ethics does not belong on the wall · araﬁcial intelligence in the geo sector; and ethics in the...

Ethics does not belong on the wall

'Almostfree'|acryliconcanvas|paintedbyGeonovumcolleaguePaulPadding|StudioPaulPadding|paulpadding.com

Current affairs Thecoronavirusisspreadingaroundtheworldatlightningspeed.Naturally,virologistsandepidemiologistsdominatethepublicandscienAficdebate.ButthiscrisisisnotonlyaboutDNAandrNA.Wherepeopleareandhowtheymovehugelyinfluencesthespreadofthevirus.Therefore,informaAonaboutlocaAonandtravelisseenasanimportanttoolinthefightagainstCOVID-19.However,thegreatpotenAalof(personal)locaAondataalsobegsanumberofquesAons:WhatdoesitmeanforourprivacyanddemocraAcvalues?Nowandinthelongterm?Isthepricenottoohigh?ItiscrucialtocollecAvelyensurethatdataandappsaredeployedinaresponsiblemanner.WewouldliketomakeavaluablecontribuAontothis.Wehaveacommonresponsibilitytoensurethatthetechnologywedevelopandthedataweuseservepeople,nottheotherwayaround.WemustrespecttheindividualandoursharedpublicvaluesindevelopingandrollingoutapplicaAonsthatrelyonpersonallocaAondata.ThisconsultaAonversionofanethicalframeworkhasthepotenAaltoinspiredatausers,iniAators,execuAveteams,clients,directorsandsupervisorsandhelpthemcollect,useandtestpersonallocaAondataresponsibly.OnbehalfoftheknowledgeplaVorm‘WisewithLocaAon’:Enjoy!RobvandeVelde,directorGeonovumWisewithLocaAon:h^ps://www.geosamen.nl/wijsmetlocaAe/LocaAePact:h^ps://www.geosamen.nl/locaAepact/

Respondvia:h^ps://www.geonovum.nl/over-geonovum/actueel/consultaAe-ethische-referenAe-toepassen-locaAedata

Ethics'bydesign'Thekick-offofanethicalframeworkforthecollecAonanduseofpersonallocaAondata.

knowledgepla5ormwisewithloca8on:coreethicalvalues��whencollec8ngandusingpersonalloca8ondata

ObjecAveThepurposeofthisethicalframeworkistoinspiredatausers,iniAators,execuAveteams,clients,directorsandsupervisors,andtoprovideanaddiAonaltoolfortheresponsiblecollecAon,useandassessmentofpersonallocaAondata.PersonallocaAondataincludealldatathatshowswherepeopleareandhowtheymove.Traceableornot.Datafrommobileappsforinstance.PersonallocaAondataprovideinformaAonaboutaperson'sprivacyandrequireverycarefulandreservedhandling.ThismeansthatitisnotsimplyaquesAonoffollowinglegalrequirements:ethicsgoesbeyondtheminimumstandardslaiddowninthelaw.InaddiAon,thisframeworkshouldbeseenasanofferforfurtherdiscussionwithstakeholderswithinthegeo-professionalfield,thegovernment,knowledgeinsAtuAonsandthebusinesscommunity.ThesestakeholderscouldbenefitfromconversaAonsaboutthedevelopmentanduseofsharedethicalstandardsfortheresponsibleuseoflocaAondata.Allethicalvalues��specifiedanddevelopedinthisdocumentarealsorelevantfornon-personalandnon-locaAon-relateddata.StatusofthisdocumentThisisthefirstconsultaAonversionofanethicalframeworkfortheuseofpersonallocaAondata.ThisdocumentsAllneedstobeenrichedwithexamples,reflecAonandaddiAons.Nevertheless,thevalueandpracAcalityofthisemergingethicalframeworkcanalreadybediscussedandtestedintheprofessionalfield.ThenextbigstepwillbetoidenAfyhowthisframeworkcanactuallybecomea'living'productforthebenefitofthecommunity.

ContextTheLocaAonPactandtheknowledgeplaVormWisewithLocaAonwereiniAatedasaconsequenceofaninspiraAonalstudytriptotheUSattheendof2019.OnbehalfoftheMinistryofInternalAffairs,thepactandplaVormbothfacilitateacongregaAonofexpertstoexplorethepossibiliAesof:anaAonaldigitaltwin;arAficialintelligenceinthegeosector;andethicsintheuseoflocaAondata.AllthreeoperaAonsareimplementedanddirectedbyGeonovum.(Readmoreaboutthestudytripviah^ps://bit.ly/3ahK9Vu)WorkshopEthicsandLocaAonDataExpertsanalysingethicsintheuseoflocaAondata,examinewhereandhowethicsandlocaAondatacanoffersupporttothoseinvolvedwiththepracAcaluseofdata.AkeyobjecAveistoupholdandstrengthenthequality,addedvalue,impactandacceptanceofdataanddata-relatedproducts.Inordertodoso,weneedtounderstandwhichethicalvalues,-principlesand-acAonscanbeusedasposiAveandvaluableprincipleswhendesigningdataprojects.

TheWorkshopEthicsandLocaAonDataisfacilitaAngthedevelopmentofamethodthatensuresethicsarealwayspartoftheconversaAonandprocessinthedataworkenvironment.Thismethodisbeingdevelopedbasedon:

1.  AninventoryofexisAngethicalcodesandquesAonnaires(thisisavailableandwillbesentasana^achmenttothisdocument)

2.  Threeworkshopsonusecasesconcerning:influencingbehaviours,criminalundermininganddebtcounselling.

3.  Aseriesofshortstoriesaboutpeople'sindividualexperiences.

TheWorkshopEthicsandLocaAonDataiscollaboraAngwith(butnotlimitedto)theNaAonalPolice,LandRegistry,MinistryofInternalAffairs,VNG,TUDeli,RIVM,ProvinceofSouthHollandandotherpartnersfromthefieldoflocaAondataandethics.

ConsultaAonversion22April2020Producedby:Geonovum,FrankVerschoor,EmilyDaemen

1.


knowledgepla5ormwisewithloca8on:coreethicalvalues��whencollec8ngandusingpersonalloca8ondata.

StructureThetencoreethicalvalues��formthemainstructureofthisframework.Basedonthisstructure,eachcorevalueisfurtherdevelopedwiththeinsightsfromtheworkshopEthicsandLocaAonDataandtheinventoryofethicalcodes.

IncompletedraiThisisaconsultaAonversion.Itisnotyetcomplete,asonlythefirstfourcorevalues��havebeenenrichedwith'reflecAonandaddiAons'.Eventually,real-lifeexampleswillbeincludedintheframeworktoprovideapracAcalapplicaAonofthecoreethicalvalues.

AppendixTheinventoryoftheelevenethicalcodesandfourethicalguidanceinstrumentsaresentandpublishedseparatelywiththisframework.AcknowledgmentSpecialthankstotheJohanCruijffArena,GeodanandDAT.MobilityfortheircontribuAontotheworkshop,fortheopeninputoftheirpracAceandexperienceswiththecollecAonandprocessingofpersonallocaAondata.AlsomanythankstotheUSBO(UtrechtUniversity)andTheGreenLandforco-designingtheworkingmethods,supportandrecordingtheresults.AndlastbutnotleastmanythanksandappreciaAontoallparAcipantsintheworkshop.Forthevaluableinputandinsightsthathavefedthisframework.

