etymologicaldictionary persian english

An Etymological Dictionary of

Persian , English and other

Indo-European Languages

A l i N o u r a i

Tracing Words to their Origins

Will help us Understand our Cultures

The Main Fea tures o f th i s D ic t ionary

1) Over 1600 COMMON ROOTS for 4700 Persian and 3300 English words

2) Over 9400 COGNATES in more than fifty other languages

3) NON INDO-EUROPEAN ROOTS are also included

4) GRAPHIC CHARTS showing word relations

5) WORD INDEX for each recorded language

6) DOCUMENTATION of word relations

CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................. A-1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... A-2

THE SCIENCE OF ETYMOLOGY ......................................................... A-5

BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................... A-7

GUIDE TO USING THE DICTIONARY ................................................ A-16

PRONUNCIATION KEYS ....................................................................... A-18

ETYMOLOGICAL CHARTS ..................................... 1 - 541

INDEX OF ROOTS AND WORDS ..................................................... 545

INTRODUCTION AND SELECTED ARTICLES IN PERSIAN ..... 1 - 21

LIST OF TABLES IN THE ENGLISH ARTICLES

TABLE I THREE MAJOR LANGUAGE GROUPS

OF THE WORLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 4 TABLE II SAMPLE OF CONSONANT SOUND CHANGES

IN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 6 TABLE III LIST OF REFERENCES BY LANGUAGE

AND AUTHOR NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . A-8 TABLE IV ABBREVIATION OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9 TABLE V GUIDE FOR INTERPRETING

ETYMOLOGICAL CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-17 TABLE VI PRONUNCIATION KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19

A-1

PREFACE Words are the elements of a language used to identify objects, formulate

ideas and express feelings. These words are also a mirror in that they are a reflection of the cultural history and development of a people. Tracing words to their origins will open a new window to human civilization and culture and help us understand the roots of some of our present social trends and attitudes. For example, the etymology of words for family members clearly shows the division of responsibilities and position of each member in the most basic unit of society - the family. Father was the protector of the family, mother was the feeder, brother was the load carrier and daughter was the milker. If one makes the effort to read beyond the shallow shell of sounds and symbols, one can recognize our human oneness portrayed in our words and their historical roots. Consider, for example, the English word family, referring to a group of people belonging to the same house. The equivalent of this word, in Persian, is ddmn (family xdzd), meaning a group of people sitting around the same fire. These words have been derived from different roots and have evolved in distant places on earth. Yet, the feelings and ideas behind the composition of both words are expressive of the same intimacy innate to all human beings. Family and ddmn both portray a parallel human situation: a group of people from the same home who sit around the same fire.

Unfortunately, the superficial differences in our colorful words have disguised our oneness. The intolerance of differences has penetrated so deeply that, throughout history, many nations have attempted to use the differences in languages as a means to subjugate or humiliate others. For example, the word barbarian, which literally means people who speak a different language, has been so widely abused that today its meaning is all inclusive to mean wild and uncivilized.

The primary motivation for writing this dictionary is the hope that it may foster a greater appreciation of the variances among different languages and cultures, and ultimately nurture a greater understanding among those who speak apparently different languages. After all, we have all come from the same home, have gathered around the same fire and share the same innate Human Language.

A. Nourai

A-2

INTRODUCTION When we go through the process of tracing words to their origins, we are, in essence, tracing our civilization to its most basic roots. While archeology brings us physical facts about our ancestors, etymology portrays a clearer picture of their emotions, ideas and inner world. Persian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages which also includes English, French, German and many other languages (See Table I). It is quite evident that in tracing any Persian word to its origins, its cognates in other Indo-European languages must be considered. In this dictionary, English cognates are regularly referred to along with some other Indo-European equivalents. Since the Persian and English languages have borrowed many words from Semitic, Turkish and other languages that do not belong to the Indo-European group, these words are also analyzed and presented in this dictionary. Altogether, over 1,600 roots and 17,400 derived words are presented in this dictionary. About half of the entries are from Persian and other Iranian languages. These words can be divided into the following approximate language groups: Persian 4,700 words Other Iranian Languages

(Avestan, Old Persian, Pahlavi, Sogdian, etc.) 4,300 words English 3,300 words Greek & Latin 1,500 words Indo-European roots 1,400 words Arabic, Hebrew & other Semitic languages 800 words French, German, Italian & Spanish 400 words Sanskrit & Indian (Hindustani) 400 words Other languages 700 words If we look at all languages collectively, and with a truly open mind, we see that there is little difference between what is considered as a foreign word and what is believed to be a native word. The difference is mainly in the time of entry into a language. Some words have entered a language sooner in history and are, therefore, better rooted and more widely accepted than others. All languages have exchanged words throughout their history. A pure language is nothing more than a myth. Probably the first known massive word exchanges among Indo-Europeans took place about four thousand years ago when they began to migrate

A-3

out of their homeland. They went west to establish the European nations and south to establish the Indian and Iranian nations. There were undoubtedly massive word exchanges among the Indo-Europeans and the local tribesmen.

