etnografia shqiptare ii - sektori i kulturës materiale

7/31/2019 Etnografia Shqiptare II - Sektori i kulturs materiale

1/22

KA KH M G@ K M S OAM EC KY M M T^S SO

@ E S X @ X ] X @ @ A ] L X ] T M S ^ J ^ ] L L J T M

Smaxjt` ` a}lx}ts gkxmt`klmSmaxjt` ` a}lx}ts soj{tjtm

M X E J B T K I @ K S O [ @ ^ X

;;

X@TKE, ;0?;


2/22

Tmhkas`k6S~`tj Soa}tx` tmhkaxjt ~tbfmbfsKdkv HjfkakGkta X`txk


3/22

Et% ;; MXEJBTKI@K SO[@^XKTM ;0?>

Kdkv HJFKAK

AKTKAXMT@ @ L@HOFMYM GKTXMSJTM^KTK L@T@G@X

/Bfpsgk m hpx m soma% _@_ hmt` e ~tkb x l`t`g`x)%

Gktxmsk sox ef ebk ebfktfmx g x tehs`sogm x fmxs sefmt`}x% Kfj sox dkvk m at`f`g`x x ikg`lfms%

Gktxmsk hom ikg`lfk, s` h}a}t` soj{tjtm, ake aktkaxmt o`sxjtà%E ~tjcmsè m voy`ll`g`x x soj{t`s kxj ~sjfe ehtpso`gm% Ehtpso`gmxm dkvs majejgàm, x sxt}ax}ts sjc`kl'alksjtm, x tmeh`x ~jl`xà, x fmxs so~`txtjtm mxf% ake sfmll ehtpso`gm e gktxms m e ikg`lfme ijtgkx s xpts, e ~tgdkfxfme hom i}eas`jemx m xptm soj{tjtm% ^jt,s` hòmx, ehtpso`gmx m fmxs soj{tjtm e}a ~ks{ptjome gmefomt eikg`lfm hom e gktxms, ~tkehkf, so~msoomt, e vkajemx m fmxs ikg`lfktm m x gktxmss, ehmsome gdmx}tèk, { } xkajfe ijtgkc`jemymmajejgàj'soj{tjtm x akl}ktk, gkhfm mhom soj{t`s s lksox%

E ax ~}e`g hj x ~t{ehtjomg` g xm~t e gktxmse { `~tbf`bfmx ikg`lfms isokxktm, m c`lk, ~ktk l`t`g`x, ~tdexm so}g`cehttg}msm x ikg`lfms so{`~xktm hom aktkaxmt`vjomf ebk gdmx}tèk~kxt`ktaklm% E x effxe ajo hj x ~tma`g mhom gktxmskx e alkskhom soxtmskx m xfmtk x soj{t`s%

E ~j~}llè xje, e bfpsge m hpx x soma}ll`x _@_ hmt` e y`xè;040 /gm ymehjsfme m Ajh`x C`y`l x gdtmxt`s so{`~xktm) gktxmskxl`homsoè s`~ks ejtgkym x s htmfxs vkajejtm so{`~xktm% ^jt ejtgkxm askf s htmfxm e atkoèkx hom vjekx m y`smym x ehtpsogm so{`~xke}a vdkxjomsoè efsjf% E vjekx gkljtm kxj `soè g x ijtxk, ehtske vjekx m }lxk hom e {pxmxm `soè hjds}kt gfkix, h}am } vym'ehs}kt gm ejtgk x tmfk, { ` ~tbf`bfmsoè voy`ll`g`x g x gkhomajejgà m soj{tjt x axptm vjekym%

Mhom e l`hofmx gktxmsjtm dtmehk vjekym isokxktm, yòme tm ehtpso`gm, { fke s` ~ksjf m ehà`g`x x ejtgkym x s htmfxs akejeàmhom x s htmfxs s somt`kx`x gd` x htmfxe vkajejtm%

^jt, ~kykts`sox ebk lktg`k m vkajemym x gktxmss { yòmx tme ~j~}llè xje, e x ytxmx e xj h}amx {ktx efs`k m xptm, x c`le fmg` ~t~fma}t xk e fmtt`g e ~ko%


4/22

Kdkv Hjfkak

Hmt` e ~tkb x l`t`g`x e ymehè xje gktxmsk t}kfx`, e ~t'bf`xos`, aktkaxmtè m l`hofmym x yfmxtk x skf6 ef gkttymsofmdt g`h`s hp ikg`lfmso jsm g`h`s ~tèht`so, ~k ~pmx}t kxk { hj xgktxjomsoè% Afj `soxm ef h}a}t` m ~tbf`xosogm ~t so{`~xktx% ^jt,g m xomas}kt ak {me e alkskx m ~ks}tk { e}sme m hfkl`x x atajeèxk bfmeè hjmgjs ebk alksk m xptm% ^t axj ikg`lfm gktxmsk `soxm gso}g ef gkttymsofm ~t ijtc`gè m ~jv`xs s xptm, i}{`s hom ~k's}t`s s sox~`s% Tjlè ymeh`gxkt ax} h}omf xk l}keè èxmtmskm sox~`s hom fj hso`tkx m x tèfym% Ebk èxmtms` majejgà, soat}ke soja} Meymt Oj ok, lèh m~ts`k m gksoa}ll`x gd`

imgte, lèh k}xjt`xmx` ~kxt`ktakl gd` ig`fx, lèhè gktxmskx ~khkso}t`, ~jt x ~lmas}tk x k}xjt`v}ktk ebk ~tèht`x hom x ~klmf}mso'gm ~k ~l{`gè m xptm%;

E vjekx gkljtm, gktthoe`mx ikg`lfktm gktxmsjtm xtkfxjomsoèatpms`sox s`~ks ejtgkym x s htmfxs vkajejtm%

S`~ks skf, hfkl` hom ykfvk e}a ake x htmfx x gmehjfe ~tgktxmse m ymx% Hfkl` sk x amx ~tèh, xo}omx e Ake}eè m LmaH}akbfè`x, s"ak xkbt gm gmeh}m ~t gktxms x ymx%4 Afj `soxmg m xomas}kt ~t ykfve, m c`lk, mhom esm e}a ` a`soxm ~tèht`xe}a a`soxm x htmfx gm gmeh}m ~t gktxms x ymx, xkbt` ksox ehjt x yllkveym m x a}sotèfym, kfj hj x soajf ~t kx ~t x c`lexk imfjfe%3 X effxkx ejtgk ~tisoòme mhom e Ake}eè m Saehmt'dm}x, e Soktxmx m @ht`v S}l`x mxf%

Gkxmt`kl` ` gdlmho}t ~tmf emso hom x hoekx m so}gxk { ehjhomee kta`yè mxejbtkià xtjbjfe sm, e ~tbf`xos`, x tèfx e}a ~pmxm'soè ~t ax ebfktfm ak{ x tehs`sogm x fmxs s xptm%

E atkoèkx gm isokxkt ~tjekt x ymbfl hom e vjekx ìl`bktm,gmbf`xosm m htmfxk vkajejtm `soxm hjds}kt gfkix, ejtgkx m skf xgktxmss, x btsomx}ktk gm ejtgkx m s htmfxs akejeàm hom xsomt`kx`x, {eht}ke g bfkx hom `soè kxj { ttmb}lljeè l`hofmx gkt'

xmsjtm% Gmbf`xokx, x tèfx /s`hjgjs hfmgx) ~pmxmsoè, ~jt gmeh`g` xptm e ~tbf`xos` e}a g}eh x ~t`soxm hso`te m ~tèhtym%Asox} ak ehjho}t mhom e soxtmskx vmfxktm hom xtmbxktm x

xmx`x, a} ikg`lfm x ehtpsogm x s effxs alks jsm soxtms l`homso`gm at}so{` ehtgfmx xptm% At}so{`k g m ~tsoxkxsogm mhom e ax~fms x ~j~}lls`s s {pxmxmym, yktmf fj ebk hso`tk m x tèfym, ~jebk èxmtms` ` ikg`lfms, ~kykts`sox sm gmttmf g`tkx`g` ijtgkl ` xtèfym%

^k hpso`g, ~}soxmx` kdsjl}x ` ~tèh`x ` hmxptjomf hom ~jv`xs {vèè ig`fx e majejgè m sox~`s% E so}g vjek hfkl` e}a a`so'xm ~ks}t` x ymxe% ^ks}t`k `soxm m ~t{eht}kt e hjtè m vjx`x xsox~`s% Asox} { ig`fk, s dksoa} gm x xfmtx, `soxm m hmxpt}kt

;) Meymt Oj ok, Gd ~tjdlmgè m bt}ks, X`tke, ;023, i% 4=8%4) Ake}e Lma H}akbf e`x /ALH), Soajht, ;033, 8>%3) ^j kxp, 3;%

8

&

& &


5/22

Aktkaxmt` ` l`hofmym gktxmsjtm ~ktk l`t`g`x

~}ejexm e ~tjee m ~tdksoax x ikg`lfms% H}am gjs ~ks}t kseflljf x ktho}tm, ` t`} e}a `soxm e bfmehfm x ~tdklljexm so~mev`gmx~t gktxmse m ymx, /~tbkx`xfmx m ~kfs, okt o`gmx ~t hksge mxf%)

E ef ~jv`x kajgk g x eesoxt}kt ak {me ykfvk, m c`lk e}a~pmxmf ~t ax csoxfm% Ve`k ` domf m h`x}t ebk m gk jsm ehjebt}k xfmxt m sox~`s% E a}soxmx m mav`sxmecs s gjtkl`x im}hj'~xt`ktakl, ykfvs ks { ` soajexm ehtgmeh ehjefomt sm g}eh x~ljxsjomsoè ehttkx m tè`s s skf, ~tkehkf kfj soajexm ~t kx gmx c`lè m imfjeè% E So{`~t`, soat}kexm ^ksoaj Yksk, a}tte}a ~pmxme vmgtkx m yksokym, a}t sox ifklk ~t gktxms, ~tèht`xdfe s` h}me ymx gm xj% X keajomf jsm x tmkbjexm a}eht y}llemx`x kxtjt, afj bf hj x `soxm ef at`g { ykfvk m ehmtsogm e}a hjx b} jexm a}tt xk dexm%8

^t vbfmhofme m e}sms a}fhmsmf ` vjx` ` sox~`s, ` c`l` aso`lljom fj ymxg gm d}ttkx m ikg`lfms, ~jt, so~msoomt, mhom gm d}ttkx myllkvt`s hom x iktmi`s`x x ymx%

E atkoèkx a} ym~tjexm m htmfxk vkajejtm, ymket`sox e vjekxgkljtm gm voy`ll`g majejgà m soj{tjt g x }lx, k}xjt`xmx` ` xvjx`x x sox~`s soik{mf g ` i}{`sog hom i fklk m x`f ysox`t sm g}ehx soamlmf% Ehtsk e isokxtkx gm ìl`bfm gm isokxkt x voymso}ebk ~tjes`k gd` xjae, k}xjt`xmx` ` x`f `soxm g ` yjbl hom ~tkehkfehjhoxm ehjefomt { x tèfx x gktxjomsoè ~k ~l{`gè m ~t`'ehtym% ^jt e axj vjek }soxtjeè ef ehà`g x gkho dm} hom kbk`,x c`lx so~msoomt ` hmxptjeè x tèfx x gmtteè s` dksoasojtxx vbfmho}t`x m xptm%

E vjekx ~tke {pxmxmym, e ymx {pxmxmx hom ymket`sox e hatkoèk x So{`~t`s F}bjtm hom F}blèhjtm yòmx tm ef ikt lktb`gèbk axj ~kt`gm ~kxt`ktaklm'im}hklm% E alkskx m ~ks}tk, s`hjgjs x{pxmx`x, ~j mhom x isokx`x, k}xjt`xmx` ` ~tèh`x ~j gmttxm x`~kt~}soxmx`x ~kxt`ktakl'djtbfmv, ` c`l` g so}g m te ok~x sm a}sohj` soòxm x bf`xok gktthoe`mx ee ~t`vgè m ~ktks m x i`x`g`x%=