ApproachThisethicalframeworkwascompiledonthebasisof:aninventoryofelevenethicalcodes;fourguidanceinstruments(fromvariousorganizaAons,companiesandgovernmentbodies);andtheresultsoftheWorkshopEthicsandLocaAonData.Theworkshopwasabout'InfluencingbehaviourusingpersonallocaAondata’.Theanalysisandcodingoftheinventoryofethicalcodesledtothetencorevaluesthatserveasastructurefortheethicalframework.EachethicalcodeconsistedofdisAnctrules,whichwecategorisedintoourcoreethicalvalues.Inthisdraiframework,eachcorevalueissupportedbyacompilaAonofthemostrelevantrulesfortheuseofpersonallocaAondata.ThesecondsourcefortheethicalframeworkistheaforemenAonedworkshop.ParAcipantsinthisworkshopdiscussedanddocumentedethicalissuesandconcretesoluAonsforeachscenario,basedonthecoreethicalvalues.Allissues,possiblesoluAons,notesandotherresultsfromtheworkshopwerealsoanalysed,codedaccordingtothetencoreethicalvalues��andassessedforusabilityforthisframework.ThenumberofAmeseachcorevaluewasmenAonedbyparAcipants,determinedtheorderinwhichthetencorevaluesarepresentedanddiscussedinthisframework.


2.



PersonallocaAondata,conAnued"Datathatarecompletelyanonymisedandcannotbetracedbacktoapersonarenotpersonaldata."AleidWolfsen(PersonalDataAuthority),onOp1,April32020.SummarisedbasedonGeonovumReporAngExploraAonoflocaAondataandsocialplaVorms(availableinDutchonly):h^ps://www.geonovum.nl/uploads/documents/2017%20Rapport%20locaAegegevens%20en%20plaVorms.pdf

QuickscanlocaAondeterminaAonforCOVID-19WiththequickscanLocaAonDeterminaAonforCOVID-19,GeonovumhastakenthefirststepstocreateanoverviewofhowlocaAondatacouldbecollectedfromamobilephoneandtowhatextentthatlocaAondatacanthenbeusedforvariouspurposes.Readmoreandusethequickscanvia(availableinDutchonly):h^ps://www.geonovum.nl/over-geonovum/actueel/quickscan-locaAebepaling-voor-covid-19

PersonallocaAondataPersonallocaAondataareinformaAonaboutthelocaAonofapersonaldevice,suchasasmartphone.PersonallocaAondataareinthetop5ofbigdata,andarewidelycollectedbyplaVormssuchasGoogle,Facebook,UberandSnapchatmostlyformarkeAngpurposes.Thedemandforpeople’slocaAondataforsocialpurposesisincreasing.Examplesinwhichthisdataisconsideredusefulincludetrafficmanagement,tacklingcrime,crowdcontroland'smartcity'applicaAonsforexample.Inalltheseexamples,thedataareusedwiththeaimofinfluencingpeople'sbehaviour.

PlaVormsenAceusersofadevicetoturnonthelocaAonserviceofanapp,andthenapplyvarioustechniquestotrackthelocaAonanduseofthepersonaldevice.TherebyidenAfyingapersonandtheirbehaviour.Thedatacanbecollectedin3ways:

1.  locaAondataobservedbytechnology,forexamplewithGNSS/GPS,celltowers,Wi-FiandBluetoothaccesspoints;

2.  technology-derivedlocaAondata,forexamplebycombiningdifferentdatasetssuchaspersonalagendas,telephonelistsandaddresses;

3.  locaAondatagivenbytheuser,acAveorpassiveandconsciouslyorunconsciously,byprovidingalocaAonindicaAon(geotag)inatweet,orwithaphotoonFacebookorInstagramforexample.

WithpersonallocaAondata,plaVormscananswerthefollowingquesAonsaboutaperson:

✓Whereareyou? ✓Wherehaveyoubeen?

✓Whatisthere? ✓Whatdidyoudothere?

✓Whatareyoudoingthere? ✓Whereareyougoingnext?

✓Whoareyoutherewith? ✓Whatwillyoudothere?


3.

Thecorevalues��menAonedapplytoeveryprocess,project,productandserviceinwhich(locaAon)dataareusedandprocessed.ItisimperaAvethatthesevalues��andtheirunderlyingprinciples,ensuingacAonsandagreementsareaddedtotheagendaandshapedfromthestartofaprocess,projectordevelopmentofaninformaAonproductorservice.TheymustalsobecheckedduringthelifeandexecuAonof(partsof)theprocess.

Assumethateveryassignmentisuniqueandthatethicsalwaysneedstobecustomised.Naturally,whentranslaAngtheethicalvalues,youbenefitfrom'comparablesituaAons'.Butethicsisaboutthesmalldifferencesandnuances.Copypasteiswastewhenitcomestoethics.ItisimportantthatweconAnuetorepeatthisandtrainourethicalskillssothatwecanapplydataevenmoreeffecAvelyandallowsoluAonstotrulyservetheirpurpose.

Organiseethicsinsuchawaythatnotonlythosewhoaredirectlyinvolved,butalsootherstakeholders,knowwhichquesAonstoaskinordertoseebeyondthepre^ypicture.Thewaytoachievethisistoinvolvethemstraightfromthestart.EspeciallywhensubstanAaAngtheethicalaspects.Thisreferenceisintendedtosupportthisprocess.

Ethics'bydesign’“Thestartisthehardestpart!”


Tencoreethicalvalues

Theanalysisofourinventory(a^achedtothisdocument)yieldstencoreethicalvalues.Which,dependingonthedataissue,mustbeimplementedtodatainiAaAvesinvaryingdegrees.Ideallythesevalues��aretakenintoaccountanduseddirectlyfromthestartofaprojectorprocess(Ethicsbydesign).TheinventoryofethicalcodesshowsthateveryonehastheirownclassificaAonandformulaAonofvalues.However,thecodesareuniversalincontent.Wehavereducedthiscontentintotencoreethicalprinciples:

1.  PurposecompaAbility,purposelimitaAonandafocusonsocialvalue2.  AcAvetransparency3.  Dataholders’anddatausers’accountabilityandresponsibility4.  Engagementofrelevantstakeholders5.  ProtecAonofprivacyandsecurity6.  Establishmentofandcompliancewithminimumethicalstandards7.  Compliancewiththelaw8.  PreservaAonofthequalityofthedata9.  ReflecAngrealityandinclusivityindata10.  RespecAngandprotecAnghumandignity

TheaboveorderisnotparAcularlysignificant.ThevaluesareorderedbasedonthenumberofAmestheyweremenAonedanddescribedbytheparAcipantsintheworkshopEthicsandLocaAonData.InpracAce,thecorevaluesoughttobeappliedcarefullytoeachsituaAoninordertoaccommodatefordiscrepancies:everycircumstanceisunique.

Ethics'bydesign'

4.

TheDataScienAstsneedtounderstandthetrade-offbetweengatheringandcollecAngallpotenAaldataandfocusingonjustthedatathatislikelytobeusedtosolveaparAcularproblem.ItisexpectedthatDataScienAst’sdatagatheringrequestsareappropriatetotheproblembeingaddressed,neitherexaggeratedorlacking.Inanycase,aDataScienAstshoulddocumentthereasonthataparAculardatasetneedstobegathered.<Codeofethics>

AnydatausemustbecompaAbleorotherwiserelevant,andnotexcessiveinrelaAontothepurposesforwhichitwasobtained.ThepurposeofdatausecannotbechangedunlessthereisalegiAmatebasis.ThepurposeshouldbelegiAmateandasnarrowlyandpreciselydefinedaspracAcallypossible.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

ThepowerandperilofdataanalyAcsisthatdatacollectedtodaywillbeusefulforunpredictablepurposesinthefuture.GivedueconsideraAontothepossibilitythatlessdatamayresultinbothbe^eranalysisandlessrisk.<Accenture>

Collectonlydatathatisnecessary.Tothegreatestextentpossible,reflectandplanforthedatacollecAonwithinstrategicplanningprocesses.<Unicef:EthicalConsideraAonsWhenUsingGeospaAalTechnologiesforEvidenceGeneraAon>

Startwithclearuserneedandpublicbenefit:UsingdatainmoreinnovaAvewayshasthepotenAaltotransformhowpublicservicesaredelivered.Wemustalwaysbeclearaboutwhatwearetryingtoachieveforusers-bothciAzensandpublicservants.<UK.gov:Dataethicsframework>

Whattheethicalcodessayaboutthis


InsightsfromtheWorkshopEthicsandLocaAonData1.  Firsttalktothetargetgroup,beforestarAngwithorganisingthedata.

