MODERN PSYCHOLOGY Vol.1and2 Notes on Lecturesgivenatthe Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule,Zurich by Prof. Dr.C.G.Jung October1933- July1935 SecondEdition1959 v 6 1 , n . qa a - 6 1 . a q o p o: . a t s a w a s . a t u r Ml ' 1 A. 9 0 1 0 H : . S d N 1 3 G O WrPREFATORYNOTE Thenotesontheselectures, whichweredeliveredinGermanattheE. T. H.Zurich, donotclaimtobeaverbatimreportorliteraltranslation. Theyaimat givingaclearoutlineofthemaincontentofeachlecture.Prof. JunghimselfhasnotreadtheM. S. , thoughhehasbeenki ndenoughto helpuswithcertainpassages. OurwarmthanksareduetoMi ssToni Wolfffor hermostvaluablecriticismandtoMrs.Fierzwhoassistedher.Atthetimetheselecturesweregiventherewasnoideaofcirculation, soour ownnoteswerequiteinadequate.MissMarie-JeanneSchmidwaskindenough tolendusherexcellentshorthandreport, whichhasformedthebackboneofthis record. Wemust,however, taketheresponsibilityforanyerrors.ElizabethWelsh BarbaraHannah* January1938 *Asinthecaseofthe latPrvolumes, thecollaboratorwho hasdone mostofthe worksignsfirst. PPREFACETOTHENEWEDITION Onlyafewcorrectionsandalterationshavebeenmadeinthisneweditionof theEnglishnotesoftheETH-Lectures. Inallessentials, theyareexactlythe areastheoriginaledition.TheselecturesweregiveninGermanattheE. T. H. Zurich, byProf. C. G. Jung, between1933and1941 .Duringtheearlierlectures, therewasnoideaofany reportbeingproduced, althoughElizabethWelsh,UnaThomasandIrecorded themtothebestofourabilityinEnglish,forthebenefitofafewpeoplehere towhomtheGermanpresentedadifficulty.Thisstartedademandwhich eventuallyledtotheproductionofthefirsttwovolumesseveralyearslater,of thethirdtwoyearslaterandofthethreelastmoreorlesscurrently.Wehad ourownnotestoworkon, andthebenefitofFrauDr. Marie-JeanneBoll erSchmid'sandFrauDr. RiwkahKluger-Scharf' sGermanstenogramsasmentioned intheprefacetoeachvolume.MythanksareduetoElizabethWelshforre-readingallthevolumesandfor makingvaluablesuggestions ;and alsotoMarie-Loui sevonFranzforher patience inansweringmyquestions. But, althoughIhavetriedtoavoidleavingany mistakes, theyareoftenveryelusiveandImusttakethefullresponsibilityfor anythathaveescapedthenet ! BarbaraHannah December1958 SincenoneoftheseeditionshasbeenrevisedbyProf.Junghimself these recordsareboundtocontainmisunderstandingsandmistakes. Thereforethey a r e str i c t 1 yf o r p r iv a t e u s e a n d n o p a r t o f t h e mma y b e c o p i e do r qu o t e d f o r p ub l i c a t i o n wi t h o u t t h e wr i t t e n p e r mis s i o n of Pr o f.Ju n g o r t h e C . G . Ju n g-I n s t i t u t e Zu r i c h . SY N O P S I SIntroduction LectureI.20. X.33.Page11 Thefirstfourlecturescontainabriefsurveyofthehistoryofpsychology.Psychologicalideasinthewritingsofphilosophers ;theseideaswerefound, carried furtherorremainedlatent, lost, rediscovered, etc. Thisprocesswastraced through:Descartes(1596-1650) ;"Hypnerotomachi a"byFrancescoColonna, ("LeSongedePoliphile " ) ;G.W.Leibnitz(1646-1716) ;C.A.Wolff(1679-1754) ; T.N.Tetens{1736-1805).LectureII.27. X. 33. Page14 ImanuelKant(1724-1804) ;G.W.Hegel(1770-1831) ;F.W.Scheiiing(1775-1854);GeorgeBerkeley(1685-1753) ;DavidHume(1711-1776) ;DavidHartley (1705-1757);JosephPriestley(1733-1804) ;ThomasReid(1710-1796) ;D.Stewart (1753-1828).LectureIII.3. XI.33. Page17 J.0.delaMettrie(1709-1751); E.B.deCondiilac(1715-1780) ;(hereRudolf Steiner,Chr.MorgensternandArnobiusAfricanus[about300B. C. ]werementioned)alsoAnatoleFrance :L'iledesPingouins;CharlesBonnet(1720-1793). LineofFrenchPhilosophersbrokenherebyFrenchRevolution.LectureIV.10. XI. 33. Page21 Herbart(1776-1841) ;W. Wundt(1832-1920) ;G.T. Fechner(1801-1887) ;C. G. Carus(1789-1869) ;ArthurSchopenhauer( 1788-1860) ;EduardvonHartmann (1842-1906) ;MainedeBiron(1766-1824) ;Ribot&Binet;PierreJanetandLiebault; WiiliamJames(1842-1910) . WithWilliamJamesweenterthesphereintowhichthisintroductionwas leading:investigationof personality.Existenceofpeoplewhoseactivityi sinward.EndofIntroduction.LectureV. 