european imperialism in china. the opium war (1839) qing dynasty in decline british force open trade...
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European Imperialism in China
The Opium War (1839)• Qing Dynasty in decline
• British force open trade w/ China
• OPIUM only product Britain had that China wanted– used as currency
– widespread addiction
– gov’t attempts to stop
– blew up a British ship loaded w/ opium
• British quickly defeat China
Treaty of Nanjing (August 1842)
• Unequal treaties• Emperor paid for
destroyed opium• Spheres of Influence• US Open Door Policy• HONG KONG
– until 1997
Hong Kong• 1842: British received
in the Treaty of Nanjing
• Returned Hong Kong back in 1997 according to the treaty
• “one country, two systems”
Unrest & Revolution• Taiping Rebellion
– 1851-1865– 20-60 million killed
• 1851: 432 million pop.• 1911: 375-400 million pop
• Ci Xi (Empress Dowager)– power behind the throne
• Boxer Rebellion– 1899-1901– “fist of righteous harmony”
– Anti-western / Anti-imperialism movement
• Led to the rise of COMMUNISM in China
CHINA’S COMMUNIST-CAPITALIST
SPLIT
The Nationalist Party• Kuomingdang (KMT)• Founder: Dr. Sun Yatsen• Successor: Chang Kai-Shek• Support from: Bourgeoise
– the rich– land owners– higher educated
• Goals: 3 Principles o/t Ppl– Democracy
• Capitalism
– Nationalism– Livelihood
DR. SUN YATSEN
CHANG KAI-SHEK
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)1949
• People’s Republic of China• 1st Leader: Mao Zedong
– 1949-1976
• Support from: Proletariat– peasants / poor
• Goals: totalitarianism– economic/social equality
– classless system
– religion is outlawed
– no private property
• Successor: Deng Xiaoping
KARL MARX• Wrote: “The
Communist Manifesto”• Predicted:
– “The Proletariat would rise up against the ruling class” (bourgeoise)
MAO ZEDONG
• Born under FEUDALISM• Mao’s New Order• Totalitarianism
– CCP has total control
• Support from peasants thru propaganda
• Immediate influences:– order is restored
– ended foreign influence
– become self-sufficient
Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)• Mao’s call for a superhuman effort to modernize in one great leap forward• Collective Farms: gov’t forced ppl to pool all their resources together• Communes: 20,000 people to a commune
– hope for huge increase in agricultural output• HUGE FAILURE
– upwards of 40 million s tarved to death• 1957: Hundred Flowers Campaign: "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of though contend".
Propaganda poster
Cultural Revolution (1966)• To renew the communist
revolutionary spirit– due to failure o/t Great Leap Forward
• root out “capitalist roaders”• Red Guards
– students & young factory workers– attacked non-Mao supporters
• Effects: schools closed– factories slowed production– Red Guards were sent to faraway rural
areas– Ppl lost faith in Mao
Four Modernizations
• 1972: Nixon visits China• 1976: Mao dies• 1978: DENG XIAOPING• Four Modernizations:
– Modernizing agriculture– Expanding industry– Developing science & tech– Upgrading the military
• “responsibility system”• Special Economic Zones
(SEZ)• “Made in China”
Beijing