Communicateaboutthegoal,themethodthatensurestherelevantdatacontributestothisgoalandhowyouwouldliketocarryoutthismethod.Thisallowsthepeopleinthetargetgrouptoindicatewhattheyfindimportantthemselves,wheretheboundariesareandthepointatwhichtheywouldliketoexercisesomeinfluence.YoucouldorganiseapanelthatservesasasoundingboardduringtheoperaAonalperiodoftheproject,forexample.

2.  ItisessenAaltoidenAfyoneclearandsimplesocialpurposeandtoonlyorganisetheminimumnecessarydatathatservesthispurpose.DescribetheboundariesofmaximumusageofthisdataandincludetherisksthatthemeeAngoftheseboundariesentail.

3.  Thosewhoorganisedataformorethanonepurposewillfindthemselvesonaslipperyslope.EspeciallywhenitconcernssensiAvedata.Itiseasytoimagineforexamplethatnewgoalsareeasilyadded,theprocessbecomesdiffuse,morepeoplejoin,moredataarecombinedsimply‘because’anditbecomesneverending.

4.  SafeguarddataminimisaAon.Preferablyatthesource,ratherthanfurtheralongthedatachain.DataminimisaAonmeansthat,when(personal)dataarecollectedandprocessed,onlythemostnecessaryinformaAontoreachtherelevantgoalisorganised.DataminimisaAonisoneofthemostimportantprinciplesundertheGDPR.Werecommendapplyingthisprincipleforanyformofdatause.

5.  Ifdataarealsousedforotherpurposes,theriskofviolaAngpeople'sprivacyincreasesbecausethedatacanbetakenoutofitsoriginalcontext.Theriskbecomesevengreaterifthisleadstomorelinkageofdatatoeachother.Thisisalsoknownas'funcAoncreep'.Thereliabilityandqualityofthedatacanthennolongerbeguaranteed,andthusthisalsoleavesprivacyunprotected.

6.  Donotonlyexplaininadvancewhatyouexpectfromthedata,butalsodefinewhatyouabsolutelydonotwanttheuseofthedatatoleadto.

7.  CollecAngdatafordatacollecAonshouldneverbeanobjecAve.Thisleadstobothbiasandsearchedoutcomes,literallyandfiguraAvely.

8.  Wheneverpossible,letvaluableinsightsandotherreturnsfromthedataflowbacktosociety.

1.Purposecompa8bility,purposelimita8onandafocusonsocialvalue“It’sallaboutsimplicity!”

Thepurposeofdataaccess(orcollecAonwhereapplicable)shouldbearAculatednolaterthantheAmeofdataaccess(orcollecAonwhereapplicable)<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon>

5.

DatacollecAonand-useinpublicspacemustservethepublicinterestandcontributetotheliveabilityofvillagesandciAes.MunicipaliAesencourageotherparAestoputthisfirst.<VNGPrinciplesofthedigitalsociety>

ReflecAonandaddiAons


Example

1.  DataareneverthestarAngpoint.ThepublicdataprocessisalwaysderivedfromaconcretesubstanAvequesAon/needbasedonacleargoal.Thisgoalcanbesocialbutcanalsoservepersonalconvenience.

2.  YettoooienweseeinpracAcethatabroadtask,smallconcretequesAonorsomeAmesevenrandomly,asmuchaspossibleallegedlyrelevantdataissought,collected,processedandcombined.Thishappensfortheanalysisandthehopeofanunpredictableandaccidentaldiscovery.Experienceshows,however,thatthisactuallycostsalotofAme(onresearch,datapreparaAonand-harmonisaAon)andyieldshardlyanything.ParAcularlylotsofnoiseandbias,parAalandsought-aierconnecAonsandbeauAfulinsightsandconclusionswhichdonotreflectrealitybutconfirmtheassumpAons.

3.  Paytwiceasmucha^enAonthanplanned,tounderstandingandexperiencingthecontext,originandnarrowingofthequesAonandunderlyinggoal(asexecuAvedatateam,forexample).OnlyworkonessenAalquesAons/goalsthataredemonstrablyrelevantinthesocialenvironment(fromsmalltolarge)andwhere'you'haveatask/roletofulfil.Alsounderstand,quesAonandinvolvethisenvironment(seeengagementofrelevantstakeholders).AvoidjumpingtooquicklytodataandsoluAons.Thereisabigdifferenceinapproachbetween'doingsomethingwithdata'or'actuallysolvingsomething’

4.  Itisalsopossibletoterminatetheprojectbeforetheappointedenddateanddonothingwiththedata,iftheexpectedvalueoftheprojectisinsufficientorthedataisexpectedtobeunsuitableforitspurpose.

5.  PurposelimitaAonisoneofthemostimportantprovisionswithintheGDPR.PurposelimitaAonmeansthatpersonaldatamayonlybecollectedandusedforalegiAmate,specifiedandexplicitpre-determinedpurpose(ArAcle5paragraph1subbGDPR).

1.Purposecompa8bility,purposelimita8onandafocusonsocialvalue“It’sallaboutsimplicity!”

6.

Youshouldbetransparentaboutthetools,dataandalgorithmsyouusedtoconductyourwork,workingintheopenwherepossible.ThisallowsotherresearcherstoscruAniseyourfindingsandciAzenstounderstandthenewtypesofworkwearedoing.<Unicef:EthicalConsideraAonsWhenUsingGeospaAalTechnologiesforEvidenceGeneraAon>

ExceptincaseswherethereisalegiAmatereasonnottodoso,atminimum,theexistence,nature,anAcipatedperiodofretenAonandpurposeofdatauseaswellasthealgorithmsusedforprocessingdatashouldbepubliclydisclosedanddescribedinaclearandnon-technicallanguagesuitableforageneralaudience.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

transparent,understandableandaccountablemeasuresonwhich,when,whereandforwhatpurposedataissourced,collectedandmanagedshouldbeputinplacewhengeneraAngdatainpublicspace.Thisincludesbothmanualandautomatedmethods,suchasarAficialintelligenceanddecision-makingtools<EUROCITIESprinciplesonciAzendata>

ProvenanceofthedataandanalyAcaltoolsshapestheconsequencesoftheiruse.Thereisnosuchthingasrawdata—alldatasetsandaccompanyinganalyActoolscarryahistoryofhumandecision-making.Asmuchaspossible,thathistoryshouldbeauditable,includingmechanismsfortrackingthecontextofcollecAon,methodsofconsent,thechainofresponsibility,andassessmentsofqualityandaccuracyofthedata.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

OpendataisanimportantdriverofinnovaAon,transparencyandaccountability.Therefore,wheneverpossible,thedatashouldbemadeopen,unlesstherisksofmakingthedataopenoutweighthebenefitsorthereareotherlegiAmatebasesnottodoso.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>



InsightsfromtheWorkshopEthicsandLocaAonData

1.  MakesurethatpeopleexplicitlyandconsciouslygivepermissionforthecollecAonanduseoftheir(locaAon)data.Makeitveryclearforwhichspecificpurposepeoplemaketheirdataavailable.ExplainwhyandhowexactlythisdataanditsapplicaAonanswerthepresentquesAon.InteresAngly,thereisalegalbasisfor'consent'intheGDPRandtheDutchDataProtecAonAuthorityofferssomeauxiliarytools.