17. XI. 33. Page25 TheClairvoyante of Prevorstborn 1801, patientofJustinusKerner, (1786-1862) . Herouterlifeandinnerexperiencedescribeduptotheyear1822, whenshehad afataldream(afterhermarriage)inwhichshei dentifiedwithadeadpreacher.LectureVI. 24.XI. 33. Page29 DiagramI, (page29)showinginfluenceofouterandinnerthingsontheego.Whatistheego?ClairvoyanteofPrevorst' slifecontinuedtillherdeathin1829. LectureVII. 1.XII. 33.Page32 SymptomsandphenomenainlifeoftheClairvoyantedescribed. Kerner' sexperiments.Positivemanifestationsof unconscious.The"Sonnenkreis"(Sun Circle) . DiagramII, page34.DescriptionofthisSunCirclebegun.LectureVIII. 8.XII. 33.Page36 Descriptionof SunCirclecontinued. FurtherdescriptionofClairvoyante's symptomatology. Herdreamsandghosts.LectureIX. 15.XII.33. Page39 Threegroupsofphenomena : I)Supernaturalsenseperceptions( clairvoyanceetc. ) . II)GhostsandSpirits.III)Visions, suchasmandalas. Clairvoyantenoexaggeratedcase, sheexistsintheunconsciousofusall. Our timeandspaceonlyrelativerealities ;necessityofacceptingpheomenaoutside them. CaseofClairvoyanteusedtoshowthatpronouncedintroversionbrings contentsofpsychicbackgroundintothedaylight. Allthreegroupsofphenomena described.LectureX. 12.I . 1934.Page43 ShortrepetitionofcaseofClairvoyante. Fivestagesofcompensationof extremeintroversionbyextraversion: 1)Visionssuchas" SunCircl e" vanish.2)Autonomousfiguresvanish.3)Psychicbackgrounddisappears ;awallisbuilt[behindwhichthecomplexes holdaWitches' Sabbath) . 4)"Healthyminded" withoccasionaldepressions.5) Completeextraversion. Identifywithprofessionandliveinbiography.Outwardmovementalsopartofpsychologicalgrowthofman.LectureXI. 19. 1. 34.Page4.6 Plasticillustrationofthematerialdiscussedinthelastlecturesbymeansofa diagram:[DiagramIII, p.47).Boththerightandleftsidesofthediagramexplained andcontrasted. DiagramIV(p.49) ,illustratingprimitivepsychology, alsoexplained.LectureXII. 26.I .34.Page51 Flournoy'scaseofHtHeneSmith.Herlifedescribed. Shebecomesafamous medium. Leopold, herchiefcontrol.LectureXIII. 2.II.34. Page55 HelEmeSmithcontinued. MoreexperienceswithLeopold,suchashisidentificationwithCagliostro.(Dumas'novel :" JosephBalsamo. " ) Leopoldtypicalofthe Animus. LectureXIV.9.II.34.Page58 DiagramV, (p.59) .Thisdiagramrepresentsthescopeofhumanconsciousness. Theconsciousnessbelongingtoeachsectiondescribed, fiveontheleftandfive ontheright.LectureXV.16. II. 34.PracticalfunctioningofDiagramV:ChartIClairvoyanteofPrevorst ChartIIHelimeSmith ChartIIIS. Freud ChartIVRockefeller Alltheseexplained. LectureXVI . 23.II.34. PracticalfunctioningofDiagramVcontinued: ChartVSo-calledNormalMan. ChartVINiklausvonderFlie ChartVIIGoethe ChartVIIINietzsche Alltheseexplained. 