E ~tbf`xos`, gm ke x gktxmss, ` vjx` ` sox~`s ~t~`{mf xijtcjexm ~jv`xe majejgàm hom soj{tjtm, h}am l`ho}t at}so{` gmsox~` x s effxs soxtms%

E vbfmhofme m e}sms k` a}fhmsmf { ykfvk x {m e tkeb}e m xèbk sox~` m g`t, gm akgfm, ~}exjtm% Ebk kek m x`f, mhom dkdk` ykfvs a`soxm x effxkx atamsk ~t hfklè% S`b}t`sox, h}omx dt hkll`g` ` l`hofmym gktxmsjtm e gms alkskym hom soxtmskym x ehtpsogmx ~j~}lls`s% E}a ehjhoxm { x l`homsoè gktxmsk gms ikg`lfmso x~ks}tk hom x yktitk% Gktfxmsk dmomf dtmehk alkss k~j soxtmss s~j~}lls`s, afj `soxm m ~tbf`xosogfk% Gmbf`xokx, ak ~kx}t tksxm {hfmg ebk alkskx m ~ks}tk /ebkefomt mhom gm x gmxk i`vàm m

gmehjtm) jsm d}ttk x akl}kt e gjso, x gmtteè ykfvk ebk soxtmskx yktitk%

8) ^ksoaj Yksk, Dkthok m Xmgkl x, ^t`soxè ;090, i% 4='49%=) Dkftkg Gmfh`kf, H`sk x`~ktm x gktxmss ~ktk l t g`x, Mxejbtki`k so{`~'

xktm, Y@@@, ;029, i% 8=%

=


6/22

Kdkv Hjfkak

E ~j~}llè xje ehtgfmxs`gè ~t gktxmse m hp x tèfymg}eh xk gmttxm a}sohj { efòxm x hp ikg`lfmx hom { m soàjexmx ~tsoxkxsogm l`hofme m xptm gm at}so{`% ^jt, a}hj e So{`~t`,ef tjl x gkho e ax htmfx`g ake l}kfx}t d`fkx m gktx}ktk, xc`lkx domsoè ehtgfmxsm ~t gktxmse m gjxts, a}sot`ts, yllk`xk~j a}so}t`t`x x xptm% Hom, ~kykts`sox sm a}so hj xk dexm tmajgkeh`gè, s` ttmb}ll, è`c`kx`ye ~t atams m gmttxm ~klk m hfkl`x% Ak~kx}t mhom tksxm { kek m ykfvs x dexm atams% S`b}t`sox, afj i}eh`x e}a ak x df hom e}a sox gdmx}tè m ijtgs s yfmxtx ehtgfmxs`g`x, { ` ~tamx ~mt`}hos s gkxt`ktakx`x, a}t eekèxmtmsjomf hom ehtopexm ~t gktxmse m ig`fym% Afj sox efh}a}t` m yje, {, s`~ks gmeh`g`x xje, ~taje gm voy`ll`gè m gktt'hoe`mym ak~`xkl`sxm e So{`~t`% Ap lljf ehtgfmxs`g` ~tkaxàjomfg so}g e soxtmskx m ~ks}tk x ~j~}lls`s hom vdkxjomf g xm~te {pxmxm%

SOA]MS@K

Ehtgfmxs`g` ~t atamse m ef ykfvm e}a domf htmfx~thtmfxebk ~tèht`x, ~jt gm kee m ef ~mtsje` x xtmx, soa}ms`x% Soa}ms`~thjtmf bfmts`sox% Kfj ` ~ktk~tèxm imfmss hom gktxmss% ^tèh`k fm~eè ifkle soa}ms`x, ` c`l` ehtgfmxsjexm ~t ve`me m ykfvs~t hfklè hom ~t gktxmse m xptm, h}am ymehjs}t ymx ~t axsoxfm, ~kykts`sox ebk ikax` { dksoasojtxx m kthosog ks e}am a`soè ~kt ks e}a m a`soè efjo}t efmt`'xfmxtè%

E atkoèk x ymckexk x ymeh`x xje soa}ms` xo`ttmx gm mgtk xehtpsog6 soa}ms, gms`x, gdlms, lkfgs, lpms, at}so{kt%

Soa}ms`, vkaje`sox, `soxm ef gà ` x hp ikg`lfmym, x hfkl`x homx ykfvs% E ax gept, k` m a`soxm g x lmox g`s`jeè m x`f%Ym askf, k` h}omx x `soxm ef ~mtsje { ` efòxm g`t vkajemx,efmt` ` vjx`, ` ehmtsog, ` hbf}kt hom ` ~fma}t% Axj c`l's` ` sotdmeè soa}ms`x ~t ~ti}eh`gè gm s}asms x hmxpts s x`f%^jt, ~khpso`g, ef hmxpt x x`ll g}eh xk gmttxm ~ts`~t hkfk mykfvs, { fj ttkll atpmexm tjlè m soa}ms`x% E ax tksx, xm ~klkm ykfvs e}a at`fjomf ksef hpso`g ~t ytxmxsè m ifklym x hk'

fs e khtms x hoeht`x hom x ikg`lfms s x`f%Hmxptk m soa}ms`x `soxm sk m ysox`t, k{ mhom m ljhosogm%

soajexm h`sk omt e sox~è m ykfvs hmt` sk x dèhxm ~tèht`x mskf ~t x gjs a}ehtsox}kt atamse m dt9%J lkfgs, j hè h}so'gke,* hom ebk x s"bfmxg hmtgke, xo}omx e ef aeb ~j~}lljtm%

9) ^t x ~kx}t s}asms e g`s`jeè m x`f, soa}ms`x ` fm~eè gm ymxm efgdpllsm soxgdm, x c`le k` m o`hoxm isomo}tkv` e ef {jsom x jdjtt`x jsme sox~` dtmehk% Afj domf gm {ll`g { efmtvym x ykfvs x"} gdpllmf bjfk ma}ehtsox`g`x hom x ~tkejeè atamse m soa}ms`x% Kta`y` Mxejbtkià /KM),228*=> i% =>% E h`sk atkoèk ap gmttxm gksoe m xtkvjexm vfkttè KM, ;8*9,i% 30% 9= jsm btkx m sox~`s ` o`hoeè e a~}c ~ka at`~, a}tsm efmtk ~tmf

9

&

& &


7/22


Soa}ms` lkyhtjexm ikg`lfme m hfkl`x, s` hom ymx hfklè, h}am ymso}t kx`f aktkaxmt`sxàkx g x g`tk { h}omf x a`soxm ef gksoa}ll6xt`g, ~}exjt, ` ehmtsog, ` vbf}kt%%% jt, kxj { a`soè tehs` g x

gkhom `soè x hoekx ~t sox~è m hoeht`x x kthosog, ~t maj'ejgè m skf, e}gtè m efmtvym x sox~`s /sk g m gkhom x `soxmikg`lfk, k{ g m i}{`sogm `soxm hom, s` ~ksjf, mhom g m ~l{pmt), ~txtkh`xkx m skf l}ixktkam, ~t dmse d}tttè% D}a}t so~tmomf afj eGpvm{me m Yjbl, a}t efmtv`x m sox~`s ` htmfxjomsoè soa}ms`xAk leb: Ak {}ll: Ak v`lm m agdjt:%2 Hom gm x ytxmx, ~tmja}'~`g` g ` gkho ` ~tèhtym `soxm { ykfvk x gktxjomf e ef ik'g`lfm, a} x gjs g}ebjexm, x ~kaxe, d}ak hom {}ll`% Afj xtmbje mhomyktitè m gkhom x ikg`lfms isokxktm, so}g`ck httg}msm m x c`lkyme}a g}eh x s`b}tjeè d}ae m y`x`x%

Ttkllomt tksx`s { kek m ykfvs x fm~xm ~l{`gè { gm xka`'gè m ~kt% Afj ehjhoxm e kxj tksxm a}t x hpfk ikg`lfmx, { hjeèx l`hoeè at}so{`, m efòeè efmtk'xfmxte hom dèè hkajth { g~kt, ehtsk soa}ms` atpmexm ef vkaje, ~k x c`lè e}a g}eh xvòmf ef ykfv% Bf`xoksox}, ~l{`g` g}eh x fm~mf gmefomt mhoa}t soa}ms`, `soxm hkfk jsm ef ` kitx xfmxt ` ykfvs, ~t {ll`gmx mg`tk x x c`lym e}a hpsojeè% E tksxm x x`llk ` kx` ` ykfvs ` htmf'xjomf soa}ms`x6 Okfhm, gjs {jix ~t`so}t+ Xk akg ikl ykfve+ Ehjte xehm+ E m btmg`, g ~k e {ki g}k hom kx+ E ek ehm'tjiso, ehmtmx hom x g`tkx x ehfmaè ~ks gm bf`xo am+%?

^jt, e so}g`ce m tksxmym ~tbf`bfk e}a fm~mf gmefomt% @ vjx` sox~`s, ehjesm a`soxm x htmfxk kdsjl}xm gd` ig`fx, s`~ks vkaje`x,` ~pmsxm d}ttkx m sox~`s, x yllkvt`s hom x iktmi`s`x, x c`lx, x bfs dksoa}, omxjeè ~t sox~è hom ~t hfklè%

@ ~kt` { ~pmxmf ebk ` vjx` ` sox~`s jsm ebk ~tèh` ` ykfvs, `soxmhkfk% Afj h}a}t` yòmf tm e gdkt ~j~}llè xje, ehjesm gm e}keckx ehtpsogm e atkoèk x ymkexk% A}fhms` ` hkfs ~t vbfmhofme mhoeht`x jsm x e}sms ~t gdmskx hom e`~kx m x`f ak vkeki`lle m yme ~mt`}hoe m akl`g`x ebk gkxt`ktakx` e ~kxt`ktakx, a} yllk` `

xptm isoèxm ef ke x hojgs ho m yèxm isomse ~tgdps /Y`sktmx m Ajgd`x,/YA), yll% _@@@1 X`tke ;088, i% 40%)% Gkhfm, so~}~}t`xfk m vfktt`x `soxm, xo}kso, e`sgk m d`smhs% E G`th`x soa}ms`, xojx h}am xtkv}kt vfkttè6 Vfkttek } dix d`smhk% Ehtsk e vjee m D`l`sox`x, sk~j ehjef gà gmttxm gksoee hjt hom i`lljexm x xtkvjexm vfkttè, a}~xjomf sm a`soxm ktho}t ~t at}so{`%E kgt`, d`smhk i`lljexm gm ifklx m soa}ms`x, ` c`l` ` htmfxjomf x vjx`x xsox~s ~t {ll ge m y vxs%

E h`sk atkoèk x xfmtk soa}ms` ` htmfxjomf x vjx`x x sox~`s jsm xkx`x x ykfvs6 M, jt gà, k gk ikl }~e: Sm a} hj xk gdpx, sox ~}ek`gm% /KM, 8>2*8=% i% ;9;) /Gpvm{m m Yjbl)% E G`th`x k` xojsoxm6K fm x}mgk ikl {"kx c}c: ^kf, ht}m sm gk gdpx e }f+1 ~tbf`bfmf ` vjx` `sox~`s KM, ;8*9, i% 30% E G}ts` soa}ms` ` htmfxjomf gm axj ifkl6 Em amgèf ikt x g`t% M h`g { mhom f} ame` ef kt x g`t% X gdfmll`g iktexje e kte x}kf m x tt xme yllksxkt, { x" ame v l djxk%

2) KM , 8>2*8=, i% ;9;%?) KM , 8>2*8=, i% 83%

2


8/22

Kdkv Hjfkak

ees, iktmi`s` gksoa}ll g ` kitg`, s`~ks s htmfxs kgxktm, {}omfmehm s` efmt`} g ` kitg0%