Throughout its long history and for various social, cultural and political reasons, the Persian language has enriched itself by exchanging words with many other languages while maintaining its original identity. Besides having a direct lineage, many Indo-European words have reached Persian through other languages. For example, sert mZ , ebls Z and khyl v are Indo-European words that have reached Persian after going through and accepting the shape and accent of Semitic languages. Yet other words such as hendeseh , zamn xg and rezq rgf are examples of old Iranian words that have reached Persian through Arabic. Some borrowed words are used internationally appearing in almost all languages. Examples of these words are volt z , mkrob [z , metr and telefon . Algorithm (lgortm f) is another international word which was coined after the Iranian mathematician of the ninth century, Mohammad Khrazm gfZ , who introduced algebra to the world. Many of the borrowed words have been so Persianized and have penetrated so deeply throughout the literature and poetical heritage that it is almost impossible to separate them from the Persian language. Considering the beauty and the depth of the spiritual thoughts expressed in the poems of Molav, Hfez, Sa`d and other poets who have used so many Persianized Arabic words, it is futile to even think about abandoning these words. Omitting these Persianized words is like erasing a significant part of the Persian heritage and identity. This assimilation of foreign words, of course, is not a unique feature of the Persian language. Imagine omitting all the Greek and Latin words from English, or other European languages: the result would be impractical and severely restricted languages. Having an open mind about accepting foreign words, however, does not mean we should arbitrarily borrow words from other languages and use them carelessly. While proper borrowing of words can actually enrich a language and contribute to its survival, wanton usage of foreign words can easily corrupt a language, inhibit its growth and obscure its identity.

A-4

TABLE I Three Major Language Groups of the World

(Some languages are not shown)

I N D O - E U R O P E A N Greek

G E R M A N I C

E N G L I S H

Swedish, Norse Dutch

German

Old & Middle English

Celtic

Irish, Welsh

Armenian

Old Slavic

Russian

Italian Spanish

L A T I N

F R E N C H

Indo-Iranian (Aryan)

Sanskrit Indian

Hindustani

Sogdian, KurdishBaluchi, Pashto

and other Iranian Languages

OLD IRANIAN

Middle Persian, Pahlavi

P E R S I A N

Old Persian,Avestan

ARABIC

Akkadian

A L T A I C

Uzbek, Kazakh

TURKISH

Mongolian, Korean

S E M I T I C

North West North East

South West

Aramaic

Hebrew

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THE SCIENCE OF ETYMOLOGY In 1786, a British judge in India, Sir William Jones, himself familiar with the Greek and Latin languages, declared that there was a strong affinity among Latin, Greek and Sanskrit. He postulated that they all sprang from a common root which was later referred to as the Indo-European family of languages. His announcement marked the beginning of the modern science of linguistics. Indo-European was not a written language. However, about two thousand of its root words have been reconstructed by comparing words of similar sound and meaning among its derived languages. As the Indo-European people started to migrate, their language split into many different dialects that stemmed from the phonetic habits or preferences of different tribes. The key to the science of comparative linguistics and etymology, is the fact that these sound changes followed a rather systematic pattern that is used to determine relationships among dissimilar words in different languages.

A detailed discussion of sound changes among languages is beyond the scope of this dictionary. However, as an example for obtaining a sense of how the word roots were discovered, consider the "P" sound at the beginning of Indo-European words that is preserved in Persian and Greek, but is changed to "F" in Germanic. Therefore, the Indo-European word "Pa-ter: protector" became "Pedar: father: f" in Persian but changed to "Father" in English (through Germanic). Table II shows more examples of such sound changes. In addition to established patterns of sound changes among languages, there are also certain sound shiftings that occur within a language. For example, the R/L ( f /v ) sound change is noticed all over the world in old and new languages and is also observed in many Persian words such as srkh and slkh ( bZf / b ). Transposition of letters in a word is another source of sound change within or among languages such as English bird from older Germanic brid and Persian magz : brain from its older form mazg p . The rules and known patterns of sound changes are used to trace words back to their origins. It should also be noted that the patterns of many sound and word changes are not fully understood yet, therefore, there is some uncertainty about the correct roots of some words.

