evacuation simulation of shipboard fire scenarios
DESCRIPTION
Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios. Camille Azzi , Andrew Pennycott, George Mermiris, Dracos Vassalos. Fire and Evacuation Modelling Technical Conference Baltimore, US August, 2011. Contents of the Presentation. Introduction IMO Guidelines on Evacuation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios
Fire and Evacuation Modelling Technical Conference
Baltimore, US August, 2011
Camille Azzi, Andrew Pennycott, George Mermiris, Dracos Vassalos
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Contents of the Presentation
• Introduction • IMO Guidelines on Evacuation• Modelling Approach • Case Study • Conclusions
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Introduction – Ship Safety
Prescriptive rules outdated
Proactive approach
Alternative arrangements
Safety becoming target hard to achieve as ships are getting more complicated
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Introduction – Shipboard Fire
• Fires are statistically most frequent hazards that ships face at sea
• Shipboard fires are dangerous
especially onboard passenger
ships with dense occupancy
fire
grounding
collision
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Frequency per Ship Year
Source: DNV
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www.shipevacuation.com
Introduction – Evacuation
• Ease of evacuation is crucial under any hazardous condition
• Normal drills differ from actual evacuations in fire
and flooding events
• Evacuation assessments are
better done through modelling
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Introduction – Ship Design
Time
Contract
Concept Design
Freedom to make changes
Knowledge
about the shipAssigned
Costs
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Introduction – Ship Design
Time
Contract
Concept Design
Freedom to make changes
Knowledge
about the shipIncreased
knowledge
Decision making shift
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IMO Guidelines on Evacuation
• Demographic distribution of passengers• Walking speed according to
demographics and route type
Day case
Time in seconds
Night case
Time in seconds
Response time
follows lognormal
distribution
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Modelling Approach
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Quantification of Fire Effects
• Fire effects on human life safety– Toxicity (CO, CO2 and O2)– Heat (convection and radiation) – Visibility impairment (walking speed reduction)
• Health status categories at different Fractional Effective Doses (FED)
FED Range Category0 ≤ FED < 0.3 Negligible
0.3 ≤ FED < 0.7 Mild injury
0.7 ≤ FED < 1 Serious injury
1 ≤ FED Fatality
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Evacuees Reaction to Fire Effects
• Initially passengers are assigned response times• Reaction lag ignored and evacuation triggered
– directly exposed to fire effects– alerted by other passenger or crew
• Avoid hazardous areas: modified graph
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Case Study
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MVZ 1 MVZ 2 MVZ 3
Case Study
Zone affected by fire conditions
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Case Study
FIRE DOORS
FIRE CABINSTAIRWELLS
PASSENGER CABINS
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Fire Simulations
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Evacuation Simulations
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12 14 16 18 200
20
40
60
80
100
Without crew assistance With crew assistance
Evacuation Time (min)
% o
f Sim
ulat
ion
Run
s
Cumulative Evacuation Time
No crew assistance
Crew alert passengers in the affected
area
No injuries recorded
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Injuries and Fatalities
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Conclusions
• Difficulties of evacuation at sea: complex geometry, familiarity and fire effects
• Study case highlights importance of crew assistance
• Human behavior and decision-making currently simplified
• Further development required based on observations from reported accidents
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The authors greatly acknowledge the contribution of EC through the research project FIREPROOF www.fireproof-project.eu
THANK YOU