^ks` omxjomf g`t ebk x bf`xo, xkajomsoè gm soa}msè e h`xe m

ckax}kt hom ` fm~eè ~tbf`bfme% A}t ~klk m ykfvs e}a fm~xm ~l{`g`~t l`hofm at}so{`m, ksefomt e}a xtmbjomsoè ktspmx m ytxmxh}am } ~t~fma}t x gjs m ipmeè ~kle m hfkl`x% A}t ~tbf`bffk `soxm~jv`x`ym, ckaxjomf h`xk m xka`g`x x x hp ~klym%

E ~tbf`xos`, e ymehè xje, ~t sotd`gè { dexm, ebk kek msox~`s s hfkl`x ` fm~mf soa}ms`x ef so~tdl`g s`gdjlà, { e xso}gxe so~tmomf e ef ~kl j~èbk jsm e ef ~kl a~}c, h}am~kx}t ~ktkspso hgè { a`soxm ~s}kt, h}am soa}kt m ktho}t ebkeftk sox~` xm xfmxtk%Sk ~kl j~mebk soamym: Fkoj, soa}s'j+ Hixjlkls, x"` ~kbf}mf ;> %G yje axj gjte a}~x`g g x bfmt, a~}'

c, { hj x xojsoxm x ~kb}omsoè mhom so~mev`gmx m h`xym x gd}tk gm ax tksx% Ee ax mgtx`g g}eh x domsoè mhom ~mso'{msom x xfmtk hom ebkefomt, fm~msoè mhom so~tdl`gm e x oj

H}am } ehkl}t e ax soxfm, ylme x xomasjfg sm soa}ms`kh}omx x amx akl}kt e xt` ikvk atpmsjtm6 ikvk m ~kt, a}t soa}mse}a so~tdlmomf, ikvk m hpx, a}t soa}ms` gmttxm ef so~tdl`g s`'gdjlà ;; hom ikvk m xtmx, a}t soa}ms` ~t g`s`jeè m x`f atajexm efso~tdl`g x g`t;4 % E ikve m i}eh`x, a}t } ~thjte x ojllkx,{jix mhom s` dktksylmtsm x a~}cym x bt`s}tk, s"amg` x dfgg gm ef so~tdl`g s`gdjlà, ~jt s` gm ef ym~t`g { ehtgmttmf

ebk ~mtsjek x ymkex ~t {ll`gm i`x`g`% ^tk, afj sox ajok m hm'bfmemt`g`x x ax`f èsx`x}c`je`, ~mt`}hok m axo`g`x x x`f e efgkttymsofm xofmsox xtmbxktm, ebk m c`lk soa}ms` e `ttxm ~ti`x`gm g`tk%;3

E ~mt`}hoe { amg` gktt e sx}h`g, x xt`k ikvkx m gs`~tgmx soa}ms`x ake {me x ~tok~}tk e ~j~}llè xje% ^tk, ak {me ~tgmeh`gè xje gd`vjxt}msm, ikvk m hpx, a}t soa}ms` gmttxm s` so~t'dl`g ef ~mso{mso s`gdjlà% Afj e}a ~tfksoxje mhom tksxmx a}t,efmtv x ymkex, x ~kehtbfmbfsog hom x soxpt ebk èxmtmsk ~msjeklm, } de soa}ms ~tjims`je`sx hom }soxt}ke axvkekx ymxg

~t i`x`g% Hom soa}ms x x`ll ak ~ks}t bkx` e x bf`xok atkoèkx ymeh`x xje%X e`s}t ebk èxmtmsk ~mtsjeklm, h}am ye gd` bf`xosoak i`x`gè,

axk efmtv so~msoomt l`hoeè gktxmsk x ~k~tsoxkxsogm, gm hìmtmeck x xomas}ktk gjsom, gm efmtv gm x gxk i`vàm hom gmehjtm%Hom, ehjesm j~è`je` ` ~tk~kgdmx}t m tmkas`jekt, alkskx s}eh}msm homimfk m ~tatkoeè ef bf x x`ll, so}g`ck httg}msm m ~j~}ll`x `soxma}eht axptm {eht`gmym% Bfpa`g` ` soehjso ~j~}lljt e at`f`g'

0) I% Mebmls6Jt bfèk m ikg lfms m ~tjes ~t ykxm hom m soxmx`x, X`tke ;02>,

i%;>;%;>) E kgt` ak ~ks}t tksxm { soa}ms` e}a gmttxm ksef lljf so~tdl`g`~t ~}ee { dexm% Afj `soxm g m xomas}kt e kgtè m Ehtkl}g`x%

;;) H}a}t`k g m ~tbf`xosogm ak {me so~tdl`g` ` soa}ms`x gm ef ~mso'{mso s`gdjlà, {jix mhom a~}c% Afj ehmsomf a}hj e ymehè xje%

;4) So~tdl`g` ` soa}ms`x e x ojllk, ehmsomf e so}g atkoèk x So{`~t`s,~jt h}omx xomas}kt sm efmtv`x { ~tkejeè x so~tdlmomsoè asox} ake {mex ttkll%

;3) D% Gmfh`kf, jtx%c`x%, ; 29%

?


9/22


xktè m x`f, ` ak skx`t`v}kt gktxmskx m sogx}ktk { domsoè gmsoa}ms`, s` kxj gm hìmtmec gjsom, gktxmskx e ymbfl` mxf% Gm bjfm x tèfym sox so~tmo}t ~tjxmsxk m xptm%G xojfsoè soj{mx gdtk'g1* Gmttm gjf, gmttm ~lka}e'j* lka} akgdx s `d}a,* So~èk m

~lka}x `soxm ae}x,* ^lka} dkta}e s skas ,* ^lka} d}ve s gl ,* [p{fk"xk dkf ~lka}e'j ;8 % "am, ykso'j, { lke m {ke:* Lkf m {kf sm g gktx}e'm1* G gktx}em, g hoke ef ~lka'm1* "` tkso ebfkx mbhoèk lktb'm* Yèxm mtk, gjf s`

VE@K /IMFMSK) HOM HMXPT@GMX MAJEJG@AM EHTGFMX^KLS S HFKL@X HOM ^KLS S YKFVS

Ve`k m ykfvs `soxm ef gkttymsofm ehtgfmx vjxtym x sox~`ymjsm ~tèhtym x x tèfym ~t l`hofme m gktxmss s kthosogm%S` m ~kg, ve`k e}a domf gm ~l{`gè m x tèfym, ~jt gm

hso`te m ~tèhtym hom gm ehtgfmxs`gè m soa}ms`x%E x akl}kte, ~t imfmse m hp x tèfym ~thjtmsoè ifklx6

ve m, gdlms, gd}lms, ylms% Ykfvk {}omfm ve /m e ke, m vke),m yl}kt, m gd}l}kt, e htsk hfkl` ve /` e ke, ` vke) yl}kt, gd}'l}kt% ^jt, xmtg` g ` ~thjt}t `soxm ve h"omm ve%

E ymehè xje, e ~tbf`xos`, gjsok ~t velme m hp x tèfymak {e6 ~t ykfvkx, ;4';8 yfm hom ~t hfmg, ;9';? yfm% Afj e}a hj xxojsoxm { ~tèht`x x gjs a}fhmsmsoè ~t ve`me m xptm mhom ~t~ktk askf gjsom% Ax x htmfx }k fm~eè ~tèhtym vkajemx ~kxt`ktaklj'im}hklm, s`~ks x c`lkym, dkdk`x ` efòmf m htmfxk m ~ka}v}kt gd` ig`fx, ~tk, mhom m htmfxk ~t ve`me m xptm e hj gj'so m, ebkehjefomt, mhom ~ktk lèhfms% Ap vkaje ~t ~ktè a`soxmaktkaxmt x xomas}kt ~jl`xà, sm~sm e~tgfmx imfmskym, at}so{`yijtcjomf ikg`lfk ~kxt`ktaklm, ijtcjomsoè l`hofmx ehti`sejtm g`h`s ik'g`lfmym, ~tfmxsjomf ~}soxmx` ~jl`xà ` alkskym soitpxv}msm%

S` m xokg, ve`k m ig`fym { e yjbl`, { e hfm~ hom, eehjef tksx { ~k lèh}t, ~tkaxàjomf e soxtmskx m ~ks}tk% ^jt, eeehà`gè m xptm, } soxt` mhom e soxtmskx m xfmtk x ~j~}lls`s, gmbf`xos kfj ~tkaxàjomf ttkll%

Gkxmt`kl` pe hom d}t`gm x xfmtk ek lmfjfe x bfpajfg sm afjh}a}t` ak {me g m ~tok~}t e soma}llè m akl}kt hom, ehjesmttkll, ~tkaxàjomf e gdkt so{`~xktx% Ig`fx m x hp smasmymimfjome { e hfm~ ~k } lmf}kt { x soòme m x efòme bfkx aj'os s ig`ft`s, ks a}t tt`xme e gjso, soat}ke ^}ay`l`% Ehjho so~mso { x imf}kt`x x gjs hè sm ` fke ~tmgx}kt efmt`''xfmxt`x, ef ttmb}ll ` x`ll sox m htmfxk hom m isomoxk m ~tèhx xptm, x c`lx }k dfe x efjo}t a}t } hj {mfi`% A}t gdktje afjajo, ykfvkx vkaje`sox fke ;4 yfm hom hfmgx ;? yfm;9 % H}am ijl}t~t dkftk{mx m ^}lx`x6 Sokle, Sojsoè, Atèè hom Xj~lkee, s` hom

;8) Aeb ~j~}lljtm l t am, X`tke ;0==, i% ;43%;=) j kxp, i%;4?%;9) ^j}{my`llm I%C%O%Yjpkbm hkes lk Btcm Ld Y@@@, ak~`x}ll` @_, ^kt`s

;?4>';?4;%

0


10/22

;> Kdkv Hjfkak

~t Ttve m Xm~mlmes, Oke` ym e h}afm sm imfmskx dome a}t ig fx fke mehm x ymbfl, ebkefomt d`lm mhom a}t l`home e hfm~;2 ,Imfmskx m dmdmym {me xo}kfsm atmfx x ~tbf`xosogm;? , eey`vje H}tokg%

E soxtmskx m gmsgm hom x yktitk x ~j~}lls`s ve`k e hfm~jsm ~k lèh}t ig`fx domf gm {ll`g { x ijtcjomf g`{s`k ehtgfmxhp sox~`ym% Gkttymsofk domf htmfx~thtmfx, gm gkttymsofme m x vjxym x sox~`s jsm x hp ~tèhtym x ig`fym% A}t hp btkebk sox~`k m xptm `soè gm dktt, kxk soik{eè hso`te {, ~j {msm lèheè eftk hfkl m xfmxtk ykfv, x ~jtsklèh}t`x hj x {}omsoèx ve ehtgfmx xptm% E ehjef atkoè domf mhom ehjef cmtmgje`m yjbl hom, a}t lèheè ig`fx gm smas x a}ehtx, lkfgtjomf gm xsoxek ~}soam sm x hp ikg`lfmx } l`hoe gm g`{s`% Ehjhoxm {ve`k m ig`fym x domf a}t axk kttèè 3'8 yfm% ^t l`bfs`gè m

askf soagdmomf mhom d}ak, hjgmxoe, jtbke`vjomsoè bjsx` e xhp ikg`lfmx%L`ho}t gm gjsoe, sox m emyjfsogm x yg e h}afm sm e

~j~}llè xje, gm ehjef ~tfksox`g, e gktxmse m ykfvkym eh`{mftkhok6 g m gkhofk g ~kt m asox} gm tkho% Afj tms~maxjomf a}hjhom, a}so m soamlxm, ~td}vmf ebk x bf`xo Gkhfm, e vjek x ymkexk ehjhoxm { hfkl`, ~j x a`soxm gjxtk, e}a gktxjomf ~ktk xptm,~kykts`sox sm g}eh x `soxm g ` gkho sm kxj%