6Page63 Page63 Page65 Page66 Page66 Page68 Page68 Page69 Page69 Page70 Generalremarksondiagram.Canpeoplebeconsciousofbothsidesatonce? Transcendentfunction.WNTER-SEMESTER1 933-1 934 Introduction L E CTUR EI 20thOctober,1933 Psychologydi d not suddenlyspringintoexistence,onecouldsaythati t i sas oldascivilisationitself.Theancientscienceofastrology,whichhasalways appearedinthewakeofcultureallovertheworld, isakindofpsychologyand alchemyisanotherunconsciousform.Insuchforms,however,thepsycheis seenasentirelyoutsideman, itisproj ectedintothestarsorintomatter ;butIdo notintendatpresenttospeakofthosedays.In this shortintroductiontoModern PsychologyIshalltakeyoubackonlytoitsfirstconsciousbeginnings.Psychologyproperappearswiththedawnoftheageofenlightenmentattheendof theXVIIthcenturyandwewillfollowitsdevelopmentbrieflythroughalong lineofphilosophersandscientistswhomadethemanifestationsofthepsyche theirfieldofstudy. IntheworksofDescartes(1596-1650)thepsycheisstillheldtobethinking directedbythewill.Inhistime,thewholeofscientificinterestflowedoutward totheconcreteobject. Theexternalworldwasthoroughlyexplored, butnoone lookedinwards. Thesoulwasassumedtobeknownandeverythingconcerning itwaslefttothecareofreligion. Psychologicalphenomenaoccurredonlywitin theframeworkoftheChurch,- asmysticalrealitiesandreligiousexperiences. Allpsychicmanifestationstookplacewithinthedogmaticsymbolandaslongas thissymbolremainedalivingthing,inwhichmanfeltcompletelycontained, therewerenopsychologicalproblems.ThiswasthecaseforthewholeofEurope uptillthefirsthalfoftheXIXthcenturyandthisconditionstillremainsundisturbedforthosewhofeelsecureinalivingeffectivereligiousform.Atthe timewhenthegreatnavigatorswerediscoveringnewcontinents,somethingwhichcouldnolongerbecontainedinthedogmaticsymbol, freeditself, andtheresultofthisunseeneventwastheRenaissance.Thiscultural phenomenomrevealsapsychologicalproblemwhichfoundexpressionas earlyas 1467, forinstance, in FrancescoColonna' s book"Hypnerotomachia"(literallylove-dream-conflict) .ThisdocumentgivesatruepictureofthesecretpsychologyoftheRenaissance. Itissignificantthatitshouldhavebeenwrittenbya monkandexpressedinpaganform,forthisisacharacteristicsymptomofa wholeage.Colonna' sworkwastranslatedintoFrenchattheendoftheXVIth 11 centurybyBeroaldedeVervilleunderthetitleof" LeSongedePoliphile"* Thestorywasmuchadmiredatthetimeandwaseventhoughttobeadivine revelation,butlateritfellintodisreputeandwasdismissedasnonsense. Thisearlypsychologicaldocumentwaswrittenroundthemonk'slovefora certainDamePolia. ThesceneopensintheBlackForest,adragonbarshispath andhemeetswithmanyadventuresbeforehereachesfulfilmentonablessed islandwithDamePolia. Underthecloakofthisallegorythemonkdescribesa descentintotheunderworldofthepsyche. DamePoliaheldsomethingforhim whichhecouldnotfindintheMadonna.Whenwecometothephilosophers,whotookthepathofpsychologicaldisroveryandwhobecamethefoundersofthiscomparativelymodernscience,we findthattheywerealmostwithoutexceptionProtestants.Inearlierdaysthe healingofthepsychewasregardedasChrist'sprerogative,thetaskbelongedto religion,forwesufferedthenonlyaspartofacollectivesuffering. Itisanew pointofviewtolookupontheindividualpsycheasawholewithitsownindividualsuffering. TheProtestantisthenaturalseekerinthefieldofpsychological research,forhenolongerhasasymbolinwhichhecanexpresshimselfand thereforehissenseofincompletenessmakeshimrestlessandpusheshimto searchforwhathefeelstobemissing. Inthisattemptheoftenreachesoutto otherfaiths,suchastheosophy,ChristianScience,Buddhismetc."Whydoes myspirituallifenolongersatisfyme?"isparticularlytheproblemoftheProtestant ;hethinksthatitshouldbutthefactremainsthatitdoes notandthat heisoftentroubledwithneuroticsymptoms. Psychology,therefore, isprimarily theconcernoftheProtestant,thesceptic- andthedoctor.GottfriedWilhelmLeibnitz(1646-1716)wasthefirstofthephilosopherstobe concernedwithwhatwenow callpsychology. Histheoryi s thatoftheso-called "petiteperception"or"perceptioninsensible " . Theword"perception"means representationhere, fora"perception"isatthesametimeasubj ectivelycoloured representationorpicture. Asanexampleoftheexistenceof"perceptionsinsensibles" , Leibnitzgiveshisexperimentwithblueandyellowpowder. When theyhavebeeninsufficientlymixedtheblueandyellowgrainsarestillperceptiblebutwhen,however,theoperationhasbeencarriedoutthoroughlythe powderappearstobegreenalthoughitisstillcomposedofblueandyellow grains:it looksgreenbut isblueandyellow. Leibnitztriedtofindapsychological meaningtohisexperimentsandsoughttomakeanalogiestosimilarprocesses whichtakeplaceinthehumanmind:"somethinghappensinmeofwhichIam notaware " .OurdailylifeaboundsinconcretepsychologicalexamplesofLeibnitz'" unconsciousperceptions"asillustratedbytheaboveexperiment. Theseare the manythingswedounconsciously.Welook,forinstance,atourwatch,butwe havetoconsultitagainifaskedthetimeaminutelater,yetweperceived.it unconsciously.Thereareothercases,suchasridingabicycle,wheretheprocess isalmostwhollyunconsciousandif,whileactuallybicycling,wesuddenlybecome awareoftheunconsciousperceptionsbywhichwekeepourbalance,itmay provedirectlydangerous.*Cf. LindaFierz-Davi d: TheDreamofPoliphilo.(BollingenSeries. ) 12 Overandagainstthe"petitesperceptions"Leibnitzseestheprincipleofthe intellectortheidea, herecognisesthatideasareborninusandsays:" c' est ainsiquelesideesetlesveritesnoussontinneescommedesinclinations,des dispositions,deshabitudesoudesvirtualites" . The"perceptions"aretheopportunitiesandcausesbywhichtheinbornideasanddispositionscanbemade conscious. Leibnitz'ideas, whichcameveryclosetomodernpsychology, remainedlatent for averylongtimeasisoftenthecasewithideaswhenthetimeisnotyetripe forthem. ChristianAugustWolff(1679-1754)differsfromhisgreatpredecessorbyhis completelyrationalapproach;heremainsintheconscious.Inhisworkswefind the bginningsofempiricalpsychology. Wolff' s psychologyconsistsoftwoparts: 1.Empiricalpsychology,whichlaysspecialstressonthefacultyofcognition.2. Specificpsychology,whichisconcernedwith thedesiresandinter-relations ofbodyandsoul.Inotherwords,thepsychehasthefacultiesofrepresentation, desireand cognition,yetthinkingistheessenceofthepsyche. Wolff'spsychologyisoneof thefirstpsychologiesbasedonexperience. JohannNicolausTetens(1736-1805)istherealoriginatorofexperimental, physiologicalpsychology, influencedbytheEnglishphysiologicalapproaghwhich Hartleyrepresents.Tetensisthefirsttomeasurethesensationsoflight,-hearing andtouch. Hisaltogetherempiricalattitudeisverymodernandhelooksupon allsystemsasmerehypotheseswhichhaveyettobeproved.J 13 L E C TUR EI I27thOctober, 1933 Wewillresumetheli neofdevelopmentwhichwehavebeenfollowing. We havenowreachedtheageofcritiqueandknowledgewhichbeginstowardsthe endoftheXVIIIthcentury. ImanuelKant(1724-1804)standsoutasitsdominatingfigure. Kantcontests the possibilityof psychologybeingascience, heconsidersitatbesta" discipline " .Withhisconceptionof" dimrepresentations " , KantpursuesLeibnitz'trainof thoughtandcarrieshisideasfurther. Inthefirstbookofhis"Anthropology" ,he speaksof" representations "whichwepossessalthoughwearenotconsciousof them. Hegivesasanexampletheimpressiononegetsofapersonatsome distanceinafield, whomoneseesindistinctly;thedetails, eyes, nose, mouthetc. ,arenotrecognisable, yetonehasthe idea thatitisaperson.Kant continues" That thefieldofoursenserepresentationsandsensationsisinfinite, thoughweare notconsciousofmostofthese, yetwecanwithoutdoubtconcludethatwe possessthem, thatis'dimrepresentations'inpeople(andalsoinanimals) ;the