2.  ThisalsoappliestotheuseofalreadyexisAngsourcesfrompublicandcommercialdatasuppliersandsourceholders.Ifthepeoplewhosedataiscollectedhavenotexplicitlyindicatedthattheirdatamaybeusedforthenewpublicpurpose,theexisAngsourcecanonlybeuseduponrequest.Ageneral'agreement'thatleavesmostpeoplewithnocluewhattheyareagreeingto(afrequentphenomenonformostapplicaAons)isnotenough.

3.  Ifusageistemporary,clarifywhathappenstothedataaierthespecifiedperiod(itshouldbedestroyedinmostcases!).OncetheAmeframefordatausagehasexpired,communicatewhathappenedtothepeopleinvolved.

4.  Alsoindicatewhatitmeansifpeopledonotgivepermission.5.  Usedpublicdata(whichcannotbetracedbacktopeople)mustbeprovidedin

aclearandaccessibleoverview,inthecontextoftransparencyforallinvolved.

6.  Youmustbecompletelytransparenttothepeoplewhosedataiscollectedandused.Whichdatafromthemiscollectedandused,howthisdataisedited,withwhichotherparAesthisdataissharedandforwhatpurpose.ThecommunicaAonmusttakeplaceinaclearandunderstandablewayforeveryone.TheaimistoensuretheinformaAonactuallyreachesthesepeopleandotherrelevantstakeholders,ratherthansimplymakingitavailablesomewhereonawebsite.

7.  ExplaintheenAredataprocess,includingwhoisworkingonit,whattheirskillsare,howthegovernanceofthedataisstructured.ButalsowhatassumpAonshavebeenmade,whichalgorithmshavebeenusedandwhatyoudonotseeinthedata.SAmulateengagedstakeholderstohaveanopinionaboutthis.

2.Ac8vetransparancy"Transparancyissilver,reachingpeopleisgold!”

7.



Example

1.  ParAcularlyintheurgencyandthepressuretodeliver,transparencytendstofallofftheplateorundergoaquickanddirtyfixsothattheproductcanbeplacedinahiddenshopwindow.Inmostcasestransparencyissimplyforgo^enornotontheradaratall,whileitcanactuallyincreasethevalueofdataandservicesandconfidencein,forexample,thegovernmentorganisaAoninvolved.ItisthereforeimperaAvetomakesomeonewithintheexecuAveteamresponsiblefortransparency.Furthermore,thisresponsibilitycannotendunAltherelevantinformaAontrulyreachesthestakeholdersinvolved.Transparencyissilver,reachingpeopleisgold.

2.  TransparencyisabsolutelynecessaryforthepublicauditabilityoforganisaAoninvolved,theengagementoftherelevantstakeholdersandtheposiAvedevelopment,qualityandacceptanceoftheproductorservice.Theanalysisoftheoutputfromtheworkshopandtheethicalcodesgivesawiderangeof'todo's'inordertoshapetransparency.Ifyoufullyimplementallthesteps,thereisariskthattransparencypreventsyoufromseeingthewoodforthetrees.Thiscanbepreventedbyinvolvingthemainstakeholdersinshapingtransparency.ThiscanbetheciAzenswhosedataareused,butalsoadministraAveandofficialsupervisors.FulfiltheirminimumrequirementstoensuretheycanperformtheiraudiAng,parAcipaAng,thinkingorwhateverrole.

3.  TransparencyisnotonlyaboutacAvelyshowingtheprocess,theapproach,toolingthedataandotherfacts.Itisalsoaboutsharingrelevantdoubts,consideraAons,dilemmas,vulnerabiliAesandlimitaAonsinthedataandtheconclusions.EspeciallywithcriAcalandsensiAveissues.

4.  Don'tturntransparencyintoabiasedmarkeAngorpoliAcaltool.Arrangeitasindependentlyaspossible,inaccordancewiththeneedsofthemainstakeholders.

2.Ac8vetransparancy"Transparancyissilver,reachingpeopleisgold!”

8.

ConsiderprovidingtrainingorApsonpotenAalrisksandprotecAonstrategiesforindividualsinvolvedinacrowdmappingexercise.Individualsshouldbeinformedabouthowtoconductthemselvessafelyinthephysicalenvironment,theethicsandrisksofcapturingothersinanyphotographyusedintheexercise,whattypesofsitesshouldnotbephotographedorentered(e.g.certaingovernmentbuildingsorlocaAonswherecriminalacAvitytakesplace)aswellaspossibleonlinerisks.<Unicef>

Arisks,harmsandbenefitsassessmentshouldbeoneofthekeyaccountabilitymechanismsforeveryuseofdata,andshouldhelpdeterminewhatothergovernancemechanismsmaybeneededtomonitorcompliance.<UnitedNaAons>

TheDataScienAstshalldocumentaccordingtoastandardtemplateeachandeverystepalongthedatasciencevaluechain.ThisshallincludetheelicitaAonofalldatasourcesandtheusageandjusAficaAonofallrelevantdatasources,theproceduresusedtocombinedatasourcesandallthestepsinthedatatransformaAonpipeline.ThiswillalsoincludethemodelselecAon,anyprocedurestotunethehyper-parameters,theemployedproceduretotestthemodelandtheresults,andfinallythestrategytoindustrializethemodel.<Codeofethics>

TheDataScienAstshallnevercherrypickdataoramodeltobackaparAcularstatement,insightoroutcome.Moreover,adatascienAstshallalwaysanalyzetheinputdatainordertoassessitforanyindicatorsofpreviousbiasofthisnature.<Codeofethics>

ItisrecommendedthataprocessofduediligencebeconductedtoevaluatethedatapracAcesofanypotenAalthirdpartycollaborators.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>




1.  EthicsrequireanewroleinthedataorganisaAonandwithinexecuAveteams.2.  Inordertoensure(personal)dataaremanagedresponsibly,makean

independentthirdpartyatrustedsupervisorwhomonitorscomplianceofethicalandotherrelevantagreements.

3.  InaddiAon,somesituaAonsmayrequireasecondopinionfromanindependentparty.Theassessmentofsuppliersandtheirdataproducts,forinstance.

4.  Donotappointasingularperson,staffdepartment,orcommi^eetoberesponsibleforethics.Thisremovesresponsibilityfromothersandfrominternalprocesses.

5.  HaveaconversaAonaboutethicsbothinternallyand(aboveall)withexternalstakeholders.

6.  Ethicalcodesareaguide,tobecarriedoutbytheteamconAnuouslyandthroughoutthe(data)process.

7.  Arrangeethicstrainingsfordataspecialistsandholdeachotheraccountableforupholdingethicalvaluesandagreementsmade.Everyresearchprojectcould,forexample,befollowedupwithareflecAononthefulfilmentoftherelevantethicalagreements–parAcularlywhenexternalstakeholdersareinvolved.AskexternalparAestoexplainhowtheycomplywiththeethicalagreements.PublishandverifythisexplanaAon.

8.  Thecommissioningboard,managementanddepartmentmanagersalsoeachhavespecificroles.Whentheyareinvolvedwithresearch,aprojectorproductinwhichpersonaldataisuse,theymustbeabletoposetherightethicalquesAonsfromtheirroles’perspecAve.Thisrequirestraininginethicalleadership.