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TABLE II Sample of Consonant Sound Changes

in Indo-European Languages

English Words through: Indo - European R O O T

Germanic Greek Latin

Persian through Avestan and Old Persian

BH Bhue: to be Bhudh: base

B be bottom

PH physics

F future foundation

B bdan: to be xd bon: base

D Dwo: two Dekm: ten

T two ten

D

D dime

D do: two zd dah: ten yd

G Gel: form into a ball Gene: to give birth to

K club king

G gene

G globe generate

Z / G golleh: bullet zdan: to bear xZg

GH Ghel: yellow color

G gold

KH chlorine

H

Z zar: gold fg

Y Yeu 1: young Yeu 2: to join

J (Y) young yoke

H

J juvenile join

Y (J in Persian) javn: young xZ yg: yoke p

L Leuk: light

L light

L

L luster

R rosan: bright zf

P Pa-ter: protector Ped: foot Pe: fat Pel: to fill Penkwe: five

F father foot fat full five

P Pope podium poly- pentagon

P paternal pedicure pine plenty

P pedar: father f p: foot ph: fat por: full panj: five

S Sem: one Septm: seven

S same seven

H Homo-

S single September

H ham: same haft: seven

W W: to blow Werg: to work

W wind work

V vent

V (B in Persian) bd: wind d varzes: sport jgfz

A-7

BIBLIOGRAPHY With the exception of a very few, Persian dictionaries have categorically neglected to address the etymology of words. Besides a few etymological dictionaries written expressly for the Persian language, the information on roots of Persian words is sparsely scattered and buried in dictionaries written for other Indo-European languages. Extracting this information, however, is difficult and time consuming as most of these books neither provide an index of Persian words, nor follow the derivations up to the forms which are used in modern Persian. It took more than twelve years to search hundreds of references and uncover the word relations presented in this dictionary. Many days were spent searching for missing links between the sets of incomplete etymological data available in different references. The established links identified among words are documented with the reference names and page numbers. Observed differences of opinion among references are discussed in appropriate footnotes. Cited references are abbreviated with three letters followed by a page number (e.g. BQT:128). If a reference has identical page numbers in different volumes, the volume number is shown after the abbreviation and before the colon (e.g. MON5:168, which is interpreted as reference MON, volume 5, page 168). Table III provides a list of cited references by language and author name. Table IV lists the reference abbreviations in alphabetical order. The four most frequently cited references in compiling this dictionary are:

POK Indo-European roots, BQT (footnotes) Persian derivatives, AHD English derivatives, KLN Semitic roots and English derivatives.

More than half of the 11,000 documented references quoted in this dictionary are cited from these four sources.

A-8

TABLE III List of References by Language and Author Name

( See Table IV for Reference Abbreviations)

P E R S I A N E N G L I S H F R E N C H Authors Ref. Authors Ref. Authors Ref.

Abolghsem M. ETM Baily H.W. BLY Darmester J. DRM FFD ZAP Devic L. M. DEV TZF ISS Duchesne - ZFS Berlitz NAT Guillemin EAV Ahmad Soltn M. VFO Bliss A. J. FWE Ernout A.& Akhavn Zanjn K. SOR Buck C. D. SYN Meillet LAT A`lam A. J. AKM Collins W. WEB Lammens H. LAM A`md H. AMD Claiborne R. ROW Pihan A. P. PHN ryan, A. ARM Davis P. DVS Asad Ts FRS Gershevitch I. AHM Badreh- VDQ Gupta S. K. CEL Bahr M. T. SBK Funk I. K. FSD A R A B I C Dny F. FNI Henning W. P. LST Authors Ref. Dneshgar A. FAF MPP Addi Shir AFM Emm Shshtar FVF SLW Jawlq ARB Farahvash B. IRN SOG Tha`leb KFL Gharb B. SOD Horn P. BST Unays T. TAD (in Persian & English ) Jackson A.V.W. AVG Hasan d` Al-Eslm KAS Jeffrey A. FVQ Jonayd F. NFI Kent R. G. KNT ZMA Kinder H. & GERMAN / DUTCH Khadv Jam H. VGH Hilgemann W. AWH Authors Ref. Khleq Motlaq Jall AEF Klein E. KLN Asbaghi A. PLA Khall K. MMF Laufer B. SIN Bartholoma BRT Kowsar B. SNB MacKenzie PHD HID Mehrvand K. VSF Mann S. E. IEC ZAW Mo`n M. MON Morris W. AHD Dozy (Dutch) DOZ Moshr M. VOP Nyberg H.S. NYB Dvorak R. FWK Nafs S. DMO Partridge E. PRT Frankel S. AFA Nahv S. M. FVA Pei M. PEI Horn P. HRN Ntel Khnlar P. MZF Platts J. T. & Hubschmann HUB Noushn A. H. FSF Ranking G.S.A. GPL Ibrhm J. KGW Ornsk & Keshvarz MFL Richardson J. RCH Lagarde P. LAG Pr Dvd FIB Shipley J. T. SHP Liden E AIN Rshed Mohassel DZA OEW Lokotsch K. LKT Rokn Zdeh - Skeat W. W. SKT Pokorny J. POK

damyyat M.H. ARK Speake J. OXF Siddiqi A. SDQ Sajjdyyeh M. A. IRT Taylor W. TYL Spiegel F. SPG VIE Tolman H. C. TLM ARP Sayyh A. SAP Unvala J. M. UNV Vambery H. TTS Tabrz M.H.(Borhn) BQT Widengren G. MAG Walde A. LEW Tavoos M. SNS Withworth G. C. AID WLD Yule H. & Zimmern H AKD Burnel A. C. HJB

