european medieval society role of the church charlemagne manorial system feudalism popes & kings

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European European Medieval Society Medieval Society Role of the Church Role of the Church Charlemagne Charlemagne Manorial System Manorial System Feudalism Feudalism Popes & Kings Popes & Kings

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Page 1: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

European European Medieval SocietyMedieval Society

Role of the ChurchRole of the Church

Charlemagne Charlemagne

Manorial SystemManorial System

FeudalismFeudalism

Popes & KingsPopes & Kings

Page 2: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

BackgroundBackground Middle Ages: Middle Ages: A.D.500 – A.D.1500A.D.500 – A.D.1500 Around A.D.500Around A.D.500

Western Roman Empire crumblesWestern Roman Empire crumbles Germanic Tribes Invade Western Germanic Tribes Invade Western

EmpireEmpire Caused three major changes in society:Caused three major changes in society:

1.1. Disruption of TradeDisruption of Trade

2.2. Downfall of CitiesDownfall of Cities (people moved to countryside) (people moved to countryside)

3.3. Decline of LearningDecline of Learning Invaders were illiterateInvaders were illiterate Greek and Greek and LatinLatin learning almost totally lost learning almost totally lost Priests and Church officialsPriests and Church officials were literate were literate

Page 3: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Latin EvolvesLatin Evolves Invaders Languages combined with LatinInvaders Languages combined with Latin

Different Different dialectsdialects emerge emerge Romance (Roman-based) languages evolveRomance (Roman-based) languages evolve

FrenchFrench SpanishSpanish ItalianItalian

Just as Just as LatinLatin broke up and broke up and emerged as different emerged as different languages, the languages, the Western Western Roman EmpireRoman Empire broke up and broke up and emerged as emerged as different empiresdifferent empires

Page 4: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

SIX DIFFERENT EMPIRESSIX DIFFERENT EMPIRES See page 350 in your textbookSee page 350 in your textbook Which 6 major empires emerged Which 6 major empires emerged

from the Western Roman empire?from the Western Roman empire?

Page 5: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Germanic Kingdoms vs Roman Germanic Kingdoms vs Roman EmpireEmpire

Roman EmpireRoman Empire Citizens loyal to Citizens loyal to RomeRome (the Empire) (the Empire) Soldiers obedient to Soldiers obedient to CaesarCaesar (ruler) (ruler) One government/set of laws rules all One government/set of laws rules all

peoplepeople Germanic KingdomsGermanic Kingdoms

Citizens loyal to family and Citizens loyal to family and lord/tribal lord/tribal chiefchief

Soldiers follow lord, Soldiers follow lord, notnot the king the king No No unifiedunified set of laws to govern all set of laws to govern all

Page 6: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

The FranksThe Franks Modern-day Modern-day France & France &

SwitzerlandSwitzerland Clovis Clovis (Ruler of the Franks)(Ruler of the Franks)

Fought against other Germanic Fought against other Germanic tribestribes

Converted to Converted to ChristianityChristianity Formed partnership with Formed partnership with Rome & Rome &

the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church

Page 7: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

The Church and Germanic The Church and Germanic SocietySociety

Many Germanic people convert to Many Germanic people convert to ChristianityChristianity

MonasteriesMonasteries and Convents built and Convents built Become centers for Become centers for educationeducation

BenedictBenedict Wrote rules for monasteriesWrote rules for monasteries

ScholasticaScholastica Adopted Benedict’s rules for Adopted Benedict’s rules for

conventsconvents Venerable BedeVenerable Bede

Wrote early history of EnglandWrote early history of England

Page 8: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Pope Gregory IPope Gregory I Becomes Pope in 590 A.D.Becomes Pope in 590 A.D.

GREATLY GREATLY expandsexpands the power of the the power of the Papal office in RomePapal office in Rome

Increased Increased Political PowerPolitical Power Raised Raised ArmiesArmies Negotiated peace treatiesNegotiated peace treaties

Began to envision a large Began to envision a large kingdomkingdom ruled by the ruled by the church, and the church, and the PopePope..

