∞u A±-˚Y-Ÿm ß\-

˚U-˚V-Ÿm Yœl-©p TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

©Wf-N-˚]-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙiP©u R≤-VÙ-L-‹m

œ›-YÙ-L-‹m AYt-±p D”-T-P-‹m Æ˚]-VÙt-\-‹m

YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

©Wf-N-˚]˚V ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m AßL ÆY-We-L-˚[l

˘Tt-fld ˘LÙs-[-‹m Ëp, œflk-R-L-”, £≤UÙ ˙TÙu-

\-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

33

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ÿu-]-±-‹m Lt-T-

˚]-L-fim U]-®-˚X-L-fim A±-

YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Ht-fld

˘LÙs-[l-T-”-°-u\].

4.

œ›d-L-Xk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls D”-

TÙ”, L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m C˚Y

YÙ´-XÙL A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙ-

”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

5.

UÙQ-Y-≤u A±-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-

L-‹m AßL L⁄j-’-L˚[ C˚Qj-’ AYt˚\ Y[l-

T-”j-R-‹m YÙnl-T-∞d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

UÙQ-Y-≤u ß\-‡d-˙LtT R]d-œ CV-¤m Y˚L-´p

©Wf-N-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] Sm-©d-˚L-Ÿm ER-

Æ-Ÿm B£-¨-Vo A∞d-°-\Ùo.

œ›-Æp ©Wf-N-̊ ]˚V Ht-œm „Z˚X E⁄-YÙd-

œRp.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm Y˚L-´-XÙ]

AUo-Æ-Pj˚R ÿ˚\l-T-”j-’-°-\ÙoLs.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p ©Wf-N-˚]-´-¤m œ›-Æ-¤s-[-Yo-

L-∞p R≤-S-To L⁄j-’d-œm £k-R-˚]d-œm YÙnl-T-

∞j-Rp.

6.

7.

T˚Pl-◊d-œ ÿu ßhP™Pp R≤-S-To T˚Pl-◊, œ›-

Æp ˘Y∞-´h-” ˙Um-T-”j-’-Rp Yœl-©p ˘TÙ’-YÙL

˘Y∞-´-Pp B£-¨-V-¨u T˚Pl◊ / ˘Y∞-¬-” ˙Um-T-

”j-’-Rp Gu\ ÿ˚\-˚Vd ˚LVÙ-fi-Rp.

Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡d-œm œ›-Æp AY-W-Yo L⁄j˚R

G”j-’-̊ Wd-œm YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp,

UÙQ-Yu œ›-Æu Et-Tj-ßl ˘TÙ⁄-∞p R]-’

Te-L-∞l-̊ Tl ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

L⁄j-’-L˚[ BZ-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs-fi-Rp, ©Wf-N-˚]dœj

æo‹ LÙ‘m Gi-Qm, EVokR

£k-R-˚]j ß\u-Ls CYt-±t-œ

ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞j-Rp.

©˚Z-L-̊ [j ß⁄j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] —V

Bo-Ym Ht-T-”m ÆRj-ßp ©u-

Úh-Pm (feed back) A∞j-Rp.

UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ BrkR YÙ£l-©t-œm £k-R-̊ ]d-œm

Ái-”m Tœl-TÙn‹ Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]-‹-Rp.

R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m £k-ßdL YÙnl-T-∞d-Ll-T-

”-°-\-’.

YÙ£j-’m ’˚Q Ëp-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-P-‡m ©Wf-N-

˚]j æo-Æt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞d-Ll-T-”-°\-’.

—V Ußl-¿h-•t-œm NL Ußl-¿h-•t-œm YÙnl-

T-∞j-Rp.

Lh-”l-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gßo-̆ LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙ] Efl-ß-VÙ]

L⁄j-’-L˚[ (Positive Evidence) A∞d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

B£-̈ -V-̈ u T˚Pl-◊-Pu Jl-¿-” ̆ Nn-’ ̇ Um-T-”j-’-

Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

T˚Pl˚T ̇ Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄j-’d-L-̊ [d ·flRp.-

Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L˚[ YÙ£j-R-©u R≤j-Ru-̊ U-Ÿs[

˘NÙp A˚U-ß, S˚P, EY˚U CYt˚\ A•l-T-˚P-

VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]-‹-Rp.

LÆ-˚R˚V YÙ£jR ©u R]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·\-‹m,

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-‹m, YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

„r-®˚X / ©Wf-N-˚]-´u Æ[d-Lm, AX-Np, Jl-¿-”

˙TÙu-\˚Y SPj-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Æ]Ùd-L-̊ [d ̇ Lh-Pp.

C˚Q-VÙ] T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ YÙ£dL A∞j-Rp.

- R≤l-ThP ÿ˚\-́ p ̆ UÙØ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-

˚[d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Te-L-∞l-◊-Pu Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-

L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-Lp. œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p LXk-

’-˚W-VÙ-Pp.

B£-̈ -Vo T˚Pl◊ (Teacher Version)NUol-©j-Rp

˙Um-T-”j-’-Rp.


YÙnl-◊-Ls Ap-X-’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

Yœl-©p S˚P-̆ T\

˙Yi-•-V˚Y

G”j-’d-LÙh-”-Ls

34

—V ÿVt-£-VÙp ˘Nu-\-˚P- -

YRtœ ˙UXÙ], EVo-®-˚X˚V

A˚PV UÙQ-Yo -L -fid-œ

B£¨˚V ®Wk-R -W -UÙL Jj-

’˚Zl◊ R⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls.

˙R˚Y-VÙ] CPe-L-∞p Æ[d-Lm A∞d-°-\Ùo.

˙R˚Y-Vt\ Æ[d-Le-L˚[ ød-œ-°-\Ùo.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u £k-R-˚]d-œm ˘NVp-L-fid-œm R˚P

Ht-T-”m ˙TÙ’ ©Wf-N-˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] £X œ±l-◊-

Ls YZe-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

£X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œl ©Wf-N-˚]-L-

fid-œj æo‹ LÙQ £X UÙß-¨-L˚[ YZe-œ-°-\Ùo

-Ls.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Gp-˙XÙ-⁄-˚P-V-‹m Te-L-

∞l˚T Eflß ˘Nn-’A˚]YW’Ae-∏-LÙ-W -ÿm

Ußl◊m °˚Pdœm Y˚L-´p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[

A∞d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

B£-¨-˚Vf —V-UÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L˚[

Yœl-©p TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

R≤-S-To ÿVt-£d-œm œ›d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-œm

©u B£-¨˚V Æ[d-L-U-∞j-Rp.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-Th-” Æ]Ùd-Ls ˙Lh

- Pp.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p RU’ YÙn◊dLÙL LÙj-ß-⁄j

-Rp, Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m Te-˙Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T˚R Eflß

˘Nn-Rp, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˘TÙfllT-∞j-Rp (R -˚X

-Yo, Æ[d-œ-T-Yo,˘Y∞-´-”-T-Yo, ®Ï-To, ˙SWm

LQd-°-”-T-Yo..)

™Ld-œ-˚\-YÙL G›-ßV UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ ÿR-≠p

YÙnl◊ A∞j-’ Fd-Ll-T-”j-’-Rp.

8.

Ei-˚U-VÙ] Lt-\p YÙnl-◊

L-∞-¤s[ L⁄j-’d-L-∞u A•l-

T-˚P-´-¤m Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”

L-∞u Tœ-ß-VÙ-L-‹m Ußl-¿-”-

Ls SPj-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

9.

A±-YÙd-Lm SPd-œm-˙TÙ -’

ÿßok-R-Yo-Ls Utflm A‡-T-Ym

YÙnkRYo-L∞u - (Si-To-Ls) ß\-

˚U-L˚[ Ht-fld-̆ LÙs-fi-Rp

Et-Tj-ßl ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-©

- ”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°d

˘LÙi-” Yœl-©p Tp-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” YÙnl-◊

- L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

10.œ›-Æp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄-˚P-V T˚Pl◊-L˚[Ÿm

Ußl-©h-” A±-‹-˚W-Ls A∞j-Rp.

Yœl-©t-œ ˘Y∞˙V ˘T¨-˙VÙo-L-∞-P-™-⁄k-’ ÆY

- We-Ls ˙NL-¨j-’l -T-Vu-T-”j-’-Rp.

UÙQ-Yu ·-fl-°u\ L⁄j’Ls G”j-’d-LÙh-

”-Ls, BRÙWeLs CYt˚\ Et-fld-L-Y-≤j-’ Ußl-©-

”-Rp.

UÙQ-Yu G›-ßV ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˚[

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls YÙ´-XÙL Ußl-©-”-Rp (—-V

- UÙ-L, NL, B£-¨-˚V)

UÙQ-Y-≤u S•l-◊, LÆ˚R ˘NÙp-¤-Rp ˙TÙu\ Ußl-

¿-” (—-V-UÙ-L, NL, B£-¨-˚V)

ÿßokRYo-L-∞-Pm ˙Lh-” ÆY-We-Ls ˙NL-¨dL

YÙnl-T-∞d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

L[l-T-V-Qm ˙Ut-˘LÙs-°-\Ùo-Ls.


YÙnl-◊-Ls Ap-X-’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

G”j-’d-LÙh-”-LsYœl-©p S˚P-̆ T\

˙Yi-•-V˚Y

35

A∞d-Ll-ThP TÙPl-T-œ-ß-Ls,

YÙd-°V A˚Ul-◊-Ls, Lt-T-

˚]-Ls, ÆYÙ-Re-Ls, ÿ•-‹-

Ls CYt˚\ NÍ-Ld Li-

˙QÙh-Pj-ßp ÆUo-N-]l-Èo-Y-

UÙL Ußl-©h-” Æ[d-œ-°-\Ùo-

Ls. ÿ•‹ G”d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

11.

Lt-\p TV-Qj-ßp œ±l-©hP

LÙXj-ßp / ˘NVp-ÿ˚\´p

RÙu ˙Ut-˘LÙiP £k-R˚]

ÿ˚\-L-˚[l Tt-±V £k-R˚]

(Metaconition) L⁄j-’ Æ[d-

Lm ˙TÙu-\˚Y ˘Nn-Vj Ái-

Pl-T-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

12.

—Rk-ß-W-UÙ] A©l-©-WÙ-Ve-L˚[ Yœl-©p Ae-∏-

L-̈ d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

˘Yq-˙Y-fl Æ[d-LeL-fid-LÙ] YÙnl◊ A∞d-Ll-

T-”-°-\-’.

R]d˙L E¨V L⁄j’Ls C⁄k-RÙ-¤m ˘TÙ’ ÿ•‹-

L˚[ Ußd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

CYt-±t-œ UÙß-¨-VÙL B£-¨-Vo SPk-’ ̆ LÙs-°-\Ùo.

UÙQ-Yu Cl-©-Wf-£-˚]d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl æo‹ Li-PÙu

Gu-T -˚Rf £k-R -ßd -L -‹m Æ[d-L -‹m YÙnl◊

A∞dLlT”°\’.

AYu/ AY-fidœ Ge˙L? Hu R˚P Ht-Th-P-’ Gu-

T-˚Rf £k-ßd-L-‹m Æ[d-L-‹m YÙnl-T-∞d-Ll-T-”-

°\’.

˙Um-T-”j-Rp, —V ˙Um-TÙ-” ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±t-œ YÙnl-

T-∞d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

Feedback ˙R˚Y-lTP‹m A∞dL‹m ˘NnVl

T”°\’

TÙPl-T-œ-ß-Ls / YÙ£l◊ Ëp-L˚[ YÙ£j-’ A©l

- ©-WÙ-Ve-L˚[Ÿm, Æ⁄l-Te-L˚[Ÿm LÙW-Qe-

L˙[Ù” ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] Tœ-ß-Ls / Y¨-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m

®VÙ-Vl-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œUÙ] YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp

B£-¨-Vo UÙQ-Yo-L-fi-Pu J⁄ ÿßokR Lt-\p

TeLÙ∞VÙL —V L⁄j’dLs A±-‹-˚W-Ls ÿ•-‹

Ls CYt˚\ ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp, B]Ùp Lh-PÙ-Vl-T-”j-

RÙ-U-≠-⁄j-Rp.

UÙQ-Yu LPk-’ YkR YØ-L˚[d œ›-Æp / Yœl-

©p Te-œ ˚Yl-T -Rt -œ AYo-L -fid-œ YÙnl

T∞jRp.

T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]l-Th-•-Vp (Check list), Rating scale

CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿm T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©-

”m YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

Tp-˙Y-fl T˚Pl-TÙ-∞-L-∞-P™⁄k-’ ˘Tt\ ˘NÙt-Ls YÙd-°-Ve-Ls L⁄j-’-Ls CYt-±u

˘RÙœl˚T UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-Pm Lh-PÙ-Vl-T-”j-RÙ-Up C⁄l-T˙R N¨-VÙ] LpÆ. UÙ\ÙL

AYoL∞u ˘R¨k-’-˘LÙs-fim ß\˚] ˘Y∞-Ÿ-X-°t-œd LÙh-•d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

AqYÙfl ˘Nn-RÙp J⁄ UWj-ßu Ri-•-≠-⁄k-’ C˚X-Ÿm, LÙn-L-fim E⁄-YÙ-Y-’ ˙TÙX

AYo-L-∞u U]-ß-≠-⁄k-’ E´-⁄s[ J⁄ øo Ft-fl E⁄-YÙ-œm.

_Ùi B˙UÙv ˘LÙ˙U-≤-Vv


YÙnl-◊-Ls Ap-X-’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚YG”j-’d-LÙh-”-Ls

Yœl-©p S˚P-̆ T\

˙Yi-•-V˚Y

36

GkR J⁄ CXh-£-Vj˚R A˚PV ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ù-¤m £X ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ld

LPk-’ ˘NpX ˙Yi-”m. Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-L-∞u Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p Ußl-¿-” SPj-RÙ-

Up ÿu-˙]t-\j-˚R˙VÙ ˙SÙd-Lj-˚R˙VÙ A˚PV CV-XÙ-’. Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’s[ E´-

¨-Vd-Lj-ßt-œ HtT E´o-YÙ-›m E´-¨-]e-L-fid-œm U≤-Ro-L-fid-œ-™-˚P-˙V-VÙ] J⁄

ÿd-°V ˙Yfl-TÙ-” Gu]? U≤-Ro-L-fid-œ CXh-£-Ve-L˚[ ÿu-]˙W A±-V-‹m ARt-

˙LtTj ßh-P-™h-” SPd-L-‹m, ÿu-]o A±k-R-Yt˚\l ˘T\-‹m CV-¤m Gu-TRp-

XYÙ? CXh-£-Vj˚R ÿu-]˙W A±-V-‹m ˘T\-‹m, AkR CXh-£-Vj-˚Rl ˘T\ ÿ•k-

RRÙ Gu-˘\p-XÙm ßh-P-™-”-Y-Rtœ ™L-‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] J⁄ ÷i-¶V ˘NVp-TÙ˙P

Ußl-¿-”. U≤R NÍLm AßL CXh-£Vj-’-Pu SPj-’m Lt-\p ˘NVp-L-∞p CRu

CPm ˘R¨k-R-˙R. B]Ùp Sm SÙh-•p ®X-Æ-´-⁄kR Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\L∞p

ÿd°VUÙLd L⁄RlThP’ RWUßl¿” Gu\ Gi-Q-UÙœm. B£-¨˚V˚UV Lt-\p

ÿ˚\-´p UÙQ-Yu A˚Pk-R-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’ AY-‡d-œ GkR A[‹

®˚]‹·W CVu-\-’ Gu-T˚R Uh-”˙U Ußl-©P ÿ•kR’. UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œj ̆ RÙPo

˙Ro-‹-Ls SPjß Æ˚P-L˚[ U]l-TÙ-Pm ˘NnV AYo-Ls Lh-PÙ-Vl-T-”j-Rl-Th-PÙo-

Ls.

B]Ùp Lt-\p, ˘NVp-TÙh-” ˚UV-ÿm UÙQYo ˚UV-ÿ-UÙ-]-˙TÙ-’ UÙQ-Yu

Gq-YÙ-fl T•d-°u-\Ùu Gu-T-’ ÿd-°-V-UÙ-´t-fl. GkR A±-‹m UÙQ-Y-‡-˚P-V-

RÙL ˙Yi-”-˘U-≤p A’ R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-´p E⁄-YÙd-LlTP ˙Yi-

”m Gu\ L⁄j-’ ©W-T-X-UÙ-´t-fl, Lt-Ld Lt-T˙R ™Ll- ˘T-¨V Lt-\p Gu-

T-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fim ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym Ht-Th-P’. A±-YÙd-Lf

˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞l-T-’-Pu Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-´-

¤m ˘T¨V UÙt-\m ˙R˚Y-VÙ-´t-fl. J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX

A[-Æp UÙQ-Yu A˚Pk-R-Yt-˚\d LQd-°h-”, œ±l-

◊ßV Ußl-¿h-”l Ti-TÙh˚P ˙SÙd°

37

©hP Ußl-¿-” A∞d-œm ÿ˚\ UÙQ-Y-‡d-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨VÙ’. .UÙQ-Y-˚]l ˘TÙflj-

R-Y-˚W-´p ˙Yfl-£X ®˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm LY]jßp -˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

Lt-\p Gu-T-’ UÙQ-Y-≤u EPp, E[j R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls, œ”m-Tl ©u-]-¶, NÍ-Lf-

„-Zp, AYs/ AY-‡-̊ PV R]d˙L E¨V- Lt-\p ÿ˚\ (Learning Style) Lt\p ̇ YLm

(Learning Pace) ˙TÙu\ Tp-˙Y-fl LÙW-¶-L-[Ùp Lh-”l-T-”j-Rl-T-”m Ju-±-˚QkR

˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-œm. UÙQ-Y-˚]l ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p H˙R-‡m £X ˘Y∞´”RpL∞u

A•l-T-˚P-´p Æß ·fl-Y-’ ®VÙ-V-UÙ-]-RpX. ®Wk-R-W-UÙ] J⁄ ˘NV˙X Lt-\p. A±-

YÙd-L-ÿm ◊ßV A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] ˙Um-T-”j-R-¤˙U ARt-œ Sp-X-’.

AR-]Ùp A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-”-Pu C˚QkR Ußl-¿˙P UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ ™L-‹m

’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˘UÙØ A±˚Y ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-”, A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ] AYo-L-

[-’ ß\˚U˚V SÙm Y[-Wf ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Y-≤u A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-

•t-œl ˘T⁄-U-[-Æp ER-‹m J⁄ Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\ CRt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm. Aq-YÙ-

\Ù] J⁄ Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\d-œ, B£-¨˚V Yœl-©-¤m, ˘Y∞-˙V-Ÿm SPj-’m ÿVt-£-L-

fid-œj ’˚Q ˘NnV CVX˙Yi-”m. T˚ZV Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\dœ C’ CV-XÙ-Up

˙TÙ´t-fl. SÙm Æ⁄m-◊-°\ ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\˚V S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR

˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp ARt-˙Lt\ ◊ßV Li-˙QÙh-P-m ˙R˚Y-VÙ-°-\-’. Ußl-¿h˚P Íu-

fl ©¨-YÙ-Ld LÙi-T-’ CRt-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm.

Lt-\˙X Ußl-¿-” (Assessment as Learning)

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl¿” (Assessment for Learning)

Lt-\-≠u Ußl-¿-” (Assessment of Learning)

38

Lt-\˙X Ußl-¿-”

""Am-UÙ! SÙu J⁄ Èf˚N˚V TÙoj˙Ru G≠˚V ◊•f£h” ˙TÙ‹’.''

Íu-fl YV-RÙ] ø’ B˙Y-N-UÙL Am-UÙ˚Y A˚Zj-’d ·±-]Ùs.

""◊•f£h” ˙TÙ‹RÙ !˙TÙLh”m.... ø Æ˚[-VÙ-”...''

A”d-L˚[ ˘S⁄d-L-•d-°-˚P˙V AmUÙ AY˚[d LY≤d-L-Æp-˚X.

£X SÙh-L-fid-œl-©u C’-˙TÙu\ J⁄ Nk-Rol-Tj-ßp "◊•f£h”' Gu-T-Rt-œl Tß-XÙLl

"©•j’d ˘LÙi”' Gu-fl AY˙[ ·fl-Y-’ ˙Lh-P-’. GY-⁄m Lt-©d-LÙ-’ ø’ Gq-YÙfl

CR-˚]f N¨-VÙ-Ld ·±-]Ùs. U≤-R-‡d-œ —V £k-R-˚], YÙoj-˚R, ˘NVp CYt-˚\-

˘Vp-XÙm ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn-’ Ußl-©-P-‹m, Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[j-R-œkR UÙt\e-L˚[f

˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\u Ei-”. £fl YV-’ ÿR˙X œZk˚RL∞Pm LÙQlT”m

Cj-ß-\-˙] Ce-œ SÙm TÙojR UÙt-\j-ßt-œ YØ-LÙh•V’. ◊•f£h”! Gu-fl £¨j-

’d-˘LÙi-” Am-UÙ- ·-±-V-’, RÙu ·±-V˚R ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn-V ø’˚Yj Ái-•-

´-⁄d-L-XÙm. ˘RÙPok-’ H˙R-‡m Nk-Rol-Tj-ßp ©\o "©•j’d˘LÙi”' Gu-fl

·fl-Y-˚Rd ˙Lh-” AR-‡-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙoj-’j R]-’ ·t-±p UÙt-\m ˘NnV

AYs ®˚]j-ß-⁄d-L-XÙm. C’-Yu± Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ ÿ˚\-´p "◊•f£h”' Gu\ ·t-±-≠-

⁄k-’ ©•j’d˘LÙi” Gu-fl —V-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” R]-’ £k--˚R-˚V-Ÿm ˘NÙp-

≠-˚]-Ÿm Ußl-©Pd œZk-˚Rd-œ CV-¤-°u-\-’.