[ ykfvk x {}omf m ve, h}omf ~k xfmxt ef cmtmgje` m tksx`xm c`lk voy`lljomf e sox~è m ykfvs jsm e sox~è m ef x xtmx

/x kitg jsm gà} x sox~`s s ykfvs)% Afj y`v`x e Ajtc {}omfx soamlkx%Vkaje`sox, x hp ~klx ttmxo 9 jsm ? ymx, ebk 3'8 ~t smc`le

~kl, ~ks` gdktjeè {mtksfme, soagdmeè e`sokemx jsm hjtvjeèsoefe /somfè, s` ~thjtmf e Ymt`)% E ~mtbf`xos`, somefe {`k lsojeè e hjt x kx`x x ykfvs m hjtvjexm ef ` kitx ` hfkl`x,ebkefomt mhom ` vjx` ` sox~`s jsm soa}ms`% S dksoa} gm somefhjtvjomsoè mhom x ojllkx%

ALH m ~tckaxjexm somefe x ~tdt ~tmf ef` }ekv x tmgxk x"ktbfkex /xkso yje)% % ]ekvk m homx btjso fke gm ake}e;0 % E

Ajsjy yèè e xtpmv }ekve, hom ef ajtje ktbfeh`, { `soxmsomefk sm } hok ifklk% Afj xtmbjexm { ykfvk `soxm l`ho}t m e}a g}ehx fm~mf bfmx`}% Mhom e f}b x So{`~t`s, s`~ks gkxmt`kl`x { agdlmho}t e so}g vjek, fm~mf ef somef m x`ll% E`soke` vkaj'e`sox sox ef ~ktm m yfmxt iljt`t` jsm smtg`, m c`lk e}a {kta}lljee xtmb4>% E so}g atkoèk x So{`~t`s, ymket`sox e ymt`, sdksoa} gm }ekve fm~mf mhom ef sokg`% Sokg`k sox somef t`x}kl{ xtmbjexm sm ykfvk `soxm m gd}l}kt k~j m ve%

E vjekx gkljtm hoe`k m somefs `soxm ef ikt ak~kt`, { ~klkm hfkl`x ` fm~xm kskf x ykfvs% Gdks somefs ksa}so xfmxt s"a`soxhtmfx x yèxm hjt gd` kx ykfv, ehtpsom hj x dèxm e bfka%

;2) Okoe% B%Kldkems`scom Sx}h`me, Yfme ;?=81 i% 340%;?) M% H}tokg6 Sjgm xt dkls, jt bès, lkrs keh c}sxjgs ji Dklakes, Ljehje

;04?, i%4>;%;0) ALH%, ~ktkb% 8;%4>) B% Okoe,Ym~% c`x%,i% 33>%


11/22

Aktkaxmt` ` l`hofmym gktxmsjtm ~ktk l`t`g`x% ;;

E i ll`gè m skf somefk, s` h}amx, ak {me ef jdfmax ` ymxg{ e}a soj{tjomf gm ehjef ~lka xfmxt% G yje } soj{t}k gmef e}gt x ckax}kt jdfmaxmso hom, so~msoomt, mhom gm x ojllk%

H}am `} tmimt}kt gkxmt`kl`x xje ~t atkoèkx m ehtpsogm xSo{`~t`s, ymg tm sm afj h}a}t` ek ~ktk{`xmx s` g ~jsox6 EGkls` x Gkhom, ~ks` gmttmf g`tkx`g` ~t ve`me m ykfvs, ckaxjomfkikx`, a}t hj x hjtvjomf g`g` ` e}sms% E ax hkx ` vjx` `sox~`s k~j soa}ms` hjtvjexm ~fmse m ~kt x g`g`x, hjgmxoe~ktmx m }ekvs, { ~tdeè ak~ktè% Gm a}tsè m sjxg x x ojllkymafj so}g kttèxm hmt` e =>> lma% Vkaje`sox so}ge m x ojllkymm atajexm gà}%

E Gkls` x Bfkajys, ~ktk sm x ~òmf akifk m ve`ms, soa}ms`gmttmf ymso ~t ~}ee m gms`x`x, so~tdl`g`x { ~klk m hfkl`x h}omfx"`k fm~xm kes s ykfvs% Gms`x` e i`ll`g so~tmomf gm ho}tkxk ehtpsogm ~t x kitg`x m ykfvs, s` ~%so%6 x kx`x ef hofmxsom x}/tmyjlm), yllk`x ef gk}vmt, hkfs s ykfvs ef skokx gm {jsxma,s"gs hofmx aja ho`% G yje gms`x` } ata}k e x ojllk {kttèè 3>>> hmt` e =>>> lma4;%

E Eàkf'Gtx}t, bfkx ajos s ve`ms s ykfvs lòmf s` ak~ktef so}g x ojllk, x c`lkx ` gmttxm ` vjx` ` sox~`s% E i`ll`g ylmtk mak~kt`x `soxm m ~k~ti`llsogm6 ef gm o`hm, ef ajtje jsm ef lma%Ak ~ks}t tks%xm { s` ak~kt sox ~thjt}t ef sokg`, ef sk~}e, gkhfmmhom ef c`bktm h}oke% ^jt, axj sotdmeè ymxg sk ~t ve`me mykfvs% G yje domf gkttymsofk ~t ~kvktè m càs, { vkaje`sox~t`xmf ;4 {msm smtgm /dktkv gm ;4 ek~jljek iljt`)% Ebk axj, bfpsgk`soè x ojllkx m }ekvs, 9 ek~jljek /dktkv gm 3>>> hmt` e 8>>> lma)44%

E L}g /A}as), a}t yèxm gkotkgk /ef sokg` { ` fm~mf soa}m's`x s` somef sm ` kx` ~tkejexm x fm~xm ykfve), ikg`lfk m hfkl`x, gkee m soa}ms%`x, ` jexm ykfvs h`sk ho}tkxk s` lmso, ~kgd}a, djftkx ehtpsogm mxf%, s` hom h`sk x ojllk { {}omsoè ~ktm o}~sk, sm~se}a lljbkt`xmsoè e ijtc, e so}ge { hj x"` ckaxjomf hoeht`x~t e}sme43% Mhom e isokxè Bjlkf x ttmxo`x x A}as`x ikg`lfk mhfkl`x jexm =>> hmt` 4>>> lma s` ak~kt ~t ve`me m ykfvs48%

E Hjgbfje /G`th`x), ekxe m ve`ms s ykfvs, ~tèh` ` hfkl`xs dksoa} gm soa}msè lsojeè }ekve, ef sokg` hom ef sks` xojllkso, { kttèè 3>>> hmt` =>>> lma% ]ekvk hom sokg`k ` xkajeèe}sms, a}tsm x ojllkx ikg`lfms s skf4=%

E I}so'Kttv /^}a), ~klk m hfkl`x jexm somefe, { ~tdomfebk ef }ekv m ef t}d m a}{m, s` hom ef so}g x ojllkso49%

E Lmvo, gm ax tksx ~tym }ekvs s ktbfehx hom sokg`s/{ `soè x ykfvs) sox~`k m hfkl`x htbjexm mhom h`sk x ojllk, sks`k

4;) G% Gmg`k, Hksgk m Gkls`s s Bfkajys, Mxejbtki`k so{`~xktm @, ;094i%42?%

44) G% Gmg`k,Gktxmsk hom lèhfk e Eàkf'Gtx}t% KM i% ?%43) Somi{mx Oj ok, Imfmsk hom gktxmsk e L}g1 D}l% ` ]SOX, smt`k soameckx

soj{tjtm, ;09>, et% 8, i% 482%48) KM, =;9*43, ; 99'92%4=) KM, 899*0, i% 32'3?%49) KM, =;=*44, i% ;9%


12/22

;4 Kdkv Hjfkak

m x c`lkym yktmf s`~ks atamss s gà}x% E {jix sm gà} xtmbjomf ktspmsog, kxomt so}gk `soxm m yjbl hom kttèxm hmt` e 3>> lma^jt, a`soxm tksxm a}t k` atajexm ;>>> lma% Axj x ojllk sotdmeès` ak~kt, {}omsoè ~ktmeke bf} hom ~thjtmsoè ebk ` vjx` ` sox'~`s s` x hjexm42%

S` somef e Gkx cjomf ef }ekv, ef sokg` hom 4>> btjso4?% Eht'sk e G`th`x somefk vkaje`sox `soxm g m soxtmefx% E A}soeme, ex akl}kte, ~kb}keè ef so}g { soajexm ebk 3>>> hmt` e8>>> lma40% ^j ak{ ~kb}keè mhom e Axomll x M~tgm hom edkftk{mx m xfmtk x G`th`xs%

^t vjee m A}tdè`x3> amg` ax x hoe6 H`xe m ve`ms sykfvs ` kx` ` hfkl`x htbjexm e sox~è m ykfvs somefe, { ~t'domf ebk ef }ekv, ef sokg` gehkiso` hom ef ~msoxki, dtmehk xc`l`x ymehjsmsoè smehmx m x}klmx`x% Ym axptm, dkdk` ` hoeht`xbjexm mhom =>> hmt` e 4=>> lma /afj yktmf ebk bfmehfk majejgàmm sox~`s s hfkl`x), x c`lkx, x so}gxe m omtym, so~thjtjomsoèebk ~klk m ykfvs% A`soxm mhom tksxm a}t axj x ojllk ikg`lfk ` ~thjtxm ~t ~tbkx`xfme m ttjdkym x ykfvs%

Mhom e atkoèe m X`tkes,3; s`hjgjs e Gkls`, ~klk m hoeht`x~kb}kexm ef sks` x ojllkso ~t ve`me m ykfvs%

E Oksh}soa34 /Ttjbjvoè) hom e Tjsxmf33 /H}tts) ikg`lfk mhfkl`x ` fm~xm ef sks` x ojllkso ~kls s ykfvs% So}gk m xptm ckaxjoebk ` kx` ` askf hom ebk soa}ms`%

H}am vdt`x}t e atkoèkx m F}b}x afj h}a}t` ~ktk{`xmf m vdmoxjsm e}a soik{mf iktm% E Ajt hom ttmxomx m skf, e Mtsma, ^tgmxe h`sk vjek x Bf`tjaksxts /L}e ot`, Vkbjt` {pxmx), e kgt` mehjef ymeh xfmxt ak~kt` e}a ~thjtmf% Ehtsk e Dtvmsox38 /L`'dtkvoh) afj h}amf so}g {ktx% Ak {me vkaje {, ~t x ve efykfv, dkdk` ` hfkl`x kx h`x { jexm e`sokemx, ` fm~xm x kx ykfvs e~tgfmx soa}ms`x ef sks` x ojllkso s` ak~kt, ~t xs`b}t}kt ve`me%

Ebk x hoekx m gs`~tgm, hml sm afj h}a}t` ak {me g m xoma's}kt e vjekx gkljtm, ehtsk e vjekx gm isokxkt x ymbfl homìèf ~jxo}kf e}a ~ktk{`xmf iktm% Gmbf`xokx gmehjfg sm ex akl}kt x lktbx afj h}a}t` ak {me ~t bf`xo so{`~xktx% Ax,s` hj xk sojo`g mhom g ~jsox, ek m xtmbje m htmfxk m kes s ykfvs~t x ata}kt so~mev`gmx m ~kfs ebk sox~`k m hfkl`x, bf { soik{mfmhom e vjekx fjgkljtm% ^jt, mhom kxfm a} e}a soik{mf, x hp ~klxdeè ~tbkx`xfm ~t gktxmse hom so~mev`gmx `soè x hpkesogm% Eaxj vjek a`soxm gktt ef voy`ll`g x gkho soagd`g` ` e`sokemym%S`b}t`sox h}omx dt hkll`g` ehtgfmx soxtmskym hom alkskym x soj{'t`s so{`~xktm x kskf ajom6 alkskx m ~ks}tk ~kb}keè g so}g ~t