Page 9: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Charles the Charles the HammerHammer & & Pepin the Pepin the ShortShort

Major DomoMajor Domo – “ – “Mayor of the PalaceMayor of the Palace”” Official office (the Official office (the most powerfulmost powerful person in the person in the

Frankish Kingdom)Frankish Kingdom) Charles Charles MartelMartel (Charles the Hammer) (Charles the Hammer)

Major Domo in 719 A.D. (held more power than Major Domo in 719 A.D. (held more power than the Frankish Kingthe Frankish King

Defeated Muslims at Defeated Muslims at Battle of ToursBattle of Tours Pepin the ShortPepin the Short

Negotiated with Pope to fight LombardsNegotiated with Pope to fight Lombards Pope named Pepin “Pope named Pepin “King by the Grace of GodKing by the Grace of God””

Beginning of Beginning of CarolingianCarolingian Dynasty (would rule Dynasty (would rule Frankish Kingdom for 200 years)Frankish Kingdom for 200 years)

Page 10: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CHARLEMAGNECHARLEMAGNE Pepin the Short has 2 sonsPepin the Short has 2 sons

Carloman and CharlesCarloman and Charles Carloman dies – Charles inherits Carloman dies – Charles inherits

Frankish KingdomFrankish Kingdom Charles known as CharlemagneCharles known as Charlemagne

““Charles the Great”Charles the Great” Doubles the size of the Frankish EmpireDoubles the size of the Frankish Empire

Largest empire since unified Roman EmpireLargest empire since unified Roman Empire Charlemagne’s ConquestsCharlemagne’s Conquests

Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity Unified Western EuropeUnified Western Europe

Page 11: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Charlemagne becomes Charlemagne becomes EmperorEmperor

Charlemagne travels to RomeCharlemagne travels to Rome Crushes an uprising against the PopeCrushes an uprising against the Pope

Legend/Myth – Mobs attacking Pope Leo III in Legend/Myth – Mobs attacking Pope Leo III in streets, trying to blind him and cut out his streets, trying to blind him and cut out his tonguetongue

Charlemagne saves the Pope/crushes rebellionCharlemagne saves the Pope/crushes rebellion Pope Leo III names Charlemagne emperor Pope Leo III names Charlemagne emperor

(on Christmas Day)(on Christmas Day) Pope takes authority to name emperorsPope takes authority to name emperors Franks tied to Catholic church and legacy of Franks tied to Catholic church and legacy of

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Page 12: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Charlemagne’s LegacyCharlemagne’s Legacy Unified Western/Central EuropeUnified Western/Central Europe Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity

Legend: beheaded 4500 people who Legend: beheaded 4500 people who wouldn’t convert to death (in one day!)wouldn’t convert to death (in one day!)

Encouraged educationEncouraged education

Charlemagne dies – 817 A.D.Charlemagne dies – 817 A.D. Sons divide up the kingdomSons divide up the kingdom

Kings lose powerKings lose power Feudalism begins in EuropeFeudalism begins in Europe

Page 13: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

FEUDALISM & FEUDALISM & MANORIALISMMANORIALISM

Setting the stageSetting the stage Carolingian Kings lose powerCarolingian Kings lose power Invaders attack EuropeInvaders attack Europe

Muslims from south (Northern Africa)Muslims from south (Northern Africa) Magyars from east (Hungary – E. Europe)Magyars from east (Hungary – E. Europe) Vikings from north (Scandinavia)Vikings from north (Scandinavia)

Invasions create disorder and fear in Invasions create disorder and fear in EuropeEurope

Kings could not guarantee protectionKings could not guarantee protection People turned to local lords for protectionPeople turned to local lords for protection

Page 14: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

FeudalismFeudalism Important terms:Important terms:

LordsLords LandownersLandowners Kings, nobles, church officials, knightsKings, nobles, church officials, knights

FiefFief Piece of landPiece of land

VassalVassal Person receiving the land (fief)Person receiving the land (fief) Nobles, church officials, knights, peasantsNobles, church officials, knights, peasants

SEE PYRAMID ON PAGE 361SEE PYRAMID ON PAGE 361

Page 15: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Feudalism PyramidFeudalism Pyramid

Page 16: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

FeudalismFeudalism Kings needed military powerKings needed military power

Promised land (fief) to nobles in Promised land (fief) to nobles in exchange for military loyaltyexchange for military loyalty

Nobles gave land to knights in Nobles gave land to knights in exchange for loyalty and serviceexchange for loyalty and service

Peasants needed protection from Peasants needed protection from invadersinvaders Peasants worked land in exchange for Peasants worked land in exchange for

protection (Serfs – not allowed to leave)protection (Serfs – not allowed to leave)

Page 17: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ManorialismManorialism Formed economic basis of Feudal SystemFormed economic basis of Feudal System

Serfs/Peasants worked lord’s landSerfs/Peasants worked lord’s land Fruits of serf labor belonged to lordFruits of serf labor belonged to lord

Lords provide housing and protection to serfsLords provide housing and protection to serfs ““Manor” – Lord’s estateManor” – Lord’s estate

Completely self-sufficientCompletely self-sufficient Manor houseManor house Peasant cottagesPeasant cottages ChurchChurch FieldsFields WaterWater

Page 18: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Effects of Manorialism & Effects of Manorialism & FeudalismFeudalism

Provided social structureProvided social structure Created social classesCreated social classes

Nobles, peasants, etc.Nobles, peasants, etc.