3939

A•l-T-̊ P´p U≤-R-≤u GkR A±-YÙd-Lf ̆ NVp-TÙh-•-¤m (U-≤-R-≤u GkRf

˘NV-≠-¤m) Cq-YÙ-\Ù] ¡s-TÙo-˚Y-Ÿm Ußl-¿-”m Ei-˘Pu-T-˚Rd LÙQ CV-¤m.

ARÙ-Y-’ Lt-\-≠p S˚P-˘T-flm Ußl¿”. Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ Y˚L-´p ·±-]Ùp Lt-\-¤d-œ YØ-

˙LÙ-¤m Ußl-¿-”. C’˙Y U≤-R-≤u ÿu-˙]t-\j-ßt-œ A•l-T-˚Pd-LÙ-W-Qm. SpX

J⁄ NÍ-Lm E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ST-⁄m Cq-YÙ-fl R]-’ Gi-Qe-L-

˚[-Ÿm ·t-±-˚]-Ÿm ˘NV-≠-˚]-Ÿm —V-UÙL ÿ•‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m ß\-

‡-˚P-V-Yo-L-s BL ˙Yi-”m. ©\-Æ-´-˙X˙V Es[ Cf-—Vd Lh-”l-TÙh” ÿ˚\˚V

(Self Regulatory Mechanism) Æ -̈‹-T-”jßl TVu-TÙh-”d-œs-[Ùd-œ-Y˙R Lp-Æ-́ u

ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Lm.

ÿ˚\NÙokR LpÆ ÿ˚\-´p UÙQ-Y-≤u ß\˚]l ˘T⁄-U-[-Æp TVu-T-”j-

R-‹m Y[-Wf ˘Nn-V-‹m B£-¨˚V ÿVt-£dL ˙Yi-”m. £\kR’m ®˚X-VÙ-]-’UÙ]

J⁄ NÍ-Lj-ßu ®˚X-Ÿm A˚Ul-◊m GRÙoj-R-UÙL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄Y⁄m

—Vd Lh-”l-TÙh”®˚Xdœ EVW˙Yi-”m. NÍ-Lj-ßu ˙SÙd-L-ÿm ˙TÙdœm ◊¨k-’

˘LÙi-” R]-’ ˘NV˚X, ARu A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-¿h-˚P ˙Um-T-”j-’-T-Yo-L-fid-œ

J›d-Lm, R˚X-˚Ul Ti◊ CYt-˚\f ˘NVt˚LVÙLd ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•-V-ßp-˚X.

A’ ˘Yt-±-V-˚P-V-‹m ˘Nn-Y-ßp-˚X-Vp-X-YÙ?

R]-’ ˘NV-˚X-Ÿm £k-R-˚]-˚V-Ÿm £k-ßj-’f —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ CXh-£-Vj˚R

A˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u ÿ›-˚U-VÙL Y[of£ A˚Pk-RÙp Uh-”˙U UÙQ-Y-≤u

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp G∞-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m SpX ÿ˚\-´-¤m A˚U-Ÿm. UÙQ-Yu R]’

Lt-\-≠p AßL ˘TÙfll˚T Ht-fl Ko EVokR ®˚X˚V A˚PV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-

T˙R CRu ˙SÙd-Lm. AYo-Ls AßL ©Wf£-˚]-Ÿ-˚PV Lt-\p ˘TÙfll-◊-L˚[ Htfl

ÿu-˙]-flm˙TÙ’ —V Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\˚V Su-\Ù-Lf ˘NVp-T-”jR B£¨˚V Gu-

˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m? Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”m-˙TÙ-’ UÙQYu LPk’

YkR TÙ˚R-˚Vj ß⁄m-©l TÙoj-’, Gu-˘]u] B˙XÙ-£dL ˙Yi-”m Gu-fl £k-ßj-

RÙpUh”˙U B£-¨-V-ü ˙Y˚X-ú Te-˚Lj æo-UÙ-≤dL CV-¤m.

40

ø Gu] ˘NnV ÿVt-£d-°-\Ùn?

ø GRt-LÙL C˚Rf ˘Nn-°-\Ùn?

˘NVp-TÙ-h˚P ®˚]j-R-’ ˙TÙX ÿ›-˚U-

VÙd-œ-Y-ßp ø Ge-œ ®t-°-\Ùn?

˘NVp-TÙh˚P ÿ›-˚U-VÙdL ˙U¤m Gu-

˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

E]-’ Lt-\p ˘TÙfll-˘Tu]?

ø GkR ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj˚Rj RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùn?

AkR ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-ßu ˙SÙd-L-˘Uu]?

ARt-œ Gu-˘]u] £\l-◊-Ls ˙Yi-”m?

E]d-œ CR-]Ùp Gu] ß\u E⁄-YÙ-œm?

˘Y∞-´hP ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œ C˘Rq-YÙ-fl ER-‹m?

B£-¨˚V Sp-°V ˙SÙd-Lj-ß˚] GkR A[‹ ø A˚Pk-’s-

[Ùn?

E]d-œf £\l-TÙL Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV ÿ•k-R-’?

Si-To-L-∞u ˘Y∞-¬-”/ T˚Pl-◊-L-fi-Pu Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’

E]-’ ˘Y∞-¬-”/ T˚Pl◊ Gq-Y-[‹ ˙Um-Th-P-’?

Gu] L⁄j-’d-L-˚[f ˙NodL ˙Yi-”m / ˙UmT-”jR ˙Yi-

”m? / ødL ˙Yi-”m?

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-ßp Y•-Y-UÙt-\-UÙL Gu] ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m? / VÙ¨-P-™-⁄k-’ / GYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ERÆ °˚Pd-

œm?

£k-R-˚]˚Vl Tt±f £k-ßd-œm-˙TÙ-’

41

ÿu-]od œ±l-©hP LÙ -̈Ve-Ls Yœl-T-̊ \f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p ©W-ß-T-≠l-T˚R J⁄ G”j-’d-

LÙh-•u ÍXm T -̇̈ NÙ-ßl-̇ TÙm.

HZÙm Yœl◊ ˙LW[l TÙP-Ëp CWi-PÙ-Y’ AX°p EVokR Es-[m Gu\

L˚R-˙VÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV L⁄j-R-X°u ˘NVp-TÙh˚P Ußl-©-”-˙YÙm (A-X-œ ßh-P-

ÿm, L⁄j-R-X-°u Teaching Manual ¤m Td-Lm 58-̨ 63 LÙi-L) TÙP ◊j-R-Lj-ßu L˚R˚Vj

R≤-S-T-WÙL YÙ£l-T-’ ÿRp ˘NVp. Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-’ ˘R -̈Ÿm. B]Ùp

GRt-LÙL YÙ£d-°-˙\Ùm Gu-T-ßu ˘R∞-˚YŸm ˙R˚Y-˚V-Ÿm

EQojR˙Y, CRtœ ÿk-̊ RV ˘NV-XÙ] ß⁄d-œ-\s CWÙ-̊ UVÙ

AYo-L-∞u YÙrd˚Ld œ±l˚T ÆYÙ-ßd-°-̇ \Ùm. NÍ-Lj-ßp Al-

T-•l-Th-P-Yo-L-fid-œ Sm-UÙp Gu] ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm? øe-Ls Gu]

˘Nn-≈o-Ls? Gu-T] ˙TÙu\ ˙Ls-Æ-L-̊ [d ˙Lh-” EVokR Es-

[m L˚R˚V YÙ£l-T-Rt-LÙ] ˙R˚Y˚V UÙQ-Yo-Lfidœ EQoj-

R-XÙm.

ÿRp YÙ£l-©p Li-P-±kR Ei-˚U-L-˚[f ˘NÙp¤m

˙TÙ’m, G›l-Tl-T-”m ˙Ls-Æ-L-fid-LÙ] Tßp ·flm ˙TÙ’m

˘NVp-TÙh-•p R]-’ ®˚X Gu] Gu-T˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[‹m

CV-¤m. œ±l-©-Pj-RdL Gßo-Æ˚]L˚[ B£¨Vo G›l-◊m˙TÙ’

RÙu £k-ßdL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y Gu-T-̊ R-Ÿm Gu-̆ ]u] L⁄j-

’d-Ls Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi”-˘Uu-T-˚R-Ÿm A±k-’ ˘LÙs-°-\Ùu.

Æ⁄m-◊m LRÙTÙj-ß-Wj˚R Li-”-©-•j-’d LÙW-Qe-L˚[ G›-

’m˙TÙ’ Lt-\-≠p APe-°-́ -⁄d-œm Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-” ™Lf

N¨-VÙL SPk-˙R-fl-Y˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. Æ⁄m-◊-Y-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-

L˚[ G›’-Y-Rt-LÙ] A±-‹-flj-Rp ˘LÙ”j-R-©u C≤-˙Up

·”Rp ˘R∞-‹-˘T\ Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T˚R A±V

B£-¨-V-¨u ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pd LY-≤d-L-‹m.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Jj-’-˚Zl-◊-Pu SPd-œm ÆYÙ-Rj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-

42

YÙ-œm L⁄j-’-L-fim, L⁄j-’d-Ls ˙Noj-’ E⁄-YÙd-°d ˘LÙ”d-œm ˙NÙR-˚]l-Th-•-

V¤m (Check list) AYo-L-fid-œf ˘NÙk-RUÙL Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ ˙Uu-˚U-V-˚P-Y-Rt-

LÙ] ˘R∞-˚Yj R⁄-°u\].

J⁄ LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wj˚Rj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”m˙TÙ’m,

ÆYÙRm S˚P-˘T-flm˙TÙ’m SÙu GkR ®˚X-´p C⁄d-°-˙\-˘]u-flm C≤ Gu]

˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu\ Ußl-¿-Pp-XYÙ SPd-°-\-’? (G-]d-œd Li-”-©-•dL ÿ•kR

/ ÿ•-VÙR LÙ¨-Ve-Ls, G]d-œd ·\ ÿ•kR / ÿ•-VÙR Ÿd-ß-Ls...)

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›ßd œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œ ÿu UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Jj-’-

˚Zl-◊-Pu U‡˚Y Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] œ±l˚T E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’ GRt-LÙL?

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ Gq-YÙ-fl RVÙ-WÙdL ˙Yi-”m?

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ÆuA˚Ul◊ GqYÙfl?GlT•j ˘RÙPeL ˙Yi”m?

œ±l◊ E⁄-YÙ-œm ˙TÙ˙R SÙu Ge-œ ®t-°-˙\u Gu-fl Ußl-©-”-Y-’ UÙQ-Y-≤u

U]-ßp S˚P-˘T\j ˘RÙPe-œ-Up-X-YÙ? œ±l˚T U]-ßp ˘LÙi-” RVÙo ˘NnR

RW-U-ßl-¿h-” A[˚Y (Rating Sale) ET-˙VÙ-°j-’l ©\ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Ru-‡-˚PV

U‡˚Y RWl-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ-’m Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ A±-‹-˚W-L-fim, L⁄j-’-L-fim ·flm-

˙TÙ-’m ©\-¨u U‡˚Y RÙ‡m Si-To-L-fim ÆYÙ-ßd-œm˙TÙ’m CkR LÙ¨-Ve-L-

∞p ·”-Rp ˘R∞-‹ °˚Pd°\’. ˘NV˚Xl Èojß ˘NnV C≤ Gu] ˘NnV

˙Yi-”-˘Uuflm ˘R∞‹ °˚Pd-°-\-’.

Lt-\˙X Ußl-¿-PÙ-L UÙflm ˘NVp SpX ÿ˚\´p S˚P-˘T\ UÙQ-Yo-L-

fid-œ ER-‹-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m B£-¨-V-¨u UÙß¨ ˘Y∞-¬-”. B£-¨-Vo ˘NÙk-

R-UÙLj RVÙo ˘Nn-R-’m Aq-˙Y-˚[-´p Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ STo RVÙo ˘Nn-R-’-UÙ] U‡d-

L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”m˙TÙ’ Aß-LÙ -W -Èo -Y -UÙL Al-˘TÙ -›-’s[ Ru-‡-˚PV

®˚X˚VŸm, ÿu ˘Np-¤m YØ-˚V-Ÿm ©¨j-R-±-Y-Rt-œ UÙQ-Y]Ùp CV¤m.

Bh£j R˚XY⁄dœ ˙LÙ̈ ˚L U‡

SpX ˘UÙØS˚P YÙd°VA˚Ul◊Pu C⁄kR’

L•Rjßu A˚Ul◊ (̇ Rß, CPm, ˘TVo,

˚L˘VÙlTm) G›ß´⁄kR]o

RYflLs CpXÙUp G›ß´⁄kR]o

F]ÿt˙\Ùo ©Wf£˚] EQof£

ÈoYUÙL A‡°´⁄kR]o

4545

CVp-TÙL˙Y Lt-\p ̆ NVp-TÙh-•p BrkR Ußl-¿-” N¨-VÙL S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’ Gu-T˚R

Eflß ˘Nn-Y˙R B£-¨-V-¨u ÿd-°V ˙Y˚X Gu-fl TÙoj-˙RÙ-Up-X-YÙ? CR˚] Gq-

YÙ-fl SpX ÿ˚\-´p SPj-R-XÙm?

CRt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls A∞j-’j ’˚Q-VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

C’ Yœl-◊, UÙQ-Y-⁄d-˙LtT ˙Yfl-T-”-Up-XYÙ? UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[l Tt±l

◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl ˘T\ CV-¤m? Ce-

œ-RÙu Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym Es-[’.

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh˚P G∞-˚Ul-T-”jß UÙQ-Y-≤p Lt-\p S˚P-˘T-

fl-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m Y˚L-´XÙ] Cm-U-ßl-¿h-•t-œ ÿd-°VUÙL CWi”

© -̈‹-L-fii-”.

� Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-Lj ßh-P-™-Pp.

� Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[f N¨-VÙL S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-

’-Rp.

CRt-LÙ-L, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-•p

� R]-’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Gk-R-®-˚X-´p Es-[-]o?

� AYo-Ls GYt˚\ A˚PV ˙Yi-”m?

� ˙Um-ThP ÿ˚\-´p AYo-Ls Ak-˙SÙd-°˚]

A˚PV B£-¨˚V Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

˙TÙu\ Æ]Ùd-L˚[ B£-¨˚V Gl-˙TÙ-’m U]-ßp ˘LÙs[

˙Yi-”m.

˙Ut ·±V Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ Æ˚P-VÙ-Ll ̆ Tt\ ÆY-We-L-∞u A•l-


46

ºf£e ˙U‡Y≠≠⁄k’

LRÙlTÙjßWj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnY

ßp TX⁄m ©u®˚X´p C⁄d°\Ùo

Ls. ˘TÙ’ ÆYÙRjßu YÙ´XÙL E⁄

YÙ] œ±l◊L∞ ]•lT˚P´¤s[

˘Nd≠v˚P ˚Yj’ SPjßV —V

Ußl¿h•t œl ©\œ œ›Æp ˘Y∞

´hP ˙TÙ’ ÿR≠p C⁄kR˚RÆP

£\kRRÙL C⁄kR’.

T-̊ P-́ p B£-̈ ˚V Lt-\p ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-̊ [j ßh-P-™-”-°-\Ùo. CRu ÍXm Jq-̆ YÙ⁄

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´¤m UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œj R˚P-Ls Ht-T-”m YÙnl-◊s[ Tœ-

ß-L˚[ B£-¨-V-WÙp ÿu-]˙W EQok-’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤m. Ce-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-

Æ-Ls A∞d-L-‹m ARu YÙ´-XÙ-Ld Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•˚] G∞-˚U-VÙd-L-‹m CV-

¤m. AR-]Ùp ˙Ut-·-±V Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ Æ˚P LÙi-T-˘Ru-T’ ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-

RÙL Es-[-’. Yœl◊ S˚P-˘T-flm˙TÙ’m Yœl◊ ÿ•-Y-˚PkR ©\-œm UÙQ-Y-≤u

T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’m B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-œm. ÿu-]o

˘LÙ”jR G”j-’d-LÙh-•p EQof£ GZf ˘Nn-Ÿm Y˚L-´p B£-¨-Vo L˚R˚V

˘Y∞lT”j’m ˘NVp EiPpXYÙ? L˚R˚V YÙ£j-’d ˙Lh-” CW-£d-L-‹m ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs-[‹m UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œl ˙TÙ’-UÙ] T´t£ Cp˚X Gu\ Ei-˚U˚V B£-¨-

Vo ÿu-]o ˘NnR Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL A±k-R-RÙp L˚R YÙ£l◊ Gu\ Cf-˘N-Vp-

TÙh˚P SPj-’-°-\Ùo.

B£-¨-V-¨u T˚Pl-TÙLd L•-Rj˚Rj RVÙ-¨d-œm˙TÙ’ ÿu-]o SPj-ßV Ußl-¿h”

TX˚]l TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. L•-Rm G›-’-Y-Rt-œl T˚ZV ÿ˚\-

´-¤s[ YÙd-°V A˚Ul-◊-Ls Uh-”-Uu± S˚P-Ÿm ◊ßV YÙd-°V A˚Ul-◊-L-fim

TVu-T-”j-’-Y-ßp UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œj ß\u œ˚\‹ Gu-T-RÙp B£-¨-Vo R]’ L•-Rj-

ßp ßh-P-™h˙P £X YÙd°V A˚Ul-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm S˚P-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Noj-’s-[Ùo.

G.-LÙ: � L•-Rj-ßu A˚Ul◊

� YÙd-°V A˚Ul-◊, S˚P

�

Taching Manual -u Ußl-¿h-” Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ œ±l-˚Tl TÙod-L-‹m. ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-

fid-°-˚P˙V B£-¨-Vo ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P-Yt˚\ CYt-±p LÙQ-XÙm. —V-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k’

˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´p A∞jR ER-Æ-´u TX-]ÙL Ht-ThP Y[of-£˚V SÙm

Li˙PÙUp-X-YÙ?

47

Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl¿”

Lt-\p, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fi-Pu C˚Qk-’ ˘RÙPok-’ S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-RÙ-œm.

UÙQ-Yo-L-fi-Pu C˚Qk-’ B£-¨-Vo SPj-’-Y-RÙ-œm.

RU-’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Gq-Æ-Rm Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-ßp LY-]m ˘N¤j-’-Y-RÙ-œm.

˘RÙPo Lt-\-¤d-œ ER-‹m ˘NVp-L-fid-œ ˙SWÙL YØ-˙LÙ-¤-Y-RÙ-œm.

St-Ti-◊-L-fi-˚P-V-’.

ÿu æo-UÙ-]e-L-˚[-Ÿm Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’l ◊ßV æo-UÙ-

]e-Ls G”d-œm —Zt-£j Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚P-V-’.

Ußl-¿h-”l TXu-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Yœl-T-˚\f ̆ NVpTÙh-•u Ti-◊-L˚[ Y[Wf

˘Nn-°u-\-’.

Ußl-¿h-” ˙Y˚[-´p B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ-™-˚P˙V S˚P-˘T-flm L⁄j’l

T¨-UÙt-\m / Te-L-∞l-◊. AYo-L-[-’ Lt-\-˚Xd œ±j-’f £k-ßl-T-Rt-œ UÙQ-YoL˚[j

Ái”-°-\-’.

B£-¨-Vo-L-∞-P-™-⁄k-’m ©\ UÙQ-YoL∞-P-™-⁄k-’m ˘Tfl-°u\ £\kR ÿ•-‹-Ls,

AYoLs Gq-YÙ-fl ˙Um-TP ˙Yi-”-˘U-‡m Es-fi-Qo˚Y AYoLfidœ-

A∞d-°u-\-’.

Sm-©d-˚L˚V Y[-Wf-˘Nn-’ —V Lt-\-≠p ˘TÙfll-˙TtL AYo-L-fid-œ ER-‹-°u\-’.

UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-°-˚P˙V Lt-T-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Ym(Motivation) æÆ-W-U-˚P-°-\-’.

48

Lt-\-≠u Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\˙X Ußl-¿-” Gu-T-’m Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”m ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-L-[p-XYÙ?

CYt-±u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p TVu-R-⁄m Y˚L-´p S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-

˘R] B£-̈ -V-⁄d-œ Eflß ̆ NnV CVX ̇ Yi-”m. B]Ùp UÙQ-Y-‡dœ Gu-̆ ]u]

˘R¨-Ÿ-˘Uu-T-˚R-Ÿm ˘Tt\ L⁄j-’-Ls Gq-Y-[‹ TVu-TÙh-•p ®˚X-˘T-fl-°u-\] Gu-

T-˚R-Ÿm A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ œ±l-©hP C˚P-˘Y-∞-´p SPd-œm Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-≠u

Ußl-¿-”. L⁄j-R-X-œd-œl ©u-]˙WÙ Ko AX-°t-œl ©u-]˙WÙ J⁄ T⁄-Ym ÿ•-Y-˚P-

Ÿm ˙Y˚[-´˙XÙ Cm-U-ßl-¿h˚P SPj-R-XÙm.

Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls G˚Y?

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙXj-ßt-°-˚P˙V Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Le-L˚[ Gq-Y-[‹ ®˚\-˙Yt\

ÿ•k-R-’ Gu-T˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ.

B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ Yœl-©-¤s[ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˘TÙ’-YÙ] RWm Tt± G∞-RÙLf

£X ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ.

Yœl-©-¤s[ ̆ TÙ’-YÙ] ®˚X-̊ U-̊ V-Ÿm, B£-̈ -V-̈ u ̆ NVp-TÙh-̊ PŸm œ±j’m

Ts∞ EVo Aß-LÙ-¨-Ls N¨-VÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ.

Yœl-◊, Ts∞ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p ˘TÙ’-YÙ-Lf ˘NnV

˙Yi-•V UÙt -\e-L -s, ˙Um-T -”j -RpLs œ±j-’j

æoUÙ≤lT-Rt-œ.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p TXu-L-˚[l Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d

œj RL-Yp A∞l-T-Rt-œ.

49

˘Tt\ A±-Æ˚]l ◊ßV ©Wf-£˚]f „ZpL-∞p —Rk-ß-W-UÙL Gq-YÙ-fl TVu-

T-”jR CV-¤-°u-\-˘Ru-T-˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙs-[.