A-9

TABLE IV - Reference Abbreviations

1 AEF Jall Khleq Motlaq, Ass Eshteqq Frs, f rZ iZ Vol. I (a - kh), Bonyd Farhang Irn, 1977.

2 AFA Siegmund Fraenkel, Die Aramischen Fremdwrter im Arabischen, Hildesheim, 1962.

3 AFM Addi Shir, Al-Alfz Al-Frsyya Al-Muàrraba, (A Dictionary of Persian Words in the Arabic Language), Library of Lebanon, 1980..

4 AHD W. Morris, The American Heritage Dictionary, New College Edition, 1975, Appendix on Indo-European Roots, pp 1505-1550.

5 AHM I. Gershevitch, The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, Oriental Publications No.4, Cambridge University Press, 1959.

6 AID G. C. Withworth, Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co, London 1885.

7 AIN E. Liden, Studien zur Altindischen und Vergleichenden Sprachgeschichte, Almqvist & Wiksells, Upsala 1897.

8 AKD H. Zimmern, Akkadische Fremdworter Als Beweis Fur Babylonischen Kultureinfluss, Leipzig 1917.

9 AKM Amir J. A`lam, Farhang Aàlm Ketb Moqaddas i [ wZ or, A Dictionary of Proper Names in the Bible, English - Persian, Iran University Press, Tehran 1988.

10 AMD H. A`md, Farhang Frs Amd, f Two volumes, Amr Kabr Press, Tehran, 1369 (1990).

11 ARB Jawalq, Al-Muàrrab, Tehran 1966.

12 ARK M. H. Rokn Zdeh - dammyat, Arkn Sokhan, xfZ Sharq Press, Tehran 1347 (1968).

13 ARM A. ryan, f } zZ fZ } yhZz Farhang Vjheh-hy Hamnand, Arman Avest, Pahlav, Frs, Vol. I (a), Bonyd Nayshbr, Tehran 1363 (1984).

14 ARP F. Spiegel, Die Arische Periode und ihre Zustnde, Leipzig ,1887.

15 AVG A. V. W. Jackson, An Avesta Grammer, W. Kohl Hammer, Stuttgart 1892.

16 AWH H. Kinder & W. Hilgemann, Atlas of World History, 2 vol., Anchor Books, 1974.

A-10

TABLE IV - Reference Abbreviations (continued ...)

17 BLY H. W. Baily, "Hvatanica II", (Glossary of some Khotanese words with reference to Avestan and Persian words), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 69-78, University of London.

18 BQT M. H. Tabrz (Borhn), Borhn Qte`, x Etymological footnotes by Dr. M. Mo`n, 4 vol, Amr Kabr Press, Tehran 1362 (1983).

19 BRT C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch Zusammen Mit Den Nacharbeiten Und Vorarbeiten, Walter de Gruyter Press, 1979.

20 BST Paul Horn, "Some Inscriptions on Sssnian Gems", Avesta, Pahlavi and Ancient Persian Studies, First Series, pp 224-263, Bombay Educational Society's Press, 1904.

21 CEL S. K. Gupta, A Comparative Etymologic Lexicon of Common Indo-European Words, 6 Vol., Sverge Haus Publishers, Milton, Ma, 1997

22 DEV L. M. Devic, Dictionnaire Etymologique des Mots Francais D'Origin Orientale, Oriental Press 1876.

23 DMO S. Nafs, Dar Maktab Ostd, dZ fd Zohreh Press, Tehran 1344 (1965).

24 DOZ R. Dozy, Verklarende Lisjt der Nederlandsche Woorden, Die Uit Het Arabisch, Hebreeuwsch, Chaldeeuwsch, Perzisch en Turksch Afkomstig Zijn, Leiden 1867.

25 DRM J. Darmester, Etudes Itaniennes, Paris 1883.

26 DVS P. Davis, Roots Family History of Familiar Words, McGraw-Hill Book Company 1981.

27 DZA M. T. Rshed Mohassel, Darmad Bar Dastr zZ xg fd }fd Zabn Avest, Khjeh Press, Tehran 1364 (1985).

28 EAV J. Duchesne-Guillemin, "Etymologies Avestiques", Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 861-869, University of London.