Provided some Stability in EuropeProvided some Stability in Europe Harsh life for peasants/serfsHarsh life for peasants/serfs

Average life expectancy – 35 yearsAverage life expectancy – 35 years

Page 19: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

KNIGHTS & CHIVALRYKNIGHTS & CHIVALRY ChivalryChivalry

Code of beliefs/ideals followed by Code of beliefs/ideals followed by knightsknights

FollowedFollowed Earthly lordEarthly lord Heavenly LordHeavenly Lord

ProtectedProtected LadyLady Weak/poorWeak/poor

Loyalty (to lord and Lord)Loyalty (to lord and Lord) BraveryBravery

Page 20: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CHIVALRY & KNIGHTSCHIVALRY & KNIGHTS KnightsKnights

““Hired” soldiersHired” soldiers Served wishes of lordServed wishes of lord Fief – VassalsFief – Vassals

LiteratureLiterature Camelot/King ArthurCamelot/King Arthur The Song of Roland (famous epic poem)The Song of Roland (famous epic poem) TroubadoursTroubadours

Travelling poet-musiciansTravelling poet-musicians Often sang of loveOften sang of love

Page 21: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ROLE OF WOMENROLE OF WOMEN Church ViewsChurch Views

Church was very influentialChurch was very influential Viewed women as inferiorViewed women as inferior

Noble WomenNoble Women Had some power (when husband was away)Had some power (when husband was away)

Peasant WomenPeasant Women Limited to raising children & household Limited to raising children & household

choreschores Eleanor of AquitaineEleanor of Aquitaine

Queen of England in late 1100’sQueen of England in late 1100’s Mother to Richard the Lion-HeartedMother to Richard the Lion-Hearted

Page 22: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

POWER OF THE CHURCHPOWER OF THE CHURCH Pope Gelasius IPope Gelasius I

Two swords created by GodTwo swords created by God ReligiousReligious

Wielded by the PopeWielded by the Pope Grants Pope authority over religious mattersGrants Pope authority over religious matters Emperor should yield to the Pope on Emperor should yield to the Pope on

religious issuesreligious issues PoliticalPolitical

Wielded by the EmperorWielded by the Emperor Grants Emperor authority over political Grants Emperor authority over political

mattersmatters Pope should yield to the Emperor on political Pope should yield to the Emperor on political

issuesissues

Two leaders could rule in harmonyTwo leaders could rule in harmony

Page 23: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CHURCH HIERARCHY - CLERGYCHURCH HIERARCHY - CLERGY

POPE

BISHOPS

PRIESTS

Page 24: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCHINFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH Unifying ForceUnifying Force

Common beliefs – Stability for peopleCommon beliefs – Stability for people Social Center – Common HolidaysSocial Center – Common Holidays

Canon Law (Church Law)Canon Law (Church Law) Marriage & Religious practicesMarriage & Religious practices Church CourtsChurch Courts

ExcommunicationExcommunication No salvation for exommunicantNo salvation for exommunicant Vassals freed of dutiesVassals freed of duties

InterdictInterdict No sacramentsNo sacraments

All people doomed to hellAll people doomed to hell TREMENDOUS POWER TO CHURCHTREMENDOUS POWER TO CHURCH

Page 25: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

HOLY ROMAN EMPIREHOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Otto IOtto I

Formed close alliance with churchFormed close alliance with church Pope crowns Otto EmperorPope crowns Otto Emperor

Lay InvestitureLay Investiture Power to name clergyPower to name clergy Kings can control churchKings can control church Gregory VIIGregory VII

Bans lay investitureBans lay investiture

Page 26: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

EMPERORS & POPES CLASHEMPERORS & POPES CLASH Emperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VIIEmperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII

Gregory bans lay investitureGregory bans lay investiture Henry demands Gregory step downHenry demands Gregory step down Gregory excommunicates HenryGregory excommunicates Henry Canossa, ItalyCanossa, Italy