Ts-∞d-·-Pd Lp-Æ-´u TXu-L-˚[l Tt±f NÍ-Lm ◊¨k’˘LÙs-[.

Lt-\p Ej-ß-L-∞p TVu-R-⁄m Y˚L-´p D”-TPj ’˚\-L-fid-œj (Department)

˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÆY-We-L˚[ A∞l-T-Rt-œ.

Au-\Ù-Pf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞-≠-⁄k-˙RÙ œ±l-©hP LÙX C˚P-˘Y-∞d-œl ©u-]o Ußl-

¿h-•t-œ Uh-”-UÙL A∞d-œm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L˙YÙ Lt-\p ÆY-We-Ls ˙NL-

¨j-Rp, ˘TÙ’-YÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p AYt˚\j RWm ©¨j-

Rp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVp--L˙[ Cm-U-ßl-¿h-•u˙TÙ’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y.

5050

Ußl-¿h-•u TVu-TÙh-”j-R-Xm

G˚R Ußl-©”Y’?

˘UÙØd Lt-\-≠p Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V-Yt˚\, AX˚Ll Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ L⁄j-R-X-œf

Nh-P-Lm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-ß-¤m ºf-£e UÙ‡-Yp RÙV-¨l-T-ß-¤m ©W-ß-T-≠d-Lf ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-

”m. ˘UÙØ-´p S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-•V A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p CR-˚]f ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m. ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym Tt-±-Ÿm (C-Xd-°V Y•-Yj-’-Pu) ˘UÙØd ·fl-

Ls / ˘UÙØ-´u L⁄j-’-Ls œ±j-’ UÙQ-Y-≤-P-ÿs[ BZ-UÙ] A±-‹-Pu ©\-Yt-

˚\-Ÿm C˚QdL ˙Yi-”m. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX-°u ÿu-]od LÙQl-T-”m Y˚Xf-Nh-

Pj-ßp C˚Y Æ[d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

� A±-YÙd-Lm S˚P-˘Tt-\RÙ?

� GkR A[‹ S˚P-˘Tt-\-’?

� H˙R-‡m R˚P-Ls Es-[RÙ?

� R˚P-Ls Ei-˘P-≤p A˚Y G˚Y?

CYt-˚\˙V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ Li-P-˚PV ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Y-≤u ©Wf-£˚]d- -

œ¨-V-’m ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P´XÙ]-’-UÙ] Et-Tj-ß-Ls G˚Y-˘V] ˘Y∞l-T-”j’L?

� Et-Tj-ß-Ls (G-›-ßV ˘UÙØ

˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls,

TPe-Ls)

� ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls (˙Tf-—, S•l◊)

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˙Tf-NÙt-\p

Gq-Y-[‹ £±-V-RÙL C⁄k-

RÙ -¤m LY-≤d-Ll -TP

˙Yi-”m.

51

Yœl-©p UÙQ-Yu ˘TÙ’-YÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m ·fl-°u\ L⁄j-’-Ls, A±‹˚W-Ls,

G”d-œm ÿ•-‹-Ls VÙ‹m Lt-\p ·t-fl-L-[Ù-œm. LÆ˚R ˘NÙp-¤Rp, L˚R YÙ£l-◊,

TÙXo Uu\m Ut-flm ©\ ̆ NVp-Ls ̇ TÙu-\-̊ Y-Ÿm UÙQ-Y-≤u A±-YÙd-Lj˚R ̆ Y∞l-

T-”j-’-°u-\-]. UÙQ-Yo-Ls G›-ßV ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•Ye-L-˚[Ÿm TPe-L-˚[-

ŸmAqYl˙TÙ’ Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’, Ußl-©-”m ˙SWj˚Rd œ˚\j’ B£-¨˚Vdœ ˘U’-

YÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ CV-¤m.

CYt-˚\l ˙TÙu-fl UÙQ-Yo-Ls D”-T-”m ˘NVp-L-fim ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-˚Y-VÙ-œm. N¨-

VÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙL Uh-”˙U SÙm Æ⁄m-©V Et-Tjß ˘TÙ⁄s E⁄-YÙ-œm.

N¨-VÙ] A±-YÙd-Lj-˚Rd œ±d-˙LÙ-[Ù-Ld ˘LÙiP B£-¨-˚V- ˘NVp-TÙh-•p TRt-

\m Ht-T-PÙ-Up LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-’ AY-£-Vm. C’ Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-

•-V-˚Y-VÙ-œm. C’ Gq-YÙ-fl CV-¤m?

� N¨-VÙ] Æ]Ùd-Ls

� £X œ±l-◊-Ls

� —V A©l-©-WÙ-Ve-Ls ·fl-Y-’

CYt-±u YÙ´-XÙL UÙQ-Y-˚]f N¨-VÙ] TÙ˚R-´p YØ-S-PjR CV-¤m. LRÙ-TÙj-

ß-Wj˚R ÆUo-N-]m ˘Nn-Y-’ L•-]-UÙL C⁄k-RÙp, J⁄-Y-˚Wd œ±j-’l T¨-˙NÙ-

ßdœm˙TÙ’ Gq-˘Y-Yt˚\ SÙm L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m Gu\ Æ]Ù YÙ´-

XÙLl Ti◊, TZd-Lm, U]-E-fl-ß, TX-≈-]m, YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±t-œf

£k-R-˚]-˚Vd ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-Y˙R C’ ˙TÙu\ ERÆ A∞l-T-Rt-œ G”j-’d-LÙh-

”-L-[Ù-œm.

UÙQ-Yu RÙu LPk-’ YkR YØ-L-˚[l Tt±f (£k-R-˚]f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls) ·fl-

Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞l-T-’m, ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pd œ±j-’ A±-V-‹m, ˘Np-¤m

YØ˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m ER-‹m.

52

Gq-YÙ-fl Ußl-©”-Y-’?

GR˚] Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m, Gu-T-Rt-˙LtT Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-´p ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls ˙R˚Y-

VÙ-°u-\-]. SÙm ÿu ˚Yd-œm ÿd-°V Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls C˚Y.

� —V Ußl-¿-”

� NL Ußl-¿-”

� B£-¨-V-¨u Ußl-¿-” ˛ ©W-ß-T-≠l◊ Td-Lj-ßp œ±l-©-”-Rp, ˙TÙoh-˙TÙ-∞˙VÙ

Ußl-©-”-Rp.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ÿ˚\-˚V-Ÿm ˘NVp-T-”jR Yœl-T-˚\-˚V-Ÿm Ts-∞f „Z-˚X-Ÿm YÙnl-

◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Ht-fld-˘LÙi-” Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L-˚[d ˚LVÙ[ CV-¤m. £X YÙnl-◊-L-

˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

—V Ußl¿-”

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Te-œ ˘Tfl-Y-’-Pu YÙNLo, G›jRÙ[o,£kR˚]VÙ[oLs -

Gu-‡m ®˚X-´p AYo-L-˚[d œ±j-’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Aß-L-UÙL A±k-’ ˘LÙs-°-

\ÙoLs.

R]-’ A±-Æu Ußl-¿h˚P Gq-YÙ-fl ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-flm R˚P˚V ød°

Gq-YÙ-fl Y[W ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-flm ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim-˙TÙ-’ SpX ÿ˚\-´p Lt-\p

Y[of-£-˚Vl ˘T\ UÙQ-Yo-L[Ùp CV-¤m. ARt-LÙL AYo-Ls ˘T\ ˙Yi-•-

V˚Y:

� —V ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pd œ±j-’f £k-ßd-œm YÙnl-◊.

� A©-UÙ-]j-ßt-œ Ffl-Æ-˚[-Æd-LÙR Yi-Qm ©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-

Y-Rt-LÙ] ’˚Q.

� ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] ˙SWm.

˙NÙR˚]l Th•Vp

UÙQ-Yu J⁄ ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-˚Rj RVÙ-¨jR ©u-]˙WÙ ˘RÙPok-

’s[ H˙R-‡m ˙Y˚[-´˙XÙ TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ejß C’. UÙQ-Yu

53

J⁄ F

¨p K⁄ ˘T¨V

WÙ_Ù

C⁄kRÙW

Ùm. A

Yo

Jn‹ ̇SWe

L∞

p A

⁄°p

J⁄ E

s[ L

Ùh•

Gj-ß-˚N-´p R]d-œ Lh-”l-TÙ-” Yk-’s-[-’ Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm —V-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[

C’ ER-‹m.

HZÙm Yœl-©p AX-œ 2˛p EVokR Es-[m Gu\ L˚R-´p Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] L˚R UÙk-

Ro ˛ LÙW-Qe-Ls Li-”-©-•j-’ G›-ßV ©\-œ ˘LÙ”jR J⁄ ˙NÙR˚]l Th•V˚Xl

TÙ⁄e-Ls

L˚R UÙk-R˚W Æ⁄m◊YRtLÙ] LÙWQeLs

Ei-” Cp˚X

œQ-ÿm, TZ-œm ÆR-ÿm

ß\-˚U-Ÿm, ˙Uu-˚U-Ÿm

Au◊ Gu\ EQof-£-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V˚Y

YÙrd-˚Lf „Z-¤m A˚R Htfld ˘LÙs-fim ß\-‡m

©\-⁄d-LÙLj ’u-Te-L˚[ A‡-T-Æd-œm U]-®˚X

L˚R UÙk-R˚W Æ⁄mT UÙQ-Yu LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•V £X ˘NnßLs ˙NÙR˚]l

Th•V≠p Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-]. C˚Rf ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm œ›-Æp LXk-’-˚W-

VÙ-P-¤m ˘RÙœj-R-¤m S˚P-˘T-flm ˙Y˚[-´p Rt-˙TÙ-’s[ œ˚\-L˚[ ®Yojß

˘Nn-’ ÆN-Ve-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”m A±‹ AYo-L-fid-œd °˚Pd-°-\-’.

RW®oQV A[‹˙LÙp

A±-YÙd-Lj-ßp UÙQ-Yu Gk-®-˚X-´p Es-[Ùu Gu-T˚Rf —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-‹m

˙U¤m Gk-˘RkRd LÙ¨-Ve-L-∞p Gq-YÙ-fl Y[W ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-

‹m CR-˚]l TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-•u œ±l-©hP ˙Y˚[-´p

CR˚] A∞j-’ ®Yojß ˘Nn-Ÿm-T-•d ·\-XÙm. CRt-œ ÿu-]-RÙL, RW®oQVm

˘NnV ˙Yi-•V LÙW-¶-L-˚[l Tt-±V ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm Y•-Yj-ßp ˘TÙ’d

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙL Yœl-©p Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

54

Cdœ±l-◊-L˚[ œ› / Yœl◊ Te-˙Lt-©-¤m TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. ÿk-˚RV TÙPjßp

ùLôÓd-Ll-Th-Ós[ RW®oQV A[‹˙LÙp TÙod-L-‹m.

A B C

Sp-X ˘UÙØ-S-˚P, YÙd-°V A˚Ul◊

U‡-Æu A˚Ul˚T (C-Pm, ˙Rß, ˘TVo, Jl-◊)

L˚P-©-•j-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls

RY-fl-Ls Cp-XÙ-Up G›ß C⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls

L⁄j-’-Ls A˚]j-’m CPm ˘Tt-fls-[]

A Su-fl, B NWÙ-N¨, C NWÙ-N-¨d-œd ∏r

J≠ ˛ J¸ılT-ß‹

Yœl-©p S˚P-˘T-fl-T-Yt˚\ Video-Audio ÿ˚\-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-ßl Tß‹ ˘Nn-

Y-’ —V Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ] SpX ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm. J⁄ œ±l-©hP ˙Y˚[-´p / J⁄

©Wf-£-̊ ]-Ÿ-Pu Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-± ̆ Y∞-́ h-P-Yt˚\ Ut-̆ \Ù-⁄ ̇ Y˚[-́ p ¡s-TÙo˚Y

˘Nn-’ Ußl-©-P-‹m, R]-’ £\l-◊d-L-˚[-Ÿm, Gp-˚X-˚V-Ÿm N¨-VÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-

‹m C’ ER-‹m. ÿRp ®˚X-VÙLl TÙXo Uu-\m, CXd-°V Uu-\ ®Lr£L˚[l Tß‹

˘Nn-’ TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

NL Ußl-¿-”

—V ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ˙Uu-˚U-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[l ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] J⁄ YØ˙V

NL UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Rp. ·h-”-\‹ U]l-TÙu-˚U-Ÿm SpX A±-‹-˚W-Ls

YZe-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\-‡m CRt-œ ™L-‹m AY-£-V-UÙ-œm. Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-˚Rd

œ±j’m Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[d œ±j-’m Aß-L-UÙ] ˘R∞‹˘T\ NL Ußl-¿-”

ÿd°V Te-œ Y°d-°-\-’.

UÙ-Yh-P Bh£VÙ[⁄dœd ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡

55

—V Ußl-¿h-•t-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV Ej-ß-L-˚[j ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-L-fi-Pu NL Ußl-

¿h-•t-œm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

B£-¨-˚V-´u Ußl-¿-”

� ©W-ß-T-≠l◊l Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ œ±l-◊-Ls.

3 B£-¨-˚V-´u Ußl-¿-” ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙh-

”-Pu ˘RÙPok-’ S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-RÙ-œm. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] CPe-L-

∞˘Xp-XÙm AR˚] Ht-fld ˘LÙi-” Aj-’-Pu ERÆ ˘Nn-

Y˚R-Ÿm LÙQ ÿ•-Ÿm. CRu TX-]ÙL UÙQ-Yo-L-∞Pm Ht-

T -”m UÙt-\e-Ls, ARt-˙Lt\ Gßo-Æ-˚]-Ls, A±k-’

˘LÙiP ˘TÙ’l-©-Wf-N-˚]-Ls, A”jR ßh-P-™-P-¤d-œj

˙R˚YVÙ]˚Y,- —V ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-

\e-Ls, ˙Um-T-”j-Rp-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y œ±jR œ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm

Ußl-¿h-”l TdLeL∞p G›-’-Y-’i-”. CYt˚\ UÙQ-Yo-

L-fid-œm,˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm ¡i-”m RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞d-

L-‹m,˘RÙPo ßh-P-™-P˚X Y¤-YÙd-L-‹m B£-¨-Vo TVu-T-

”j-’-°-\Ùo. (Td-Lm. 59 ˛ 62 ˛p ºf-£e UÙ‡-Yp TÙod-L-‹m)

� UÙQYo T˚Pl-◊j ̆ RÙœl◊ (Port folio)

3 B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-’m £\kR Ju˙\

UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊. UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˙NL-¨jR T˚Pl-◊-

L˙[ C˚Y. CYt˚\d œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Ußl-©h”

AYt-±-˙X˙V B£-¨-Vo R]-’ Ußl-¿h-˚P-Ÿm œ±j-’d ̆ LÙs-

[-XÙm. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤m UÙQ-Y-

≤u ˙Um-ThP ˘Y∞l-TÙh-•t-œ G”j-’dLÙh” UÙQYo

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ B-œm.

(UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ œ±jR ÆY-We-L˚[ 91-˛95-˛p

TÙod-L-‹m)

5656

©uÚhPÿm ERÆŸm

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡d-œm AY-‡d˙L E¨V Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ÿm Lt-\p ˙YL-ÿ-

ÿi-”. Lt-\≠p D”-T-”m UÙQ-Yu —V-UÙ-L˙Y J⁄ ®˚X-˚Vf ˘Nu-fl A˚PV

ÿ•Ÿm. B]Ùp B£-¨˚V, NL UÙQ-Yo-Ls, ÿßok-R-Yo CYo-L-∞u ERÆ °˚Pdœ-

UÙ-]Ùp AYu C˚R ÆP ™L EVokR ®˚X˚V A˚P-YÙu. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-

˚]-Ÿm AY˚[ / AY˚] ™L EVokR ®˚X˚V A˚P-Vf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] ER-

Æ˙V ’˚Q-◊-¨-Rp (Scaffolding). A±-YÙd-Lj˚R ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-P,-_-]-SÙ-VL

˘LÙs-˚L-L-fid-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞d-œm J⁄ Yœl-©p Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-˚]-Ÿm

Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m. Lt-T-ßp ˙S¨-”m ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls R˚P-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\d Li-”-©-

•d-L-‹m, Gq-YÙ-\Ù] ’˚Q, Gq-Y-[‹ ˙R˚Y Gu-fl æo-UÙ-≤d-L-‹m ˙Yi-”m. C’

UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\˚X ˙Um-T-”j-’m ˚L ˙RokR Ej-ß-VÙ-œm.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡m ™L EVokR ®˚X˚Vf ˘Nu-fl A˚P-Y-Rt-LÙLd ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

T-”m ER-Æ˙V ’˚Q-◊-̈ -Rp. GpXÙl ©¨‹ UÙQ-Yo-L-fi-̊ P-V- EVo˚YŸm

Eflß ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙL ERÆ ˘Nn-Y˙R ’˚Q-◊-¨-Rp Bœm. C’˙Y

Lp-Æ-´p NÍL øß S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ ˘NV-XÙLj

ßLr-°u-\’. ’˚Q-◊-¨-Rp Gu-T-’ ˚L˙RokR Ko Ejß Gu-

T-RÙp B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm Ak-Rk-Rj ’˚\-´-¤s[ Yp-¤-]o-L-

fid-œm Uh-”˙U C˚Rf ˘NVp-T-”jR CV-¤m. B]Ùp

Lt-\p J⁄ NÍ-Lf ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-]-RÙp NL UÙQ-Yo-

Ls, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo, ÿßok-R-Yo-Ls CYo-L∞-P™⁄k-’

°˚Pd-œm ER-Æ-Ls VÙ‹m ’˚Q-◊-¨-R-¤d-œ

C˚Q-VÙ-]-˚Y.

57

©uÚhPÿm ERÆŸm GlT•?

˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm ÷‘d-L-UÙL BWÙnk-’ ßh-P-™h-” SPj-’-

°u\ Yœl-©p Uh-”˙U Ußl-¿-”m A˚R ˘RÙPok-’s[ ’˚Q-◊-¨-R-¤m £\lTÙL

S˚P-˘T-flm. B£-¨-Vo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[j ßh-P-™-”m ˙TÙ˙R Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ] YÙnl-

©-˚]-Ÿm ˘UÙØd -Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV ©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[-Ÿm AYt-˚\j æo‹

˘NnV CV-¤-°u\ ER-Æ-˚V-Ÿm ÿu-]˙W Li-”˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. Cq-YÙ-fl ßh-P-

™h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[f ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙Y˚[-´p Ht-T-”m ©Wf-£-˚]-L-[dœ ÿu-]˙W

æo-UÙ-≤jR æo-‹-L-˚[˙VÙ Ap-X-’ Ak-RkR ˙Y˚[-L-∞p E⁄-YÙ-œm æo-‹-L-˚[-

˙VÙ- A∞dL CV-¤m. £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p B£-¨-Vo ÿu]˙W £k-ßd-LÙR ◊ßV ©Wf-£-

˚]-Ls Yœl-©p E⁄-YÙ-L-XÙm. CRt-œj RœkR £X ER-Æ-Ls A∞d-L-XÙm. B]Ùp,

Cq-Æ-Wi-” Nk-Rol-Te-L-∞-¤m ˘LÙ”jR ERÆ YÙ´-XÙLj æo‹ LÙQ CV-XÙR ©Wf-

£-˚]-L-fim C⁄d-L-XÙm. CRt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ’˚Q-◊-¨-Rp A”jR ßh-P-™-P-

≠u˙TÙ’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-R-XÙm G]j æo-UÙ-≤d-L˙Y Al-˙TÙ-’ CV-¤m. Cq-YÙ-fl

Íu-fl ®˚X-VÙL Y⁄m ©¨j-R-±-Rp ÿ˚\˚V B£-¨-Vo-Ls ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ ER-

Æ-VÙ-°u-\-’. CRt-LÙ] J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-” Y•-Yj˚R HZÙm-Y-œl◊ AX-œ, 2 ß˚Wd-œl

©u-]Ùp L⁄j-R-X-°p RVÙ-WÙd-°V AX-œj ßh-P-™-P-≠u TÙL-ÿm ˘NVp-TÙh-”j ßh-

P-™-P-˚XŸm Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ T¨-˙NÙßl-˙TÙm.

58

Yœl◊ 7 TÙPm : R™r

AX-œ 2. ß˚Wd-œl- ©u-]Ùp

©Wf-£˚] Ui-P-Xm : ◊\d-L-¶d-Ll-Th-̇ PÙo ¡’ T -̈Æp-XÙ˚U

’˚Ql-©-Wf-£˚] : ◊\d-L-¶d-Ll-Th-̇ PÙo ¡RÙ] NÍLl TÙo˚Y (F-]-ÿt-̇ \Ùo)

St-Ti-◊-Ls/ E[l-TÙe-œ-Ls : ◊\d-L-¶d-Ll-Th-˙PÙ˚W Ußd-œm U]-®˚X

L⁄j-R-X-œ 1

Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls : B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl-◊, Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p G›-Rl-ThP B£-¨-Vo ˚L˙Vh-•-¤s[

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡.

AX-œj ßh-P-ÿm ˘NVp-TÙh-”j ßh-P-™-P¤m

L⁄j-’-Ls/ ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-” ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ußl-¿-”/ Gu]? VÙo? Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?

◊\d -L -¶d -Ll - T -”

˙YÙ⁄m NÍ-Lj-ßu

J⁄ Tœ-ß -´-]˙W.

©\-⁄d-œ E¨V Aj-

R˚] E¨-˚U-L-fim

A Y o - L - fi d - œ

Ei”.

ß⁄d-œ-\s WÙ˚UVÙ Tt± RL

YpLs ÆYÙ-Rm.

TÙPl-◊j-R -Lj-ßu L˚R R≤

-S-To YÙ£l◊

B£-¨-Vo YÙ£l◊

BrkR YÙ£l◊

Æ⁄l-◊m LRÙ-TÙj-ß-W-ÿm LW-Q-

ÿm

—V Ußl-¿-”

UÙYhP Bh-£ -VÙ -[ -⁄d-œd

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ RVÙ-¨j-Rp.