clear'epresentationsonthecontrarycontainonlyafewofthesepointswhich couldbeinconsciousness ;thefactthatonlyafewplacesareilluminatedonthe greatmapofourmindscanimbueuswithaweandadmirationatourownbeing: forahigherpowerwouldonlyhaetocry:Lettherebelight !andwithoutthe leastco-operationonourpart. . . . .halfaworldwouldliebefore(our)eyes. So thefieldof 'dimrepresentations'isthegreatestinman." Wemayliketothinkthatallpsychesaresinglepsyches, thatnosuchthingas acollectivepsycheexists, inotherwordsthatthepsycheisnothingmorethan consciousness, forconsciousnessisanindividualphenomenon. Butcanwereally besoverysureofthis?Primitives, ontheotherhand,arenotatallcertainthat theyaredistinctfromeachotherorfromtheirsurroundings ;whenyouareamong themyouhardlydaretokillacrocodile,fortheprimitivesays :" Iamalsothat crocodile. "Itisonlysingleilluminatedpointsthatweareclearlyconsciousof;the wholei sdark. Iamremindedofthesavantwhosaid:" IfIknewaWthatI haveforgottenIwouldbethemostlearnedofallmen. "Kantwasthefirsttorecognisetheenormousextensionof thatwhichi snot conscious .Theepochof" empiricalpsychology"comestoacloseinGermany afterKantandisreplacedbytheageofthegreatmetaphysicalspeculators.HegelandSchellingwereinrealitymetaphysicalspeculatorsbutwhenyou examinetheirwritings- particularlythoseofHegel- carefully,youseethey arefullofproj ectedpsychology.14 GeorgWilhelmHegel(1770-1831)wouldbeconsideredapsychologisttoday, buthewasnotconsciousofthisandcalledhimselfaphilosopher,althoughhe expressedsomeessentialpsychologicalideas. FriedrichWilhelmSchelling(1775-1854)hasamorepositiveattitudetowards theunconsciousandacertaininsight.Hewasabletoformulatetheideathatthe unconsciousistheabsolutefoundationofconsciousness.Hespeaksof"the eternalunconscious,whichasitwerelikethesunintherealmofthespirit,hides itselfthroughitsownuncloudedlight".Hegoesontosay:"Andalthoughthe unconsciousneverbecomestheobject,yetitstampsitsidentityonallfree actions,beingthesameforallintelligences;itistheinvisiblerootofwhichall intelligencesareonlythepotentials,andistheeternalmediatorbetweentheself determiningsubjectiveinusandtheobjectiveorcontemplator,itisatonce 1hebasisoflawfulnessinfreedomandoffreedominlawfulness".Weseethat Schellingputstheaccentaltogetherontheunconscious.Hemakesamostim- \ portantstatementwhenhesays:"Itisthesameforallintelligences";theprimeval \ foundationisnotdifferentiated,butuniversal. IncontrasttothelineofdevelopmentwhichwehavebeenfollowinginGermany,weseeempiricalpsychologystepforcefullyintotheforegroundinEngland, whereittakesitsplaceveryearlyasanimportantlineofthoughtinmodern science. GeorgeBerkeley(1685-1753)isthefirstEnglishempiricalpsychologist. Berkeleymakessenseperceptionhisstartingpoint.Heisconvincedthatwhen oneneithersees,hears,norfe!lsanything,thennothingispresent.Buthe discoverstheperceptionofhisownsensesasanequalfactortotheobject perceived.OutofthefusionofsubjectandobjectBerkeleyconstructstheconceptofpsychologicalspace. DavidHume(1711-1776)holdsthatrepresentationsderivefromsensations.He adoptsBerkeley'sideaoffusionforhisrepresentationsandaskshimselfbywhat lawsthingsfusewitheachother.Heconcludesthattheyassociateowingto similarity,coexistenceintimeandspaceandcausality.Theassociationisbrought aboutbymeansofgentleforce,alawsimilartothatofgravitation.Therepresentationsthereforemutuallyattracteachother. DavidHartley(1705-1757)whoisHume'scontemporary,venturesamongthe complexpsychicphenomena.Heexplainsthesebyafusionofrapidlyrecurring