Henry begs for forgivenessHenry begs for forgiveness Gregory ends excommunicationGregory ends excommunication

Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms CompromiseCompromise Only the church can appoint bishopsOnly the church can appoint bishops Emperor can veto appointmentsEmperor can veto appointments

Page 27: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

FREDERICK IFREDERICK I Barbarosa (Red Beard)Barbarosa (Red Beard) Named King to unite empire (1152 Named King to unite empire (1152

A.D.)A.D.) Repeatedly invades ItalyRepeatedly invades Italy

Italian merchants and Pope unite against Italian merchants and Pope unite against himhim

Battle of LegnanoBattle of Legnano Merchants and Pope victorious (crossbows)Merchants and Pope victorious (crossbows) First time in history foot soldiers defeat knightsFirst time in history foot soldiers defeat knights

GERMAN STATES REMAIN GERMAN STATES REMAIN SEPARATE (No unification SEPARATE (No unification since Charlemagne)since Charlemagne)

Page 28: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

THE CHURCH & THE THE CHURCH & THE CRUSADESCRUSADES

Spiritual AgeSpiritual Age Unified the people of Middle AgesUnified the people of Middle Ages Spiritual revivalSpiritual revival

Monastery at ClunyMonastery at Cluny ““Beginning” of church Beginning” of church

reorganizationreorganization Church ProblemsChurch Problems

Priests marrying (against the rules)Priests marrying (against the rules) Simony – selling church officesSimony – selling church offices Lay InvestitureLay Investiture

Page 29: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CHURCH RESTRUCTURINGCHURCH RESTRUCTURING Monastery at ClunyMonastery at Cluny

Began the restructuringBegan the restructuring Pope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VIIPope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VII

Reorganized church hierarchyReorganized church hierarchy Pope – Bishops – PriestsPope – Bishops – Priests CuriaCuria

Group of advisors to PopeGroup of advisors to Pope Formed Canon LawFormed Canon Law

Tithe (taxes)Tithe (taxes)

Page 30: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

THE FRIARSTHE FRIARS Friar – preached to the poor Friar – preached to the poor

Travelling monksTravelling monks Dominic & Francis of AssisiDominic & Francis of Assisi

DominicDominic Spanish priestSpanish priest Founded the Dominican order of FriarsFounded the Dominican order of Friars Emphasized educationEmphasized education

Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi Italian priestItalian priest Founded the Franciscan order of FriarsFounded the Franciscan order of Friars Respect for all God’s creaturesRespect for all God’s creatures

Clare & HildegardClare & Hildegard Founded orders for womenFounded orders for women

Page 31: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CATHEDRALSCATHEDRALS Many worshiped in small churchesMany worshiped in small churches CathedralsCathedrals

Huge, ornately decorated churchesHuge, ornately decorated churches Representation of a “City of God”Representation of a “City of God”

Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture Small windowsSmall windows DarkDark

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture Enduring legacy of the church!Enduring legacy of the church! SoaringSoaring

Page 32: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

GOTHIC vs. ROMANESQUEGOTHIC vs. ROMANESQUE

RomanesqueRomanesque GothicGothic

Round ArchesRound Arches Pointed ArchesPointed Arches

Thick WallsThick Walls Exterior buttressesExterior buttresses

Small windowsSmall windows Large, stained-glass Large, stained-glass windowswindows

Modest HeightModest Height Vertical, TallVertical, Tall

Dark, gloomyDark, gloomy Tall, light-filledTall, light-filled

Page 33: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

RomanesqueRomanesque

Page 34: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

RomanesqueRomanesque

Page 35: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

GothicGothic

Page 36: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

GothicGothic

Page 37: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES Series of wars/battles over 300 yearsSeries of wars/battles over 300 years Call for all Christians to Call for all Christians to capture capture

Jerusalem from the MuslimsJerusalem from the Muslims Muslim Turks also attacked Muslim Turks also attacked

ConstantinopleConstantinople Constantinople – Christian cityConstantinople – Christian city

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II – called for – called for CrusadesCrusades to retake the Holy Landto retake the Holy Land

Page 38: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES

Goals of the Crusades:Goals of the Crusades:

1.1. Retake Jerusalem and Retake Jerusalem and ConstantinopleConstantinople

2.2. Reunite Eastern and Reunite Eastern and Western churchWestern church

3.3. Money/ProfitMoney/Profit

Page 39: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

THE 1THE 1STST & 2 & 2NDND CRUSADES CRUSADES First CrusadeFirst Crusade

1097 A.D.1097 A.D. 12,000 Crusaders12,000 Crusaders

Attempted to retake Attempted to retake JerusalemJerusalem Captured the city on July 15, 1099Captured the city on July 15, 1099