42) KM, =30*;;, i*0=%4?) Akotmgke ]l{è`, Hjam, ymsofm m dms`gm e Gkx , D}l% ` ]SOX% Smt`ksoame% soj{%, ;09> et% 8, i% 4==%

40) KM, 82>*;3, ; 93'99%3>) KM, 82;*8;%3;) KM, 838*4, i% 9>'9;%34) KM, 89=*=, i% 3;%33) KM, 89>*8, ; 3;%38) KM1 ?8>*;43, ~pmxfk 3=%


13/22

Aktkaxmt` ` l`hofmym gktxmsjtm ~ktk l`t`g`x% ;3

e`sokeè% ^jt, mhom e soxtmskx m gmsgm hom, e ef gks g xyjbl, mhom e soxtmskx m yktitk x ~j~}lls`s, ee ehà`gè mhtmfx~thtmfx x soxtmskym x ~ks}tk, soagd`g` ` e`sokemym gjt` ef~tok~fm x gkhom, h}am } dt ef dktt m teh ~t majejgè msox~`s%

Soagd`g` e`sokemym, { ~tkaxàjomf g so}g e f}b x So{`'~t`s hom e {pxmxm, gjt` ef voy`ll`g x gkho ymcket`sox ebkbfpsgk m hpx m soma% _@_ hmt` e ~tkb x l`t`g`x, a}t So{`~t`ka`soxm opt xksog e tt}be m voy`ll`g`x x gktthoe`mym ak~`xkl`sxm%M xomas}kt ak {me e {pxmxmx m Ajts, Soajhts, Bf`tjaksxts, X`'tkes, Dmtkx`x, Yljts mxf% hom e isokxtkx ttmxo {pxmxmym x fGkhfm, e Ajt afj a`soxm gktt ijtge m ef bktm g`h`s ikg`lfmymx ehtpsogm, a}so x so~mevjexm g so}g% Ak{ m ytxmx sox afj,sk e y`xè ;?49 d}ttkx m ajg}e`xmx`x jtxjhjas x Yktjso`x x Ajt's, h}am ~kt so~mev`gmx m xm~txk { domsoè gm tksxè m lèhfmyimfmskym, gktxmskym hom yhmafmym, gjte ymeh`gm x ~jskgm ~a}i`v`gè m xptm% Ymeh`gmx m y`x`x ;?493= ~t a}i`v`gè m cmtmgje`ymhom so~mev`gmym ikg`lfktm bfkx ajos s imfmss hom x gktxmsshjle ebk emyjfk m ajos, ~ks` kxj tehjeè so}g majejg`x m ik'g`lfmym hom gkskx m bfmtk e}a } deè hjx dkll% Axj ymeh`gma}i`vjeè e ef gks x g`t so~mev`gmx { domsoè ~t imfmsk mgktxmsk% ^jt, g yje, e y`xè ;?3=,39 gdlmhofk m bfmt m gmsoa}fymx tt`x}t x ajg}e`xmx`x x Yktjso`x, h}am so{ptx}kt ymeh`gmx m gkttkg ;?49, e a}soxm x tmfk, vbfmtj` axj ymeh`gm hom ;mfj` x domsoèso~mev`gm g x ghok%Bfkx bfpsgs s hpx x soma% _@_ so~mev`gmx ~t imfmskx hogktxmskx } vbfmt}ke kajgk g so}g, s`hjgjs e soxtmskx m djtbfm'v`s s tm xtmbxktm hom x vkekxcèfym x {pxmx`x, x c`lx ~t~`{mso`g`xjeè soxtmse m djtbfmv`s xtmbxktm x Smlkeà}x m x Gkeksx`tgm x c`lx `soè e ajexkax% Afj bf } soxt` mhom e soxtmskx m xfmx {pxmx`x% ^tkehkf, h}am ~kt ~tgkskx m ghok { a`soè gkttaxj so~mev`gm, dkejtx m {pxmx`x `} htmfx}ke Aso`ll`x x ~lm{ym Ajg}e`xmx`x ~t a}i`v`gè m xptm% [ e y`xè ;0>=32, ebk Ajg}e`'xmx` jtxjhjas ` Yktjso`x x Ajts } oktx}k Akeje`vgk m tm {a}i`vjexm so~mev`gmx ~t lèhfmx, imfmskx, gktxmskx hom yhmafmx%ho}t gm imfmskx, a}i`vjomsoè so~mev`gmx e cmtmgjeè m soagd`g`xx e`sokemym m x xfmtk% Epfk 9 m askf akeje`vgm xojx6 [ sjx mx}xfm soagd`g` ` e`soke`x3? x domx fj vptxkt`sox30, x ~t`xmx vkaje`

3=) ^mxtk{ ^m~j, Gkxmt klm hja}gmexktm e l hofm gm kgd`mexè ikg lfkt sox~`ka x Ajts, g ;?49, ;?3= hom g ;0>=% Hjtsoat`g` i% ;%

39) ^mxtk{ ^m~j,~j kxp, i% ;%32) ^% ^m~j,~j kxp, i% ;2%3?) E Ajt cmtmgje`k m soagd`g`x x e`sokemym atpomf e sox~è m

~tèhtym x s imf}kts, Gm ax tksx, gdl`homsoè iktmi`s`, soja m g`{ xikg`lfms s hoeht`x, btk m d}ttk hom, a}t mttmf, soajeè e sox~è m e}sms1mhom kxp bfmeè x gdlmho}t ~t ~t`xfme m efmtvym x hoeht`x x kitg`x e}sms, soja hom g`{ x ikg`lfms s skf% Ykfvk m imf}kt h`lxm gm xkdkak e hjt~t x bjsx`x}t at}so{`x% Yfmott`, h}am }t}kt, ` fm~xm kskf e`sokeè, vkaje`sox` yktxm ef iljt` e {ki% Gm gjemhok iljt`t` hom gm ~mso{msom x xfmtk m hj'tjy`xeè e}sme mhom at}so{`x% Afj cmtmgje` {}omf soagd`g` ` e`sokemym jsm,s` m {}kexm ~j~}ll` ` Ajts1 x soaml}tkx%

30) Fj vptxkt`sox hj x xojsoxm x yèxm hoeht` ymxg gm efmtv`x m sox~`s


14/22

;8 Kdkv Hjfkak

{ ~tèht`x m x imf}kt`x hom ~tèht`x m s imf}kts, x kitg`x homg`{x ~t ax {ll`g /{ x gkttè ~fms e cmtmgje`x m soagd`g`xx e`soke`x), x gjs soajfe /~t x hitpmt) ef ~kl gm xfmxte e sox'~è m x imf}ktym%8>

Mhom e {pxmxè m Soajhts ve`k m ykfvs domf gm so~mev`gm xghok% ^t ax, e y`xè ;0;> hjle s}llkx /ttmb}llkx) ~t a}i`v`gèm xptm% Imfmskx ~ks sjh`x, xo}omx e axj s}llm, ake ~t x"} dk e agept6 ^ktm ks h}~m e}a b} je gm hoke ata}so skhj vmebfè {x fmx8; %%% G ~jsox ckaxjomf so}gk m smehmym { h}omf x"` htbomsoè e}sms h`xe m imfmss hom ylmtk m smc`ls ~tmf xptm%

^jt mhom ~sm } gjte axj ymeh`gm {, ~t ajoe, `soè ~jv`'x`ym, sm~sm l}ixjeè vkajeè m am{ x so~mev`gmym x xm~txk e imsk hom e gktxmsk, okt o`gmx fj ymxg e}a } a}i`v}ke, ~jt } sox}ke

mhom g so}g, ymket`sox e soxtmskx m ~ks}tk x {pxmx`x% Hom, ehà`gè m {pxmx`x, afj h}a}t` } soxt` mhom e isokxtkx hom e h`sk{pxmxm x xfmtk s`6 e Mtsma, Lmsajyà, ^tgmx, mxf% h}am } dasox}, ef sg}ehfm { sk yèxm m soxjomf%

Kfj { m tehjexm g so}g majejgè m ikg`lfmym, `soxm ~kbmskm ~kls s hoeht`x ~t ~tbkx`xfme m e}sms k~j vkaje` { ~tbkx`xfmx"` deè x hp ~klx jsm ~fmse g x gkhom xk dexm e}sfk /bf {so~tmomf mhom e hoe`me m ~tàs)%

^jt afj h}a}t` e}a ~ktk{`xmf a}hj eflljf% E vjekx gkljtm, eehjef tksx mhom e vjekx gm isokxkt x ymbfl hom ìèf, ~t ~kfem e}sms ~kb}kexm sox~`k m hoeht`x% ^t xk ~kt ax g ajeatmx`so~j ~ktk{ms`g gkxmt`klm ~t h`sk atkoèk hom vjek x ymeh`x xje%

E Gkls` x Gkhom84, e i`ll`g x soma}ll`x xje, ~t ve`me mef ykfvm ~kb}omf 2> hmt` ;8> ajtjek hom ebkefomt mhom 9>>% So}'gk yktmf e tkho x ~kt ebk bfmehfk majejgàm m ikg`lfms s ykf'vs, ~jt mhom ebk kfj m ikg`lf"ms s hfkl`x% ^tk, ikg`lfk m ef gm bfmehfm x g`t majejgàm atajexm ef so}g x ojllkso g xgkhom sm ef ikg`lfm m gmsgm jsm m yktit%

^kbmsk domf e x ojllk, ~jt ak ~ks}t tksxm { domf mhom e

ekxpt% E Gkls` x Yjbl e ymeh x x ojllkym fm~eè mhom akisojsm ktg, e Gkls` x Gkhom ymx e ktg%E Vkht`g 83, e y`xmx ;0>9';0>0, so}gk { sox~`k m hfkl`x `

fm~xm kskf x ykfvs soajexm 3>> hmt` 8>> ajtjek% Afj so}g, { sot'dmexm ~t ttjdkx m e}sms, g}eh x ~kb}omf mhom gm asxm%

E Gkls` x Bfkajys88 ~kb}kexm ymxg ikg`lfk m hfkl`x% Kfj, ymx ojllkym, ` htbjexm ikg`lf%ms s ykfvs mhom => ab lmso, 4> ab% ~kgd}a /~mef), djftk, mxf%

8>) ^% ^m~j,gkx% ` c`x, i% ;?%8;) KM , 3==*33 i% ;?9%84) I% Ej~k, à~kgfm imxktm, hjamx m vkajemx, Kta`y` ` @esx`x}x`x x O`s'

xjt`s, i% ;92%83) I% Ej~k, ~j kxp i% ;94%88) G% Gmg`k,ktx% c`x%,i % 4?8%


15/22

Aktkaxmt` ` l`hofmym gktxmsjtm ~ktk l`t`g`x% ;=

^t xmsokx m ykfvs ~kb}kexm ymxg ~klk m hfkl`x, xo}omx e egkxmt`kl ebk vjek m Eàkf'Gtx}t`x% Ylmtk kttèxm hmt` e =>>> lmahom bfpsgk ~kb}omf e x ojllk hom bfpsèk e ekxpt%

S`~ks ef x hoem { amg` ~t atkoèe m L}gs8=, bfkx tmbf`'g`x x Vjb}x, e ajoe m ve`ms s ykfvs, ` kx` ` hfkl`x ~t`sxm ijtce,a~}cx, hjgmxoe gmttxm ymso sm sk x ojllk h}omf x"` htbjexmgà}x% Afj so}g kttèxm 4> hmt` e 3> ek~jljek% Ytxmx gà} ` gmttxmx ojllkx, ~jt k` ` axomexm ~tst` e ef ijtg xfmxt, e ~lkakx {~tbkx`xmsoè ~t ykfve%