J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©Pp

œ›-Æp Te-œ ˚Yj-Rp Jl-©h-

”l TÙoj-Rp

˙Um-T-”jß G›-’-Rp

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u R≤lhP Gßo-Æ-˚]-Ls (Teaching Manual)

L⁄j-’ Eh-˘LÙi-” YÙ£l-T-Rt-œ £W-Ul-T-”-T-Yo-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ÿL TÙY-˚]˚Vl TÙoj-’ EQof-£-L˚[ Ußl-©-Pp.

˙Um-ThP ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[ Yœl-©p ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-Ls Tt± UÙQ-Yo G›-’m œ±l˚T B£-¨-Vo Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-UÙ-Q-Y-¨-Pm

˘Nu-fl TÙo-˚Y-´-Pp.

AYo-Ls G›-ßV œ±l˚Tl T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]l Th-•-V-˙XÙ-” Jl-©h-” —V-UÙL Ußl-©Pp.

U‡-Æu Es-[-Pd-Lm/ A˚Ul◊/ S˚P/˘UÙØ Gu-T -Yt -fls UÙQ-Y

-‡d-œj ˙R˚Y G’ GkR®˚X´p Gu-T˚R Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤-Pm ˘Nu-fl TÙo

˚Y´Pp.

U‡ RW ®o-QV œ±l◊ ˚Yj-’ J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©-Pp.

œ›-Æp ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ ˘Y∞-´-”m-˙TÙ-’ ˘NÙp-Xl-T-”m œ±l-©-Pj-RdL L⁄j-’-Ls

ÿR-XÙ -Y -’ G›-ß-V -˚R-Ÿm CWi-PÙ -Y -’ G›-ß-V -˚R-Ÿm Jl-©h-” ˙Yfl-TÙ -”

Li-P-±-Rp.

T˚Pl◊L-∞˙X £\l-◊-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u LY-]j-ßt-œ ˘LÙi-” Y⁄-Rp.

59

ùNVp-Tô-Ó / ùNVp-Øû\ ©W-§-T- -l× / U§l-À-Ó

YÙ£dœm UÙQY≤u ÿLTÙYj˚R Etfl˙SÙd°

EQo‹ ÈoYUÙL YÙ£d°\Ùu Gufl Ußl©Pp.

UÙQYoL∞u £\kR L⁄j’L˚[ ©\ UÙQYoL∞Pm G”j’˚WjRp

Y£dœm˙TÙ’ R”UÙflm

œZk˚RL˚[d LiP±Rp

Yœl◊ : 7 TÙPm : R™r

AXœ 2. ß˚Wdœl ©u]Ùp

L⁄j-’ F]-ÿt-˙\Ù-⁄m NÍ-Lj-ßu J⁄ Tœ-ß-´-]-WÙ-Yo

AYo-L-∞u ÿu-˙]t-\m SU-’ ÿu-˙]t-\j-ßtœ ™L-‹m ˙R˚Y.

Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls : Teacher Version Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p G›-Rl-ThP B£-¨-Vo ˚L˙Vh-•-¤s[ ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡.

ß⁄d-œ-\s WÙ˚UVÙ AYo-L-∞u ®˚]-YÙt-\p YÙ£j-Rp/ ÆYÙ-Rm (B-£-¨-Vo ˚L˙V-” Td-Lm 58

ß⁄d-œ-\s WÙ˚UVÙ Tt-±V RL-Yp-L˚[ Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p G›ß ˘Y∞-´-Pp)

B£¨Vo (˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˙Yfl L˚R˚V TVuT”jßŸm LXk’˚WVÙPXÙm.

£X ̇ Ls-Æ-Ls ̇ LhPp (UÙ-Q-Yo-Ls Tßp)

B£-̈ -Vo R]-’ A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Rp

Cl-T-•l-Th-P-Yo-L-fid-œ ERY Sm-UÙp Gu] ˘NnV ÿ•-Ÿm?

EeLs Tœ-ß-́ p Cq-YÙ-\Ù] J⁄-Yo C⁄k-RÙp øe-Ls Gu] ̆ Nn-≈o-Ls?

CYo-L-fid-œ ER-‹m UÙQ-Y-≤u L˚R˚V YÙ£l-˙TÙm.

TÙPl-◊j-R-Lj˚R R≤ STo YÙ£jRp

UÙQ-Yu TÙPl-◊j-R-Lj-ß-¤s[ L˚R˚Vj R≤-VÙL YÙ£j-Rp

UÙQ-Yu YÙ£j-R-©u Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\ G”j-’d ·fl-Rp

B£-¨-Vo YÙ£l◊

L˚R˚V EQo‹ Èo-UÙ-L-‹m,

TY-˚]-Ÿ-P-‡m, EWjR œW-≠p YÙ£j-Rp

˘TÙ⁄-[-±k-’ YÙ£j-Rp

L⁄j-’f ̆ N±-‹-P-]Ù] ̇ Ls-Æ-Ls ̇ Lh-Pp.

UÙQ-Yo-Ls L˚R˚V ¡i-”m YÙ£j-Rp /

Tßp A∞j-Rp.

˘NVpTÙ” ßhP™Pp

˙SWm : 3 U¶ ˙SWm

ß⁄j-R-™u± YÙ£d-œm UÙQ-Y˚]d Li-”-©-•j-Rp

ß⁄d-œ-\s WÙ˚UVÙ ®˚]-YÙt-\-̊ Xl-Tt±d

œ±l-©-”m˙TÙ’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Bf-N-¨-V-U-˚P-

°u-\-]o.

Li-TÙo˚Y At-\-Yo G] A±-Ÿm-˙TÙ-’

A‡-RÙ-Tl-T-”-°u-\-]o.

Cl-T-•l-Th-P-Yo-L-[d-œ ERY ˙Yi-”m

G] A⁄s ·±-]Ùu.

Ht-\j-RÙr-‹-LfiPu L˚R˚V YÙ£l-T-ßp

˙U¤m ÿu-˙]t\m A˚PV ˙Yi-”m

A⁄s : AU-X-SÙ-Ru Sm Gp-̇ XÙ-⁄d-œm ÿu-

UÙ-ß¨.

WÙÿ : AU-X-SÙ-Ru F]-ÿt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ ER-Æ-

V-’ G]-’ U]˚Nj ˘RÙh-P-’.

60


˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ ˙SWm : 3 U¶

Æ⁄m©VLRÙTÙjßWeLfim / LÙWQeLfim

CdL˚R´p VÙ˚W øeLs ™L‹m Æ⁄m◊°»oLs?

Æ⁄mTd LÙWQm Gu]?

B£¨Vo ˘LÙ”dœm ’i”jRÙ∞p Æ⁄m◊m LÙRÙlTÙjßWjßu ˘TV⁄m

Æ⁄m◊YRtLÙ] LÙWQj˚RŸm UÙQYoLs G›’°\ÙoLs.

—VUßl¿”

ÆYÙRjßu ÍXm RW®oQV Th•Vp RVÙ¨jRp

ClTh•V≠p Gu˘]u] APeœm?

Æ⁄m◊m LÙWQeL˚[ G›’m ˙TÙ’

˙NodL˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?

LRÙTÙjßWeL˚[ SÙu Æ⁄mTd LÙWQeLs

Ei-” Cp˚X

œQ-ÿm TZ-œm ÆR-ÿm

ß\-̇ ]Ù-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-̊ P-V˚Y

U≤-R-̇ SV EQof-£-̇ VÙ-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-̊ P-V˚Y

YÙrd-˚Lf „Z-¤m A˚R Gßo-˘LÙs-fim

ÿ˚\-Ÿ-P‡m ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V˚Y

©\-⁄d-LÙLj ßVÙ-Lm-˘Nn-Ÿm U]-®-˚X-Ÿ-Pu

˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V˚Y

œ±l-◊-Ls ̇ Noj-’ RVÙ-WÙd-°V RW-®o-QV Th-•-Vp

YZe-œ-Rp,UÙQ-Yo-Ls —V-UÙL Ußl-©-Pp.

AU-X-SÙ-R-˚]j ˙Rok-˘R-”jR UÙQ-Yo-Ls

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œl TÙPm ˘NÙp-≠d ˘LÙ”d-

œm ß\˚]d œ±l-©h-•-⁄k-R-]o. B]Ùp

LRÙl-TÙj-ß-Wj˚R ÆUo-N-]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-

’-Pu TÙol-T-ßp ©u-]-˚Pk-’ LÙQl-Th-P-

]o.

Gp-XÙl Ti-◊-Lfim Ei-”

Gu-fl G›-ß-V-Yo-Ls ˛ 6

Íu-fl Ti-◊-Ls Gu-˘\-›-ß-V-Yo-Ls ˛ 10

CWi-” Ti-◊-Ls Gu-˘\-›-ß-V-Yo-Ls ˛ 8

J⁄ Ti◊ Ei-” Gu-˘\-›-ß-VYo-Ls ˛ 4

œ±l-◊-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo-L˙[ E⁄-YÙd-°V-RÙp

N¨-VÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•k-R-’.

61

œ›-Æp Te-œ˚Yj-Rp

UÙQ-Yo-Lfidœ Æ⁄l-T-ÿs[ LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wj-ßu ̆ TV-̈ u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p œ›d-L-[Ù-Rp.

Æ⁄m-◊-Y-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-L˚[d œ›-Æp Te-œ ˚Yj-Rp.

Te-œ ˚Yd-œm-˙TÙ-’ œ›-Æp 3 ˙T⁄d-œl ˘TÙfll-T-∞j-Rp.

1. œ›-Æt-œj R˚X-˚U-˙Vt-œm UÙQ-Yu

2. ˘NÙp-¤m L⁄j˚R Æ[d-°d-·\ J⁄ UÙQ-Yu

3. Tß‹ ˘NnV J⁄ UÙQ-Yu

Te-œ ˚Yd-œm-˙TÙ-’ L˚P-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y Tt± A±-‹˚W YZe-œ-Rp ˛ B£-¨-Vo

YÙnl-©t-LÙLd LÙj-ß-⁄j-Rp

Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ˘NÙp-¤-Rp

L⁄j-˚Rd ·\ R”-UÙ-flm UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ Æ[d° ·fl-T-Yo ERÆ◊¨V ˙Yi-”m.

œ›-Æp Li-”-©-•j-R-Yt˚\l ˘TÙ’-YÙL ˘Y∞-´-Pp ˛ ÆYÙ-Rm

Æ⁄m-◊-Y-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qj˚Rd ·”-R-XÙLd Li-”-©-•jR œ› G’?

UÙQ-Yo-Ls G›-ßV œ±l˚T B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo.

Ußl-©-”-R-≠p LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y

Æ⁄m◊YRt-LÙ] Ej-ß

LRÙTÙj-ß-Wj˚Rl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿm ß\u

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›-’-Y-Rt-œ

F]-ÿt-˙\Ùo Ufl-YÙr‹˘RÙPo-TÙL ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›R ˙Yi-•-V-Ru ˙R˚Y-

Ls Tt±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp (F-]-ÿt-˙\Ùo T”m ’V-We-Ls, AYo-Ls ÿu-˙]t-\m SU-’ ÿu-

˙]t\-j-ßt-œ ™L‹m ˙R˚Y)

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›Rj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp

R≤-VÙL U‡ G›-’-Rp

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls RVÙ-¨j-Rp

œ±l-◊-Ls ˙Noj-’ E⁄-YÙd-°V ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-≠u A•l-T-˚P-´p J⁄-Y-˙WÙ-˘PÙ-⁄-Yo

Ußl-©-Pp (2 ˙To APe-°V œ›)

Bfl ˙To APe-°V œ›-Æp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-‹m YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´-Pp

L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm, A±-‹-˚W-˚V-Ÿm œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ·fl-Rp, UÙYhP Bh-£-VÙ-[-⁄dœ

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡


˘TÙ’ ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu˙TÙ’ E⁄-YÙ] œ±l-◊-

Ls APe-°V ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-≠u A•l

-T-˚P-´p —V Ußl-¿-” ˘NnR ©u œ›-Æp

Te-œ ˚Yj-’ ˙U¤m ˙Um-T-”jR ÿ•k-R-’

˘T⁄m-TÙu-˚U-VÙ]Yo-L-fim U‡-Æu

N¨-VÙ] A˚Ul-©p G›-R-Æp˚X. Es

-[-Pd-Lm Cp-˚X.

A⁄-‘m A≤-RÙ-‹m œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-œm

˙TÙ’ N¨-VÙ] L⁄j-’d-L˚[j ˘R¨-Æj

R]o. ERÙ-W-Qm (˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›-’m

˙TÙ’ A‡l-◊-So, ˘Tfl-So, ˘TÙ⁄s, Es

-[-Pd-Lm ˙TÙu-\˚Y C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m).

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡-Æp Gu-̆ ]u]

Eh-T-”jR ̇ Yi-”-̆ U]

øe-Ls L⁄-’-°-»o-Ls?

62

A B C

� F]-Øt-ú\ô-¬u ÕV-WeLs Ï±l-©-Pl-Th-Ós-[-].

� SpX ùNôt-L-û[-Ùm Yôd¡VeLû[Ùm

úLokùRÓjÕs[]o

� Uà-®u AûUl× (A-àl-×-So, ùTß-So, ùTôÚs, TôoûY Es-[-Pd-

LmùTVo, ûLùVôl-Tm, CPm, úR§, Øû\-«p Es-[-].)

� ©ûZ-«u± GÝ-§-Ùs-[-]o.

◊Y]ÙÆtœ G›ßV L•Rm

˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp ET-˙VÙ-°jR ©u

œ›-Æp YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´hP˙TÙ’

L⁄j-’-L-fim, A±-‹-˚W-L-fim G›kR].

E.m : ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›-’m

˙TÙ’ ˘TÙ⁄s, TÙo˚Y ˙TÙu-\˚Y

C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

˙Um-T-”j-ßj RVÙ-WÙd-°V U‡d-Ls ÿR

-≠p G›-ßV U‡d-L˚[ÆP ™Lf

£\lTÙL A˚Uk-R-].

U‡-Æp YkR UÙt-\e-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo-L

-∞-Pm —h-•d-LÙh-”-Rp.

GpXÙ UÙQ-Yo -L -fim U‡-Æu

A˚Ul˚Tf N¨-VÙL G›-ß-´-⁄k-R-]o.

(B-£-¨-Vo L⁄j-ßuT• U‡ A˚Ul˚T

GpXÙ UÙQ-Yo-L-fim ©u-Tt-±-]o).


Jl-©h-”l TÙoj-Rp

œ›-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ J⁄ U‡˚Y

˘TÙ’-YÙ-Lj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp.

œ› ˘Y∞-¬-”

©\ œ›d-L-∞u œ±l-◊-L˚[

˚Yj-’j R]-’ L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm

A±-‹-˚W-˚V-Ÿm ·fl-Rp.

B£-¨-Vo L⁄j˚R (Teacher

Version) ˘Y∞-´-”m-˙TÙ-’

UÙQ-Yo-Ls RU-’ T˚Pl-◊

- Pu Jl-©h-”lTÙoj-Rp.

HZÙm Yœl◊ B£-¨ -Vo

˚L˙Vh-•-¤s[ Td-Lm 65-˛p

UÙYhP Bh-£-VÙ -[ -⁄d-œ

G›-ßV ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡˚Y

Ah-P-Y -˚Q-´p G›ß

˘Y∞-́ -”-Rp.

˙Um-T-”jß G›-’-Rp ̨ UÙYhP Bh-£-VÙ-[-⁄d-œd

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ RVÙ-̈ d-œm˙TÙ’ Rt-̇ TÙ˚RV œ˚\-Ls

ød-Ll-T-”-Y-Ru ˙R˚Y ˛ ÆYÙ-Rm.

UÙQ-Yo-Ls U‡˚Y ˙Um-T-”jß G›-’-Rp.

ÿR-≠p G›-ßV-˚R-Ÿm, CWi-PÙ-Y-’ G›-ß-V-˚R-Ÿm Jl-©h-”l TÙoj-Rp ˛ B£-¨-Vo.

63

J⁄ œ±l-©hP L⁄j-’ E⁄-YÙL S˚P-˘T-flm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim, ˘NVp-TÙ-”m AX-

œj ßh-Pj-ßu ÿRp Tœ-ß-´p Es-[-]. CWi-PÙ-Y-’ Tœ-ß-´p Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ”

SPd-œm-˙TÙ-’ UÙQ-Yu Gßo-˘LÙs-fim ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fim AYt-˚\j-æol-T-Rt-LÙ]

ER-Æ-Ÿm Gu-]-˘Yu-fl A±k-’m, Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\p NÙu-

\ÙL GYt˚\ Ußl-©-P-XÙm Guflm œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s-[-].

ß⁄d-œ-\s CWÙ-˚UVÙ ˛ ÆYÙ-Rm

UÙQ-Y-≤u YÙr-Æ-Vp Li-˙QÙh-P-ÿm, U˙]Ù-TÙ-Y-ÿm Ußl-©-Pl-T-”-°-\-’. ©Wf-£-

˚]-L˚[ Nk-RolT „r-®-˚X-´p ÆUo-N]Èo-Y-UÙL A‘-œm AYo-L-∞u ß\u Tt±

A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ CRu ÍXm CV-¤-°-\-’. UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u E[l-Èo-

YUÙ] ©W-ß-T-≠l-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©-Pp Td-Lj-ßp œ±l-©-”m˙TÙ’ AYo-L-∞u Lt-\p

®˚X-œ-±j-’ ̆ Tt-̇ \Ù-̈ -P-̇ UÙ, ©\-̈ -P˙UÙ ̆ R -̈Æl-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-°-\-’. CkRl

©W-ß-T-≠l-◊-L˚[ Yœl-©p G”j-’d-·± UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Ae-∏-L-¨l-TRu ÍXm AYo-

L-[-’ ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p —V Sm-©d-˚L-Ÿm, ˘T⁄-˚U-Ÿm Ht-T-”-°-\-’. ©W-ß-T-≠l-

©u A[-˚Y-Ÿm Ru-˚U-˚V-Ÿm Li-” LRÙ-TÙj-ßW Æ[d-Lj-ßp ˙U¤m Gu-˘]u]

Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl æo-UÙ-≤dL B£-¨-V-WÙp CV-¤m.

TÙPl-◊j-RLd L˚R ˛ R≤-S-To YÙ£l◊

L⁄j˚R Es-YÙe° YÙ£d-œm-˙TÙ-’ R”-UÙt-\m A˚P-Ÿm UÙQ-Yo-Ls Ei-

” Gu-flm CYt˚\f £X ˙Ls-Æ-Ls, ÆYÙ-Re-Ls B°-V-Yt-±u ÍXm ød-L-XÙm

Gu-flm B£-¨-Vo ÿu-]˙W æo-UÙ-≤d-°-\Ùo. Cq-YÙ˙\ Ce-œ Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-

”m. UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ AßL YÙ£l◊ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m Gu\ ˘RÙPo ßh-P-™-Pp

Ußl-¿h-”l TX˚]l TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ÿRp T•-VÙ-œm.

B£-̈ -Vo YÙ£l◊

B£-¨-V-¨u ̆ NVp-®-˚X˙V Ce˙L Ußl-©-Pl-T-”-°-\-’. B£-¨-Vo ̇ U¤m- RÙu A˚PV

˙Yi-•V ß\-˚]l Tt-±V —V Ußl-¿” —V-˙Um-TÙh-•t-œ YØ Yœd-œ-Up-X-YÙ?

6464

Æ⁄l-T-ÿs[ LRÙ-TÙj-ß-W-ÿm LÙW-Q-ÿm

UÙQ-Yo-Ls G›-ßV œ±l-◊-L-˚[l ˘Tt-fl Ußl-©-”-Y-Ru-Í-Xm LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wl

Tœl-TÙn-Æp Æ⁄m-◊m LÙW-Qj-˚R-Ÿm Aq-YÙ-fl ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙ] UÙQ-Y-≤u ß\-˚]-

Ÿm Ußl-©P ÿ•-°-\-’. CRu ÍXm YÙrd˚L Li-˙QÙh-Pm, Ti-TÙ-” B°-V-Yt-

˙\Ù-” UÙQ-Y≤u ®˚X-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm ˘RÙØ-˙XÙ-” Es[ U]-®-˚X-˚V-Ÿm A±k-’

˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm. R≤j R≤-VÙL UÙQ-Yo-Ls G›-’m ˙Y˚[-´p LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wl

Tœl-TÙn-Æp £W-Ul-T-”-Y˚R B£-¨-V-WÙp LÙQ ÿ•k-R-’. LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wj-ßu Ru-˚U,

TZ-œm ÆRm, YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp ˙TÙu\ œ±l-◊-L˚[ ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu ÍXm ˙NÙR-˚]d

œ±l-TÙ-Ld- ˘LÙ-”j-’ —V Ußl-¿-” SPj-’m ˙TÙ’ œ›f-˘N-V-≠p ÿu-˙]t-\m LÙQ

ÿ•-°-\-’. C’ Rt-N-U-Vm A∞d-œm ER-Æ-VÙ-œm.

˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›-’-Rp

Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙL Ce˙L Li-”-©-•jR Th-•-V˚X ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ J⁄-Y-˙WÙ-˘PÙ-⁄-Y-

WÙ] Ußl-©-P-˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’ œ›-Æp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄-˚P-V-‹m U‡ ˘Y∞-´P

˙Yi-”m. œ±l-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙TÙ’ ©\-⁄-˚PV U‡˚Y ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-

LÙ] L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm A±-‹-˚W-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Y∞-´-”m ˙TÙ’s[ ©W-ß-T-≠l˚T B£-¨-

Vo LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. œ›-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Rok-˘R-”jR U‡ Yœl-©p

˘Y∞-´-”m-˙TÙ-’ U‡-Æu Es-[-Pd-Lm A˚Ul-◊, ˘UÙØ ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±p UÙQ-

Yo-L-fid-œf £d-L-XÙ] Tœß G’ Gu-fl Li-P-˚PV ÿ•-Ÿm.