9.  AnorganizaAoncanalsoholditselfaccountableforitsuseofdataandcompliancewithethicalstandardsinanannualreport.

10.  PublicdigitalspaceisbeingprivaAsedduetocommercialparAesthatcollectdatainthepublicspace.WhyarenoregulaAonsandpermitsissuedforthisdatacollecAon?

11.  AcAvelysharepublicdata,technologyandtooling,insightsandfurtherrelevantinformaAon(seeacAvetransparency).AimforparAcipaAon.Accommodateforit.

3.Dataholders’anddatausers’accountabilityandresponsibility“Know-howandshowhow!”

GovernmentshavetheresponsibilityandhavetoensureciAzenscanhaveaccesstoandmanagetheirdataaswellasinfluencehowitiscollectedandused.<EUROCITIESprinciplesonciAzendata>

9.

ThedigitalinfrastructureinthecommonspacefordatacollecAonanduseisreadilyavailableandaccessibletoeveryone.<VNG>



Example

1.  WorkwithpeopleandparAeswhoclearlywantandareabletoactintrinsicallyethically.Preferablyfromasharedethicalframeofreference.Onlyworkwithsupplierswhoevidentlyapplysimilarminimumethicalstandards.

2.  Eachlinkinthedatachainis(partly)responsiblefor:whatiscollected,processedanddevelopedinthesamedatachain;fortheposiAveandnegaAveeffectsthereof;andforcompliancewithagreedethicalstandards.

3.  Directors,clients,projectleaders,dataspecialists,suppliers,customers,supervisorsandeveryoneelseinthedatachainmustbeabletoraiseethicsrelatedquesAonsaboutthedataprocessaspartoftheirrole(structuredbutwhenindoubt...speakup!).Theyshouldbeabletoactandtakeresponsibility.

4.  TheintroducAonofethicalstandardshasconsequencesforthedatastrategy,forthedatapolicy,forthestructureofthedataorganisaAon,fortheworkprocess,forthecompetencesandfortherolesandresponsibiliAes.

5.  Inordertopreventdataandtechnologyfrombeingusedtooquicklyinagivenassignment,dataspecialists(inparAcular)canbeverycriAcaltowardstheirclientsregardingthewhy,theoriginofthequesAon,thepurpose,theeffectonbiasedsteering,andtheassumpAonsthataredoneetcetera.Andviceversa,itistheresponsibilityofclientstoinvolvedataspecialistsatanearlystageintheassignment.

6.  Itisalsothetaskofthedataspecialisttoillustratethecomplexity,possibiliAesandlimitaAonsofdatatolessproficientdatastakeholders.ThiswouldincludetheminthedataprocessandsAmulatethemtoasktherightquesAonsaboutit.

3.Dataholders’anddatausers’accountabilityandresponsibility“Know-howandshowhow!”

10.

ThoseciAzensshouldbeinvolvedwhoaredirectlyinvolvedandaffectedbytherelevantaspectsandacAviAes.<digitalsociety(VSNU)dataprinciples>

GovernmentshavetheresponsibilityandhavetoensureciAzenscanhaveaccesstoandmanagetheirdata(e.g.MyData),aswellasinfluencehowitiscollectedandused.<EUROCITIESprinciplesonciAzendata>

CollecAngandcombiningdatamayresultinunforeseeninsightsonsocietyorindividuals.ParAescollecAngdatainpublicspacesshouldensuretheyregularlyengageciAzenstoinvesAgate,discussandagreerequirementsforanyethicalconsequencesofdatacollecAonandadjusttheirpracAcestopreventallformsofdiscriminaAonbased,forexample,ongender,age,socio-economicstatus,ideology,raceorreligiousbeliefs.<EUROCITIESprinciplesonciAzendata>

CiAzens'engagementshouldbeencouragedandorganizedinsuchawaythatitpersistsaierthelaunchofaprojectorthedevelopmentofaprogramme.<digitalsociety(VSNU)dataprinciples>

DecisionsconcerningtheuseofsensiAvedatashouldinvolveconsultaAonwithgroupsconcerned(ortheirrepresentaAve)wherepossibletomiAgateanyassociatedrisks.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>




1.  Themostvitalstakeholdersarethepeoplewhosharetheirpersonaldataandareinfluencedinanywaybytheuseofthedata.Ethicsservethem.

2.  ItisimportanttoalreadyinvolveciAzensandotherprimarystakeholdersinthedesignphaseoftheproject.Andalsotogivetheminfluenceas'co-owner'.Notonlytoanalyseandlimitrisks,butalsotoincreasethequalityandusabilityofthedataandits'applicaAon'.

3.  OnewaytoengageandempowerciAzensinapracAcalwayistoconductanexperimentwiththem,alsoaspartofthecollecAvedesignprocess.

4.  DonotconsidertheciAzenssolelyasdatagenerators,butalsoasco-creatorsand'endusers’.

5.  InvolvetheDutchDataProtecAonAuthority(abbreviatedinDutchas:theAP)anditsconsideraAonsregardingtheuseofpersonaldataatanearlystageintheprocess.

6.  ParAcularlywheninfluencingbehaviour,theaimistochangethewaypeoplemove.Peoplewillonlydoso,iftheyfeelconnectedtothegoalandtheorganiser.AndiftheyreceivesomethinginreturnfortheircontribuAon.

7.  MunicipaliAesareanimportantstakeholderandvehicleforreachingandengagingciAzenswhentacklingsocietalchallenges.

8.  ThequalityofethicsdependsonthequalityoftheconversaAonwiththerightpeopleandthecriAcalquesAonsbeingasked.

9.  Collaboratewithandlearnfrom(social)parAesthatpursuethesamegoal.

4.Engagementofrelevantstakeholders“Don’tcollectdataabout,butwithpeople!”

Residentsandusershaveasayinthedesignofourdigitalcity.Thegovernment,socialorganisaAonsandcompaniesfacilitatethis.Theymonitorthedevelopmentandthesocialconsequences.<tada.city>

Collaboratewithallrelevantstakeholderstopopulateariskassessmentframework.<Unicef:EthicalConsideraAonsWhenUsingGeospaAalTechnologiesforEvidenceGeneraAon>

11.



Example

1.  Thegoalisnevertousedataandtechnology.Therefore,dataandsoluAonsareneverthestarAngpointfortalkingtoandinvolvingthemostimportantstakeholders:thepeoplewhoneedto‘move’inordertoachieveacertaingoal.Forexample:footballsupporterswhoneedguidancearoundastadiumtoavoidcongesAonandconflicts(crowdmanagement);peoplewhohavetostayathomeandwhohavetokeeptheirdistancetomanageCOVID-19;peoplewhowanttotravelfromAtoBthroughthefastest,greenestorcleanestroute.

2.  Ifyouhavealreadymadechoicesorcomeupwith'goodideas'abouttheuseofdataandsoluAonsbeforeinvolvingthemainstakeholdersandexperiencingthesituaAoninquesAon,thenthesechoicesandideasarebydefiniAonbiased.TheysteerinacertaindirecAonandarefullofassumpAonsthattheinventorshopetoseeconfirmed.

3.  ThestarAngpointisthecontext,dynamicsandperspecAveofthepeoplewhoulAmatelyhavetoorwantto'move'sothataspecificsharedorindividualgoalcanbereached.ByacAvelyconsulAng,engagingandunderstandingthesepeopleattheonset,beforeanyplansareformulatedormade,'should'transformsinto'want'.ReflecttheirvoiceinthepurposespecificaAon(thistendstobringawelcoming,insighVulclarificaAon),theplanning,thesoluAonandtheverificaAonofcompliancewithethicalstandardsandotheragreements.Thisalsomeansthatyoumustbetransparentabouthowtheirvoicesarereflectedandcandemonstratetheirinvolvement.