Crusader states establishedCrusader states established Second CrusadeSecond Crusade

Edessa (Crusader state) taken by Edessa (Crusader state) taken by MuslimsMuslims

Crusaders loseCrusaders lose (Edessa not retaken) (Edessa not retaken)

Page 40: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

THE 3THE 3RDRD CRUSADE CRUSADE Jerusalem captured by Jerusalem captured by SaladinSaladin Philip IIPhilip II (France), (France), Frederick IFrederick I

(Germany), (Germany), Richard the Lion-Richard the Lion-HeartedHearted (England) (England) Led 3Led 3rdrd Crusade to retake Jerusalem Crusade to retake Jerusalem Phillip goes homePhillip goes home Frederick drownsFrederick drowns Richard battles SaladinRichard battles Saladin

TRUCE (1192)TRUCE (1192) Jerusalem remains Muslim; Jerusalem remains Muslim;

Christians (unarmed) could freely Christians (unarmed) could freely visitvisit

Page 41: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

MORE CRUSADESMORE CRUSADES 44thth Crusade Crusade

Another failed attempt to capture Another failed attempt to capture JerusalemJerusalem

Crusaders loot Constantinople instead - $$$Crusaders loot Constantinople instead - $$$ 55thth – 8 – 8thth Crusades Crusades

Profit-drivenProfit-driven Failed to capture JerusalemFailed to capture Jerusalem

99thth & 10 & 10thth Crusades Crusades Crusaders invade EgyptCrusaders invade Egypt Attempt to weaken MuslimsAttempt to weaken Muslims UnsuccessfulUnsuccessful

Page 42: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CHILDREN’S CRUSADES??CHILDREN’S CRUSADES?? Stephen of Cloyes (French)Stephen of Cloyes (French)

12 years old12 years old Led 30,000 unarmed kids (<18)Led 30,000 unarmed kids (<18) Many died (cold, starvation, drowned)Many died (cold, starvation, drowned) Rest sold into slaveryRest sold into slavery

Nicholas of Cologne (German)Nicholas of Cologne (German) Led 20,000 young adults to RomeLed 20,000 young adults to Rome Only ~ 2,000 surviveOnly ~ 2,000 survive Some sail towards Holy Land, but are Some sail towards Holy Land, but are

never heard from againnever heard from again Power of the Church?Power of the Church?

Page 43: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

SPANISH CRUSADESPANISH CRUSADE Called the Called the ReconquistaReconquista Spanish drive the Muslims out of Spanish drive the Muslims out of

SpainSpain Followed by the Followed by the Spanish Spanish

InquisitionInquisition Infamous trialsInfamous trials held by the Churchheld by the Church

HereticsHeretics Guilty were burned at stakeGuilty were burned at stake Muslims chased from SpainMuslims chased from Spain

Page 44: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

LEGACY OF THE CRUSADESLEGACY OF THE CRUSADES Demonstrated the Demonstrated the Power of the Power of the

ChurchChurch Expanded tradeExpanded trade between Europe & between Europe &

Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia Weakened power of PopeWeakened power of Pope Increased power of KingsIncreased power of Kings Distrust between Muslims and Distrust between Muslims and

ChristiansChristians

Page 45: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

CHANGES – Other than the CHANGES – Other than the ChurchChurch

1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D.1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D. Europe’s population growsEurope’s population grows Cultural changesCultural changes

Muslim & Byzantine influenceMuslim & Byzantine influence

Changes in agricultureChanges in agriculture Changes in businessChanges in business

trade & financetrade & finance

Page 46: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Agricultural ChangesAgricultural Changes Need for FOODNeed for FOOD

More people = Need for more food!More people = Need for more food! Europeans able to increase farm productionEuropeans able to increase farm production

Warmer climateWarmer climate New farmland available (too cold previously)New farmland available (too cold previously)

New agricultural methodsNew agricultural methods Horses take the plowHorses take the plow

Oxen previously used – Horses could plow 3x fasterOxen previously used – Horses could plow 3x faster Three field systemThree field system

Farmers use 3 fields instead of two = MORE FOODFarmers use 3 fields instead of two = MORE FOOD

EFFECTSEFFECTS More food = Healthier population = Longer LifeMore food = Healthier population = Longer Life

