Term Paper Presentation

Course: CVEN 632

Presented by: Shailendra Matoria

Evaluating Electronic Toll Collection System against Conventional Toll Plaza

Presentation Summary

Introduction of Concept of ETC (Electronic Toll Collection)

Different Components of ETCMethodologyToll ViolationsCosts and BenefitsCase StudyResults and ConclusionsSuggestions and Future ScopeDiscussions

Introduction

A mature technology allowing electronic payment of tolls at highway speeds without interrupting the traffic flow.

Around 70% of toll roads in USA now use ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) System.

Components of ETC System

Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI)

Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC)

Transaction Processing

Violation Enforcement

Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) System

AVI system has two components:On board Unit or Transponder mounted on

vehicle.Road-side antennae mounted on a gantry.

Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC) System

Vehicle Classification:ETC applications have 4-5 types of vehicle

classes.Different toll rates for different vehicle

classes.AVC System:Treadles – Count the number of axles.Light Curtains & Laser Profiles – Can

differentiate between a truck and a trailerInductive Loop Sensors – Can determine

length, speed, number of axles of vehicles at highway speeds

Transaction Processing

Process of debiting customers’ accounts and answering customer inquiries.

Violation Enforcement

Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)

Uses Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to read images of vehicle license plates.

CCTV cameras, existing road enforcement cameras, mobile cameras mounted on vehicles can be used.

Significant error rate require manual verification.

Infrared cameras with high shutter speeds can improve on some inaccuracies.

Obstacles faced by ANPR Enforcement System

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Electronic Toll Collection

Mechanism

Costs & Benefits of ETC

B/C Analysis- A Case Study

Case: Carquinez Bridge in San Fransico Bay Area

B/C analysis for ETC system evaluated against Conventional Toll Plaza

Period of Study 20 yearsGradual increase in ETC split or share over

20 years is considered

Traffic Input

Estimated Annual Traffic Volume (ATV)        Base Year Year 20    Traffic Volume 19,064,849 34,433,238   ETC Split 0.0% 95.0%          Peak Hour Statistics in Base Year        Morning Evening    PHV (veh/hr) 1,447 5,202   T (hr) 2 2   PHV/AADT 0.0277 0.0996          

Payment Split and Transaction Time Input

Transaction Time (sec)      Cash   7  Ticket   4.5  ETC (headway)   2.4Payment Split     Manual Lane-Baseline Base Year Year 20  Cash 83% 83%  Ticket 17% 17% Manual Lane-ETC Alternative    Cash 83% 100%  Ticket 17% 0% ETC Lane-ETC Alternative    Cash, Checks 64% 64%  Credit Card 36% 36%

ETC Account Fact

ETC Account Fact     Cash & Checks Account Base Year

  Avg. Tags per Account 1.35  Avg. Usage per Year 160  Deposits   $26.70   Avg. Balance other than Deposit $17.80 Credit Card Account   Base Year

  Avg. Tags per Account 1.35  Avg. Usage per Year 160  Deposits   $0   Avg. Balance other than Deposit $17.80 Unit Cost of ETC Lanes   $62,361 Cost of Transponders   $28.85

Other Infrastructure & Traffic Details

Configuration of the Toll Plaza    Total Number of Lanes (max 22) 12  Ramp Distance prior to the Toll Plaza (miles) 0.2  Ramp Distance leading from the toll Plaza

(miles) 0.2       Prevailing Travel Speed (mph) 55       Mode Split among ETC Users    Auto   94.76%  Truck   5.11%  Bus   0.13%Average Vehicle Occupancy    Auto   1.258  Truck   1.1  Bus   20

Value of Time by Mode & Toll Rate

Time Value for Each Mode ($/hr)    Auto $12.75  Truck $33.41  Bus (per

rider) $12.75     Toll      Manual User $2  ETC User $1.85

Fuel Consumption & Emission Rates

Assumptions about Fuel Consumption             Average Milage of Consuming one Gallon of Fuel 25  Fuel Price per Gallon   $1.10  Federal Tax on Gasoline ($ per Gallon) $0.18  State Tax on Gasoline ($ per Gallon) $0.18  Emission Rates during Acceleration (grams/gallon)      Nox   24.7    HC   9.5    CO   209.0  Emission Rates during Idling (grams/minute)      Nox   0.0    HC   0.15    CO   2.5  Cost of Air Polution ($/kg of pollutant)      Nox   1.275    HC   1.275    CO   0.0063           

General Assumptions

General Assumptions             Inflation Rate   3%  Annual Interest Rate   6%  Discount Rate   6%  Fee for Credit Card Transaction 2%  Personal Year (PY)        Hours per Unit Personal Year 1,768    PY for Information Technology 0.11    PY for Accounting (base) 0.46    PY for Accounting(ETC) 2.36    PY for Program Costs (Toll Collection) 61.04    Unit Cost per Personal Year $65,000           

Result Summary for 20 Years

  NPV1 = PVB2 = NPC3 = B/C4 = IRR5 =

Overall $53,403,563 $55,627,154 $2,223,592 25.02 43.07%

Toll Agency $8,644,121 $10,867,713 $2,223,592 4.89 

Users $44,711,053 $44,711,053 $0   

Community $48,389 $48,389 $0   

1NPV: net present value, NPV = PVB - PVC2PVB: present value of benefits3PVC: present value of costs4B/C: Total benefit over capital investment, B/C = PVB/PVC5IRR: Internal Rate of Return

Result Summary for 10 Years

  NPV1 = PVB2 = NPC3 = B/C4 = IRR5 = Overall $10,641,305 $12,864,897 $2,223,592 5.79 37.24%Toll Agency -$2,132,848 $90,744 $2,223,592 0.04 Users $12,758,788 $12,758,788 $0   Community $15,365 $15,365 $0   

Conclusions

Electronic Toll Collection System has a really good B/C Ratio as compared against base case of conventional toll plaza.

Around 85- 90% of the benefits comes from travel time savings for commuters.

It is much more eco- friendly as emission rates are lowered due to less queues and less fluctuations in traffic flow.

Toll Violation Enforcement still has to come up with something robust to check violations and to avoid false charges.

Suggestions

ETC System is a very effective use of technology in mitigating traffic congestion.

Interoperability of various ETC Systems across USA is very much needed.

For Toll violations instead of image processing passive transponder chips can be embedded in License Plate using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology.

Discussions