orsimultaneoussensationsintoawhole. JosephPriestley(1733-1804)materialisesHartley'sattempt,heidentifiesthe psychicprocesseswithbrainprocesses. Theideaofinstinct,theso-calledcommonsense,appearswiththeScottish Schoolofphilosophy. ThomasReid(1710-1796)isitsfirstexponent.AccordingtoReid,theinstinct ofcommonsenseisthedirectandindubitablesourceofknowledge.Itisalso throughthisinstinctthatwebecomeacquaintedwithcomplexpsychicprocesses. Psychology,therefore,isboundtoconfineitselftothedescriptionoffactsas observedbycommonsense.Theideaoflookingateverythingsimplyandobjectivelymayseembanalatfirstsight,butitistheempiricalpointofviewpar excellenceanditcanonlybereachedbyacompletesacrificeofjudgmentsand 15 opinions. Sothiswayoflookingatthingsisaninvaluablecontributiontopsychology. ThisisRudyardKipling'sattitudeinhis"JustSoStories " anditisinits placewhenapplied tothefearfulcomplexitiesof thehuman psyche :itis" j usts o"andthereisnothingtobedoneabouti t . Youwillhavetherightattitudet o psychologyingeneraland to t he difficultthingswhichyou willhearinthecourse oftheselectures, ifyoucantreatthemasa" JustSoStory" .DugaldStewart(1753-1828)i s convincedthatpsychologycouldbecomea naturalscience, throughamethodofpuredescription, thati s, byanobj ective descriptionofthepsychicprocesses, bythesacrificeofallopinionsandby makingnoforegoneconclusions.Stewart'sdiscriminationofassociationsisimportantforpathology. Hedivides theminto : 1.Spontaneoussimpleassociations :analogy,contrast, coexistenceandproximity. 2.Arbitraryassociations :throughactiveconsciousinterference.Someprocessesofthepsycheobeythewill,othersdonot, butfollowapriori lawsoftheirown. Peopleinclinetoidentifywithoneoftheseviews,butboth areequallytrue. Deeptruths, suchastheexistenceofvoluntaryandinvoluntary actions,arerecurringlylostandhavetoberediscoveredagainandagain . P16 \ L E C TUR EIII 3rdNovember, 1933 Thesequenceof thedevelopmentofpsychologywhichwehave beenfollowing took"stotheBritishIsleslasttime, todaywewillturntoFrancewherethefirst psychologistsappearintheearlydaysofFrenchenlightenment, atthebeginning oftheXVIIIthcentury.Thiswasthetimewhenthe" encyclopedistes"wereat work,knowledgewasbeingheapedupandtheideasofphilosophers, suchas VoltaireandDiderot, werebeingspreadabroad. Francewasthenavery Catholiccountryandinhernewthirstforknowledgeitwasnaturalthatshe shouldswingfromoneextremetotheotherandbecomeve yfundamentally enlightened.JuliendelaMettrie(1709-1751) isthefirstFrenchpsychologist. Hewasa doctorandanoutstandingman ofhistime. In1748FredericktheGreatcalled himtoBerlin,wherehelivedtillhisdeaththreeyearslater. LaMettrieisareal materialistandempiricist. Hisfundamentalconceptioni sthatalllifespringsfrom deadmatter ;heconsidersthepsychetoacertainextentasanappendageof organiclife, asdependingonthebrain. Sothediscoveryoftherelationofthe psychetothebrainbearsfruithere.,aMettriesays :" Thebrainhasthinking musclesastheleghaswalkingmuscles". Helooksuponthelivingbeingasa machinethatconsistsofspringsliketheworksofawatch. Hisbook"L'homme Machine"(1748)isbasedonthestandpointthatthepsycheisnothingmorethan asensitivematerialpartofthebrain. Thispointofviewremainedvalidalmost tothepresentday.EtienneBonnotdeCondillac.