E ^}a 89, e x akl}kte, ~klk m ykfvs ` ~tbkx`sxm bf`xo ttjdkxm skf, ~jt x ojllkx ~t axj ` ~kb}kexm ~klk m hfkl`x%

E Gkx82 ~t`xmx omsk~` bfksox g}kf ~ktk hksgs% Soa}ms` gm~tèhè hom h`sk ebk iktmi`s` ` ykfvs soajeè e sox~è m hfkl`xhom kxp ckaxjeè sk ttjdk h}omf x dexm hoeht` ~t e}sme, e}gtè mhpsomaym, ymlme kym hom {`l`gkym, s` hom jtmeh`x m a}voès%

E Lmvo8? hom e gkls` x skf kek m ykfvs ` atajexm kes shfkl`x x bf`xok so~mev`gmx ~t ttjdkx m e}sms% X ojllkx ~kb}omsoomt ~ks omtm bfkx ~mt`}hos s imfmss hom kttèè hmt` e 2>>> lma

Vkaje`sox, e G`th`x80 x bf`xok ttjdkx m e}sms domsoè gm xojllkx { htbjexm ~klk m hoeht`x hom kttèè e 2>>> hmt` e ?>>> lma%^jt, ~tym axptm, a}t ckaxjomf h`xk m hksgs, ~t`xmsoè a~}c,{ `soxm hmxpt`g` ` hpx ` ~kls s hoeht`x a}ehtmfx kskf x e}sms hom{soajexm hmt` e 4>>> lma%

E Gkls` x At}fs=>, e so}g`ce m tksxmym, e}a ckaxjomf so}gkm x ojllkym { h}omf x ~kb}kexm sox~`k m hoeht`x% ^jt, ~kykts`sox ebk afj, s`~ks xtkh`xs, hoeht` h}omf x ~kb}kexm 2>>> hmt` e;>%>>> lma% A`soxm mhom tksxm a}t afj so}g akljomf, h}am m yktit}ks xm~tg` sox~è m hfkl`x% A}t e}a kttòmf so}gk m x ojllkym, kfj~ljxsjomf gm dkbx`, xja mxf%

^t ~lkakx m bjcs, xo}omx e ef gkxmt`kl ebk Gkls`k m X`'tkes=; , atpmxkt` ` ikg`lfms s hfkl`x ` fm~xm ees s ykfvs 8> ja lmso~t ttjdkx m lmsoxk% ^fmsk xfmxt m ~lkakym { e}a g}eh x ~tbkx`xsoè e isokx /s` ~%so%6 hpsomax, fjtbkex a~}cx, mex m dkat`x, s` hoktak m e}sms) hj x dlòmsoè e {pxmx gm x ojllkx m hoeht`x%

E isokxtkx m H}tts`x, Akykfs m x Ttjbjvoès dkdk` ` hfkl`x`soxm ` hmxpt}kt x ~kb}kexm x bf`xok so~mev`gmx { dexm ~klk m yk~t ~lkakx m ykfvs=4%

E h`sk vjek x L`dtkvoh`x=3, e ajoe m ve`ms s ykfvs, ` kxàtajexm x ojllk ~t ~tbkx`xfme m skf% A`soxm hom tksxm { e ymx x ojllkym x atajexm ='9 aja dkbx` x `gxk hom ef ak jsm eflj~%

8=) @llpt k, X tke ;039, et% 8=%89) KM, =;=*44, i% 44%82) A% ]l{è` ktx% c`x, ; 43;, KM, =>0*;9, i% ;8%8?) KM, =30*;;%80) A% Soxfmie`,Hjam g th`xjtm, Mxejbtki`k so{`~xktm, @@, ;093, i% 4?>%=>) KM, =32*0%=;) KM, 838*4, ; 9;%=4) KM, 89>*8, i% =>1 Kehtmk Sxmi`%Gkxmt klm mxejbtki am, KM, yll% ==, i% 4;0%=3) KM, ?8>*;43, ~pmxfk 3=, 32%


16/22

;9 Kdkv Hjfkak

E Gpvm{m38 dkdk` ` ykfvs ` atajexm x kx`x x hoeht`x efso}g x ojllkso { {}omsoè ~ktk ktbllma}, ymlme e hom ttjdkxm e}sms% Ebkefomt, e ymeh x ktblla}x e x ojllk atajomsoè

dkbx`, e}gt` ` x c`lkym yktmf ebk bfmehfk majejgàm m sox~`s shfkl`x hom g}eh x kttèxm e 4>'8> atmt dkbx` x `gxk, ef ~meh{m jsm d}kf, ef akiso ~}em, mxf% Ktblla} gmttmf mhom e h`sk isokxtx Gkllkaksxts s D}x s` e A}tfke, Gdts== mxf% Gkhfm, e A}tfke,e ymeh x x ojllkym atajomf mhom dkbx` m dmtm{mx%

Mhom e atkoèe m Lkdt`s, s`~ks vkaje`x, sox~`k m hoeht`x~kb}kexm ef so}g x g`t x ojllkso ~t ~tbkx`xfme m ~lkcakym xe}sms% E A}tymlmso, e vjee m Sklkt`s, D}v`x hom Atkos`x, gm tksxèm gktxmss, sox~`k m hoeht`x h}omf x ~kb}kexm ktblla}e, ttjdkxm e}sms, x c`lkx ` vbf`hoxm dkdk` ` e}sms hom ` ~kb}kexm ` kx` ` h

eht`x=9

% Mhom e dtmbhmxè m O`gkts=2

ikg`lfk m hfkl`x ~kb}kexm efsks` x ojllkso ~t ~tbkx`xfme m ttjdkym x e}sms%E so}g atkoèk x So{`~t`s s F}b}x hom e {pxmxmx a} gktt'

hoe`mx ak~`xkl`sxm `soè g x voy`ll}ktk sox~`k m hoeht`x e}a a`soxmehjef hmxpt`g soxteb}ms ~t ~tbkx`xfme m ~lkakym x e}sms% Kxj deè s dksoa} x hp ~klx% Gkhfm, e axj vjek, ikg`lfk m ykfvsso~mevjexm g so}g% E kgt`, x bf`xok ttjdkx m e}sms ` ~tbkx`sxm` kx` ` skf a}tsm hoeht` jexm h`sk ho}tkxk ~t e}sme hom x kitg`xm skf%

H}am `} tmimt}kt gkxmt`kl`x xje, ymg tm sm afj ijtg a`soxm

~tok~fm g x gkhom% Kfj, ym {pxmxmym atpmsjtm ebtxomexm m~fmse g x gkhom x isokxtkym x So{`~t`s s F}b}x hom kskfF}blèhjtm%

E {pxmxè m Soajhts hoeht` ` dexm e}sms ymsofme m ~ljx,smehm x}klmx`, s` ho h`sk ~mso{msom ~t efmtv`x m skf% Ehtsk e}ebk kek m skf ~tbkx`sxm xmsokx ~t ymxm hom x bf`xok x ikl}tkx /tkxkx) ~t efmtv`x m d}tt`x% Ym axptm ` kx` ` ykfvs hj x"` fm~xmd`fs rhom so}g me m jtmeh` x ehtpsogm%

M effxk bf yòmf tm mhom e {pxmxmx m xfmtk bf { m amg` gmeh}t e ~fmse ~t soagd`gè m e`sokemym%

^jt, mhom e isokxtk afj h}a}t` i`llj` x gktt ef ~tok~fm xgkhom% Ikg`lfk m hfkl`x ~tbkx`sxm ttjdkx m ifmxfms /hpsoma, fjtbkehom fksxa) s` hom e` jsm hp ymsofm x ~ljxk ~t e}sme% E}sfk, ebkkek m skf, dexm ymsofm x xfmtk ~t ymxm hom hktjye ~t efmtm d}tt`x%

E x bf`xok isokxtkx m atkoès s kgt`s so}g`ce m ~kfs m~tbkx`sxm kek m ykfvs% Hfkl` jexm ymxg ho}tkxk ~t e}sme m kitg`x m skf% Gkhos`k m ~kfs s ykfvs yktmf ebk bfehfk majejgàmm ikg`lfms% Gmbf`xokx, mhom kxj { `soè x yktit ~t~`{msoè xk deàx sk g x ~ljx, ~kykts`sox sm ttvjeè majejgè m sox~`s%

=8) Ll% G`xt}so`%Hksgk e lklx m Gpvm{ms, Mxejbtki`k so{`~xktm @@, X`tke;093, i%;?;%

==) KM, 228*=?, i% =;%=9) Ajj Ejyk, Ijtc`g` ` i k g ` l f m s hom l}ixk a}eht vkajemym ~tk~keàm,

H t m f x s ` k ~ j ~ } l l j t m , ; 09 2 E t% 0i% ?3%=2) ^% Bf`hmhm% KM, 8;;*8=, i% =9%


17/22


E h`sk {pxmxm, s`6 e Soajht, Ajt, Mtsma, Lmsajyà, ^tgmx,~tym ~kfs { ~tbkx`sxm ykfvk, ` kx` ` fm~xm kskf mhom ~tà, e~fms x ~ks}t`s s ikg`lfms /~ks}t` x ~kx}ehsogm jsm e x ojllk)%Ehjesm ~tàk s` èsx`x}c`je sox m yfmxt, kfj gjt` ef voy`ll`g x

gkho e ajoe m im}hkl`vg`x, a}t ikg`lfmx m ghok gdtmxtjtm hom~tèctjtm, gm {ll`g { x l`hoeè klmkeck e gms x soxmxmym hom~tèc`~kxkym x ehtpsogm, deè at}so{` gm efmtk'xfmxte, h}am } hoeykfvkym atkoèk x xtk, x c`lkx akljeè e ~tjesè m d}ttkym xxptm% Hja}gmexm x ehtpsogm ilksè ~t klmkeck x x`llk mhom eymehxje% E soma% _@@@, e y`xè ;4=? emyjfk ~t klmkec m soxpe Goklè @@ x M~`t`x x l`hoxm klmkec gm Gkeitmhè Ojomesoxk}ime, ~tcè m Xktmex`x, h}am ` hoe ~t bt}k d`fe m ymx, Omlmee, hom eijtg ~tàm ef yktb {pxmxmso x So{`~t`s, s` H}ttsè, Yljte, Ak'eèe, Dmtkxè mxf%=?