65

B£-¨˚V-ú Te˚Lf N¨-VÙLf ̆ Nn-Rp

''-J⁄ ˘N•˚V Y[ol-T-Rt-œd ˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”m LY-≤l˚T ÆP ˙UXÙ] LY-≤l˚T

Lt-\-≠p J⁄ œZk-˚Rd-œd ˘LÙ”dLj ˙R˚Y-´p-˚X. ˘N• CVt-˚Ld-œ HtT

Y[o-°u-\-’. œZk-˚R-Ÿm —V-UÙ-Ld Lt-°u-\-’ AY-]-’ Bo-Yj-ßt-˙LtT Y[W

Ee-L-[Ùp AY-‡d-œ ERÆ ˘NnV CV-¤m. B]Ùp A±‹ AYu Es-[j-ßu

BZj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ Lt-œm˙TÙ’ Ht-T-”m R˚P-L˚[ ødL CV-¤m Ju-\Ù-œm. ˘N•

Æ˚W-Æp Y[-⁄-Y-Rt-œ Ui-˚Qf £±-RÙ-Ld °[± ÆP ˙Yi-”m. A˚Rf —t-±-

¤m J⁄ ˙Y≠ LhP ˙Yi-”m. ©\ E´-¨-]e-L-∞-P-™-⁄k’ AØ‹ Ht-T-PÙ-Up LY-

≤dL ˙Yi-”m. ARu Y[of-£d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Ui, øo, LÙt-fl ˙TÙu-\˚Y

°˚PdL YØ-Y˚L ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. Cj-’-Pu Ee-Ls ˙Y˚X ÿ•-Y-˚P-°-\-’. CVt-

˚Ld-œ HtT Af-˘N-• ARt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-Yt˚\l ˘Tt-fld-˘LÙi-” Su\ÙL

Y[o-°-\-’. œZk-˚R-ú Lp-Æ-Ÿm C’ ˙TÙu-\’ RÙu. œZk˚R —V-UÙ-Ld Lt-

°u-\-’. ""SÙu Lt-©j-’ Æ”-˙Yu'' Gu-fl Gi-‘m J⁄ B£-¨-Vo Gp-XÙ-Yt-

˚\-Ÿm RÙfl-UÙ-\Ùd-œ-°-\Ùo''. C˚Y Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt-±V —YÙ™ Æ˙Y-LÙ-]k-R-

ü ÿd-°-V-UÙ] YÙd-°-Ve-Ls Bœm.

VÙ⁄d-œm GY-̊ W-Ÿm Ju-flm Lt-©dL CV-XÙ-’. Lt\p

RÙ]Ù-L˙Y UÙQ-Y-≤u Es-[j-ßp S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-

”m. CR˚] A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” B£-¨-V-

ü ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim A˚UV ˙Yi”m. _]-

SÙ-VL ÿ˚\-´p A˚UkR A±-YÙd-Lj˚R

A•l-T-˚P-VÙL ˘LÙiP ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p

B£-¨-Vo ˚LVÙ[ ˙Yi-•V SÙu-œ L⁄j-

’-Ls ·\l-Th-”s-[].

YØ-LÙh-”-T-Yo (Fecilitator)

66

NL-UÙ-Q-Yu (Co-learner)

©Wf-£-˚]j æo-YÙ-[u

_]-SÙ-V-L-YÙ-ß-VÙ] R˚X-Yu

Fecilitator Gu-T-Rt-œ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P G∞-˚U-VÙd-œT-Yo Gu-fl ˘TÙ⁄s ·\-

XÙm. EQof£Èo-Y-UÙLj Ái-Pl-Th-” J⁄ ˘NV˚X ÿ›-˚U-V-˚P-Vf ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ

UÙQ-Yu œ±l-©hP ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Nu-fl A±-YÙd-Lm A˚PV

˙Yi-”m Gu-T˙R Af-˘N-Vp-TÙh˚P J›e-œ ˘Nn-Ÿm B£-¨-V-¨u LP˚U. Ceœ

Fecilitator Gu-‡m ®˚X-´p B£-¨-Vo ˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V-˘Ru]? UÙQ-Y-≤u E[f-

˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œ Ht-T-”m R˚P-L˚[ ÿu-]˙W A±k-’, ˘NVp-TÙh-” ˙Y˚[-´p

◊¨k-’˘LÙi-” ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. CR˚] B£-¨-Vo ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp Ußl-¿h-˚Pf N¨-VÙLf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. UÙQ-Y-≤u L⁄j-

’d-L-˚[-Ÿm ̇ Tf-— G›j-’ ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-©h-” AY-fi-˚PV/ AY-‡-˚PV

E[f-˘N-Vp-TÙh˚P B£-¨-Vo ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. CRu YÙ´-XÙL E[f

˘NVp-TÙh-•p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L-̊ [-Ÿm ARt-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-L-̊ [-Ÿm A±k-’ ̆ LÙs[

CV-¤m. Cj-’-Pu Gq-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ A∞dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T-˚R-Ÿm B£-¨-Vo A±k-

’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤-°u-\-’. A•l-T˚P YN-ß-L˚[ Ht-T-”j-ßd ˘LÙ”dL G”j-’d-LÙh-

”-L-fim Æ[d-Le-L-fim A∞j-Rp, Æ]Ùd-Ls ˙Lh-Pp ˙TÙu\ Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-´-X-

˚UkR YØ-LÙh-”-R˚X B£-¨˚V A∞d-°-\Ùo. £\kR G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ[d-

Le-L-˚[-Ÿm AYt˚\ G”j-’-˚Wl-T’ Fecilitator-˛ u J⁄ ÿd-°V Ej-ß-VÙ-œm. Cq-

YÙ-fl £\kR ÿ˚\-´p ˘NV-XÙt-±V UÙQ-Y-≤u Sm-©d-˚L--Ÿm, Ußl-◊m ˘T⁄-U-[-Æp

Aß-L-¨d-œm. A’ ©\ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ YØ-LÙh-•-VÙL C⁄l-T-Rt-œ YÙnl-TÙL‹m

A˚U-Ÿm.

TÙXd-LÙ-” UÙYh-Pj-ßp ÈXÙf-̇ N¨ A.U.P. Ts-∞-́ p ̆ L. U˙]Ù-L-Wu B£-̈ -Vo ̆ NÙp-

¤m ERÙ-W-Qj˚Rl TÙol-˙TÙm. _Ùß, UR, Bi ˘Ti ˙Yfl-TÙh-•u A‡TY Æ[d-

Lm RVÙ-WÙd-Lf ˘NÙu] ˘NVp-TÙh-•p

67

Ri-¥júRô ×LrkúRô UôQ-Yo-Lû[f £\k-R-

Yo-L-[ô-dL Ø¥-Vô-Õ Gu-TûRl ùTt-ú\ô-Úm

B£-¬-V-Úm ×¬k-Õ ùLôs[ úYi-Óm. Ri-P-

û]-Ùm ×Lrf-£ -Ùm AYoLû[ êPoL

[ôdÏm. RôuúRôu±j-R-]m Y[-Úm. ×Lrf£

UôQ-Yû], úTWô-ûNd-Lô-W-]ôd-Ïm, TV-Øm,

úTWô-ûN-Ùm UôQ-Yû] TôYû] Cp-Xô-R-Y-

]ô-L-Üm, ©¥-Yô-Rd-Lô-W-]ô-]-L-Üm VôÚd-Ïm

úYi-Pô-R-Y-]ô-L-Üm Uôt-ßm.

þ £´-Tô-«-T-úRLô

A©-WÙ™ G›-ßV YÙd-°-Vm C’. CkR A‡-T-Ym G]-’ YÙrd-˚L-´p J⁄

U˚\-VÙR ÿj-ß-˚W-VÙ-œm. SpX ˘UÙØ-S-˚P-Ÿm, YÙoj-˚R-L-fim ˙Noj-’ A‡-

T-Yd œ±l◊ G›-’-Y-ßp UÙQ-Yo-Ls £W-Ul-T-”-Y˚Rd Li-P-˙TÙ-’ A©-WÙ™

G›ßV YÙd-°-Vj˚R G”j-’d-LÙh-• Yœl-©p ÆYÙ-ßj-’ A˙RÙ-”,

Ui-¶p TßkR LÙp-—-Y-”-Ls U˚\-°-\-’.

˘Sg-£p TßkR —Y-”-Ls U˚\-ŸUÙ?

Gu\ J. Gu-. Æ-´u LÆ˚R Y¨-L-˚[Ÿm LÙi-©j-R-˙TÙ-’ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œj

˘RÙPok-’s[ G›j-ßp SpX RÙd-Lj˚R Ht-T-”j-ß-V-’.

C˚Rl ˙TÙu-fl ©Wf-N˚]dœRj æo‹ LÙi-T-Yu Gu\ ®˚X-´p Ußl-¿-”

˘Nn˙R BL ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Yu A‡-T-Æd-œm ©Wf-£˚] Gu] Gu-T˚R

Li-P-±-Y-Rt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÆT-We-Ls °˚Pl-T-’ Ußl-©-Pp YØ-VÙ-œm. UÙQ-

Yu ˘NÙp-¤-Rp ˛ G›-’-Rp ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl-©h-”m, ˘NVp-L˚[ Et-fl ˙SÙd-

°-Ÿm LPk’ YkR TÙ˚R-L-˚[l Tt± AYo-Ls ·fl-Y-˚Rd ˙Lh-”m AYo-L-fid-œ

Ht-T-”m £W-Um °˚PjR A±-Æu A[‹ ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\j æo-UÙ-≤dL ÿ•-Ÿm. HZÙm

Yœl©p CWi-PÙm AX-°p UÙYhP Bh-£-VÙ-[-⁄d-œd ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›-’m

˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pd ̆ LÙ”j-R-˙TÙ-’, Yœl-©p GpXÙ UÙQ-Yo-L-[Ù¤m Gßo-TÙojR ÿ˚\-

-́XÙ] ̇ LÙ¨d˚L U‡ G›R CV-X-Æp-̊ X. R≤-S-To G›j-ßp Gp-̇ XÙ-⁄m ̇ LÙ¨d˚L

U‡-Æu A˚Ul◊ ÿ˚\ N¨-´p-XÙ-Up G›ß C⁄k-R]o. Ce˙L UÙQ-Yo-Ls A‡-T-

Æd-œm ©Wf-£˚] Gu]? CR˚] Ußl-©hP B£-¨-Vo ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P-’, Ce˙L

œZk-˚R-Ls ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡-Æu UÙß-¨-L˚[d Li-P-ßp-˚X Gu-T-RÙ-œm. CkR U‡-

Æu ÍXm SÙm Gu] ˘NÙpX ®˚]d-°-˙\Ùm, Gl-T-• ˘NÙpX ˙Yi-”m ˙TÙu\

˙Ls-Æ-Ls YÙ´-XÙL ÆYÙ-ßjR ©\-œ, ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡-Æu Ußl-©-Pp œ±l-◊-Ls

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Te-L-∞l-˙TÙ-” RVÙ-¨j-’ CkRd œ±l-◊-L˚[ ˚Yj-’ RW ®o-QV Th•-

Vp RVÙ-WÙd° TWv-T-Wm Ußl-©-P-¤d-œ YÙnl◊ °˚Pj-R-’. U‡d-L-˚[, œ›-Æp

˘Y∞-´h-” ÆYÙ-ßj-R-©u œ›-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ ̇ RÙk-˘R-”j-R J⁄ ̇ LÙ¨d˚L U‡ Yœl©p

6868

˘TÙ’-YÙL ̆ Y∞-́ h-”m £\kR ÿ˚\-́ p A˚UkR Teacher Version˛m, UÙYhP Bh-£-VÙ-[-

⁄d-œ G›-ßV ̇ LÙ¨d˚L U‡ NÙo•p G›-ß-Ÿm, ̆ Y∞-́ h-”m UÙQ-Yo-Ls Re-L-[-’ ̇ LÙ¨d˚L

U‡-˙YÙ-” Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ ©u-]o ¡i-”m ˙LÙ¨d˚L U‡ RVÙ-¨d-œm ˙TÙ’ U‡-Æu A˚Ul-

◊, Es-[-Pd-Lm ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±p ÿu-˙]t-\m LÙQ ÿ•k-R-’.

B£-¨-V˙W J⁄ NL UÙQ-Y-]ÙLf ˘NVp-Th-” UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Fd-Lm A∞d-L-

‹m, UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Ru-]m-©d˚L-˚V-Ÿm ˘T⁄-˚U-˚V-Ÿm ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m, R˚X-˚Ul Ti˚T

Fh-P-‹m ®Wk-RW Ußl-¿-” ™L-‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ-°u-\-’. UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œm TX-Y-˚L-´-¤m, TX-®-

˚X-´-¤m ß\u Ei-” Gu-T˚R B£-¨-Vo NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-

”m. CRu A•l-T-˚P-´-˙X˙V UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ Ae-∏-L-¨d-œm U]-®˚X B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ Ht-T-”-

°u-\-’. UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm, T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm ÷‘d-L-UÙL Ußl-©h-PÙp Uh-

”˙U Cq-YÙ-fl ˘NnV CV-¤m. J⁄-Y-

⁄d-œj RœkR Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm °˚Pl-T-’

Gu-T-’ _]-SÙ-V-L-ÿ-˚\-´p J⁄ ST-¨u

A•l-T˚P E¨-˚U-VÙ-œm.

Re-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm, ß\u-L-˚[-

Ÿm —V-UÙLd Li-P-±-V-‹m ©\-̈ -P-™-⁄k’

ARt-LÙ] Ae-∏-LÙ-Wj-˚R-Ÿm TÙWÙh-”-

L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Tfl-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] YÙnl◊ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. Al-˙TÙ-’

Uh-”˙U UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Es-[ÙokR ß\u A˚]j-’m ¡i-”m ¡i-”m Y[of£ ˘Tt-

fl ˘Y∞l-T-”m. ◊WÙQ L˚R-´p Y⁄m A‡-U-≤u L˚R˚V ®˚]j-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

A‡-Uu £fl-Y-V-ß-˙X˙V Si-To-L-fim, œ⁄d-L-fim Eu-]Ùp YÙ˚[‹ œßd-L-XÙ-

˘Uu-flm, ̇ Yi-”-̆ Uu-\Ùp YÙ‡-VW T\d-L-XÙ-̆ Uu-flm Ái-•-V-RÙ-¤m, ◊Lrk-R-RÙ¤m

69

AY-]Ùp ©u-]Ù-∞p LPp LPk-’ T\dL ÿ•k-R-’.

C’ UÙQ-Yo-L˚[l ̆ TÙflj-R-Y˚W ™L-‹m ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym YÙnk-R-RÙ-œm. œ›j R˚X-

Yo R]-’ œ›-Æ-¤s[ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄-˚P-V- ß\-˚]-Ÿm CV-XÙ-˚U-˚V-Ÿm ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. ß\u-L˚[f —h-•l TÙWÙh-”-Y-˙RÙ-” CV-XÙ-˚U-L-fidœ U˚\-ÿ-

L-UÙLj æo‹ LÙQ‹m ˙Yi-”m. CRt-œ ™L-‹m ’˚Q-◊-¨-Y-’ Ußl-¿-PÙ-œm. ™L-‹m

œ˚\-YÙ-Ll ˙T—-°u-\-Yo-Ls, Ju-fl˙U ˙TNÙ-R-Yo-Ls, B]Ùp L⁄j-’-L˚[ Es-[j-

ßp ˘LÙi-•-⁄l-T-Yo-Ls, TX „r-®-˚X, C˚P-Î-fl-L-[Ùp ˙NÙok’ ˙TÙ]-Yo-Ls ÿR-

XÙ] UÙQ-Yo-L-fidœm RœkR Ae-∏-LÙ-Wÿm LY≤l◊m A∞j’ Yœl-T-˚\-L-∞p

NUj-’-Y-ÿm NÍL øß-Ÿm Efl-ßl-T-”jR B£-¨-V-WÙp Uh-”˙U CV-¤m. L˚R

G›’YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊ ˘LÙ”jR˙TÙ’ YVSÙ” UÙYhPj ß¤s[

˘LÙ[LlTÙ˚\ AW— S”®˚XlTs∞ B£¨Vo A≤pœUÙ⁄dœ HtThP

A‡TYj˚Rl TÙodL‹m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y¨P-ÿm R≤jR≤VÙL G›ßd œ›Æp ˘Y∞´Pd ·±V˙TÙ’

LiQ≤u ˙SÙh” ◊jRLjßp L˚R Jufl™p˚X. ™Ldœ˚\YÙL G›ßVY

⁄dœ ÿRp YÙnl◊ Gu\ ÿ˚\´u A•lT˚P´p LiQu G›RÆp˚X

Gu\Ù¤m L˚R˚Vd ·\f ˘NÙu]˙TÙ’ £\kR L˚R˚V UÙQYoLfidœd ˙LhL

ÿ•kR’.AYoLfi˚PV œ›Æp LiQ‡˚PV L˚RRÙu ™Lf£\kR L˚RVÙLj

˙Rok˘R”dLlThP’. AkR Yœl©p GpXÙ œ›Æ]⁄m ˘Y∞´hP LR˚R∞-p

LiQ≤u L˚R RÙu ™Lf £\kR L˚RVÙLj ̇ Rok˘R”dLlThP’. AkR Yœl©u

B£¨˚V LiQ˚]l Tt±V R-U’ ÿRp A©l©WÙVj˚R ®˚]j’ (LiQ‡dœ

Juflm ˘R¨VÙ’ AYu —mUÙ Yk’ ˙TÙ°\Ùu) Ru˚]˙V œt\lT”jßd

˘LÙiPÙs. ˘RÙPok’s[ ˘NVpL∞p LiQ≤u B˙YNm Ußl¿h˚PŸm

AR‡˚PV TV˚]Ÿm ˘Y∞lT”j’YRÙL C⁄kR’.

Lt\p œZk˚R´P™⁄k’ S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”˘UuT˚R ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiP

B£¨V⁄dœ A’ N¨VÙL SPkR˘Rufl Eflß ˘Nn’, Ru‡˚PV Te˚L N¨VÙL

SPjR ˙Yi”˘Uu\ AY£Vj˚RVpXYÙ C’ ˘Y∞lT”j’°\’?

71

U§l-ÀhûP SûPØû\lTÓjÕYRtLô] §h-P-ª-Pp

NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj˚R ˚UV-UÙLd ˘LÙiP Yœl-T-˚\-´p UÙQ-Yo-Ls Tp-˙Y-fl

˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Np-¤m-˙TÙ-’ ARu YØ-VÙLf —V A±-YÙdLf

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-]. A±-YÙd-Lm TV-‡s-[-RÙL S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”-

UÙ´u ßh-P-™hP ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\l- T-•-L˚[ UQ-Yu LPk-’˘NpX ˙Yi-”m.

CR˚] Eflß ˘Nn-Ÿm Y˚L-´-XÙ] ßh-P-™-P˚X B£-¨-Vo E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

5˛-Bm Yœl-©p 'Ui YÙN˚]' Gu-‡m Tœ-ß-´u AX-œj-ßh-P-ÿm ˘NVp-TÙh”j

ßh-P-ÿm Gq-YÙ-fl ßh-P-™-Pl-Th-”s-[] Gu-T-˚Rl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

AX-œj-ßh-Pm RVÙ-¨jRp

TÙPjßhPm, TÙP-Ëp, B£-¨-Vo ˚L˙V-” CYt-˚\l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’d œ±l-

©hP AX-°p E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V L⁄j-’-Ls G˚Y Gu-T-˚Rd Li-”©•jRp.

L⁄j-’-Ls

˙LW-[j-ßu ÿd-°V ˘RÙØp ˙Y-[Ùi-˚U-VÙ-œm.

˙Y[Ùi-˚Uj ˘RÙØ-¤-Pu ˘RÙPo-TÙ] HWÙ-[UÙ] ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[

(˙Y-[Ùi˚U AØ-‹, ˙Y[Ùi ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u Æ˚Xd-œ-˚\-‹, Èf-£d-

˘LÙp≠ U⁄k’ TVu-TÙh-•u Æ˚[-‹-Ls,... ˙L-W[ Ud-Ls Gßo-˘LÙs[

˙Yi-•-Ÿs[’.

ÆUoN]eL˚[j RÆodL

˙Yi”UÙ]Ùp Juflm

˘NnVÙ˙R; Juflm ˘NÙpXÙ˙R;

J⁄˘TÙfll◊m Htfld˘LÙs[Ù˙R .

- ˛ GpTÙoh a¯Toh

72

S≈], TWm-T˚W ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\-L-s Es[].

TWm-T˚W ˙Y[Ùi-˚U´u A•l-T-˚P SÙh-”l-◊\ A±-˙Y-VÙ-œm.

SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-LÙt-±p ˙Y[Ùi˚Uj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls,

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls, ®Lrj-’ L˚X-Ls, Æ”-L-˚R-Ls, YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls, SÙh-”l-◊\

A±-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y HWÙ-[-ÿs-[-].

TWm-T˚W ˙Y[Ùi˚U CVt-˚L-˙VÙ-” C˚Vk-R-˚Y-VÙL C⁄k-R-].

TÙP-Ëp, B£-̈ -Vo ˚L˙V-” CYt˚\ YÙ£j-’f ˘NVp-TÙh˚P Y -̊̈ Nl-T-”j’Rp.

˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

SÙh-”l-◊-\l -TÙ-Pp-Ls ˙NL-¨j-R-¤m TÙ”-R-¤m

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp (—-⁄d-L-UÙ-Ld LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp)

L⁄j-’-L˚[ G›-’-Rp

CVt-˚L-´-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œ

K-˚N-Ÿm LÆ-˚R-Ÿm

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿm SÙh-”l-◊\l TÙPp-L-fim

Y⁄-Q˚]

CXd-°V ÆZÙ

A‡-T-Yd œ±l◊

LÆ-˚R-Ls Li-P-±-Rp

©Wf-£-˚]d-œ-¨V L⁄j-’-L-∞p Jl-◊-˚U-Ÿ-˚P-V˚Y/ ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jR CV-¤-

T˚Y CYt-˚\d Li-”-©-•j-’d L⁄j-R-X-˚Lj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp. ˙NodL ˙Yi•V

L⁄j-’L-˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’l Tp-˙Y-fl L⁄j-R-X-œ-L-∞-p C˚Qj-Rp.