(1715-1780)isLaMettrie'scontemporary. Condillacdrawshisconclusion, thatalllifeproceedsfromsensation, fromhisexperienceinaloveaffair. Hedefendsthismaterialisticpointofviewinhis principlescientificwork" TraitedesSensations"whichfirstappearedin1754 andwasreprintedonlyin1885.Itissignificantthatitshouldnothavebeen translatedintoGermantill1870,whenmaterialismwasinfullbloom. Contrary tothegeneralbeliefatthattimethatcertainideasareaprioriinnateinman, Condillacassertsthatthewholeofthepsychei sempty. Inworkingouttheirtheori es, philosophershaveoftensoughta"pointde repere", anidea, ametaphororevenamaterialobj ectonwhichtodevelopthem.Kant,while lecturing,foundsuchafocussing pointin thetopbuttonofastudent' s waistcoat, andononeoccasion, whentheyoungmandidnotappear, thegreat philosopherfoundhimselfunabletoproceedwithhislecture! Condillacreliesin muchthesamewayupontheimageofaman, whoisnorealhumanbeing, but astatuethati sneverthelessendowedwithsensecapaciti es. Graduallyallits sensesawake,thefirstbeingthatofsmell. Fromthisstatueanditssensations,17 heconstructsthewholehumanpsyche. Thisapproachischaracteristicofthe psychologicalmethod of theinvestigatorwhoisimpelled tokillthe living, illusive,irri descentqualityofthehumanpsycheandtochangeitintocoldstone. Reason killsthepsychologicalmaterialinordertobeabletodissectit. ThisistheexpressionofadefinitementalattitudewhichlastedtilltheendoftheXIXth century.Condillacconsiderseverythingwhichispsycheasa"sensationtransformee " , forhim, thepsycheisaperceiving,immaterialsubstance, aperception devoidofsubj ectthatwandersthroughtheuniverse. Wefindsimilarideasin RudolfSteiner's" etherealworlds"andinChr.Morgenstern' spoem"DasKni e"(TheKnee) . * TheabsolutecharacterofFrenchpsychologyisfoundedonLatintradition. Its prototypeistheLatinFatheroftheChurch, ArnobiusAfricanus, wholivedabout 300A. D. Histeachingwasthatthehumansoulisemptyandofamaterial natureandthateverythingwhichentersitdependsupontheexperienceofthe senses. Hisbelief, whichissharedbyChristianityingeneral, isthatthesoul eitherdoesnotexistbeforebaptism, orifitdoes, itisnecessarilyinavery deplorablecondition, thatoforiginalsin, whichcallsforenlightenment. The humansouldoesindeedrequireenlightenment, butitisperhapsnotquiteso empty!CondillacisatruefollowerofArnobiuswhenhesaysthatthepsyche requirestobefilledfromoutside. Thisbeliefisverypopulartoday, peopleare stillpersuadedoftheirowncompleteharmlessnessanditisamostcomforting thoughtthatallevilmustnecessarilyhavedroppedintoouremptyandinnocent soulsfromoutside !Wecanthemakeourparentsandschoolmastersanswerable forallthatwedonotcaretoberesponsiblefor. Butthetruthisthatthesoul isno"tabularasa" ,itisalreadyfilledwithgoodandevilwhenwecomeintothe world, thoughwemayremainunconsciousofit. Howelsecanweaccountfor thefactthatthechild' smindisfullofmythologicalideas? Thei deathatthesoulcomestomanonlythroughbaptismisaChristianinterpretationwovenintotherootsofthebaptismalrite. AnatoleFrance' sbook " L'lledesPingouins "iswrittenroundthisbelief :Whenthemisty-eyedold St.Mael,inhisenthusiasm, hadbaptisedaschoolofpenguins, adisputearose i nheavenlycirclesastowhetheritwasnot ablasphemousact, foronlyhuman beingshaveimmortalsouls. Acouncil washeldinHeaven,butfeelingranhigh andnodecisionwasreached. WhenSt.Catherinewascalledin, woman' swisdom solvedthequestion. Shepraisedbothsides, sayingthatpenguins, beingbirds,cannothaveimmortalsouls ;yetitwasalsotrue thatthroughbaptismimmortality isattained. ThereforesheaskedGodtograntthem" uneimeimmortell e, mais petite " !Iampersonallyoftheopinionthatnotonlypeople, butevenanimals have souls.Iamalsodeeplyconvincedofthetruthofallcreeds. Nologicalstandard ofcomparisonexists, theyallcontaingenuineandrealpsychologicalexperience anditismerelystupidtocriticisethemwiththeaimofestablishingonetruth. AfterlaMettrieandhismachinemanareactionsetinagainstthisabsolute empiricalpsychology;Jean-JaquesRousseauwasoneofthefirsttoreactinthis