4.  ThenatureandextentoftheinvolvementofrelevantstakeholdersdifferspersituaAonandisinfluenced,amongotherthings,bytheimpact(corporate,personal,small-business),theduraAon(one-off,temporaryorstructural),therisks(privacy,security,equality),thegeographicalscope(internaAonal,naAonal,local),thedomain(public,private)oftheproblem,thepurposeandthetask.

12.

4.Engagementofrelevantstakeholders“Don’tcollectdataabout,butwithpeople!”

Considertheprivacypoliciesofthird-partygeospaAaldataproviders(suchassocialmediaservices).Whenusingthird-partydata,consideraAonshouldbegiventotheprivacypoliciesoftheorganizaAonandtheirimplicaAonsincluding(whererelevant):AnonymizaAonandaggregaAonofdataprovidedbythethirdparty;Safetransmissionmechanismsfordata(e.g.encrypAonusedatallAmeswhendataisbeingsentfromonepartytotheother);WhetherthereareclearcondiAonsevidencingrespectforindividuals’rightsrelaAngtotheirdata.Thiscouldincludeconsentarrangementsfornon-operaAonaluseofdata,noAficaAonofpotenAalsharingofdata(includinginformaAonaboutwithwhomitmaybeshared),righttoremovalofpersonaldatafromdatasets,etc.Whendeciding(a)whethertousethethird-partydataand(b)whetheritisfeasibleorappropriatetocreateanMoUtoensureprivacyandsecurityinthetransferandreceiptofdataoranalysis.<Unicef>

IfdecidingtoproceedwithapartnershiptoacceptgeospaAaldatafromthirdparAes,thenmeasuresshouldclearlybetakentopubliclyacknowledgethenatureofanypartnershipandthesafetymeasurestakentoprotecttheprivacyofthosewhosedatahasbeenused.<Unicef:EthicalConsideraAonsWhenUsingGeospaAalTechnologiesforEvidenceGeneraAon>




1.  Privacyisoneofourfundamentalrights,expressedinarAcle10oftheDutchConsAtuAon.TheGeneralDataProtecAonRegulaAon(GDPR)isthemostimportantinstrumentfortheprocessingofpersonaldataintheEU.TheDutchDataProtecAonAuthorityisournaAonaldataprotecAonsupervisorandsupportsthecorrectimplementaAonoftheGDPR.

2.  Allcoreethicalvalues��contributetotheprotecAonoftheprivacyandsecurityofpeoplewhosharetheirpersonaldataforprocessingandofthosewhoareaffectedinanywaybytheuseofdata.

3.  Givepeoplecontrolovertheirowndata.4.  Makeitclearwithwhom(personal)dataisshared.Makethedatachainand

alloperaAonscompletelyexplicitandtransparent.5.  Givepeopletheopportunitytocheckwhetheragreementsconcerningtheuse

oftheirdataarecompliedwithandhow.6.  Makesurethatpeopleexplicitlyandconsciouslygivepermissionforthe

collecAon,useandsharingoftheir(locaAon)data.Makeitveryclearforwhichspecificpurposepeoplemaketheirdataavailable.ExplainwhyandhowexactlytheirdataanditsapplicaAonanswertheunderlyingquesAon.

7.  ThisalsoapplieswhenalreadyexisAngsourcesfrompublicandcommercialdatasuppliersandsourceholdersarereliedon.Ifthepeoplewhosedataiscollectedhavenotexplicitlyindicatedthattheirdatamaybeusedforthenewpurpose,thesourcecanonlybeuseduponrequest.Ageneral'agreement',withoutpeopleevenknowingwhattheyagreeto,asisrequestedwithmostapplicaAons,isnotenough.

8.  Ifusageistemporary,specifywhathappenstothedataoncetheAmeframeofusagehasended(thedatashouldbedestroyedinmostcases!).Communicatewhathasbeendoneaiertheperiodofuse,tothepeopleinvolved.

9.  Alsoexplore'nogoareas'fordatatoprotectvulnerablelocaAonsandcommuniAes.

5.Protec8onofprivacyandsecurity“Ispywithmyli^leeye…”

DatasubjectsholdarangeofexpectaAonsabouttheprivacyandsecurityoftheirdataandthoseexpectaAonsareoiencontext-dependent.DesignersanddataprofessionalsshouldgivedueconsideraAontothoseexpectaAonsandalignsafeguardsandexpectaAonsasmuchaspossible.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

EncryptpersonalandsensiAvedatawhentransferredtoorfromanynetwork-connectedserver.Node-idenAfieddatashouldknowinglyandpurposelybere-idenAfied,unlessthereisalegiAmate,lawfulandfairbasis.Tominimizethepossibilityofre-idenAficaAon,itisrecommendedthatde-idenAfieddatanotbeanalyzedorotherwiseusedbythesameindividualswhooriginallyde-idenAfiedthedata.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

13.

GovernancepracAcesshouldberobust,knowntoallteammembersandreviewedregularly.DataethicsposesorganizaAonalchallengesthatcannotberesolvedbyfamiliarcomplianceregimesalone.Becausetheregulatory,social,andengineeringterrainsaresounse^led,organizaAonsengagedindataanalyAcsrequirecollaboraAve,rouAneandtransparentpracAcesforethicalgovernance.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

OrganizaAonsshouldprioriAzeestablishingconsistent,efficient,andacAonableethicsreviewpracAcesfornewproducts,services,andresearchprograms.Internalpeer-reviewpracAcescanmiAgaterisk,andanexternalreviewboardcancontributesignificantlytopublictrust.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>




1.  EthicsrequireanewroleinthedataorganisaAonandwithinexecuAveteams.2.  Inordertoensure(personal)dataaremanagedresponsibly,makean

independentthirdpartyatrustedsupervisorwhomonitorscomplianceofethicalandotherrelevantagreements.

3.  InaddiAon,somesituaAonsmayrequireasecondopinionfromanindependentparty.Theassessmentofsuppliersandtheirdataproducts,forinstance.

4.  Donotappointasingularperson,staffdepartment,orcommi^eetoberesponsibleforethics.Thisremovesresponsibilityfromothersandfrominternalprocesses.

5.  HaveaconversaAonaboutethicsbothinternallyand(aboveall)withexternalstakeholders.

6.  Ethicalcodesareaguide,tobecarriedoutbytheteamconAnuouslyandthroughoutthe(data)process.

7.  Arrangeethicstrainingsfordataspecialistsandholdeachotheraccountableforupholdingethicalvaluesandagreementsmade.Everyresearchprojectcould,forexample,befollowedupwithareflecAononthefulfilmentoftherelevantethicalagreements–parAcularlywhenexternalstakeholdersareinvolved.AskexternalparAestoexplainhowtheycomplywiththeethicalagreements.PublishandverifythisexplanaAon.

8.  Thecommissioningboard,managementanddepartmentmanagersalsoeachhavespecificroles.Whentheyareinvolvedwithresearch,aprojectorproductinwhichpersonaldataisuse,theymustbeabletoposetherightethicalquesAonsfromtheirroles’perspecAve.Thisrequirestraininginethicalleadership.

9.  AnorganizaAoncanalsoholditselfaccountableforitsuseofdataandcompliancewithethicalstandardsinanannualreport.

10.  Findfunwaystointernallydiscussethics.11.  Work'together'towardsgenerallyacceptedminimumethicalstandards.Makeas

muchuseaspossibleofwhatisalreadythere.Experimentandlearnfromapplyingthedifferentcorevalues��andunderlyingaspectstostarAngandongoingprojects.