73

L⁄j-’-Ls ©Wf-£-˚]l Tt-±-V-’m ˘UÙØ-˚Vl Tt-±-V-’m

L⁄j-R-X-œ 1

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPo-TÙ] SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls, TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls, Æ”-L-˚R-Ls,

®Lrj-’ L˚X-Ls, YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls, SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-LÙ-fl-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y

SÙh”l◊\ A±-Æu Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm.

˙Y[Ùi TÙPp-L-∞p ˙Y[Ùi YÙrd-˚L-´u G∞-˚U-Ÿm AZ-œm ’u

- Tÿm CVp-TÙ] ˘UÙØ-´p Bd-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

L⁄j-R-X-œ 2

˙Y[Ùi-˚Uj ˘RÙPo-TÙL HWÙ-[UÙ] ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[d (˙Y-[Ùi-˚U-´u

AØ‹, ˙Y[Ùi ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u Æ˚Xd-œ-˚\-‹, Èf-£d-˘LÙp≠ U⁄k-’-L-∞u

TVuTÙ” Æ˚[-‹-Ls....) ˙L-W[ Ud-Ls Gßo˘LÙs-°u-\-]o.

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p D”-T-”m-˙TÙ˙R SpX ÿ˚\-´p ˘Y∞-´-”m ˘TÙ⁄h-”,

˘UÙØS˚P, YÙd-°-Vl TVu-TÙ-” CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß ˘UÙØ˚V Y¤-YÙdœ-

°u-\-]o.

L⁄j-R-X-œ 3

˙LW-[j-ßu ÿd-°V ˘RÙØp ˙Y[Ùi-˚U-VÙ-œm. TWm-T-˚W-VÙ] ˙Y[Ùi˚U

CVt-˚L-˙VÙ-” C˚Vk-ß-⁄k-R-’. TWm-T˚W ˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œ A•l-T˚P

SÙh”l◊\ A±-˙Y-VÙ-œm.

LÙh-£-Ls, TPe-Ls, U]-ßp TßkR AZ-LÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls B°VYt˚\Ÿm

©\o U]-˚Rj ˘RÙ”m Y˚L-´-XÙ] ˘NÙt-L˚[Ÿm AYt±u TVu-TÙ-”-L-

˚[Ÿm C˚Qj-’ G›-’m ˙TÙ’-RÙu Y⁄-Q˚] £\l-TÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

L⁄j-R-X-œ 4

Ui-, U≤-Ru CYt˚\ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’m CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p A˚Uk-’s[ L⁄j-

’-L-fim WN-˚]jRu-˚U-Ÿm £\l-TÙ-]-˚Y.

YÙ£jR LÆ-˚R-L-∞u Es-[-Pd-Ld L⁄j-’-Ls, T˚Pl-©u £\l-◊j Ru-˚U

-Ls, T˚Pl◊ A∞d-œm ˘Nn-ß, T˚P-lTÙ-∞-˚Vl Tt-±V œ±l-◊-Ls ˙TÙu-

\˚Y YÙ£l◊d œ±l-©p A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ÿu-]˙W

Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-ßVYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’m, ˙R˚Y-˘V-≤p ◊ß-V-]-Yt˚\ E⁄-

YÙd-°-Ÿm RVÙ-¨dL ˙Yi-”m. ÿd-°V ˘NVp-TÙh-•u ®˚XL˚[d œ±j-’d

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

74

L⁄j-’-Ls / ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-” / ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\

L⁄j-R-X-œ 1

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-L-˚[f ˘NÙp-¤-R-¤m ˙NL-¨j-R-¤m

˘NÙpXj ˘R¨kRYoLsAZ-LÙ-L ˘Y∞´”

°\ÙoLs

B£-¨-V-¨u ˘Y∞-¬-”

TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´-¤s[ YÙnj-RÙ-˚Wd-œ C˚N

Li”©•j-Rp (œ›Æp)

˘TÙ’-YÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp ˛ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˙NL-¨l◊

SÙh-”l-◊\l TÙP-¤-d-œ C˚N Li-”-©-•j-Rp

EZ-Y-≤u œWp

(SÙh-”l-◊\lTÙ-Pp ˛ TÙP-Ëp C˚N A˚Uj-Rp

(œ-›-Æp)

œ› ˘Y∞-¬-”

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPo-TÙ] SÙh”l-◊\l TÙPp-Ls,

TZ˘UÙØ-Ls Æ”-L˚R-Ls, ®Lrj-’ L˚X-Ls,

YÙnjRÙ-˚W-Ls SÙh”l-◊\ A±-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y

SÙh-”l-◊\ A±-Æu J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙœm.

˙Y[Ùi-˚Ul TÙPp-L-∞p ˙Y[Ùi YÙrd-˚L

- ´u G∞˚U, AZ-œ, ’u-Te-Ls B°-V˚Y

CVpTÙ] ˘UÙØ-´p Bd-Ll-Th-”s[-].

75

L⁄j-’-Ls / ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-” / ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\

˙Y[Ùi˚UŸm SÙh”l◊\ TÙPpLfim.. . œ±l◊

RVÙ¨jRp

œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-Rp (R-≤-VÙL)

œ›-Æp NUol-©j-Rp ˛ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

B£-¨-V˙W NUol-©j-Rp


—V Ußl-¿-”

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-LÙ-fl-Ls

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘UÙØ-´p Ht-T-”j-ßV Y[of£ ˛

LXk’˚WVÙ-Pp

SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-LÙ-fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Y[Ùi˚U

Tt±V ˘NÙtL∞u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym, Tœl-TÙn-‹,

Æ[d-œ-Rp ˛ R≤-VÙL

˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

B£-¨-V˙W ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-´u ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym RVÙ-¨j-Rp

˙Um-T-”j-Rp

TZ-˘UÙØ Æ[d-Lm ˛ UXo RVÙ-¨j-Rp

TZ-˘UÙØ Æ[d-Lm RVÙ-¨j-Rp ˛ R≤-VÙL

TZ-˘UÙØ UXo RVÙ-¨j-Rp ˛ (J-⁄ œ›j

R˚X˚U´p)

76

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh-” ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-¿h-•u YÙnl-◊-Ls ˛ Gu]? VÙo? Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl? Gu-fl

Li-”-©•j-Rp

L⁄j-’Ls/ ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-”/ ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ußl-¿-” ˛ Gu]? VÙo? Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?

˙Y[Ùi˚Uj ˘RÙPo-

TÙ] SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-

Ls, TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls, Æ”-L-

˚R-Ls, ®Lrj-’ L˚X-Ls,

YÙnj-RÙ-̊ W-Ls, SÙh-”l-◊\

A±-‹-Ls C˚Y SÙh-”l-

◊\ A±-Æu J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙ-

œm.

˙Y[Ùi-˚Ul TÙPp-Ls

˙Y[Ùi YÙrd-˚L-´u

G∞-˚U-Ÿm AZ-œm, ’u-

Te-L -fim ®˚\kR G∞-

˚U-VÙ] ˘UÙØ-´p

T˚Pd-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

AZ-LÙ-Lf ˘NÙp-¤°u\]o

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´-¤s[ YÙnj-RÙ-˚Wd-œ

C˚N Li-”-©-•j-Rp (œ-›-Æp)

˘TÙ’-YÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp ˛

LXk’˚WVÙ-Pp

B£-¨-Vo ̆ Y∞-¬-”

YÙnj-RÙ˚W ˙NL-¨l◊

p

EZ-Y-≤u œWp (SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp

˛TÙP-Ëp) C˚NV˚Uj-Rp (œ--›Æp)

œ› ˘Y∞-¬-”

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

œ›-Æp C˚N E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-ß-¤m

˘Y∞-´-”-Y-ß-¤m UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u D”-TÙ-

”m ˘Y∞l-T-”j-R-˚X-Ÿm LY-≤j-’d

œ±l-̆ T-”j-Rp (Teaching Manual)

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±-¬-”-Ls E⁄-YÙd°f

œ› ˘Y∞-¬h˚Pf NL Ußl¿”

˘NnRp.

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˘NÙp-¤-R-¤m ˙NL¨jR¤m

SÙh-”l-◊\l TÙP¤dœ C˚N Li”©•jRp

77

L⁄j-’-Ls/ ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-” /˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ußl-¿-”/ Gu]? VÙo? Gl-˙TÙ-’?Gq-YÙfl?

˙Y[Ùi-˚Ul TÙPp-L-fim ˛ œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-R-¤m

œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-Rp (R-≤-VÙ-L)

œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp ˛ LXk’˚WVÙ-”-Rp

B£-¨-V˙W ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp


—V Ußl-¿-”

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls SÙh-”l-◊\ A±-‹-Ls

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘UÙØ-´p Ht-T -”j -ßV

Y[of£ ˛ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

SÙh-”l -◊\ A±-Æp ˙Y[Ùi ˘NÙt-

L∞u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˛ Tœl-TÙn-‹ Æ[dLm

˛ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp.

˘NÙp-T-œl-TÙn‹ (R-≤-VÙ-L)

˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

œ› ˘Y∞-¬-” ˛ œ›-Æu E⁄-YÙd-Lp

B£-¨-V˙W ˘Y∞-´-Pp ˙Um-T-”j-Rp

TZ-̆ UÙØ Æ[d-Lm ˛ UXo RVÙ-̈ jRp

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-´u Æ[d-Lm RVÙ-¨j-Rp (R≤VÙL)

TZ-˘UÙØ UXo RVÙ-¨j-Rp ˛ (-J-⁄ œ›Æu

˘TÙfll-◊)

œ±-¬h-˚Pl TVu-T-”jß UÙQ-Yo-Ls NL

Ußl¿” ˘NnRp.

œ›-Æu ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd LY-≤j-’

Gp˙XÙ-⁄-˚P-V- Te-L-∞l˚TŸm Eflß

˘NnY-Rt-LÙ] A±-‹˚W YZe-œ-Rp.

œ±-¬h˚Pl TVu-T-”jß UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u

œ±l-◊-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©-Pp

UÙQ-Yu ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-≠uT• —V-

Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Rp.

œ›-Æu T˚Pl-◊f ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pd LY-

≤j’f ˘NÙt-L -∞u ˘TÙ⁄s, L⁄j-’

CYt˚\ Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-œj ˙R˚-VÙ]

Æ]Ùd-L-˚[l ˘TÙ’YÙ-Ld ˙Lh-” E˚W

-VÙ-”-Rp.

R≤-VÙ-Lj RVÙ-¨jR TZ-˘UÙØ Æ[d-Lm

(˙NL¨l-◊) B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿h-” œ±l-◊-

L-˚[d œ±j-’ ˚Yj-Rp.

Cq-YÙ-fl Ußl-¿h-•u ÿRp ®˚X-´-˙X˙V Ußl-¿h-•u YÙnl-˚T-Ÿm, ®˚X-´-˚]-Ÿm

Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. J⁄ L⁄j-R-X-°p APe-œm L⁄j-’-L˚[ Eflß ˘Nn-Y-Ru YÙ´-

XÙL Gu] A±˚Y UÙQ-Yu E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T-’ Eflß ˘Nn-Vl-T-”-°-\-’.

˘RÙPok-’ CkR A±-Æ˚] Y[-Wf ̆ Nn-Vj ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-̊ [Ÿm AYt-±u ̆ NVp-

ÿ˚\ ®˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. UÙQ-Yu TR-fl-°u\ ˙SWe-L-∞p ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

ER-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm ®˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm Efl-ß-˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. A”jR Lh-Pj-ßt-œs Ußl¿”

78

Gu]? VÙo? Gl˙TÙ’? GqYÙfl? ˘NnV˙Yi”m GuT˚Rd œ±l©P ˙Yi”m.

Ceœ Ußl¿h”ÿ˚\ ’p≠V UÙ°\’. CqYÙfl A±YÙdLj˚R Eflß ˘NnV‹m.

Ußl-¿h-”j Ru-˚U˚V ÷i-˚U-VÙ-Ld Li-P-±-V-‹m ßh-P-™-P-≠u˙TÙ˙R CV¤m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ L⁄j-R-X-°-¤m ˘UÙj-Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] LÙX-ÿm TVu-T-

”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄-Æ-L-fim ÿRp Tœ-ß´p C˚Qd-œm˙TÙ’ AX-œj ßh-Pm ÿ•-Y-

˚P-Ÿm.

Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-̇ T-” RVÙ-̈ j-Rp

L⁄j-R-X°p Es[ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm ÷i-˚U-VÙ-Lj ßh-P-™h-”d Lt-©j-

Rp œ±l-̇ T-” RVÙ-̈ dL ̇ Yi-”m. ̆ NVp-TÙh-•u ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-̊ Vj æo-UÙ-≤dœm˙TÙ’

˘UÙØ-´-¤s[ A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V (Td-Lm 29-˛30) A•l-T-˚P-VÙLd

˘LÙs[˙Yi-”m. ÿu-]of ˘Nn-R-’ ˙TÙu-fl Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m LiP˚PkR

Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V-” RVÙ-¨d-œm Ru-˚U˚Vd L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. Yœl-T-˚\-

´p S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-•V ÿ˚\-VÙ] Æ[d-Lj˚Rd Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙Vh-•p ßhP™Pp

Tœß-´p —⁄d-L-UÙ-Ld ·\ ˙Yi-”m. B£-¨˚V R]’ Yœl-©-¤s[ UÙQYo-L˚[d

L⁄j-ßt-˘LÙi-” ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[ Ht-T-”jß UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt\˚X ˙Um-

T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

79

L⁄j-’Ls/ ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-”/ ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ußl-¿-” ˛- - Gu]? VÙo? Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?


AX-œ 5. Ui-YÙ-N˚]

©Wf-£˚] Ui-P-Xm : ˙Y[Ùi˚U˚V J⁄ YÙrd˚Ll Ti-TÙ-PÙLd LÙQÙR ®˚X

’˚Ql-©-Wf-£˚] : ˙Y[Ùi˚Ul Ti-TÙh-˚Pl Tt-±V ˙TÙßV A±-Æu˚U

St-Ti-◊-Ls / E[l-TÙe-œ-Ls : ˙Y[Ùi-̊ U-̇ VÙ-”m, ˙Y[Ùi ˘RÙØ-≠p D”-T-”-̇ YÙo ¡’m BR-W‹

L⁄j-R-X-œ 1

Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls : YÙnj-RÙ-̊ W, SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls, TZ-̆ UÙ-Ø-Ls G›-ßV NÙoh, œflk-Rh-”.

˙SWm : 4 U¶

˙ Y [ Ù i - ˚ U - ˙ V Ù - ”

˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV SÙh-”l

-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-Ls, TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-

Ls, L˚R-Ls YÙnj-RÙ-

˚W-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y SÙh-

”l-◊\ A±-Æu TÙL-UÙ-

œm.

˙Y[Ùi TÙPp-Ls,

˙Y[Ùi YÙrd-˚L-

´u AZ-˚L-Ÿm ’u-Te-

L-˚[-Ÿm G∞V ˘UÙØ-

S -˚P-´p ·fl-°u-

°u\].

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˘NÙp-¤-R-¤m, ˙NL¨j-R-¤m

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˘NÙp-Xj-˘R-¨k-R-

Yo-Ls ˘NÙp-¤-°-\Ùo-Ls.

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

TÙPj-ß-¤s[ TÙP-¤d-œ YÙnj-RÙ-

˚W-Ls ˘Uh-P-˚Uj-Rp (œ-›-Æp)

˘TÙ’ ˘Y∞-¬-”.

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˙NL-¨l◊

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙP-¤d-œ ˘Uh-P-˚Uj-Rp

EZ-Y-≤u œWp (SÙh-”l-◊-\l

TÙh” ˛ TÙPl-◊j-R-Lm) ˘Uh-P-˚Uj-

Rp(œ›Æp)

œ› ˘Y∞-¬-”

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”.

œ›-Æp ˘Uh-P-˚Ud-L-‹m, ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m ˘Nn-Y-ßp

UÙQ-YoL-∞u D”-TÙ-”m, ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-˚R-Ÿm Etfl-

˙SÙd°d œ±jRp (Teaching Manual )

Ußl-©-Pp œ±l-◊-Ls RVÙ-WÙd°d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-

´Pp, NL Ußl¿” ˘NnRp.

AX-œj ßh-P-™Pp

80

L⁄j-’Ls/ ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-”/̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ Ußl-¿-”/ Gu]? VÙo? Gl-̇ TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿm SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-fim œ±l◊

RVÙ-¨j-Rp

œ±l◊ RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Rp (R-≤-S-To)

œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-Pp ÆYÙ-R-m

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”


—V Ußl-¿-”

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls SÙh-”l-◊\ TÙPp-Ls

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘UÙØ-´p Ei-PÙd-°V

RÙd-Lm ˛ ÆYÙ-Rm

SÙh-”l -◊\ TÙPp Gu\ ®˚X-´p

˙Y[Ùi TÙPp-L -∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym

Tœl-TÙn‹ ˛ ÆYÙ-Rm

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-´p SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls

Tœl-TÙn‹ ˛ R≤-S-To

˘Y∞-´-Pp

œ›-Æp˘Y∞-´-Pp, œ›-Æu T˚Pl˚T

˘Y∞-´-Pp

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

˙Um-T-”j-Rp

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp ßWh-”-Rp ˛ ˘RÙœl◊

E⁄-YÙd-Lp

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-˙VÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV SÙh”l

-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls ßWh-”-Rp ˛ R≤STo

˘RÙœl◊ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp ˛ J⁄ œ›-Æu

˘TÙfll-◊

RW ®o-QV Th-•-Vp ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ UÙQYo-

Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©-Pp.

œ›-Æu ˘NVp-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd°Gp˙XÙ

-⁄-˚P-V-‹m Te-L∞l˚T Eflß ˘Nn-Y

-RtLÙ] A±-‹˚W YZe-œ-Rp.

RW ®o-QV Th-•-Vp ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ UÙQ

Y≤u œ±l-◊-Ls B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©-Pp.

UÙQ-Yo-Ls RW ®o-QV Th-•-Vp ˛ —V

Ußl©-Pp

œ›-Æp G›-ß-V -Yt˚\ Et-fl-˙SÙd°

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-´p SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-∞u

˘TÙ⁄s, L⁄j-’ ˙TÙu-\˚Y ˘Y∞l-T

”j’m ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˙Lh-” ÆYÙ-Rm

SPj’Rp.

R≤-S-To RVÙ-WÙd-°V SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls

˘RÙœl˚T B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©h-” œ±l-◊

L˚[l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.

81


AX-œ 5. Ui-YÙ-N˚]

L⁄j’Ls ˙Y[Ùi˚U˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV SÙh”l◊\l TÙPpLs, TZ˘UÙØLs,

L˚RLs ˙TÙu\˚Y SÙh”l◊\ A±Æu TÙLUÙœm.

˙Y[ÙiTÙPpL∞p ˙Y[Ùi YÙrd˚L´u G∞˚UŸm AZœm

G”jRÙ[lTh”s[].

Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls: YÙnj-RÙ-˚W, SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls, TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls G›-ßV NÙoh, œflk-Rh-”.

˙SWm : 4 U¶

˘NVp-TÙ-”/ ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ Ußl-¿-” ˛ Gu]? VÙo? Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?

˘NVp-TÙ-” ßh-P-™Pp

YÙnj-RÙ˚W ˘NÙp-¤-R-¤m, ˙NL-¨j-R-¤m (45 ®™-Pm)

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˘R¨k-R-Yo-Ls ˘NÙu] ©\-œ B£-¨

-Vo ˘NÙp-Xh-”m. UÙQ-Yo-Ls ß⁄mTf ˘NÙp-Xh-”m.

£X YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo Yœl-©p NÙoh-•p

G›ß ˘Y∞-´h-” 5 ˙To APe-°V œ›-Æp (œ-›-

Ætœ UWe-L-∞u ˘TVo) ˘Uh-P-˚Ul-T-Rt-LÙ] ˘TÙfll

-◊-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ A∞j-Rp.

œ›-Æu Te-L-∞l-˚T-Ÿm ˘Y∞-´-P-˚X-Ÿm Ußl-©-Pp

œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-Pp ÆYÙ-Rm ˛ œ›-Æp J⁄

Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo Ußl-©-Pp

B£-¨-Vo ˘Y∞-¬-”

Re-Ls Yh-PÙ-Wj-ß-¤s[ YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˙NL-¨dL

UÙQYo-L-˙[Ù-” ·fl-Rp. ≈h-”l-TÙ-Pm

YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls Ge-°-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm Gu-T-’ Tt±

G∞V ÆYÙ-Rm SPj-’Rp.

CWÙ-ÿ, ˙RÆ-LÙ, A⁄i ˙TÙu-˙\Ùo AYo-L-∞u œ›

Æp SpX ÿ˚\-´p ˘NVp-Th-P-]o.

Æx-‘, „¨-VÙ, A°XÙ ˙TÙu-˙\Ùo œ›-f˘NVp

- TÙh•p N¨-VÙL Jj-’-˚Zd-L-Æp-˚X.

Æx-‘-Æt-œl ◊j-R-Lj˚R G”d-L˙Y ˙RÙu-\-Æp-˚X.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ˘Uh-”-Ls Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-”UÙ

G]j ˙RÆLÙ ˙Lh-PÙs.

˙YflY˚LVÙ] YÙnj-RÙ-˚W-Ls ˘LÙ”j-’ AYt-±t-œ

˘Uh-”Ls Li-”-©-•l-T-Rt-LÙ] AßL ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

Yœl-©p ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m. B£-¨-Vo Gu\ ®˚X

-´p G]d-œ AßL T´t£ ˙R˚Y.