Resulted in rapid population growthResulted in rapid population growth Death Rate decreases, Life span increases = Population Death Rate decreases, Life span increases = Population

increasesincreases

Page 47: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Changes in BusinessChanges in Business GUILDSGUILDS

Organization of individuals in the same Organization of individuals in the same tradetrade

Merchant GuildsMerchant Guilds 11stst guilds guilds Could keep prices highCould keep prices high

Craft GuildsCraft Guilds Standards for their craftsStandards for their crafts

Working conditionsWorking conditions WagesWages Quality of Work (breadmakers)Quality of Work (breadmakers)

Page 48: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Craft GuildsCraft Guilds ApprenticeApprentice

Trained by & lived with Master (2-7 Trained by & lived with Master (2-7 years)years)

Parents paid Master for trainingParents paid Master for training When trained, became . . . When trained, became . . .

JourneymanJourneyman Worked for Master (paid salary)Worked for Master (paid salary) Had to produce masterpiece and apply Had to produce masterpiece and apply

to guild to become . . .to guild to become . . . MasterMaster

Owned his own shopOwned his own shop Worked with other MastersWorked with other Masters

Page 49: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

More Changes in BusinessMore Changes in Business Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

Expansion of Trade & BusinessExpansion of Trade & Business FairsFairs

Allowed trade of goods from distant landsAllowed trade of goods from distant lands Expanded “banking” ---- Credit between Expanded “banking” ---- Credit between

merchantsmerchants MORE GOODS = MORE WORKERS NEEDEDMORE GOODS = MORE WORKERS NEEDED

Serfs move to towns – workSerfs move to towns – work Free after living in a town for Free after living in a town for 1 year1 year

Towns’ populations growTowns’ populations grow Towns become CitiesTowns become Cities Towns/Cities dangerous and dirtyTowns/Cities dangerous and dirty

More on this laterMore on this later

Page 50: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

Changes in CultureChanges in Culture Renewed Interest in LearningRenewed Interest in Learning

Muslim & Byzantine LibrariesMuslim & Byzantine Libraries Volumes of works by Greek PhilosophersVolumes of works by Greek Philosophers Crusaders bring back Muslim, Greek, & Byzantine Crusaders bring back Muslim, Greek, & Byzantine

knowledgeknowledge The UniversityThe University

Group of students meeting to study a subjectGroup of students meeting to study a subject France, Italy, & EnglandFrance, Italy, & England

Proper Universities appear – give DegreesProper Universities appear – give Degrees New ideas and works of literatureNew ideas and works of literature

Dante – Dante – The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy Chaucer – Chaucer – The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales Thomas Aquinas – Thomas Aquinas – Summa TheologicaeSumma Theologicae

Combined Biblical teachings and logic (Aristotle)Combined Biblical teachings and logic (Aristotle) Influenced future governments of W. EuropeInfluenced future governments of W. Europe

Page 51: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ENGLAND & FRANCEENGLAND & FRANCE England & FranceEngland & France

First countries in Europe to have First countries in Europe to have strong, centralized governments – strong, centralized governments – “Country”“Country”

800’s – 900’s A.D.800’s – 900’s A.D. Britain made up of feudal statesBritain made up of feudal states

Not unifiedNot unified

Angles & SaxonsAngles & Saxons Early peoples in BritainEarly peoples in Britain

Anglo-Saxon CultureAnglo-Saxon Culture

Page 52: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ENGLANDENGLAND Important early rulersImportant early rulers

Alfred the Great (Anglo-Saxon)Alfred the Great (Anglo-Saxon) United feudal states – named it United feudal states – named it

“England”“England” Canute (Danish – Viking)Canute (Danish – Viking)

Conquered EnglandConquered England Introduced elements of Viking cultureIntroduced elements of Viking culture

Edward the ConfessorEdward the Confessor (Anglo- (Anglo-Saxon)Saxon)

King – King – died without naming a successordied without naming a successor Struggle for power ensuedStruggle for power ensued

Page 53: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ENGLANDENGLAND William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

From NormandyFrom Normandy Coastal region in Northern FranceCoastal region in Northern France

Edward the Confessor’s cousinEdward the Confessor’s cousin Hereditary claim to throne of EnglandHereditary claim to throne of England

Invades EnglandInvades England

Page 54: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ENGLANDENGLAND BATTLE OF HASTINGSBATTLE OF HASTINGS

1066 A.D.1066 A.D. William the Conqueror vs. Harold William the Conqueror vs. Harold

GodwinsonGodwinson Harold takes an arrow to the eyeHarold takes an arrow to the eye William is victoriousWilliam is victorious