29 ETM M. Abolghsem, Rsheh Shens Etmolog, } hZ - f Ghoghnoos Press, Tehran 1374 (1995).

30 FAF A. Dneshgar, Farhang A`alm Frs, f wZ Hfez Novn Press, 1370 (1991).

31 FFD M. Abolghsem, Fe`lhy Fars Dar, }fd f } Ghoghnoos Press, Tehran 1374 (1995).

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32 FIB Pr Dvd, Farhang Irn Bstn, x xZZ Vol. I, University of Tehran Press 1326 (1947).

33 FNI F. Dn, Farhang Nmhy rn, ZZ } Negh Publishers, Tehran 1370 (1991).

34 FRS Asad Ts, Farhang Fors, i Khrazm Press, Tehran 1365 (1986).

35 FSD Funk and Wagnalla, New Standard Dictionary of the English Language, Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York, 1940.

36 FSF A. H. Noushn, Farhang Shhnmeh Ferdows, yhZz - zd Vjheh Nmak, Dony Press, Tehran 1363 (1984).

37 FVA S. M. Nahv, Farhang Vm d P f fd } yhZz wZz Vjhehhy Arab dar Frs, Dakhl, Tol` zd Press 1368 (1989).

38 FVF S. M. A. Emm Shshtar, xg fd f } yhZz Farhang Vjhehhy Frs dar zabn Arab, Anjoman sr Mell, No 58, Bahman Press, Tehran, 1347 (1968).

39 FVQ A. Jeffrey, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'n, (see VDQ). Oriental Institute, Baroda, Stephen Austin & Sons Press, Great Britain 1938

40 FWE A. J. Bliss, A Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases in Current English, Warner Books, 1966.

41 FWK R. Dvorak, Fremdworter im Korn, Doctoral Dissertation, Akademische Buchdruckerei von F. Straub (1884).

42 GPL J.T. Platts and G.S.A. Ranking, A Grammar of the Persian Language, Oxford University Press (1911).

43 HID B. Bartholomae, Handbuch der AltIranischen Dialekte, Breitkopf &Hartel, Leipzig 1883.

44 HJB H. Yule & A. C. Burnel, Hobson Jobson, A Glossary of Colloqual Anglo-Indian Words, Oriental Publishers, Delhi 1903-1968.

45 HRN Paul Horn, Grundriss der NeuPersischen Etymology, Verlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1893-1974.

46 HUB H. Hubschmann, Persische Studien, Verlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1895.

47 IEC Stuart E. Mann, An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary, Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg 1987

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48 IRN C. Farahvash, Irnvj, Tehran University Press, 1368 (1989). ZZ

49 IRT M. A. Sajjdyyeh, Tabr Moshtarek Irnn xZf z xZZ t f va Turnn, Bonyd Nayshbr 1368 (1989).

50 ISS H. W. Baily, Indo-Scythian Studies (Khotanese Texts - volume VI), Cambridge University Press, 1967.

51 KAS M. A. Hasan D` Al-Eslm, xg gd Khod mz Zabn Sanskrt, Danesh Press, Tehran 1361 (1982).

52 KFL Tha`leb, Ketb Feqh al-Logheh, Beirut, 1885.

53 KGW Jamshid Ibrhm, Kulturgeschichtliche Wortforschung. (Persisches Lehngut in Europischen Sprachen, Wiesbaden 1991.

54 KLN D. Klein, A comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Two volumes, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1966.

55 KNT R. G. Kent, Old Persian - Grammer, Text, Lexicon, American Oriental Society, 1953.

56 LAG P. Lagarde, Persische Studien, Dieterichsce Verlag, Gottingen 1884.

57 LAM Henri Lammens, Remarques sur les Mots Francais Derives de l'Arabe, Imprimerie Catholique, Beyrouth 1890.

58 LAT A. Ernout & A. Meillet, Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Latine, Paris, 1951.

59 LEW A. Walde, Latinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch, (With Avestan and Persian Indices), Heidelberg 1938.

60 LKT K. Lokotsch, Etymologisches Worterbuch der Europaischen Worter Orientalischen Ursprunges, Heidelberg 1927.

61 LST W. B. Henning, Bibliography of Important Studies on Old Iranian Subjects, Ketb Khneh Dnesh, Tehran 1950.

62 MAG G. Widengren, Mohammad, The Apostle of God, Chapter VIII, ranian Elements in the Kurnic Vocabulary, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, Uppsala, 1955

63 MFL A. M. Ornsk, Moqaddameh Feqh Al-Logheh rn, ZZ Z Translated into Persian by K. Keshvarz, Paym press, Tehran 1358 (1979).

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64 MMF K. Khall, Dictionary of Derivatives of the Persian f fd \ Infinitives or Farhang Moshtaqqt Masder Frs, Institute of Cultural Studies and Research, Tehran, 1993.

65 MON M. Mo` n, Farhang Frs Mo`n, f Six volumes, Amr Kabr press 1363 (1984).

66 MPP W. Henning, "A List of Middle Persian and Parthian Words", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 79-92, University of London.