82

˘NVpTÙ” / ˘NVpÿ˚\ ©WßT≠l◊ / Ußl¿”

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙP-¤d-œ ˘Uh-P-˚Uj-Rp (30 ®™-Pm)

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿm A˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm SU-’

˘UÙØd-œ HRÙ-Y-’ Su-˘LÙ˚P A∞j-’s-[-]YÙ? ˘UÙØ˚V

˙Um-T-”jR ERÆ ◊¨k-’s-[RÙ? ©Wf-N-˚]˚V B£-¨-Vo

˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo. UÙQ-Yo-Ls ReLs L⁄j-˚Rd ·\h”m.

CYt˚\l T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-œm˙TÙ’ TÙPl-◊j-R-Lj-ß-¤s[ SÙh-

”l-◊-\l TÙP˚X YÙ£d-Lh-”m.

ÿu-]o Es[ œ›-Æp SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙP-¤d-œ (E-Z-Y

≤u œWp) ˘Uh-”-LsA˚Ud-°u-\-]o.

ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu ÍXm œ›-Æu ˘Y∞-´-P˚X Ußl-©-”-Y

RtLÙ] œ±l-◊-Ls RVÙ-WÙd-œ-°u-\-]o.

RÙ[j-˙RÙ-” TÙ”-Rp

Te-L-∞l◊

TÙh-•t-˙Lt\ ˘Uh-”m, RÙ[-ÿm

EQof£ Èo-Y-UÙLl TÙ”-Rp

œ›d-Ls ˘Y∞-´-”m ˙TÙ’ CRW œ›d-Ls œ±l-◊-L∞u

A•l-T -˚P-´p Re-L -[-’ L⁄j˚R G›-’-°u-\ -]o.

œ›d-Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©-”-°u-\-]o.

Gp-XÙd œ›d-L-fim ˘Y∞-´hP ©u ÆYÙ-Rm SP-jß

˘RÙœd-°u-\Ùo-Ls.

œ±l◊ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-ßp UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Te-L-∞l◊ £\kR

ÿ˚\-´p C⁄k-R-’.

œ›d-Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©h-”s-[-]o. œ›-Æu

˘TÙ’ Ußl-©-Pp S˚P-˘T-\-Æp˚X. ˙RÆ-LÙ, A⁄i

˙TÙu-˙\Ùo œ›-Æu ˘TÙ’ ˘Y∞-´-P-≠p £\k-’

Æ[e°]o. œ›-Æu ˘TÙ’ Ußl-©-P-¤d-œf ˘Nu-\-˚P-

Ÿm ÆRj-ßp ERY ÿ•-V-Æp-˚X.

˙Rd-œ, ˘Ru˚] ˙TÙu\ œ›d-Ls —V-UÙL Ußl-©P

ÿVt- £j-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

SÙh-”l-◊\l TÙP˚X S•j-’l TÙP, ßh-P-™-”m ˙Y˚[-

´-¤m ˘TÙfll-◊-Ls A∞jR ˙TÙ’m S•l-T-Rt-LÙ] Jj-

ß˚L TÙojR ˙TÙ’m Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m Sp-X-ÿ-˚\-´p

TeLÙt-±-]o. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Nk-Rol-Te-L-∞p ˙Yi-•V

A±‹˚W-Ls YZeL G]d-œ ÿ•k-R-’.

83

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿm SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-fim œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-Rp (60 ®™Pm)

Æ[d-Ld LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

Ck-SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp G˚Rl Tt-±-V-’.

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˙Yfl SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-Ls Es[]YÙ?

GYt-˚\l Tt± (®Xm E-›m-˙TÙ-’, SÙt-fl S”m-˙TÙ-’)

T´-¨-”m ˙Y˚[-L-∞p AYo-Ls GRt-LÙL SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPpLs

TÙ•-]Ùo-Ls.

CYt-±u K-˚N-Ÿm C˚N-Ÿm ˙Y[Ùi-˚Uj ˘RÙØ-¤-Pu ˘RÙPo

◊iPÙ?

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙP-¤d-œm ˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œm Es[ ˘RÙPo-◊L˚[

Ut˘\Ù-⁄-Y-⁄d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl Æ[d-°d ·\-XÙm?

CRt-œ ER-‹m Y˚L-´-XÙ] œ±l˚T UÙQ-Yo-Ls E⁄-YÙd-Lh-”m

(R-≤-VÙ-L) Jt˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ ˙To ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo

L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu E⁄-YÙd-°V ©u œ›-Æp Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ReLs

œ±l-˚Tl T•d-°-\Ùo-Ls. Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jßl

© \ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Re-Ls L⁄j-’d-L-˚[d ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls. Ck-®-˚X

´p œ›-Æu ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo ˙Ut-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn-’

Gp-˙XÙ⁄-˚P-V- Te-L-∞l˚TŸm Eflß ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] A±-‹-˚W

L˚[ YZeœ°-\Ùo.

LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-P-≠p D”-Th-”, ̇ Y˚X-L-fid-̇ LtT

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ TÙP-≠u K˚N A˚Uk-’s-[-’

G]d ·±-]Ùs.

˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œm SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-fid-œ-

UÙ] ˘RÙPo◊ Tt-±d œ±l◊ G›-’-Y-Rt-LÙL

S˚P-̆ Tt\ £fl LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-P-≠p UÙQ-Yo-Ls

·±V L⁄j-’L-˚[-Ÿm B£-¨-Vo ˙Noj-’d

˘LÙi-P-Yt-˚\-Ÿm L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p œ±l-T-’

Sp-X-’ G]j ˙RÙu-±-V-’. Aq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-ß

⁄k-RÙp UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œd Lh-”˚W G›R A’

’˚Q ◊¨k-ß-⁄d-L-XÙm.

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-ßp UÙQ-

Yo-L-fid-œj æÆ-W-UÙL D”-TP ÿ•k-R-’.


84

E˚Zl-T-Yo-L-∞u TÙPp

SU-’ SÙh-•u ÿd-°V ˘RÙØp ˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Vp-XYÙ?

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-˚Vl ©u-Tt-±˙V ˘T⁄m-TÙu-˚U-´-]o YÙr-°u-

\Ùo-Ls. Tp˙Y-fl Tój-˘RÙ-Øp-Ls C⁄k-RÙ-¤m ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]’

˘Sp T´WÙœm. Rt-˙TÙ-’ Cl-T-ó œ˚\k-’ Y⁄-°u-\-’. ÿu-

]o HWÙ[m ˘Sp YVp-Ls C⁄k-R-]. ˘StT´-⁄-Pu ˘RÙPo-

TÙ] HWÙ-[m ˙Y˚X-Ls Es[]. A˚Y ®Xm E›-Rp, SÙtfl

S”-Rp, øol-TÙnf-—-Rp, Afl-Y˚P ˘Nn-Rp, ˙TÙW-•j-Rp B°-

V-˚Y. Cq-Y˚L ˙Y˚X-L-∞u Tfi-˚Yd œ˚\l-T-Rt-LÙ-Lj

˘RÙØ-XÙ-[o-Ls œ›YÙ-Ll TÙPpLs TÙ•-´-⁄k-R-]o. AYt-±p

˘T⁄m-TÙu-˚U-VÙ-]-˚Y-Ÿm SÙh”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-[Ù-œm.

Re-Ls YÙr-Æu ’u-Te-L-fim, U°rf-£-Ÿm TÙPp-L-∞u L⁄j-

’-L-[ÙL A˚Uk-R-]. ˙Y˚X-ú Ru-˚U-dœ HtT TÙPp-L-fim

˙Yfl-Th-•-⁄k-R-]. ˙YL-UÙL Afl-Y˚P ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ Afl-Y-

˚Pl TÙP-≠u C˚N-Ÿm ˙YL-UÙL A˚Uk-R-]. B]Ùp ø˚Wl

TÙnf—m ˙TÙ’ TÙ”-°u\ TÙP-≠u K-˚N-Ÿm C˚N-Ÿm ˙Yfl-

Th-P-RÙ-œm. œ›-YÙ-Ll TÙ”-°u\ Cq-Y-˚Ll TÙPp-Ls Jq-

˘YÙ-⁄ Tœ-ß-L-fid-˙LtT ˙Yfl-Th-” A˚Uk-’s-[-RÙ-Ld LÙQ-

XÙm. ˙Lh-L-‹m TÙP-‹m, TÙ• S•d-L-‹m Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m Æ⁄m-

◊m Cl-TÙ-Pp-L˚[ SÙh-•u ˘Np-Ym Gu˙\ ·\-XÙm.

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-´p SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-˚[l TVu

- T”j-’-Y-Ru Su-˚U-Ls Æ[d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

˙Y[Ùi-˚Uj ˘RÙØp-L-fidœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ]

C˚N SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-∞p Es-[] Gu-T˚Rd

Li-”-©-•j-’d ·±-Ÿs-[Ùo-Ls.

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-∞u C˚N-Ÿm ˙Y[Ùi-˚U

-ú TV-˚]-Ÿm Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

˘UÙØ (A˚Ul-◊, £\l-◊l TVu-TÙ-”-Ls, ˘UÙØ

-S˚P CYt±u TVu-TÙ -”) TVu-T -”j-Rl -Th

-”s[’.

L⁄j-’-L˚[ ERÙ-W-Qe-L-fi-Pu —⁄d-L-UÙ-Ld ·±

- Ÿs[Ùo-Ls.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] R˚Xl◊ ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.


85

SÙh-”l -◊ -\l TÙPp-L -∞u TVu-Ls

·\lTh”s-[].

˘RÙØp-Lfid-œ Ht-Tl TÙPp-L-∞u C˚N

˙Yfl-T-”-°u-\] Gu-T-Rt-LÙ] ERÙ-W-Qe-Ls

A∞d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

SÙh-”l -◊ -\l TÙPp-L -∞u £\l-◊ -Ls

·\lTh”s-[-].

SpX ˘NÙt TVu-TÙ-”-L-fim S˚P-Ÿm YÙd-

°V A˚Ul-◊m ˚LVÙ-[l-Th-”s-[].

Tp-˙Y-fl Y˚L-VÙ] ˙Y[Ùi-˚U-˚V-Ÿm SÙh

”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-˚[-Ÿm Tt-±d ·±-Ÿs-[-]o.

˙Um-T-”j-’m ̇ Y˚[-́ p B£-̈ -Vo ̆ Y∞-¬h-•t-œl©u

˘R∞-YÙL G›-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.

N¨-VÙ] L⁄j˚R YÙn-˘UÙ -Ø-VÙL ˘Y∞-´hP

UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ G›ß ˘Y∞-´P CV-X-Æp-˚X.

B£-¨-V-¨u ̆ Y∞-¬-”

B£-¨-V-¨u L⁄j-’L∞-≠-⁄k-’m, Si-To-L-∞u L⁄j-’-L-∞-≠-

⁄k-’m ˘Tt\ A±-Æ-˚]l TVu-T-”jß UÙQ-Yo-Ls Re-Ls

œ±l-◊-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ei-” Cp˚X

˘NVpTÙ” / ̆ NVpÿ˚\ ©WßT≠l◊ / Ußl¿”

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿm SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-fim ˛ SÙuG›-ßV œ±l-©p

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u œ±l-◊-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo

86


TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls / SÙh-”l-◊\ A±‹ (60 ®™-Pm)

˙Y[Ùi˚Uj ˘RÙPo -TÙ] ˘UÙØ-´p Ht-ThP Y[of£

Gu˘]u]? ˛ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp.

˙Y[Ùi˚Uj ˘RÙPo -TÙ] TZ-˘UÙ -Ø -L˚[ UÙQ-Yo -Ls

·\h”m. ˘TÙ’-YÙL UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˙Lh-•-WÙR TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls

·±]Ùo. AYt˚\ B£-̈ -Vo œ±d-°-\Ùo (Teaching Manual)

CYt˚\ Yœl-©p T¨-UÙ-±d ˘LÙs-°-\Ùo-Ls.

J⁄ TZ-˘UÙ-Ø˚V UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu B£-¨˚V Æ[d-

œ-°-\Ùo Æ[d-Lj-ßp Gu-˘]u]?

1. ˙Y[Ùi-˚U-´u ©u-◊-Xj-ßp TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-´u ˘TÙ⁄s ˛ L⁄j-’

2. NÙRÙ-WQ YÙrd˚L ®˚X-´p TVu-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ’ HtThP Æ¨-

YÙ] L⁄j-’.

3. TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-´p Ud-L-fid-œ Ht-◊-˚P-V-Rp-XÙR L⁄j-’-Ls C⁄l-©u

AYt-˙\Ù-”s[ U]-®-˚X.

R≤-VÙL Æ[d-Lm RVÙ-¨l-T-Rt-œ H˙R-‡m TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-L˚[

B£¨˚V UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œl T°okR∞d-°-\Ùo. R≤-VÙL G›

- ß-V-Yt±tœ B£-¨˚V Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l◊ G›’°\Ùo.

R≤-VÙL Æ[d-L-U -∞d-œm˙TÙ’ UÙQ-Yo-L -fid-œ Ht-ThP

C˚P-Î-˚\d Li-”-©-•j-’ ER-‹-°-\Ùo-.

J˙W TZ-˘UÙ-Ø˚V Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ÿVt£ G”j-R-Yo-Ls

œ›-YÙ-Ll ©¨-°u-\Ùo-Ls. œ›-YÙ-Ll TZ-˘UÙØ Æ[d-Lm RVÙ

- ¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls. B£-¨-Vo œ›-YÙL G›-’m ˘NVp-ÿ˚\˚Vd

LY-≤j-’j ˘R∞-‹-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo.

œ›-Æp ˘NÙt-L-∞u ˘TÙ⁄s, L⁄j-’ CYt-±p UÙQ-Yo

˘R∞-YÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-[Ù-R-Yt-˚\d Li-”-©-•j-’ ER‹°\Ùo.

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-˚[d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙL E⁄-

YÙd-°V ©u œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

87


TZ-˘UÙØ ˙Y[Ùi˚U CYt-±u ˘RÙPo◊ Æ[d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’

YÙrd˚L ®˚X-´u L⁄j-’ Æ[d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.

U˚\k-’s[ Ud-Ls YÙrd-˚Ld-œ Gß-WÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls Æ[d

-Ll-Th-”s-[].

B£-¨˚V ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo.

˙Um-T-”j-Rp, H˙R-‡m J⁄ œ›-Æu T˚Pl◊ ˛ L⁄j-’ A˚Ul◊,

YÙd-°V A˚Ul-◊, ˘NÙp A˚Ul◊ Gu\ ÿ˚\-´p ˘RÙPok-’

◊ßVRÙL E⁄-YÙd-œm œ›Æu ©\ T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo-Ls

˙Um-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

TZ-˘UÙØ Æ[d-Lm ˛ UXo RVÙ-¨j-Rp (50 ®™-Pm)

Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] ©±-˘RÙ-⁄ TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ Æ[d-œ-°

-\ÙoLs.

©\-⁄-Pu T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙL CRr RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

88

Lt\p Ußl¿” ˛ Tp˙Yfl ®˚XL∞p

˘NÙkR U]˚R UÙt\ CVXÙRYoLfidœ

˙Yfl Gß¤m UÙt\m ̆ LÙi”YW CVXÙ’.

˘To]Ùh`Ù

90

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’...

Lt-\p TV-‡s[ Y˚L-´p S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’ Gu-T˚R Efl-ßl-T-”jß ÿu-˙]-flm˙TÙ˙R

£X œ±l-©hP LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp UÙQ-Y-¨u Lt-\p ®˚X Tt± ®o-Q-Vm ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-

˘Uu-fl ˘NÙu-˙]Ù-Up-XYÙ? A’ B£-¨-V-˚Wl ˘TÙflj-’m ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˛ B£-¨-Vo Ne-Lm

˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l ˘TÙflj-’m ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym YÙnk-R-’. œ±l-©h-P Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-’-Pu

Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-˙R Lt\-≠u Cu˚\V ®˚X-˚Vd LQd-°P ˙Yi-”m.

T⁄Y Ußl-©-” ˙TÙu\ øiP LÙXA[-˚Yd LQd-°h-”d Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P ÿV-¤m-

˙TÙ-’ AßLd Lt-\p CXd-œ-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙL HtL ˙Yi-• Y⁄-Up-XYÙ? AR-]Ù-

˙X˙V C’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j’Yß¤m Sm-©d-˚L˚V Efl-ßl-T-”j-’Yß-¤m £d-L-XÙ]

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-VÙL UÙfl-°-\-’. œ˚\kR LÙX A[-Æ-¤m Lt-\p ®˚X˚V Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’

®o-Q-´l-T-’-Pu AYt-±t-LÙ] Æ[d-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm NÙu-fl-L-˚[-Ÿm Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp ˙Yi-

”m. Aj-’-Pu Cfl-ßl T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-” ÿ•-‹-L-˚[f ˙Nod-L-‹m ˙Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-fl

˘Nn-RÙp Uh-”˙U ˙Ut-·-±V ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œ K-W-[‹ æo-‹-LÙQ CV-¤m. UÙQ-Yo-L-

∞u Te-L-∞l-˚T-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p N]-SÙ-V-Lj-Ru-˚U-˚VŸm ˙Um-T-”jR CR-]Ùp

CV-¤m. Cq-Y-˚L-´p Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[d-·-•V J⁄ LÙX A[˙Y AX-LÙ-œm. AX-œ Gu-

T’ J⁄ ©Wf-N˚] Ui-P-Xm Ut-flm ˘UÙØ ®˚X-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p

A˚Uk-R-RÙ-œm.

AX-œ Ußl-¿-”

AX-œ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Tp-˙Y-fl ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p œ›-YÙLl Te-œ-˘Tt\ UÙQ-Y-

⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m LPk-’ YkR TÙ˚R-Ls Ut-flm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ¡’ SPj-’m ¡s-TÙo-

˚Y˙V Cßp ÿd-°-VUÙ]-’. Ko AX-°u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls VÙ‹m ÿ•-Y-˚PkR ©\-œ

S˚P-˘T-flm J⁄ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-XÙL C’ UÙ\ ˙Yi-”m. LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p Gu-

˘]u] CPm-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m?

� Gu-˘]u] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙL SÙm LPk-’ Yk-˙RÙm?

� G”j-’d-˘LÙiP ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls.

B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm UÙQ-Y-⁄d-œm C˚P-˙V-

Ÿs[ ˙YflTÙh-•t-œj æo‹ LiP ©u-

]˙W Lp-Æ˚V BWm-©dL ˙Yi-”m.

C⁄-Y-⁄m J˙W NU-Vm B£-¨-V-⁄m UÙQ-

Y-⁄-UÙn C⁄k-’ ˘LÙi˙P Gßo ’⁄-Ye-

L-˚[- C˚Ql˙R ARt-œ-¨V æo-YÙ-œm.

˛ Tp˙XÙ ©Wu-]o

91

� SPj-Rl-ThP ˙RPp-Ls

� YÙ£jR Ëp-Ls

� TÙojR CPe-Ls

� ˙So-LÙ-Qp SPjßV STo-Ls

� E⁄-YÙd-°V œ›d-Ls

� A±-ÿ-L-UÙ] ©\ T˚Pl-◊-Ls

Gu-˘]u] ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls/˘Y∞l-T-”j-RpL˚[ SÙm SPj-ß˙]Ùm?

� T˚Pl-◊-Ls

� Tßl-◊-Ls, CRr-Ls

� Tj-ß-¨-˚L-Ls

� TÙXo Uu-\m

� ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls

Gu-˘]u] ◊ßV ÿ•-‹-L-fid-œ Yk-’ ˙Nok-˙RÙm?

� ©Wf-£˚] ˘RÙPo-TÙL

� ˘UÙØ ˘RÙPo-TÙL

C˚Rj -˘RÙ-Pok-’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m Cq-Y-X-œf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-LfiPu

˘RÙPo◊˘LÙi-PRÙp Re-L-fid-œd °˚PjR L⁄j-’L˚[d œ±d-Lh-”m.

Cq-YÙ-fl LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤m œ±l-˘T-›-’-R-¤m SPj-’-Y-RÙp Gu-˘]u] Su-˚ULs

Æ˚[-Ÿm.

� AX-°u ˘UÙjR Ußl-¿-”

� Ru ÿu-˙]t-\j-˚R-Ÿm Rm-™-P-ÿs[ œ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-

´-XÙ] —V Ußl-¿-”.

� ˙TÙ’-UÙ] A[‹ °˚Pd-LÙ-Up˙TÙ] L⁄j-’-L-s/ ß\u-L˚[ ˙U¤m ˙Um-

T-”j-Rp.

� Ru-‡-˚PV T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ái-”-Rp-Lfim ER-‹m L⁄j-

L-fim Æ[d-Le-L-fim °˚Pj-Rp.

92

UÙQ-Yo-L-˚[l ˘TÙflj-R-Y˚W Cj-R-˚LV Su-˚U-Ls Ht-T-”m-˙TÙ-’ B£-¨-˚Vdœf

—V-U-ßl-¿ -” ˘Nn-V-‹m Yœl-©u ˘TÙ’ ÿu-˙]t-\j-ßu ®˚X-˚U˚V-Ÿm

˙TÙd˚LŸm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[‹m YÙnl◊ Ht-T-”-°-\-’. ˘RÙPok-’ Y⁄m AX-°u

ßhP™Pp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ß˚N˚VŸm ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm æoUÙ≤lTRtœj

˙R˚Y-VÙ] L⁄j-’-L˚[ YZeL‹m Cm-U-ßl-¿-” ER-‹m.

