European and Czech landscape European and Czech landscape traditiontradition and experienceand experience

ECESECES

ERASMUSERASMUS

Students interested in the subjectStudents interested in the subject

Krajina - landscapeKrajina - landscape ““Krajina” in Czech community is not a neutral termKrajina” in Czech community is not a neutral term

HomelandHomeland TraditionTradition Heritage of ancestors, fathers…Heritage of ancestors, fathers… BeautyBeauty Fertility…source of lifeFertility…source of life SafenessSafeness NatureNature CultureCulture Work of Work of rural rural generationgeneration PeoplePeople HistoryHistory ReligionReligion WarWar ……....

Krajina in Czech context….Krajina in Czech context…. National National revivalrevival ……

1) 1) 1771 - 18131771 - 18132) 1813 - 18302) 1813 - 18303) 1830 - 1848 3) 1830 - 1848

…….substitution of political freedom …national .substitution of political freedom …national identity…strong social and cultural cohesive identity…strong social and cultural cohesive function of landscapefunction of landscape

PPilgrimageilgrimages, processions, mass meetings, s, processions, mass meetings,

holy placesholy places

The evidence of (cultural, social, mental, The evidence of (cultural, social, mental, psychological, narrative, scientific, etc.) landscape psychological, narrative, scientific, etc.) landscape perception is landscape paintingsperception is landscape paintings

Cranach Lucas older, *1472 – †16.10.1553, German, the leading representative of German reformation, near friend of Martin Luther – romantic landscape painting of Danube school.

VENUS

Cranach L. Junior, Na vinici Páně

Vineyard of the Lord(the main story between clergy and secular)

L. Cranach older, The Rest on the Escape to the Egypt(holy family supported by angels, Herodias king – killed every new born boys, to eliminate prophesy, but…birch tree, spruce)

L. Cranach, Portrait

L. Cranach St. Margarita

Claude LorraineClaude Lorraine

Landscape with Cephalus, Procris, and Diana, 1635/6

Claude Lorraine Landscape with Apollo and Mercury

(1645).

Claude Lorraine 1600 – 1682, Campagna

Peter Breughel older Netherlandish Proverbs

Peter Breughel older tower-of-babel

Peter Breughel older - The harvesters 1565 (emancipation of landscape, l. no more in background)

Caspar David Friedrich Tetchenský oltář 1806 Tetchen Altar

(Against academic tradition)

Landscape in paintings Landscape in paintings (until 16(until 16thth – even 18 – even 18thth ) )

SceneryScenery EnvironmentEnvironment BackgroundBackground InfillInfill – filling – filling EdgingEdging

Landscape under the Theory of Sublime Landscape under the Theory of Sublime

Object of the sublimeObject of the sublime Experience of divinityExperience of divinity Experience of eternalityExperience of eternality Harmony of NatureHarmony of Nature Awe and fearAwe and fear

WORD HISTORY  • It would seem that in the word landscape we have an

example of nature imitating art, at least insofar as sense development is concerned.

• Landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists were on the verge of becoming masters of the landscape genre. The Dutch word landschap had earlier meant simply “region, tract of land” but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of “a picture depicting scenery on land.” Interestingly, 34 years pass after the first recorded use of landscape in English before the word is used of a view or vista of natural scenery.

• This delay suggests that people were first introduced to landscapes in paintings and then saw landscapes in real life.

HistoryHistory

((landschap, landlandschap, land, „, „land,land, soil…soil…země, půda“ země, půda“ aandnd schapschap, ; , ; in Englishin English landskip, landlandskip, land andand skip skip – ship– ship, „ loď“ , „ loď“ also also schaftschaft, , shapeshape „„composition, form, face…composition, form, face…složení, tvar, složení, tvar, forma, podoba“); forma, podoba“); contemporary Englishcontemporary English landscapelandscape

Land-ScapeLand-Scape - - (tangible form/intangible perception)(tangible form/intangible perception)

Terra …..Latin …..just areaTerra …..Latin …..just area

LandscapeLandscape (in European/American meaning)(in European/American meaning)

RRefers to the layout in terms of a land area and to its visual efers to the layout in terms of a land area and to its visual representation, particularly as portrayed by members of the representation, particularly as portrayed by members of the painting community. painting community.