Page 55: European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings

ENGLANDENGLAND Importance of William & Battle of Importance of William & Battle of

HastingsHastings William claims all of England as his William claims all of England as his

ownown Kicks out English lords – supported Kicks out English lords – supported

HaroldHarold Gives land to Norman lords in Gives land to Norman lords in

exchange for loyaltyexchange for loyalty UNIFIED ENGLANDUNIFIED ENGLAND ESTABLISHED FOUNDATION ESTABLISHED FOUNDATION

FOR UNIFIED GOVERNMENTFOR UNIFIED GOVERNMENT

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ENGLANDENGLAND Important advances in GovernmentImportant advances in Government

Courts & Courts & Jury Trials Jury Trials (Henry II)(Henry II) Jury of 12 neighborsJury of 12 neighbors

Common LawCommon Law Collection of jury rulingsCollection of jury rulings Basis for many modern laws in English-Basis for many modern laws in English-

speaking countriesspeaking countries The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta (John Softsword) (John Softsword)

Ineffective Ruler (John) - taxesIneffective Ruler (John) - taxes Nobles revolt – force John to sign Magna Nobles revolt – force John to sign Magna

CartaCarta Guarantees certain basic rightsGuarantees certain basic rights

Jury trial, no taxation without representation, Jury trial, no taxation without representation, protection of the lawprotection of the law

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ENGLANDENGLAND More important advances in gov’tMore important advances in gov’t

Parliament (Edward I)Parliament (Edward I) Edward needed money for a war against Edward needed money for a war against

the French, Welsh, and Scotsthe French, Welsh, and Scots Summoned two people from every Summoned two people from every

burough and county to serve as burough and county to serve as ParliamentParliament

November, 1295 – Model ParliamentNovember, 1295 – Model Parliament Knights, citizens, bishops, & nobles Knights, citizens, bishops, & nobles

meetmeet Model for future ParliamentsModel for future Parliaments Knights & Citizens – House of CommonsKnights & Citizens – House of Commons Bishops & Nobles – House of LordsBishops & Nobles – House of Lords

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Parliament Building in LondonParliament Building in London

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FRANCEFRANCE New dynasty (after Carolingian)New dynasty (after Carolingian)

Hugh CapetHugh Capet Ruled small territory that included Ruled small territory that included

ParisParis Capetian Dynasty (~340 years)Capetian Dynasty (~340 years)

Phillip II (Capetian King)Phillip II (Capetian King) Seized Normandy from EnglandSeized Normandy from England Tripled the size of French territoryTripled the size of French territory Established the Established the Estates-GeneralEstates-General

Basis for French GovernmentBasis for French Government 11STST Estate – Church leaders Estate – Church leaders 22ndnd Estate – Lords Estate – Lords 33rdrd Estate – Landowners & Merchants Estate – Landowners & Merchants

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ENGLAND & FRANCEENGLAND & FRANCE Importance of English & French Importance of English & French

advancements in Government:advancements in Government: Centralized GovernmentCentralized Government Created court systemsCreated court systems

INCLUDED COMMONERS INCLUDED COMMONERS IN THE GOVERNMENT IN THE GOVERNMENT PROCESSPROCESS

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100 YEARS WAR & THE 100 YEARS WAR & THE PLAGUEPLAGUE

Watch for the followingWatch for the following:: Division of the Church (again)Division of the Church (again) A Deadly epidemicA Deadly epidemic Popes and Kings don’t get Popes and Kings don’t get

alongalong Wars in England & FranceWars in England & France Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

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THE BUBONIC PLAGUETHE BUBONIC PLAGUE Also called Black DeathAlso called Black Death Disease, carried by fleas (on Disease, carried by fleas (on

rats)rats) Spread throughout the entire Spread throughout the entire

worldworld Wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s Wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s

populationpopulation

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BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH Most PEOPLE had fleasMost PEOPLE had fleas

Very few bathedVery few bathed Towns and Cities filthyTowns and Cities filthy

Garbage and human waste thrown in Garbage and human waste thrown in streetsstreets

Large rat populationLarge rat population Fleas travelled via rats from person Fleas travelled via rats from person

to personto person SymptomsSymptoms

Black spots on skinBlack spots on skin Death – quickly (lifeless ships)Death – quickly (lifeless ships)