©u-Úh-Pm ßWh-Pp (Collection of Feedback)

AX-°p RWl-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-°V YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Tt-±

UÙQ-Yo-Ls —Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L-‹m Af-N-™u-±-Ÿm, L⁄j-’-L-˚[Ÿm A±-‹-˚W-L-˚[Ÿm

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊m CRu ˘RÙPof-£-VÙL YZe-L-XÙm. C’ B£-¨-

V-⁄dœj ˘RÙPok-’Y⁄m ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[j æo-UÙ-≤dL ER-‹m Y≠-˚U-VÙ]

UÙtfld L⁄j-’-L-[ÙL UÙflm. Ru-‡-˚PV Yœl-T-˚\-´p E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V

EQo‹UV-UÙ-]-’m ˘TÙ⁄i-˚U-VÙ-]-’-UÙ] „Z-˚Xl Tt± UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-P-™-⁄k’

Sm-Tj-R-œkR A±-‹-˚W-L-˚[l ˘T\-‹m C’ ER-‹m.

UÙQYo T˚Pl-◊j ̆ RÙœl◊ (Portfolio) E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

AX-œ Ußl-¿h-•u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL SPkR LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-fim Te-∏-”-L-fim ReLs

T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ái-”-Rp-L˚[ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-˚P-´p E⁄-YÙdœ-

Up-XYÙ?

CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl˚T E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp ˙Yi-”m. CRu J⁄

Tœ-ß-VÙL ˙Um-T-”j-ßV T˚Pl-◊-L-∞p CWi˙PÙ Íu˙\Ù (A-X-°-¤s[ ˘Y∞-

¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Ut-flm ˙Yfl-TÙh-˚P-L˚[d L⁄j-ßp˘LÙi-”

B£-¨-V˙W æo-UÙ-≤d-L-XÙm) ˙NL-¨l-◊-L-fid-LÙLj ˙Ro‹˘NnV UÙQ-Yo-L˚[ A±-

‹-fljR ˙Yi-”m. ˙Ro-‹˘NnYRtœ ˙Ut-˘LÙiP Ej-ß-Ÿm LÙW-Q-ÿm AYo-L-

[Ùp G”j-’-˚WdL CVX˙Yi-”m. Yœl-©p ˘TÙ’YÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-

L∞u YÙ´-XÙL Ußl-¿h-” B£-¨-Vo G›-’m œ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙NL-¨l-◊-L-∞p

C˚Qj-’d ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls ˛ Gu A‡-T-Yj-ßp!

Íu-fl ˘T¨V ˙LÙl-◊-Ls ˛ R™r,

L¶-Rm, —t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ B°-V-Yt-fl-Pu

SÙu ˙NL-¨l-◊-L˚[j ˘RÙPe-°-˙]u. Aj-

’-Pu ˙SÙh-”l ◊j-R-Le-L-fim ˙N⁄m! Jq-

˘YÙ-⁄ AX-°-≠-⁄k-’m Lt-\p Æ[d-Le-

L˚[ Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ Ak-RkRl ˘TÙ⁄-∞u

A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] ˙LÙl-©p ˙Noj-˙Ru.

G”j-’d-LÙh-PÙL, Ju˚\ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œd

LÙh-•-˙]u. Cl-˙TÙ-’ UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˙Lh-

TÙo-Ls CR-˚]d ˙LÙl-©p ˙Nod-Lh”UÙ?

SÙu A˚R EP˙] A‡-U-ßl-T-ßp-˚X.

˙LÙl-©p ˙NodL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp ARt-œf

£X ˙Uu-˚U-Ls ˙Yi-”m Gu-fl ·fl-

˙Yu. AR˚] Eh-T-”j-ßV ©u]˙WÙ

UÙt± ˘NnR ©u-]˙WÙ Uh-”˙U ˙NL-¨l-◊-

L-∞p ˙Nol-˙Tu. Re-L-Vm H. Gp.-©. v·-

≠p Ht-ThP A‡-T-Yj-ß-≠-⁄k-’.

93

AX-œ Ußl-¿-” ˛ £X Ej-ß-Ls

AX-œ Ußl-¿h-”d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp Gk-ß-Wj-Ru-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m ˙NÙm-T-˚Xj RWd·•V

RÙL-‹m A˚UVÙRYÙ-fl LY-≤d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-•-V-’ ™Lj -˙R-˚Y-VÙ] Ju-\Ù-œm.

A’-Y˚W Yœl-©p SPk-R-Yt-˚\j ß⁄m-Tj-ß-⁄m-Td ˙Lh-T-ßp UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-˚P˙V

Æ⁄l-Tm C⁄l-T-ßp-˚X. UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-˚P˙V NYÙ-¤m Ái-”-R-¤m E⁄-YÙd-œm

RWj-ß-¤s[ Ej-ß-L˚[ CRt-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßd-˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

Gu-˘]u] S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-R-XÙm?

� T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u Li-LÙh£

� œ›d LXk-’-˚W-VÙPp

� L⁄j-’L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

� ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls/ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-Rp-Ls SPj-’-Rp

� ’˚Qd-L-⁄-Æ-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

� œ›-YÙL Et-Tj-ß-L˚[ ˙Ut-˘LÙs-fi-Rp

� T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

�

� Tp-˙Y-fl ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls (R-≤-S-T-WÙL E⁄-YÙd-°-V-’/ œ›-YÙL

E⁄-YÙd° ÿ•-Æp ˙Um-T-”j-ß-V-’)

� Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Ußl-©P UÙQ-Yo-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-Ls

� ˙So-LÙ-Qp ˛ Æ]Ù-®-Wp, A±d˚L

� Ah-P-Y-˚Q-Ls

� TPe-Ls

� ˘NÙkR ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls

� UÙQ-Yo-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]l Th-•-Vp (Checklist), RW

®o-QV A[-‹-˙LÙp (Rating Scale)

˙NL¨l-◊-L-∞p Gu-˘]u] ˙Nod-L-XÙm?

94

B£¨˚Vú Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp-Ls

� UÙQ-Y-ü Lt-\pÿ˚\, Lt-\-≠p Y⁄m C˚P-Î-fl-Ls, EQo-‹-Èo-Y-UÙ]

Y[of£, NÍ-Lj-R-˚X-¬-”-Ls ÿR-≠-V] Tt-±V Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp œ±l◊

(Anecdotal Observations).

� B£-¨-˚V-ú Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-L-∞u SLp (œ-›f ˘NVp-

TÙ-”, L[l-TVQm, T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚], ˙So-LÙ-Qp ÿR-XÙ] ˙Y˚[-L-∞p B£-¨˚V

Ußl-©-Pl TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-L˙[ Cßp APe-œm).

� UÙQ-Y-ü Æ⁄l-◊-Ls, ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ym Gu-T-] -Tt-±V B£-¨-˚V-ú Etfl-

˙SÙd-Lp- ÆY-We-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-◊.

UÙQ-Y-ü —V Ußl-¿-”-Ls

� UÙQ-Y-ü —V-U-ßl-¿-”, ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp (Checklist) —V ˘Y∞-

¬h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.

� —V-UÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m Li-P-±kR Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.

� —V Æ⁄l-◊-Ls, ˘TÙ›-’-˙TÙd-œ-Ls GuT˚Y Tß‹ ˘Nn-Vl-ThP œ±l-◊-Ls.

Th-•-Vp-Ls, Ah-P-Y-˚Q-Ls, ßWh-Pp-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-Ls

� UÙQ-Yo-Ls YÙ£jR Ëp-L-∞u Th-•-Vp

� TÙojR ß˚Wl-T-Pe-Ls, ˙LhP LÆ˚-R-Ls/ L˚R-Ls Gu-T-]-Yt-±u ˘RÙœl-◊.

� L˚R-Ls, LÆ-˚R-Ls, ◊ßo-Ls, TPe-Ls ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±u ßWh-Pp-Ls

� UÙQ-Yo-Ls —V-UÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V T˚Pl-◊-Ls (L-˚R, LÆ-˚R, Lh-”-˚W, ˙L≠f-

£j-ß-Wm, K-Æ-Vm, £t-Tm...)

˙NL-¨l-◊-L-∞p ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]?

95

CqYÙfl AX-œ Ußl-¿-” TV-‡s[ Y˚L-´p S˚P-˘T\˙Yi-”-˘U-≤p UÙQ-Yo-L-

∞u Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ ÿ˚\l-T-•-VÙLj ßWh-• J›e-œT”j-Rl-TP ˙Yi”m.

A˚Y Gu-˘]u]?

� UÙQ-Y-¨u T˚Pl-◊-Ls

� UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˙SÙh-”l ◊j-R-Lm

� R≤-S-To/ Yœl-T˚\ ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls, Tj-ß-¨-˚L-Ls, CRr-Ls

� YÙ˘]Ù-≠, J≠-˛J¸ı Tß‹ SÙPÙd-Ls/Rh-”-Ls Tß-‹-Ls

˘Y∞¬h-” Y•-Yj˚R A•l-T-˚P-VÙd° SPj-’-°\ Lt-\p YØ-L-fim R[of-£-Ÿm

Y[of-£-Ÿm ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim Yi-Qm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls APe-°V Y˚L-´p

˙SÙh”l ◊j-R-Lm A˚U-Rp ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙL LY-≤d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

Gu-˘]u]?

� UÙQ-Yod-œ A∞d-Ll-T-”m Lt-\p ˘TÙfll◊L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙLl Tß‹ ˘Nn-ß⁄dL

˙Yi-”m.

3 Æ]Ùd-Ls

3 ˘NVp-TÙh-•u ˘TVo

3 R˚Xl◊

3 YZe-Ll-ThP SÙs

� Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m UÙQ-Yo SPj-ßV ÿVt-£-Ls ˙SÙh-”l ◊j-R-Lj-ß-˙X˙V

RWl-TP ˙Yi-”m.

3 R≤-S-To T˚Pl-◊, œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´P RVÙ-¨d-Ll-ThP œ±l-◊-Ls.

3 œ›d-L-Xk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-œl ©u —V-UÙLl T˚Pl-◊-L-∞p Ht-T-”j-ßV UÙt-\e-Ls.

3 ˘TÙ’ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-R-¤d-œl©u —V T˚Pl-©p ˙Ut-˘LÙiP UÙt-\e-Ls

3 Cfl-ß-´p ˙Um-T-”jRlThP T˚Pl◊

3 œ›-YÙL SPj-Rl-ThP T˚Pl-˘Tu-\Ùp ARu SLp.

3 UÙQ-Y-¨u T˚Pl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ B£-¨˚V G›-ßV Fd-L-Íh-”m

œ±l-◊-Ls/ A±-‹-flj-Rp-Ls ˙SÙh-”l ◊j-R-Lj-ßp LÙQl-TP ˙Yi-”m.

96

CRr-Ls, Tj-ß-¨-˚L-L-s ˙TÙu\ ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-s Yœl-©p A˚]-Y-⁄m TÙo-˚Y-´-P-

‹m, Ußl-©-P-‹m YN-ß-VÙLl TÙo-˚Yd-œ ˚Yj-Rp ˙Yi-”m. ◊ß-V˚Y Y⁄-°u\ ÿ˚\-

´p T˚Z-VYt˚\ Y¨-˚Nl-T-•l Tj-ß-Wl-T-”j-R-‹m, Yœl◊l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo B£-¨-Vo Ne-Ld-

·h-Pm, Li-Lh£ ÿR-XÙ] ˙Y˚[-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-R‹m ˙Yi-”m. Yœl-©-¤m TÙXo-

Uu-\m/ CXd-°V AWe-̇ Lt-\m ̇ TÙu\Yt±p UÙQ-Yo-Ls SPj-’-°\ ™Lf-£-\kR ̆ Y∞l-

T-”j-Rp-L˚[ J≠-˛J¸ı SÙPÙd-L-∞p Tß‹ ˘Nn-’, AYt˚\ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ß\u CV-

XÙ-˚U-L-˚[d Li-P-±V‹m TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. £\k-R-Yt˚\ Yœl◊l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo B£-¨-Vo

Ne-Ld ·h-Pe-L-∞p LÙh-£l-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

T⁄Y Ußl-¿-”-

J⁄ øiP C˚P-˘Y-∞-´p UÙQ-Y-≤u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©”m ÿ˚\˙V T⁄Y

Ußl-¿-”. Ts-∞d-·-Pj-ß-¤m Ut-flm ARt-œ ˙U¤s[ ÿ˚\-NÙokR ©\ A˚Ul-◊-L-∞-

¤m S˚P-˘T-flm Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ˘TÙ’ ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm œ±j-’ A±V

˙Yi”-˘U-≤p T⁄Y Cflß Ußl-¿-” ™L-‹m ˙R˚Y. Cd-Lh-Pj-ßp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

UÙQ-Y-˚]l ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´-¤m A˚]j-’j ’˚\-L-∞-¤m ÷h-T-UÙ] Ußl-¿-”

SPjßP Ko Gp˚X Ei-”.

SPj-’-°u\ ÿ˚\´p Ht-T-”m Æ˚[-‹-L˚[j RÆodLj ˙Rok-˘R-”jR £X Ui-P-

Xe-L-∞p Uh-”˙U ˘TÙ’-YÙ]’m ßh-P-™h-P-’-UÙ] Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[f

˘NnV ÿ•-Ÿm Gu-T-’ ◊X-]Ù-œm. B]Ùp ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Lfim œ±l-◊

-L-fim Uh-”m ˙Ut-·-±V Ußl-¿h-”Lfid-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-Ls °˚PdL ER-

Æ-VÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”m ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls UÙQ-Y-≤u Ei-˚U-VÙ] ß\u-L-˚[-Ÿm

L⁄j’ ÿ•-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm ®˚\-˙Yt\l ˙TÙ’-UÙ-]-˚Y-VÙL A˚U-Rp ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-

T’ ÿd-°-V-UÙLd LY-≤d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-”m. ˘Tt\ L⁄j-’ ÿ•-‹-L-fim ß\u-L-fim

◊ßV „Z-≠p TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ-¨V ß\-˚U˚V Ußl-©P ˙TÙ’-UÙ]˚YVÙLf ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-Ls A˚U-Rp ˙Yi-”m (˙U-¤m Æ[d-Lm ˘T\ Td-Lm 112-˛˚V TÙ⁄e-Ls).

T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p UÙQ-Yo E⁄-YÙd-œm ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls / ˘Y∞l-T-”j-Rp-Ls B°-V-

97

Yt˚\ RW-U-ßl¿” (Grade) ˘NnR ©\œ AYt˚\ AY-‡-˚PV / AY-fi-˚PV ˙NL-¨l-◊-L-∞p

˚Yj-Rp ˙Yi-”m. AX-œ Ußl-¿-”-L-∞u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL UÙQ-Yo-Ls AYo-L-fi-˚PV ˙NL-¨l-

◊-L-fid-œj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ YZe-°V T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm B£-¨-Vo RW-U-ßl-¿-” ˘Nn-Rp ˙Yi-”m.

Cßp UÙQ-Y-ü Ej-ß-˚V-Ÿm LÙW-Q-LÙ-¨-Ve-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. Tp-˙Y-fl

AX-œ-L-∞u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL J˙W Ui-P-Xj-ßt-œ Sp-°V RW-®o-Q-Ve-L-∞u NWÙ-N¨ Li-P-±k-’

A’ Am-Ui-P-Xj-ßu ®Wk-RW Ußl-¿h-•u RW-®o-Q-V-UÙLd L⁄R ˙Yi-”m. T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-

•u RW-®o-Q-V-ÿm ®k-RW Ußl-¿h-•u RW ®o-Q-V-ÿm (Grade) ˙Noj’ LXk-’ ÆPÙ-Up ˘Yq-

˙Y-\ÙL B£-¨-˚V˙V Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. C˚Y VÙYm Eh-T-”-°u\ ˙NL-¨l◊L˚[˙V

˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-∞u TÙo-˚Yd-œ YZe°P ˙Yi-”m.

Lt\p ®˚X˚Vl ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœ A±ÆjRp

UÙRk-˙RÙ-flm ·”-°u\ Yœl◊ PTA ·h-Pm, AX-œ Ußl-©-”-R-¤-Pu E⁄-YÙ-°-Y⁄m

˙NL-¨l-◊-L˚[ ˚Yj-’d-˘LÙi-”, ˘Tt-˙\Ù⁄dœ UÙQ-Y-ü ®Lr-LÙX Lt-\p-®-˚X˚V A±-

Æl-T-Rt-œ-¨V Bd-Ll-Èo-Y-UÙ] AWe-LÙL‹m A˚UV ˙Yi-”m. Ce˙L ˘Tt-˙\Ùü ÿu-

]Ùp ˘Y∞l-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-’ UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR RW ®o-Q-V˙UÙ ˘TÙ’-YÙ]

A±-Æl-◊-L˙[Ù ˘TÙ⁄-[t\ R≤f-˘NÙt-L˙[Ù Ap-X. UÙQ-Yo A˚PkR ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’-

Ls B°-V-Yt-±u Ei-˚U-VÙ] ®˚X ˘Tt-˙\Ùod-œd °˚Pj-Rp ˙Yi-”m. Aßp Gu-

˘]u] Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm?

� Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-˚]l Tt-±V R≤jR Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp-Ls.

� Lt-\p CXd-œ-Pu C˚Qj-’ UÙQ-Yu T•j-R-’ Gu]?

� UÙQ-Yu A˚PkR Y[of-£l-TÙ-˚R.

� UÙQ-Yo Gu-˘]u] LÙ¨-Ve-L-∞p Æ⁄l-T-ÿ-˚P-V-Y-WÙL Es-[Ùo?

� Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Te-˙Lt-◊m U]-®-˚X-Ÿm.

� UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œj ˘RÙPok-’ A∞dL ˙Yi-•V BR-W-‹.

˙NL-¨l-◊-L-∞p Es[ T˚Pl-◊-Ls/ E⁄-YÙd-LpLs ˚Yj-’d-˘LÙi-” G”j-’d-LÙh”,

NÙu-fl-Ls Eh-TP Cd-LÙ-¨-Ve-L˚[ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo Li-P-±-Rp ˙Yi-”m. CRt-œ ER-‹m ®˚X-

´p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-fim A˚UV ˙Yi-”m. (˙U-¤m ÆY-We-Ls A±V

Td-Lm. 5-˛-Cp TÙod-L).

98

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

J⁄ ˘UÙØ-´u Es-Lh-P-˚Ul˚T Ußl-©-P˙Y SÙm ˘UÙØl-TÙ-Pe-L-˚[l TVu-

T-”j-’-°-˙\Ùm. ˘UÙØf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLj Ru-‡-˚PV ˘UÙØ˚V

Au\ÙPm ˙Um-T -”jß ÿu-˙]-flY˙R ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ. ©u-Y-⁄m ·fl-L-∞u

Y[of£´u YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y ˘UÙØ ˙Um-T-”-°-\-’.

� ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls / ÿ•-‹-Ls

� ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] ß\u-Ls / Bt-\p-Ls

� ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] E[l-TÙe-œ

˘UÙØ œ±jR L⁄j-’-Ls / ÿ•-‹-Ls

EY˚U SV-ÿm Lt-T-˚]-Ÿm TÙY-˚]-Ÿm ®˚\kR Tp-˙Y-fl „r-®-˚X-Ls, A‡-T-

Ye-Ls, Ei-˚U-Ls, ’˚Qd-L-⁄-Æ-Ls Gu-T˚Y ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-

´p ˚LVÙ-[l-T-”-°u-\-]. CYt˚\d L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-” Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ „r-®-˚X-´-

¤m T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-ßPl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj˚R UÙQ-Yu

˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùu. L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\j-ßu „r-®-˚X, ARt-

LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, Æ≤-˙VÙ-Lm ˘NnV ˙Yi•V

STo Gu-T-]-Yt-˚\d LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙi˙P UÙQ-Yu ˘NÙt-L-˚[-Ÿm, YÙd-°-Ve-L-

˚[-Ÿm ˘UÙØ-S-˚P-L-˚[-Ÿm AYt-±u TVu-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Li-P-±-°\Ùu. —⁄e-

Lf ˘NÙu-]Ùp ©Wf-N˚] / ˘LÙs˚L A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’, ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-T-

”m ˘UÙØ, ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-˚Rl Tt±V A±-‹, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•Y E⁄-

YÙd-Lj-ßp TVu-T-”j-’-°u\ ˘UÙØ Tt-±V Ei-˚U-Ls/ ˘UÙØd ·flL˚[ Tt-

±V A±‹ (˘NÙt-Ls, AYt-±u TVu-TÙ-”-Ls, ˘UÙØ-S-˚P-Ls) GuT˚Y˙V L⁄j-

’-Ls Gu\ ˘NÙp-XÙp ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-´p ˘TÙ⁄s-T-”-°-\-’.

99

˘UÙØ Tt±V GiQeLs

UÙQ-Y-≤u ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-fim ˘Y∞l-T-”j-Rp-L-fim AY-‡dœs A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-

œ-Y-’-Pu ©\-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ-¨V A•j-R-[-UÙ-L‹m A˚U-°-\-’.

CRu YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] E⁄-Yl-T-”j-Rp-Ls, J⁄e-°-˚Qj-Rp,

®˚]-Óh-Pp, Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp B°V ß\u-Ls Y[o-°-u\-]. L⁄j-’-L˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y

ß\u-L-fim ©Wf-N-˚]-U-Vm, ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, ˘UÙØd-·-flLsB°V ˘UÙØ Tt-±V

Ei-˚U-L-fi-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-] Gu-fl Y˚Ll-T-”j-RXÙm. ˘UÙØ A•l-T-˚P-´-

XÙ] ß\u-L-∞p ÿd-°VUÙ]˚Y:

� L⁄j-’-L˚[ Eh-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œm ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œm E¨V ß\u.

� L⁄j-’-L˚[ ÆUo-N]Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ-¨V ß\u

� æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[ ˙Ut-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œm AYt-±t-œ C˚Q-VÙ] æo-UÙ-]e-L-fi-Pu

Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ-ÿ-¨V ß\u.

� A‡-T-Æj-’ U°r-Y-Rt-œm Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-œm Æ¨j-’-˚Wl-T-Rt-œ-ÿ-¨V ß\u.

� ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u.

� Æ[d-L-‹m ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œÿ-¨V ß\u

� R≤-S-To „r-®-˚X, CPm Gu-T-]-Yt-˚\d L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-” ©\-⁄-Pu LXk-’-

˚W-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u.

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