Afj xtkh`x ykvohj` x ~thjtmx mhom ebk hpmtx m ghok im}'hklm ktdtmsom e soma}fx m gyjesog% Ykfvkxm ikg`lfmym x ghokim}hklm, a}t gktxjomsoè, gmtteè ~tà xjak x ghok% Bfje G}vkake xmsxkgmexè m x`f xojx sm Yljtk hom Akeèk ake {me x G}vk'aym hom ` `soè hoe ~tà gdmss, Tmbèk, { } gktx}k gm hms'~jxè m Smtd`s%=0 Hoe`k m ~tàs ykvohj` mhom ebk ikg`lfmx m ~ksok'llktym hom x kbkllktym% ^jt, g m xomas}kt } d afj e soma% _@_e {pxmxè m Ajts, ymket`sox e soxtmskx m djtbfmv`s s tm xc`lkx, soitpxvjeè hoe`me m ~tàs ~t x ~kx}t g}ehs` x"} s`b}tjeèykfvkym ef fmx dksoasojtxjtm sk g x g`t, h}am ` gktx}kt e

soxtmskx g x lktxk x soj{t`s9>

, ^%so%, F% Y% Okllk, ttmxo y`xmym ;?2` hok s d`fs bfpsge m isokx`x Tgdmc% H}omx xoe sm hoe`k m~tàs, gjt` ef ~tok~fm x bfmt mhom e soxtmskx m gmsgm x ~j'~}lls`s hom } soxt` mhom e vjekx isokxktm x mlmgmexmym jtxjhjasx So{`~t`s s F}b}x, h}am } dt asox} ef dktt m teh ~tmajejgè m ikg`lfms s ykfvs% E ~j~}llsè m at`soxmt so{`~xktm xkgt`s /B}gme`c, Btàjojt, A}sojy`c, ^msoxke, Aksxt`v, Lmhovmxf%), ~tym ~kfs, ykfvs ` fm~mf s` ~tà mhom ehjef hp{ke, ytmsox}ll`, xja d}am jsm x ojllk% Afj ak {me g so}g aktkaxmt`sxàm ~tsoxtmskx e bfmehfm x g`t majejgàm% Mhom e so{`~xktx m Btm{`s9;

~tàk ak {me hàk m ajos hom gkhos`k m skf `soxm e ykts` xbfmehfms majejgàm x ikg`lfms s ykfvs%Ebk x xtm tksxmx m soxfmll}ktk g lktx hml sm so~mev`gmx

gktxmskx `soè ef dktt m teh ~t majejg`x m ikg`lfmym% ^tkehkf,

=?) Kcxk mx H`~ljgkxk, @ 48=, ;4=?, D}t gm x vbfmho}tk ~t o`sxjt e mSo{`~t`s , yll% @@, i% 99, 00% Hja}gmex`, g`h`s x xfmtkso, xojx6 Gòkl` @hms~jx ` M~`t`x, d`fs s ymx Omlmes, { hj x dksoajomx gm gktxms gm Gkeitmhè,~tècè m Xktmex`x, ` fm~ s` ~tà ~tym `so}ll`x x Ajti}v`x, hom asoxfmllkyx Sj~jx x /S}djx}g) hom x D}xt ex x, mhom h sk asoxfmllk m ymehm e Ktdt 6H}ttsè, Yljte, Akeèe, Dmtkxè, gklmx m S~`tke`cs

=0) Co% Oj~i% Cotje`{}ms Btmaj'Tjgkems, Dmtl e ;?23, i% 40>'40;%9>) Kehtmk Ekxokek`l`, Gkxmt klm hja}gmexktm ~t èsx`x}c jeè m ~t as,

Sx}h`gm O`sxjtàm, ;02=, et% 4, i% ;?>%9;) ^mxtj K% I}t`{`, Gktxmsk hom s`gdjlmx m gktxmss e so{`~xktx m Sk'

lkgès , Kxoè ;042, i% 49=%

4 ;0?


18/22

;? Kdkv Hjfkak

~t x s`b}t}kt so}ge m x ojllkym { emyjf`xmsoè ~t ~kfe hom ~tso~mev`gmx m hksgs, e ~tbf`xos`, ` vjx` ` sox~`s gmttxm gksk xehtpsogm, so`sxm xjae jsm a}lljxe, dkbx` x `gx jsm x xtkso, opexm edjt om mxf% Fj ttkll, k` cjexm ef jsm hp hfmg x sox~`s /so~msomhom hoehtè) ~t x ~}e}kt e ikg`lfmx m ~ks}tk, e {pxmxm, gkhfmmhom e a}tdmx /s` ehjhoxm e atkoèkx m F}b}x) hmt` sk x s`b}tjeèx ktho}tkx ~t so~mev`gmx m hksgs% Afj ~lkb m teh m soj{t`sso{`~xktm x ~ktkl`t`g`x } a}i`v}k h`s` ee soxpxfme m gkskym ~j~}'lljtm% Gmbf`xokx, hmt` e ~tkb x l`t`g`x kfj `soxm ~tjdlmg hom g}ehx voh}amf ymxg gm ~tgdpsfme m gktthoe`mym x yfmxtk e~tcho`g%

H}am kekl`v}kt gkxmt`klè m gs`~tg, l`ho}t gm hmxpt`gmx maj'ejgàm { a`soè x hp ~klx m l`ho}tk gm at}so{`, g}eh x e fmtt`gaxj ~ti}eh`gm6

^kbmsk { sox~`k m hoeht`x ` dexm sox~`s s e}sms, ~kfk hom~tàk, fke èsx`x}c`jem x ehtpsogm, x ~kykt}tk ebk efmt`'xfmxt`, homsmc`l` a%k lèfe m ymx x voy`ll`g`x%

E tksxè m ~kt, hjgmxoe a}t ~klk m hoeht`x fm~xm ef so~t'dl`g ~t ve`me m ykfvs /somefk, hoe`k m gkxmt`klmym x ehtpsogm jsm

htb`g` ` x ojllkym ~t ~tbkx`xfme m ttjdkym x e}sms, ho}tkxkx mso}gxk x ikg`lfms s hoeht`x ~t efmtv`x m e}sms mxf% ilksè ~t gdmx}tèk x dlmtfms s btkym%

Lèhfk m èsx`x}c`je`x x dlmtfms s btkym ` xkaje mxk~s s ~kt xvoy`ll`g`x x gkxt`ktakx`x% Gm lèhfme m gktxmss gm ìxm i`lljettgd`g` hom dlmtfk m btkym,94 soat}ke Mebmls`%

^jt mhom g yje, gm vymehs`gè m gkxt`ktakx`x gm ~kxt`ktak'xè hom gm lèhfme m ikg`lfms ~kxt`ktaklm, gktxmsk gm x dlmt gj't` ef voy`ll`g mhom g x gkho% Ax m xtmbje mhom èxmtms`g` ` xbf`xo kexktym x ajg}e`xmx`x ikg`lfkt, x c`lx ehògjeè e bt}gd}'

ll`gè m so~tdl`g`x { hj x"` fm~mf ikg`lfms s bt}ks% ^tk, gktxmskgm x dlmt sox aktkaxmt`sxà m gktthoe`mym ~kxt`ktaklm hom som l`ho}t gm ikg`lfme m gkhom ~kxt`ktaklm, ~kykts`sox sm lèhfk m sk` ~ta`sxm ~mt`}hos s gkxt`ktakx`x% S` h}amx ee ehà`gè m gktt'hoe`mym x tmfk soj{tjtm gktxmsk gm dlmtfm tt`xmf m ijtcjomf sdksoa} gm tt`xfme m ~t`tfmym ~kxt`ktaklm, hmt` sk ktt`x` voy`ll`gè m~ljx gm l}lv`gè m gktthoe`mym ~kxt`ktaklm% Gm so~tdtfme mikg`l`ms s gkhom ~kxt`ktaklm hom gm lèhfme m ikg`lfms s yjbl }voh}a mhom dlmtfk m bt}ks, a}tsm xm~t}ke ymxg gdmx}tèkx m skf% ^voh}a`k m ax`f èsx`x}c`je` e}a xtmbje sm } ehtpso}k dkvk m gktxmss

k`c e}a m o}gd` aktkaxmtè m skf s` ef gkttymsofm majejgàm% Gmlèh`me m ikg`lfmym x yjblk, a}t bt}kfk ` o}gd` x bf`xok x htmxtksob}k tk { g ~kt hom a}t } tt`x tehs`k majejgàm m ~}ess d}tt`x /{ vèxm hmbx atpmsjtm x kax`y`xmx`x ~tjho}ms), ~}ek

94) I% Mebmls,ym~% c`x%,i% 90%

&

& &


19/22


bt}ks e sox~` v}t` ef ymeh bf`xoef m g x gkho% Afj ~tckaxj`mhom ikxè soj{tjt x skf, x c`lè m ~ljxsjexm mhom gktxmsk gm xdlmt% Xke` ikg`lfk'majejg` m soàjexm hj ~fmsxkt s` ijtc ~}em,

~tkehkf, h}am hoe ykfve xma hfkl`, ikg`lfk m skf atajexm ajg'~mes`gè ~takxs% E i`ll`g afj so~tmomf gm ho}tkxkx, { ikg`lfk mhoeht`x ` jexm ikg`lfms s e}sms% /e tkho x ~kt x kx`x homs"gs, ~ksxkf yllmvtym, hkfs s e}sms hom x kitgym x xfmt)Gm voy`ll`gè m soagd`g`x xtmbxkt, ylmtk m ~}es s bt}ks, ymjdfmaxmym e ekxpt, gjt` so~tmofme m skf mhom e x ojllk% Asoxlèh` g`g` ` bt}ks%

sox ap g`g ` bt}ks { vòmx ebjf e x htmfxe xje vkaj'ejtm, e Ake}eè m Lma H}akbfè`x93 hom e gkxmt`klm x xfmtk%

^jt h}am bfpa}kt e dkv x gkxmt`kl`x xje ~t bfpsge m hpxx soma}ll`x _@_ hmt` e ~tkb x l`t`g`x, e}a g}eh x ilks`g ~tgktxms gm x dlmt% Kfj ak {me ak~tcpmt ~tmf ajoso ebk ~j~}ll`pe, h}am ek le s` xtksob`g gdmx}tèkx m skf hom fj g xm~t sm gdm'x}tèk, Gkhfm, mhom axj gdmx}tèk ake {me x a}i`v}ktk e vjekxgkljtm hom ttkll e vjek x xfmtk%

^kfk hom ~tàk, s` èsx`x}c`jem, ake lèh}t e ~mt`}hoe msoxo}ttfms s ikg`lfms ~kxt`ktaklm, gm ehktfme m skf e ikg`lfm x yjblk%Ykfvk { gktxjomf, h}am } lktb}kt ebk majejg`k m ikg`lfms, gmttxm efikt ~fmsm ebk ~ks}t`k ajlmax`ym m skf% Afj ~tdexm ~ks}tè ~mtsjeklm x bt}ks s gktx}kt, x ymkex ebk ~ks}t`k m sox~`s s d}tt`x,

~ks}t` { m h`s~jejexm e gept x l`t hom gd` x c`le e}a g}eh xyèxm hjt ksa}so, d`lm ks d}tt`% Afj ~ks}t` {, hmt` e ef iktsoakllm, ~tdexm dkve m ~kykts`s s bt}ks, e ~j~}llè xje {}'omf sklmg e Ymt`, ~ma}l e F}b%

Gm xomll`gè hkll`g`x alksjt hom gm tt`xfmem ijtckym ~tjho}msm,~kfk hom ~tàk gjte ef voy`ll`g x gkho% [ e ajoe m yfmxt,alkskx hom soxtmskx m ~ks}tk, ~t x gjs cj~v}kt majejgè m ~t'dksoax x ikg`lfms, s` ajg~mes`g x ~fmss s ykfvs, i`ll}ke x fm~eèef so}g x ajes`hmt}msogm x ojllkso% Ykfvk { gmttxm ~tà e}aa`soxm x htmfx xtksob`g`m e ikg`lfm% H}am i`ll}kt ebk soma% Y

axmf e so}g ~j~}f ksef gktxms e}a domf ~k ~kf m ~k ~tà% Eax ~mt`}ho } voy`ll}k ~kfk gm ~lkak'ymsogdkxofm, me m jtmeh` xehtpsogm mxf%

Mhom e ajoe m im}hkl`vg`x } t}kfx afj gept m l`hofms s gkt'xmss, e dkv x s c`ls {ehtjexm èxmtms` majejgà% Gkhfm, e im}'hkl`vg, ikg`lfmx m ghok, ~t x ijtc}kt ~jv`xe m xptm ~t x at`f}ktklmkeck x ehtpsogm, ` gktxjeè ykfvkx m xptm gm ikg`lfm x ijtxk h}am} hoe ef ~tà x gkfgm, m so~tmo}t afj e ~ks}t` x ~kx}ehsogm{ ebkefomt kttèxm e atkoèk x xtk%

^kfk hom ~tàk gjte ef voy`ll`g mhom g x gkho e ak~`xk'l`vg% H}am soehtt}kt hj bf e gkll, ~tjho`g` ak~`xkl`sx ` h}a}

93) E Ake}eè m Lma H}akbfè`x bfmfg ax ~tckax`g6 g`g` { em'~mf ~t yktvk m btk, xkso => yfmx m kehmf, ~tdomf ~tmf =>, ;>> gfm 8>> btjsoso%g`g` ` Ake}s s yje ~tdkomx ~tmf ;=>> btjsoym, k{ sk dke bfka} ` bt}ms/ALH epm m eexgdhofmx)%