67 MZF P. Ntel Khnlar, Mabhes Adab va f xg ffd } z dZ Honar darbreh Zabn Frs, Sokhan press, Tehran 1340 (1961).

68 NAT C. Berlitz, Native Tongues, Grosset & Dunlapp Publishers, New York, 1982

69 NFI F. Jonayd, Nmeh Farhang rn, xZZ Bonyd Nayshbr, Tehran 1368 (1989). Section 4, translated from C.H. Rempis' "Persische Wrter im Deutschen," in Mitteilungen, Institut fr Auslands-Beziehungen, Iran-Nummer, 3/4, Stuttgart, 1960, S.229-233.

70 NYB H. S. Nyberg, A Manual of Pahlavi, Wiesbaden 1974.

71 OEW J. T. Shipley, The Origins of English Words, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1984.

72 OXF Jennifer Speake, Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases, Oxford University Press, New York 1997

73 PEI M. Pei, The Families of Words, Harper & Brothers press, New York 1962.

74 PHD D. N. MacKenzie, A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, Oxford University press, London 1971.

75 PHN A. P. Pihan, Dictionnaire Etymologique des Motes de la Langue Francaise Derives de L'Arabe, du Persan ou du Turc, Paris 1866.

76 PLA Asya Asbaghi, Persische Lehnworter im Arabischen, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1988

77 POK J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Worterbuck, Two volumes, Francke verlag, Bern 1959.

78 PRT E. Partridge, Origins - A short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, MacMillan Co., NewYork 1958.

79 RCH J. Richardson, Dictionary, Persian, Arabic and English with Dissertation on the Languages, Literature and Manners of Eastern Nations, Sange-e-Meel Publications, Lahore 1829-1984.

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80 ROE R. Caliborne, The Roots of English, A Reader's Hanbook of Word Origins, Anchor Books, New York, 1989.

81 SAP A. Sayyh, Farhang Sayyh, Arabic - Persian Dictionary, a Three volumes, Translation of the Arabic "Al-Monjed" Dictionary, Eslm Publications, Tehran 1368 (1989).

82 SBK M. T. Bahr, Sabk Shens Trkh Tatavvor Nasr Frs, Vol I, Tehran 1321 (1942).

83 SDQ A. Siddiqi, Studien uber die Persischen Fremdworter im Klassischen Arabisch, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen 1919.

84 SHP J. T. Shipley, Dictionary of Word Origins, Philosophical Library press, New York 1945.

85 SIN G. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran, Field museum of natural History, publication 201, Anthropological Series, Vol XV, No. 3, Chicago 1919.

86 SKT W. W. Skeat, A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Clarenden press, Oxford 1882-1967.

87 SLW W. B. Henning, "Sogdian Loan-words in New Persian", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS X:1939-42) pp 93-106, University of London

88 SNB H. Kowsar, Sang Nebeshteh-h Sokhan Mguyand, Military Public Relations, Iranian Military Press, Tehran (1960s).

89 SNS M. Tavoos, A Glossary of Shyast N Shyast, yhZz Shirz University publications, 1986.

90 SOD B. Gharb, Sogdian Persian English Z - f - } Dictionary, Farhangn Press, Tehran, 1374 (1995).

91 SOG W. B. Henning, Sogdica, The Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1940.

92 SOR K. Akhavn Zanjn, Pajhuhesh Vjheh-hy f xg fd } yhZz z Soryn dar Zabn Frs, Bahman Press, Tehran 1369 (1990).

93 SPG Fr. Spiegel, Keilinschriften im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, (cuneiform glossary of the Old Persian and Avestan ), Leipzig 1862.

94 SYN C. D. Buck, A Dictionary of the Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago press, 1949-1988.

95 TAD T. Unays , Tafsr al-Alfz al-Dakhleh fe al-Loghat al-Arabyeh, Dr al-Arab, Cairo, 1964.

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96 TLM F. C. Tolman, Ancient Persian Lexicon, The Vanderbilt Oriental Series, American Book co. 1890-1908.

97 TTS G. Vambery, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der Turko-Tatarischen Sprachen, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrck, 1972.

98 TYL W. Taylor, Arabic Words in English, Clarenton Press, London 1933.

99 TZF M. Abolghsem, Trkh Mokhtasar Zabn Frs, f xg f Bonyd Andsheh Eslm Press, Tehran, 1373 (1994).

100 UNV J. M. Unvala, King Husrav and His Boy Pahlavi Text and Glossary, Paul Geuthner publishers, Paris 1963.

101 VDQ F. Badreh-, Vjheh-hy Dakhl dar x fd d } yhZz Qorn-e Majd, Translation of A. Jeffrey's book with Comments (see FVQ). Toos Publishers, Tehran 1372 (1993).