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EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUEEFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE Population decreased Population decreased

dramaticallydramatically 1/3 of Europe – Dead1/3 of Europe – Dead

Medieval Society disruptedMedieval Society disrupted Manoralism/Feudalism crumblesManoralism/Feudalism crumbles Jews blamed for plague (why?)Jews blamed for plague (why?) Church suffersChurch suffers

Prayers don’t end plaguePrayers don’t end plague

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THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Another split in the churchAnother split in the church Began with Pope-King conflictBegan with Pope-King conflict

Pope Boniface VIII declares all kings Pope Boniface VIII declares all kings must obey Popesmust obey Popes

King Philip IV (France) imprisons King Philip IV (France) imprisons Boniface VIIIBoniface VIII

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THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Avignon, FranceAvignon, France

Pope Clement V moves to AvignonPope Clement V moves to Avignon Popes live in Avignon for ~70 yearsPopes live in Avignon for ~70 years Badly weakens Catholic churchBadly weakens Catholic church Popes move back to RomePopes move back to Rome

Urban VI (Italian)Urban VI (Italian) Bishops pressured to name Italian Bishops pressured to name Italian

PopePope ArrogantArrogant Bishops elect 2Bishops elect 2ndnd Pope!! Pope!!

Clement VII (French)Clement VII (French)

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THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM TWO POPES!TWO POPES!

Urban VI & Clement VIIUrban VI & Clement VII Excommunicate each other - church Excommunicate each other - church

splitssplits French Pope (Clement VII) – AvignonFrench Pope (Clement VII) – Avignon Italian Pope (Urban VI) – RomeItalian Pope (Urban VI) – Rome

THREE POPES!THREE POPES! Council of Constance (1414)Council of Constance (1414) Force all 3 Popes to resignForce all 3 Popes to resign Elect new Pope – Martin VElect new Pope – Martin V

CHUCH BADLY WEAKENED AGAINCHUCH BADLY WEAKENED AGAIN

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SCHOLARS CHALLENGESCHOLARS CHALLENGE Due to perceived weakness of Due to perceived weakness of

PapacyPapacy John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe

Jesus is true head of church – not Jesus is true head of church – not PopePope

Jan HusJan Hus Biblical law authority over Pope lawBiblical law authority over Pope law ExcommunicatedExcommunicated Burned at stake!Burned at stake!

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100 YEARS’ WAR100 YEARS’ WAR Series of wars between England & Series of wars between England &

FranceFrance England once occupied part of FranceEngland once occupied part of France

William the Conqueror – NormandyWilliam the Conqueror – Normandy

Capetian King dies – no successorCapetian King dies – no successor Edward III (England) claims French Edward III (England) claims French

thronethrone 1337 A.D. – 1453 A.D.1337 A.D. – 1453 A.D.

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100 YEARS’ WAR100 YEARS’ WAR Important effectsImportant effects

Ended importance of knights & chivalryEnded importance of knights & chivalry Longbow & foot soldiers slaughter knightsLongbow & foot soldiers slaughter knights

Battles of Crecy, Poitiers, AgincourtBattles of Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt

Showed strength of Joan of ArcShowed strength of Joan of Arc Heard voices (God telling her to rescue Heard voices (God telling her to rescue

France)France) Battle of OrleansBattle of Orleans

French begin to retreatFrench begin to retreat Joan of Arc turns around and charges the EnglishJoan of Arc turns around and charges the English French soldiers followFrench soldiers follow French army victoriousFrench army victorious

Helped Charles VII become King of FranceHelped Charles VII become King of France

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JOAN OF ARC BURNSJOAN OF ARC BURNS Joan captured and turned over to Joan captured and turned over to

EnglishEnglish Church condemns Joan of Arc as Church condemns Joan of Arc as

witchwitch Because of her claim to hear voicesBecause of her claim to hear voices

Church burns Joan of Arc at the stakeChurch burns Joan of Arc at the stake Charles VII does nothing!Charles VII does nothing!

She had helped him become KingShe had helped him become King

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DEATH OF THE MIDDLE AGESDEATH OF THE MIDDLE AGES Characteristics of Middle AgesCharacteristics of Middle Ages

The ChurchThe Church The Great SchismThe Great Schism ““Battles” between Popes & KingsBattles” between Popes & Kings Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague

Chivalry & KnightsChivalry & Knights Longbow & Foot soldiersLongbow & Foot soldiers Battles of Crecy, Poitiers, & AgincourtBattles of Crecy, Poitiers, & Agincourt

FeudalismFeudalism Kings regain central authorityKings regain central authority National Pride – England & FranceNational Pride – England & France