European ExplorationChapters 19 and 20

God, Gold, and Glory

“To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” –Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese Explorer)

Reasons for European Exploration

• The desire for new sources of wealth• Europeans demanded spices, such as

cinnamon, pepper, ginger, and nutmeg which added flavor to their foods

• Italian and Muslim merchants controlled the market of these goods

• Because the demand was so high, they could charge high prices and make a lot of profit

Reasons for European Exploration

• European merchants from England, Spain, Portugal, and France wanted to find a way to bypass these Italian merchants and increase profits for themselves

Reasons for European Exploration

• The desire to spread Christianity also motivated European explorers

• They had gotten a taste of spreading Christianity through the Crusades

Advancements in Sailing:

1. Astrolabe-uses stars to track long. and lat.

2. Magnetic Compass3. Caravel-new ship with

triangle sails (helps sailing against the wind)

Caravel

WIND

Portugal

• Prince Henry was very interested in Asia

• He discovered a great deal of wealth, spices and gold, during a Crusade in Northern Africa

• He set up ports in Northern Africa

Portugal

• Wanted a direct route to Asia

• 1497-Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and explored the East African Coast

Portugal

• Da Gama eventually reached India

• They loaded their ships up with spices and returned to Portugal in 1499

• There cargo was 60 times the price of the voyage!

Spain

• Like Portugal, also desired a direct route to Asia

• 1492- Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic in order to get to India

• He landed on Hispaniola and called the natives “Indians”

Exploration

The Dutch (Netherlands), England, and France would also join Portugal and Spain in exploring both Asia and the New World…

God, Gold and Glory are what exploration had to offer! HUGE REWARDS; however, HUGE RISKS were involved.

From Columbus’s Journal:“For nine days I was as one lost, without hope of life. Eyes never beheld the sea so angry, so high, so covered with foam. The wind not only prevented our progress, but offered no opportunity to run behind any headland for shelter; hence we were forced to keep out in this bloody ocean, seething like a pot on a hot fire. Never did the sky look more terrible; for one whole day and night it blazed like a furnace, and the lightning broke with such violence that each time I wondered if it had carried off my spars and sails; the flashes came with such fury and frightfulness that we all thought that the ship would be blasted. All this time the water never ceased to fall from the sky; I do not say it rained, for it was like another deluge. The men were so worn out that they longed for death to end their dreadful suffering.”

Spain and Portugal butt heads• They would argue and fight over claimed land in the

New World• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas

Pedro Alvares Cabral

• Portuguese Explorer• 1500 reached modern

day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal

Amerigo Vespucci

• An Italian in the service of Portugal

• Traveled along the East Coast of South America

• Upon his return to Europe he claimed the land as a “new world”

• In 1507 a German mapmaker named the new land “America”

Ferdinand Magellan

• Spanish Explorer• With 250 men and 5

ships he sailed around the Southern tip of South America

• He reached the Philippines

• He was killed in a local war

Ferdinand Magellan’s Fleet• Many of his men also died of disease and starvation• Only 18 men and 1 ship returned to Spain• Credited to sailing around the world

Andronia

Andronia is a planet of fabulous wealth. It contains enormous deposits of gold and silver. However, no ship has ever returned from a journey to Andronia. What is known of the planet comes secondhand from traders from other planets in the galaxy. It is uncertain whether the planet's location is shown accurately on existing star maps. Furthermore, there are many dangers: black holes that swallow ships whole; electromagnetic fields that burn ship’s electronic system, leaving it adrift in space; and reaching the edge of the known universe and slipping into a great void, from which there is no return.

“A”

Andronia is even richer than legend has told. All crew members become fabulously wealthy and return home to live happily ever after! Add 50,000 Points.

“B”

Andronia contains no riches. It does, however, have enough food and water to sustain life and reprovision the ship for the journey home. Deduct 20,000 Points.

“C”

The crew realizes too late that the ship has been pulled off course by electromagnetic forces. It sails into oblivion. Deduct all points.

Quick Quiz1. What are the three G’s of Exploration?2. Who was Vasco da Gama?3. Who landed on Hispaniola thinking it was

India?4. Besides Spain and Portugal, name two other

countries that took part in exploration of the New World.

5. Name one thing you found interesting.

Francisco Pizarro

• Spanish Conquistador• Marched a small force

into South America• Conquered the Incan

Empire

Hernando Cortez

• Spanish Explorer• Landed on the shores of

Mexico• He and other Spanish

explorers that followed him would be known as conquistadors

Spanish and the Aztecs

• Cortez came in contact with the Aztecs

• The Aztecs were located in Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

• Montezumma II was the Aztec leader

• He accepted the Spanish and shared gold with them

Cortez wrote that he and his comrades had a “disease of the heart that only gold can cure.”

Cholula Massacre

• The Spanish and Aztecs would fight one another on and off

• In 1521, Cortez and his army defeated the Aztecs

North America

Chapter 20 Section 2Pages 561-565

Slavery in Africa• First started due to the

spread of Islam throughout Africa

• Muslims believed that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold as slaves

• In most African and Muslim societies slaves did have rights and social mobility

Europeans take interest in Slaves• The first Europeans to explore Africa were more

interested in gold• However, their interest changed to slaves after they

colonized lands in the Americas

African Slaves

1. Had been exposed to European diseases

2. Had experience farming

3. Less likely to escape (did not know land)

4. Skin color made it easy for them to catch if they escaped

Atlantic Slave Trade

• The buying and selling of Africans to work in the Americas

• Between 1500 and 1600, 300,000 Africans were transported to the Americas

• During the next century, the number jumped to 1.3 million

Triangular Trade

• African rulers and merchants played a willing role in the slave trade

• Europeans would trade with the African leaders

Middle Passage

• The actual voyage that brought Africans to the Americas was called the Middle Passage

• Africans were packed into large ships

• It is estimated that 20 Percent of Africans died on the journey

Horrors of the Middle Passage:“I was soon put down under the decks, and there I

received such a salutation [greeting] in my nostrils as I never experienced in my life; so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat…but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across…the windlass, while the other flogged me severely.”-Olaudah Equiano

The Columbian Exchange• The global exchange of plants, animals, disease, and

especially food