102 VFO M. Ahmad Soltn, Vjhgn Frs dar Zabnhy zfZ }g fd f xhZz Orp, vy Nr Press, Tehran, 1372 (1993).

103 VGH H. Khadv Jam, Vjheh Nmeh Ghazalhy Hfez, } yhZz Elm Press, Tehran, 1371 (1992).

104 VIE M. A. Sajjdyyeh, Vjheh-hy Irn dar Z xg fd ZZ } yhZz Zabn Engels, Bonyd Nayshbr, Tehran 1364 (1985).

105 VOP M. Moshr, Farhang Vjheh-hy Orpy f fd zfZ } yhZz dar Frs, Alborz Press, Tehran 1371 (1992).

106 VSF K. Mehrvand, Vjheh Sz dar Zabn Frs, f xg fd }g yhZz Rst press, Tehran 1349 (1970).

107 WEB W. Collins, Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, second edition 1978.

108 WLD A. Walde, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen, two volumes, Walter de Gruyter & co., Leipzig 1930-1973.

109 ZAP H. W. Bailey, Zoroastrian Problems in the Ninth-Century Books, Clarendon press, Oxford 1943-1971.

110 ZAW C. Bartholomae, Zum AltIranischen Worterbuch Nacharbeiten and Vorarbeiten, Vorlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1906.

111 ZFS M. Abolghsem, Zabn Fars va Sargozasht n, x z f xg Hrmand Press, Tehran, 1375 (1996).

112 ZMA F. Jonayd, Zendeg va Mohjerat ryn, xf \ z g Bonyd Nayshbr, Tehran, 1374 (1995).

A-16

GUIDE TO USING THE DICTIONARY

One of the most unique features of this dictionary is its graphical presentation of etymological data. The derivations of words are indicated with arrows rather than lengthy text. The arrows greatly simplify the process of tracing words to their roots. The words examined in the etymological charts are shown in word boxes. Each word box is divided into two parts. The language and one or more references (See Table IV) are shown in the top part. The bottom part of a word box contains one or more cognate words, in the specified language. Persian words are written with the Persian alphabet, but their pronunciation is shown with a modified English alphabet. Wherever necessary, the usage of Persian words is clarified in the context of a poem. If a word has more than one root, the symbol of a pointing hand [)] refers the reader to the other root(s). Additional notes at the bottom of word boxes are provided as needed. All Charts begin with a shadowed root box located at the upper left corner of each chart. The flow of word derivations moves from top-to-bottom and from left-to-right as shown by the arrows.

Table V illustrates a typical etymological chart that contains the most common derivatives from the Indo-European root K or Q , meaning to wish or desire. Derivatives of these words in Avestan, Old Persian, Pahlavi, Persian, Germanic, Latin and English languages have been extracted from different references as cited (See Table IV, Reference Abbreviations). In order to locate a word in this dictionary, such as Persian km w, Avestan k, Latin carus or English caress, the reader needs to refer first to the word index for each language at the end of this book. The word index refers the reader to both the page number of the chart, where the word is analyzed, and the root(s) of the word. Thus, once a word is found in any index, the reader can locate it in the dictionary by using the page number or the root of the word (charts are organized in alphabetical order of their root words). There are two indexes for Persian words. One is written and sorted in the Persian alphabet, while the other is a sorted list of their pronunciations in the modified English alphabet. The index of Persian alphabet words is provided at the end of the index section.

ROOT

words words

words words

A-17

Indo-European POK:515 K, Q : to wish, desire

Avestan / Old Persian POK:515 k2, km2, kma : desire

Pahlavi BQT:1578; SNS:209 km : desire

Avestan / Old Persian POK:515, KNT:173 canah, cinah, cinman : desire aspa - canah : horse lover ) Ekwos

?

Germanic KLN:1743 hraz : one who desires

English whore

Latin POK:515 carus : desire

English AHD caress, charity, cherish

Persian BQT:1578 km : desire 1w w zZ wfZd xZd w Zf y Z Asad

TABLE V Guide for Interpreting Etymological Charts

Example of a Chart Parts of a Chart Contents of a typical Word Box Word Box Borders Arrow lines between boxes Book symbol preceding references(s) showing direction of word derivation Hand symbol pointing to other roots ) Dotted lines inside boxes separate words into groups

Language Reference (s): page numbers Word : meaning , )other roots, Persian words f Word : meaning , )other roots, Persian words f One line of poem showing usage of Persian words Notes on other possible derivations or special discussion

Root Box

Other Word Boxes

Persian Word Box

A-18

PRONUNCIATION KEYS The pronunciation of words in different languages is facilitated by a set of pronunciation keys shown in Table VI. These keys are very similar to transliteration characters. A complete transliteration character set, to suffice all the languages in this dictionary, would be much larger and more difficult to use than what is presented in Table VI. In Persian, there are several groups of letters that have a similar sound. For example, there are four Persian letters with a z sound ( n, l, g and e); and three letters with an s sound ( ] , k and i). Since pronunciation, rather than transliteration, has been the purpose of using these characters, only one symbol, such as z or s, has been used for each group of letters with the same sound. Besides a basic set of symbols, which is used to help the readers in pronunciation of words, a few other character combinations like ch for c, kh for x, sh for s, etc. are used to write words in English. For example, the Iranian city of Khorram Shahr () is pronounced xorram-sahr, but is written as Khorram Shahr in an English text.