6.Establishmentofandcompliancewithminimumethicalstandards“Ethicsdoesnotbelongonthewall!”

Weseektoworkwithcustomersandpartnerswhoadoptsimilardataethicsprinciples.<Planet.comCodeofethics>

AspiretodesignpracAcesthatincorporatetransparency,configurability,accountability,andauditability.NotallethicaldilemmashavedesignsoluAons,butbeingawareofdesignpracAcescanbreakdownmanyofthepracAcalbarriersthatstandinthewayofshared,robustethicalstandards.Dataethicsisanengineeringchallengeworthyofthebestmindsinthefield.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

IfthirdpartydataorconsultancyexperAseistobeused,ensurethatanon-disclosureagreementisincludedintheprocurementprocessandthatexpertsarebriefedonanyrelevant,organizaAonalethicalproceduresandrequirementspertainingtoprivacy.<Unicef:EthicalConsideraAonsWhenUsingGeospaAalTechnologiesforEvidenceGeneraAon>

WethinkupholdingourCode,valuesandethosinlargeaffairsbeginswithethicalconductinsmallaffairs—indoingtherightthing,everyAme,evenwhennooneislooking.WealsothinkitresidesincreaAngandprotecAngaculturewhereweremaintoughonideasbutfairwithpeople.<Planet.comCodeofethics>

14.

Stronglycorrespondswithcorevalue3.Dataholders’anddatausers’accountabilityandresponsiblity.

TheDataScienAstwillalwaysactinaccordancewiththelaw,developingafullknowledgeof,andensuringcompliancewith,allrelevantregulatoryregimes.EmployersshouldtakestepstoraisetheirdatascienAsts’awarenessandknowledgeofsuchissues.<Codeofethics>

BeawareofrelevantlegislaAonandcodesofpracAce:YoumusthaveanunderstandingoftherelevantlawsandcodesofpracAcethatrelatetotheuseofdata.Whenindoubt,youmustconsultrelevantexperts.<UKGOVDataethicsframework>




1.  Privacyisoneofourfundamentalrights,expressedinarAcle10oftheDutchConsAtuAon.TheGeneralDataProtecAonRegulaAon(GDPR)isthemostimportantinstrumentfortheprocessingofpersonaldataintheEU.TheDutchDataProtecAonAuthorityisournaAonaldataprotecAonsupervisorandsupportsthecorrectimplementaAonoftheGDPR.

2.  InaddiAon,thereareallkindsofDutchlawsthatregulatetheuseofdata,suchasthelawonopengovernance(inDutch:WetOpenbaarheidvanBestuur),thelawgoverningourphysical‘livingenvironment’(inDutch:Deomgevingswet),thelawonbasicregistraAons,thearchiveact,thepolicedataact,etc.

3.  AninventoryandanalysisofrelevantlegislaAonpriortotheuseofdataisnecessary.

7.Compliancewiththelaw“Doubtisthebestcounsellor!”

Alwaysfollowthelaw,butunderstandthatthelawisoienaminimumbar.AsdigitaltransformaAonshavebecomeastandardevoluAonarypathforbusinesses,governmentsandlawshavelargelyfailedtokeepupwiththepaceofdigitalinnovaAonandexisAngregulaAonsareoienmis-calibratedtopresentrisks.Inthiscontext,compliancemeanscomplacency.Toexcelindataethics,leadersmustdefinetheirowncomplianceframeworksthatoutperformlegislatedrequirements.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

Opendata,transparencyandaccountability:Appropriategovernanceandaccountabilitymechanismsshouldbeestablishedtomonitorcompliancewithrelevantlaw,includingprivacylawsandthehigheststandardsofconfidenAality,moralandethicalconductwithregardtodatause.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

Thirdpartycollaboratorsengagingindatauseshouldactincompliancewithrelevantlaws,includingprivacylawsaswellasthehigheststandardsofconfidenAalityandmoralandethicalconduct.TheiracAonsshouldbeconsistentwiththeUnitedNaAons’globalmandateaswellasUNregulaAons,rulesandpolicies.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

15.




1.  Ifdataarealsousedforotherpurposes,theriskofviolaAngpeople'sprivacyincreasesbecausethedatacanbetakenoutofitsoriginalcontext.Theriskbecomesevengreaterifthisleadstomorelinkageofdatatoeachother.Thisisalsoknownas'funcAoncreep'.Thereliabilityandqualityofthedatacanthennolongerbeguaranteed,andthusthisalsoleavesprivacyunprotected.

2.  Asidefromthetechnicalqualityofindividualdata,thequalityofdataismainlydeterminedbytheextenttowhichitactuallymeetsthedemandandthespecificpurpose.Canthedatadeliverwhatisreallyneeded?Don'tcompromiseonthat.Otherwise,thedatawilldrivetheprojectanddatabiaslurks.

3.  PeopleareonlywillingtoinvestinprioriAsinghighvaluedataandsafetyifithasaveryhighusevalueanditspurposeisconsidereduseful.Inallothercases,itisbe^ertoterminatethemission,becausetheriskoffailureistoogreat.

8.Preserva8onofthequalityofthedata“Ofpeople,forpeopleanddonebypeople!

AutomaAcprocessingofdata,includingtheuseofalgorithms,withouthumanintervenAonanddomainexperAseshouldbeavoidedwhendataisanalysedfordecision-makingthatislikelytohaveanyimpactonanindividual(s)orgroup(s)ofindividualstoavoidpotenAalharmsresulAngfromlowqualityofdata.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

Aperiodicassessmentofdataqualityisrecommendedduringthedatalifecycle.Furthermore,itisimportanttoestablishaninternalsystemofconstantdataupdaAnganddeleAonofobsoletedata,whereappropriateandpracAcallypossible.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

WestrivetodeliverdataandanalyAcsthatareaccurateanddocumentedtothebestofourability,andtoensuretheirveracity.<Planet.comCodeofethics>

Thequalityofthedatashouldbepreserved.Thosewhouseandsharedatahavetheresponsibilitytoensuretheintegrity,authenAcity,consistencyandaccuracyofdata.<EUROCITIESprinciplesonciAzendata>

Dataqualityshouldbecarefullyconsideredinlightoftherisksthattheuseoflowqualitydatafordecision-makingcancreateforanindividual(s)andgroup(s)ofindividuals.<UnitedNaAons:DataPrivacy,EthicsandProtecAon.AGuidanceNoteonBigDataforAchievementofthe2030Agenda>

Alldata-relatedacAviAesshouldbedesigned,carriedout,reportedanddocumentedwithanadequatelevelofqualityandtransparency.Morespecifically,totheextentreasonablypossible,datashouldbevalidatedforaccuracy,relevancy,sufficiency,integrity,completeness,usability,validityandcoherence,andbekeptuptodate.<Unicef:EthicalConsideraAonsWhenUsingGeospaAalTechnologiesforEvidenceGeneraAon>

16.

TheDataScienAsthasadutynottobreakgender,race,ethnicity,marAalstatus,religion,belief,disability,orageequalitylegislaAon.InparAcular,sucha^ributesshouldnotplaceindividualsatanydisadvantagewithinmodelsoranyautomateddecisions.<Codeofethics>

TheDataScienAstisresponsibleforquesAoningthedatabeforecreaAnganymodelandunderstandingthereasonswhyaparAculardatasethavepassedcertainfilteringcriteriawithoutoverlookingthosedataitemsthatdidn’t<CodeofEthics>




1.  Evenifyouarenotpersonallyfeaturedinthedata,conclusionswillsAllbedrawnaboutyou.Alsoifyouhavenotgivenpermissionforyourdatatobecollectedandused.