11. A portion of land or territory which the eye can . A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single viewcomprehend in a single view. .

2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, 2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, wateraspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water e etc. tc.

3. 3. In general - demarcated area (in medicine)In general - demarcated area (in medicine)

Land---Scape constructionLand---Scape construction

Scenery……land/scapeScenery……land/scape Ownership, government….land/shaft, krajinaOwnership, government….land/shaft, krajina Some methodological problems have their Some methodological problems have their

roots in the landscape construction roots in the landscape construction

- Landscape in your native language?- Landscape in your native language?

Terms:

Pre- scientificno logical relationships between each other,

but contains experiences, people can understand and imagine what is behind the term – sharing experiences.

empirical, based on sharing experiences expression of the world.

Terms..

Scientific no sharing experiences, but logical

analytical relationships to each other. Analytical, formalized description of the world.

Landscape belong to....term?

Founded scientific definitionFounded scientific definition

Alexander von Humboldt…the last man who Alexander von Humboldt…the last man who looks on the nature as a one unit, holistic looks on the nature as a one unit, holistic entityentity

Landscape is “Totalcharakter” the total-nature Landscape is “Totalcharakter” the total-nature of the of the Earth's surfaceEarth's surface (1806) (1806)

Landscape as a unique nature - Landscape as a unique nature - culture continuum emergedculture continuum emerged

TotalcharakterTotalcharakter““ of A. von Humb of A. von Humbololdtdt…… Landschaft ..“Das Total Character einer Landschaft ..“Das Total Character einer

Erdgegend“Erdgegend“

„„the total-nature of the the total-nature of the Earth's surface“Earth's surface“ (1806) (1806) The total character of a piece of the earth.

The system at the earth surface of biotic and abiotic forces that visually can be recognized

Landscape as a tangible ecosystem

Scientific definitions of landscape in Landscape EcologyScientific definitions of landscape in Landscape Ecology N-C-Continuum N-C-Continuum

The total character of a regionThe total character of a region Alexander von Humboldt cca 180Alexander von Humboldt cca 18066

A heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems A heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeat in similar form throughoutthat is repeat in similar form throughout

Forman, Godron, 1986Forman, Godron, 1986

Landscapes dealt with in their totality as physical, ecological and geographical Landscapes dealt with in their totality as physical, ecological and geographical entities, integrating all natural and human (cause) patterns and processesentities, integrating all natural and human (cause) patterns and processes

Z. Naveh 1987Z. Naveh 1987

A particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land-use, and A particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land-use, and settlement pattern which delimits some coherence of natural and cultural settlement pattern which delimits some coherence of natural and cultural processes and activitiesprocesses and activities

Green, 1996Green, 1996

A highly complex system …where abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic A highly complex system …where abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic components and their interrelations form the structure and functioning of a components and their interrelations form the structure and functioning of a generic entitygeneric entity

Lesser 1997 Lesser 1997

European Landscape ConventionEuropean Landscape ConventionFlorence, 20.X.2000Florence, 20.X.2000

Article 1 – DefinitionsArticle 1 – Definitions

For the purposes of the Convention:For the purposes of the Convention:

a "Landscape" means an area, as perceived by a "Landscape" means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human action and interaction of natural and/or human fators;fators;

Landscape / InscapeExternal landscape – internal landscape

“Landscape painting is about the changes in the human inscape from prehistoric to modern times”.

Internal landscape, mental map – inscape: Pierre Dansereau, 1975. Inscape and Landscape.

Columbia University Press, New York, London, 118p.

Inscape may also change, independently of the physical context, under the influence of socio-cultural factors. These changes may have their impacts on the external landscape – land/use, planning, landscape design…leading to further action…

Landscape – macrospace – landscape scale

R.T.T.Forman Land Mosaics, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977

Our termsOur terms

Landscape……in theoretical, philosophical Landscape……in theoretical, philosophical Landscapes …..in real, ecologicalLandscapes …..in real, ecological Inscape……….in sociological, psychological, Inscape……….in sociological, psychological,

also knowledge system point of view also knowledge system point of view

??

Next student oral presentation:

• Is there any landscape painting in pre-historic period?

• Beyond the landscape painting – landscape photographs.

Land as the art (Land – art)