A-19

TABLE VI Pronunciation Keys for Persian and other Languages

Symbol Persian

Alphabet Persian Example English Example

a Z Y b [ p ^ t m \ s k i ] j _ c [ch] c h a x [kh] b d d z n l g e r f " [jh , zh] h s [sh ] j ` o g [gh] p f q q [gh] r k t g u l v m w n x v z y }

(long) zZ o (short)

.Z

, ow (long) z.Z

(long) }Z (long)

b [ asb Z maxaz br f par

taltom salm w jabr ch y hd }d xr f dast d zan xg rh yZf "arf qfh sab Sa`d } gz g fl q

ketb [ gol lab man nn x vhed Zz yr f pl v ostd dZ owrq rZfzZ mn xZ

Jebra l

far man glottal stop boy pet toy son joy church hot Scottish loch day zebra ray vision shop strong guttural sound gargling sound fun emphatic k cake goat lip man noon voice yard boot old toe machine bee

1) The keys in brackets [ ] are used for spelling words in English text 2) Sogdian (a) sound is shown with (`)

A-21

ETYMOLOGICAL CHARTS

words

words

ROOT

words

words

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5227

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WORD INDEX for Various Languages

543

W O R D I N D E X FOR VARIOUS LANGUAGES

LANGUAGE PAGE LANGUAGE PAGE

ROOTS AKKADIAN ARABIC ARAMAIC ARMENIAN AVESTAN CARIBIAN CELTIC CHINESE DUTCH EGYPTIAN ENGLISH - English (Middle) - English (Old) ETHIOPIAN FRENCH - French (Old) GERMAN - German (Middle High) - German (Old High) GERMANIC GREEK - Greek (Middle) HEBREW HINDUSTANI INDO-EUROPEAN INDO-SCYTHIAN IRANIAN - Iranian (Old) IRISH - Irish (Old)

547563564570571572596597598599600601632633634635639640641642643648655656658659673674675676676

ITALIAN LATIN - Latin (Late) - Latin (Middle) MALAYSIAN MEDIT MONGOLIAN NORSE (Old) PAHLAVI . PALI PARTHIAN PERSIAN - (in Persian Alphabet) f - (in English Alphabet) - Persian (Middle) { See Pahlavi & Sogdian } - Persian (Old) PORTUGUESE RUSSIAN - Russian (Old) SANSKRIT SEMITIC SLAVIC (Old) SOGDIAN SPANISH SUMERIAN SWEDISH SYRIAC TAMIL TURKISH WELSH

677 678 687 687 688 689 690 691 692 700 701

825 702

730 739 740 740 741 745 746 747 750 751 752 753 754 755 756

545

Index of Persian Words

(In Persian Alphabet)

f xhZz

Leave Blank

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(in Persian Alphabet)

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ROOTS ARAMAIC GERMAN - German (Old High) - German (Mid. High) ETHIOPIAN ARMENIAN SPANISH SLAVIC (Old) AKKADIAN ENGLISH - English (Old) - Englidh (Middle) AVESTAN ITALIAN IRANIAN - Iranian (Old) IRISH - Irish (Old) PARTHIAN - f ( PALI PORTUGUESE PAHLAVI TAMIL TURKISH CHINESE RUSSIAN - Russian (Old) GERMANIC

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Table of Contents List of TablesPrefaceIntroductionReferencesGuide to Using the DictionaryPronunciation KeysEtymological Charts (A-Z)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Index of Words in Different LanguagesAkkadianRootsArabicAramaicAvestanCaribianCelticChineseDutchEgyptianEnglishEnglish (Middle)English (Old)EthiopianFrenchFrench (Old)GermanGerman (Middle High)German (Old High)GermanicGreekGrek (Middle)HebrewHindustaniIndo-EuropeanIndo-ScythianIranianIranian (Old)IrishItalianLatinLatin (Late & Middle))MalasianMeditMongolianNorse (Old)PahlaviPaliParthianPersian (Farsi)Persian (Old)PortugeseRussianSanskritSemiticSlavic (Old)SogdianSpanishSumerianSwedishSyriacTamilTurkishWelsh

Index of Persian Words with Persian FontIntroductory Articles in Persian

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