2.  Peopleoientalkabout'socialdata'whenthepersonaldataofresidentsareused.Theresidentswhosedataareusedarethen'society'?Againconclusionsarealsodrawnaboutthosewhodonotappearinthedata.

3.  OienconclusionsfromaverysmallpopulaAonaresaidtorepresentaverylargepopulaAon.EveniftheuseofthedataandcalculaAonsarecorrectlyperformed,legallypermi^edandscienAficallysubstanAated,theriskofunfairconclusionsissAllverygreat.

4.  TowhatextentcanwespeakofsocialdataifagreementsaboutdatacollecAonandusearelaiddowninanagreementbetweentwoorganisaAons?

5.  Whatisthevalueofyourpermission?Foryourselfandforsociety?DoyouconsiderinfluenceafairreciprocaAon?

6.  Modelsnevertellthetruth.Thatiswhyitisveryimportanttoclearlyexplainandlivethroughalgorithmsandmodels.Whatgoesinandwhatcomesout?

9.Reflec8ngrealityandinclusivityindata“Everythingisdifferentoutside!”

Thequalityofthedatashouldbepreserved.Thosewhouseandsharedatahavetheresponsibilitytoensuretheintegrity,authenAcity,consistencyandaccuracyofdata.<EUROCITIESprinciplesonciAzendata>

Dataqualitymustbeassessedforbiasestoavoidanyadverseeffects,wherepracAcallypossible,includinggivingrisetounlawfulandarbitrarydiscriminaAon.<UnitedNaAons>

Datacanbeatoolofinclusionandexclusion.Whileeveryonedeservesthesocialandeconomicbenefitsofdata,noteveryoneisequallyimpactedbytheprocessesofdatacollecAon,correlaAon,andpredicAon.DataprofessionalsshouldstrivetomiAgatethedisparateimpactsoftheirproductsandlistentotheconcernsofaffectedcommuniAes<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

ConsiderthepossibilityofdiscriminaAonagainstdisadvantagedgroupsthatarecollecAvelyassociatedwithparAculargeographicalareas.CorrelaAonsbetweenparAcularpopulaAonsinlightoffactorssuchastheirgeographyandtherelaAonshipbetweenlocaAon,poverty,genderandracemayresultingeographicaltrendsandpredicAvemodelsthatdiscriminateagainstcertainpersonsinrelaAontotheiraccesstoservicesandtheiropportuniAes.WherediscriminaAonisapossibility,theuseofgeospaAaltechnologiesanddatashouldbereconsideredand/oranyresulAngdecisionmakingshouldbecarefullytriangulatedwithotherdatasources.<Unicef>

17.




1.  Askyourself,dowehavetosolvethis?Ifso,isthisthebestway?Noteverythinghastobesolved.

2.  EthicsisalsothetranslaAonofourdemocraAcprinciplesintothedevelopmentandend(data)productswemake.

3.  ItispreciselyinademocracythatyouwanttohaveatransparentconversaAonabouttheuAlity,necessityandconsequencesofcollecAngandusingdatainlightoffundamentalvalues��suchasfreedomandequality.Whatdowewantandwhatdowenotwant?

4.  Everyoneinvolvedhasamoralresponsibilitytoensurethatpeoplehavethepossibilityofmakingconsciousdecisionsforthemselvesinthisregard.

5.  "Youarenolongerfreeinpublicspace."PublicspaceisbeingdigiAsedandprivaAsed,andhasbeenplacedundermajorsurveillancebyprivateparAes.Weneedtothinkaboutthistogetherandorganiseandregulateitproperly.

10.Respec8ngandprotec8nghumandignity“Ethicsgobeyondlawandscience!”

18.

Thehighestpriorityistorespectthepersonsbehindthedata.WheninsightsderivedfromdatacouldimpactthehumancondiAon,thepotenAalharmtoindividualsandcommuniAesshouldbetheparamountconsideraAon.BigdatacanproducecompellinginsightsaboutpopulaAons,butthosesameinsightscanbeusedtounfairlylimitanindividual’spossibiliAes.<Accenture:Universalprinciplesofdataethics>

Weencouragetheuseofourdatatopromoteinclusivehumanwell-beinganddevelopment,andworktominimizeitspotenAalforharm,abuse,violaAonsofhumanrights,aggressionorviolence.<Planet.comCodeofethics>

Icommittofightfordemocracyandhumanrights,andtoimprovetheinsAtuAonsthatprotectthem.<TechPledge>

Humandimension:Dataandalgorithmsarenotthelastword.Humanityalwayscomesfirst.Weleaveroomforunpredictability.Peoplehavetherighttobeforgo^endigitally.Thisalwaysleavesroomforanew,cleanslate.<Tada.city>

Icommittoalwaysputhumansbeforebusiness,andtostandupagainstpressuretodootherwise,evenatmyownrisk.<TechPledge>

Algorithmsandmodels.Prejudicesanda^emptsagainstfundamentalrights:DatascienAstsshallnotcreateinferredevidencethatviolatesfundamentalprinciples,suchaspresumpAonofinnocence,etc.<codeofethics>

Icommittoworktowardsamoreequal,inclusiveandsustainablefutureforusall,followingtheUnitedNaAonsglobalgoals.<Techpledge>

Dataaccess,analysisorotherusemustbeconsistentwiththeUnitedNaAonsCharterandinfurtheranceoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.<UnitedNaAons>



Example

19.

1.  ArAcle1oftheEUCharterofFundamentalRightswithprotectshumandignity:'Humandignityisinviolable.Itmustberespectedandprotected.'ThisarAcleisalsoincludedintheDutchConsAtuAon.

2.  AcleardefiniAonofhumandignityisnotgivenandthetermisusedindifferentways.

3.  Since'protecAnghumandignity'isdifficulttotranslateintorulesandpracAcaltoolsforusingdata,wehavebeenhesitanttoincludeitinthisethicalframework.

4.  However,thediscussionssurroundingtheuseofdataandappstocontrolCoronaconfirmthat"protecAnghumandignity"is,ifpossible,themostimportantethicalvaluewhenusingpersonallocaAondata.BecausethepotenAallyfar-reachingbutsAllunpredictableconsequencesofthiscanunderminethe(democraAc)fundamentalvaluesofDutchsociety,suchasfreedomandequality(alsointhelongterm).

5.  EspeciallyinsituaAonswheresocietyisunderpressure,suchasduringtheCoronacrisis,wemustcollecAvelyembraceandmonitorthesevaluesevenmore.

6.  Butthatdoesn'tmeanyoucan'squander'humandignityinlesscriAcalsituaAons.Alsoonamicrolevel,freedom,equalityandhumanitymustbeprotected.

7.  ThecorevalueofrespecAngandprotecAnghumandignityfuncAonsasasafetynet,sothatthequesAon'Dowewantthisasasociety?'nevergoesunanswered.

8.  Becauseacertaindevelopmentcanadherenicelytothecoreethicalvalues1-9,butsAllaffectourfundamentalvalues.

9.  WhencollecAngandusingpersonallocaAondata,thetechnologyusedisalsoethicallyessenAal.Technologyoientendstobeappliedinanautonomous,pervasiveway.Toprotecthumandignity,technologymustthereforealwaysbeviewedandusedasaperson’stool.

10.Respec8ngandprotec8nghumandignity“Ethicsgobeyondlawandscience!”

ethics does not belong on the wall · araﬁcial intelligence in the geo sector; and ethics in the...

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