20/22

4> Kdkv Hjfkak

e ef gks x gkhom gktthoe`mx m lksoxk, x xtksob}ktk ebk m

akl}ktk% Gktxmsk gm lljbkt`, gktxmsk gm ~ti`x`g gkxmt`kl, } d lljfàtpmsjt ` gktxmss e tkhox m djtbfmv`s% Afj alks soxtje ~t~ktkgktxmss e tkho x ~kt {ll`gm majejgàm, m soàje kx fj s`dksoa`g efmtv`so, ~jt s` dksoa`g ak~`xklmso, s` ef gfmx ~t xbt}gd}ll}kt ~ks}t` x tmfk% E so}g ymehm ak~`xkl`sxm lmbf`slkc`je`` fm~ x htmfx d}tt`x x khgè`sxtjf ~ks}tè m ikg`lfms, h}am ~t'iso`t mhom ~ks}tè /~tàe jsm ~kfe) m bt}ks%

^tk, vkaje` ` gkttfms s ~kfs, ~kykts`sox ebk jt`bfèk m x`f mlksox, m ak d}t`gè e ~tjesè ~t`ykxm gd` gfmxmx m ~tjho`g`xhom, s` ~ksjf k` sox ef vkaje ` xtksob}kt ebk soj{t`k gm alksk

kexkbje`sxm%Ap vkaje, { m ak d}t`gè e xtksob`gè hom ~k~tmasog'tè m ~tjes s alkskym x ~t`y`lmbf}ktk /sm~sm ymxg kxj ake {mee bfmehfm x"} fm~eè ig`fym ~kf hom ~tà x gkhom) } d efvkaje gks`y% ^kfk hom ~tàk `soè dkvk gm kee m x c`lkym gkxmfylmtk m x tmfkym { hj x gktxjomsoè%

Mhom e ~j~}llè xje, s` m ~kg, ~kfk hom ~tàk a`soè gkttef ~tok~fm tmlkx`y`sox x gkhom, ~jt gkhos`k m xptm yktmf ebkbfmehfk majejgàm m ikg`lfmym% Kxj a`soè ~tgksk g x ghok ealkskx m ~ks}tk, gmbf`xokx, ee ehà`gè m axptm alkskym, } ~tok~

gfkix mhom e soxtmskx m xfmtk x ~j~}lls`s, h}am } dt ef ~lkbm teh ~t soj{tè so{`~xktm x ~ktkl`t`g`x%Gkxmt`kl` { ~ktksoxt}kg, xtmbje sm e atkoèkx gkljtm hom e

ehjef tksx, mhom e vjekx gm isokxkt x ymbfl hom ìèf geptkatpmsjtm ~t x l`ho}t gktxms `soxm hmxpt`g` { ~klk m hfkl`x a`soxa}ehtmfx ~kls s ykfvs /m so~tmo}t afj e hoe`me m dkbx`s, xojllkym, ho}tkxkym x ehtpsogm)% Ap hmxpt`g ehtpsojexm ebk efmtkatkoè e xfmxte, h}am } ykt}t atpms`sox ebk bfmehfk majejgàm msox~`s s hfkl`x { gktxjomf% ^jt, ~kykts`sox ebk afj, ~k ~ljxs`gèm hmxpt`gmym { cmag g lktx, e}a domf gktxms%

E vjekx m xfmtk x So{`~t`s, ymket`sox e kxj x F}b}x home {pxmxmx, jsm e}a bfmfg hmxpt`gè majejgà x ~kls s hfkl`xa}ehtmfx ykfvs, jsm bfmfg ymxg bf}tg x x`f% Ym askf, e axjymehm l}kexm tjl x gkho, ~kfk { dkdk` ` fm~xm ykfvs a}t domfgktxmsk%

& &

&

^ks l`t`g`x, gm ymehjsfme m ~}soxmx`x ~j~}lljt hom x gkttho'

e`mym x tmfk sjc`kl`sxm e ~tjho`g, e l`hofmx gktxmsjtm yòme tmehtpso`gm x tehs`sogm c`lsjtm% Xke`, e ymehè xje, dkve mgktxmss e}a m de èxmtms` majejgà, ~jt efjofk m ehtsfmllx mx tèfym, hkso}t`k m ~ksxt hom m sè{mtx, èxmtms` ` xptm ` ~tdkso~t ehtx`gè m soj{t`s sjc`kl`sxm%


21/22

Aktkaxmt` ` l`hofmym gktxmsjtm ~ktk l`t`g`x%

T s } g

LM CKTKCXMTM HMS TK^^JTXS CJEF]BK]_KYKEX LK L@DMTKX@JE H] ^KPS

L"k}xm}t sj}gmx }e m kgme c`tcjesxkec` lms tk~~jtxs cjef}bk} kykex lk l`'dtkx`je h} ~kps% @l s"kb`x h} l`me cjef}bkl {}` cjttms~jeh lk ikg`llm t}tklm%Je ik`x gmex`je, hkes {}ml{}m cks, k}ss` hms gkt`kbms comv lms k}xtms clkssms mxcj}coms hm lk sjc`x%

Me Kldke`m, f}s{}" lk L`dtkx`je h} ~kps, c"xk`x lms ~ktmexs {}` hmyk`mexsm sj}c`mt ~j}t lm gkt`kbm hm lm}ts i`ls, skes t`me hmgkehmt, k} ~tklkdlm hmlm}t kssmex`gmex% Xj}x hm ggm, l"mextmg`sm ~j}t lk hmgkehm hm lk gkè h"}

fm}em i`llm, e"xk`x ~ks lm ik`x h`tmcx hms ~ktmexs% Je mg~ljpk`x cmxxm iè l"~t`sm h"}em xtj`s`gm ~mtsjeem, lm gkt`m}t% Lms ~ktmexs hjeek`mex lm}t ~ktjlm gkt`m}t, {}` ik`sk`x h"èxmtgh`k`tm ~j}t lk {}xm hm lk fm}em i`llm% Lms ~ktmxk`mex lms sm}ls hc`hmt s}t cmxxm {}msx`je, èh~mehkggmex h} ik`x {}m li}x}ts cjefjèxs em s"xk`mex fkgk`s cjee}s k}~ktkykex%

Hjfkak, s"kttxkex h"}em ikje ~l}s c`tcjesxkec`m, s}t l"èsx`x}x`je h} gkt`m}t,cjesxkxm {}m cmllm'c` k ~kss ~kt xtj`s ~oksms ~tèc`~klms6 Lk ~tmg`tm ~oksmc"xk`x ljts{}m lm gkt`m}t em tmcmyk`x k}c}em cjg~meskx`je ~j}t sje mextmg`sm1lk hm} `gm ~oksm c"xk`x ljts{}m cml}`'c` em tmcmyk`x {}m, cjggm cjg~meskx`jespgdjl`{}m, }em ~k`tm hm gjckssès j} hm cok}ss}tms1 lk xtj`s`gm ~oksm c"xk`xcmllm ljts{}m lm gkt`m}t tclkgk`x }em djeem cjg~meskx`je gms}tm hm lkt}ss`xm hm sk g`ss`je%

Hjfkak ~ktlm mes}`xm hms i`kek`llms ~tj~tmgmex h`xms mx hms jdl`bkx`jcjejg`{}ms mextm lk ~ktx`m h} fm}em ojggm mx lk ~ktx`m hm lk i`llm%

Cjggm xmtgm xmcoe`{}mje mg~ljpk`x, k} l`m} h} xmtgmkcx}ml, i m f m s i`kek`llms, h"k}xtms xmtgms, yj`tm6ve`m mebkbmgmex,gdlms kll`kecm,ylms ggm smes% ^j}t lm fm}em cj}~lm, je kyk`x lms hejgèkx`jes s}`ykexms6lk i`llm6m ve mebkbm,m yl}kt kll`m ~kt ~ktmex,m gd}l}kt cj}ymtxmhkes lm smes h"mebkbm1 lm fm}em ojggm6 ve mebkb, yl}kt ~ktmex ~ktkll`kecm, gd}l}kt cj}ymtx hkes lm smes h"mebkb% Lk hìitmecm mextm l"}emmx l"k}xtm ~kssm h} s`g~lm igèè k} gksc}lè%

L"mebkbmgmex h} fm}em ojggm mx hm lk fm}em i`llm tm~tsmexk`x }e fk`g~jtxkex hkes lm gkt`kbm kldkek`s% @l xk`x s}`y` ~kt }em st`m hm ~tkx`{}ms {sjex6 l"cokebm h} bkbm, lms kttoms h~jsms ~j}t lk ~t~ktkx je h} xtj}ssmk},lm xtj}ssmk} mxlk hjx% Cms {}msx`jes sjex keklpsms me hxk`l ~kt l"k}xm}t, s"kb`sskex{}m lms hìitmecms mextm tb`jes j} btj}~ms mxoejbtk~o`{}ms sjex kssmv ijtxms,mx ~}`s `l p k lms hìitmecms hcj}lkex hm lk cjeh`x`je sjc`klm% L"k}xm}t `ll}sxcms ~ktx`c}lkt`xs me x`tkex hms m mg~lms mx hms hjeems miimcx`yms hm cokhms tb`jes mxoejbtk~o`{}ms cjg~jskex lm ~kps% @l ktt`ym k} cjecl}s`jes s}`ykexms6

;% Me Kldke`m h} Ejth, Kldke`m cmextklm mx hkes {}ml{}ms vjems ~ktx`c}'l`tms hm l"Kldke`m h} S}h, lk ikje ~tèc`~klm cjextkcxmt gkt`kbm xk`x cmllm

hm l"jdl`bkx`je cjejg`{}m {}m sm ~tmek`x lk ~ktx`m h} fm}em ojggm meymts cmllmhm lk fm}em i`llm% Me h"k}xtms xmtgms, lms kttoms cjes`sxk`mex hkes lk cjecmss`jcom~xml, h"ktbmex cjg~xkex, mxc%, ~j}t ijtgmt lk sjggm ecmssk`tm lk ~t~ktk'x`je hms ~ktx`ms h} xtj}ssmk} mx hms hjes ecmssk`tms cms ctgje`ms%

4% Lm xtj}ssmk} mx lk hjx fj}k`mex }e tlm `g~jtxkex hkes lms cjextkcxkx`jesgkxt`gje`klms% @ls jex k~~kt} hkes lk ~t`jhm hm lk h`ssjl}x`je hm lk ikg`llm ~k'xt`ktcklm, ~kt sk s}dh`y`s`je me ~mx`xms ikg`llms% Lk i`llm gkt`m, {}` s"lj`bek`x h

4;


22/22

Kdkv Hjfkak

l"cjejg`m hm lk ikg`llm ~kxmtemllm, kyk`x lm htj`x hm ~tmehtm }em cmtxk{}jxm'~ktx hm l"cjejg`m cjllmcx`ym% C"xk`x cm {}` ijtgk`x sje kyj`t ~mtsjeeml,l"kyj`t hm lk imggm gkt`m, h`sxècx hms kyj`ts hm sje gkt`% @l s"kb`ssk`x hmcmtxkès kyj`ts {}` cjesx`x}k`mex, hkes }em cmtxkèm gms}tm, k}ss` lk dksm hm sjèh~mehkecm hkes lk ikg`llm cjef}bklm%Lm xtj}ssmk} mx lk hjx kyk`mex ~t`s }em ijtxm meymtb}tm hkes lms ijtgkx`jesjc`j'cjejg`{}ms k} clkssms kexkbje`sxms% C"xk`x }em gms}tm ~kt lk{}mllm jemsx`gk`x lms yklm}ts hms fm}ems gkt`mt%

44

etnografia shqiptare ii - sektori i kulturës materiale

Documents