way. *Chr. Morgenstern, Galgenlieder( SongsoftheGallows) .18 CharlesBonnet(1720-1793) ,whowasborninGenevaofFrenchparents,introducesthepsycho-physicalstandpointinhisprinciplework" Essaianalytiquesur lesfacultesdel ' ime " ,wherehemaintainsthatthenatureofthepsycheisneither purelyspiritualnorpurelycorporeal. Tocharacterisethismiddlepositionhe usestheetherasanillustration, matterwhichisnotmatterandyetfillsspace ; thepsychehasanetherealbodyinwhichsuchthingsasmemoriesarestored.Thisideaof theetherealbodyappearsinIndianphilosophy, yetthisisnotwhere Bonnetfoundit, foritwasonlylaterthatAnquetilDuperronbroughtthefirst translationsoftheUpanishadstoEurope, thusopeninganewworldtotheWest.Bonnet'sideaspringsfrommediaevalconceptionsandtheideaofthe" subtle body" , smokeresembling,air resembling,the breathof life that lives in us. We find agralleltothisintheIndiancustomofthesonbreathinginthedyingfather' s lastbreathoflifeandalsoincannibalismwhichisnotpractisedforthesakeof food, butformagicalpurposes, inordertoassimilatetheenemy' slifeenergies orvirtues.TheautonomousreappearanceoftheIndianworldofideasinBonnetisan exampleofpalingenesis. AnotherinstanceofthisphenomenonisBergson' sidea ofthe" dureecreatrice " , areanimationofProclus' statement :"Alwayswhere thereiscreationthereisalsotime " . Incontrasttopalingenesis(theautonomous revivalofanideainanotherepoch)wehavethephenomenonofcryptomnesia,thereappearanceofsomethingthatwasonceknownandthentotallyforgotten.IcangiveyouaninstanceofcryptomnesiawhichIdiscoveredinNietzsche' s writings :' Inthe40thchapterof"ThusSpakeZarathustra" , " GreatEvents " , thefollowing passageoccurs : "NowaboutthetimethatZarathustrasoj ournedontheHappy Isles,ithappened thatashipanchoredattheIsleonwhichstandeththesmokingmountain,and thecrewwentashoretoshootrabbits.Afterthenoontidehour, however, when thecaptainandhismenweretogetheragain, theysuddenlysawamancoming towardsthemthroughtheairandavoicesaiddistinctly:'Itistime, itishighest time ! ' Butwhenthefigurewasnearesttothem( itflewpastquickly,however,likeashadow, inthedirectionofthevolcano) ,thendidtheyrecognisewiththe greatestsurprisethatitwasZarathustra; fortheyhadallseenhimbeforeexcept thecaptainhimself, andtheylovedhimasthepeoplelove :insuchwisethat loveandawewerecombinedinequaldegree.'Behold! ' saidthehelmsman, 'theregoesZarathustratohell' " .Inreadingthispassagetherabbitshootingstruckmeaspeculiarlyouto fplace in thecontextanditseemedtohitaforgottenchordinme. TheyearsatBasel universityslowlycamebacktomeandwiththemthememoryofasmallgreen book:Kerner' s"Blattera usPrevorst" . *Ireaditagainandcameuponavery similarincident : "Anextractofawe-inspiringimportfromthelogoftheship'Sphinx' inthe year1680, intheMediterranean. "** *JustinusKerner- BlatterausPrevorst, Vol. IV, p. 57ff.**C. G. Jung- CollectedPapersonAnalyticalPsychology. TranslatedbyDr.C. E. Long. Chap.I, p. 87ff.19 "Thefourcaptainsand merchant, Mr.Bell,wentashoreontheislandof Strombolitoshootrabbits.Atthreeo'clocktheycalledthecrewtogethertogo aboard, when, totheirinexpressibleastonishment, theysawtwomenflying rapidlyoverthemthroughtheair.Onewasdressedinblack,theotheringrey.Theyapproached, themverycloselyin thegreatesthaste ;totheirgreatestdismay theydescendedamidtheburningflamesintothecrateroftheterriblevolcano,MountStromboli. TheyrecognisedthepairasacquaintancesfromLondon. " IwrotetoNietzsche' ssisterandasked herifhehad read"Blattera usPrevorst".Sherepli edthat, afterthinkingthematterover foral ongtime, sheremembered distinctlythathehaddonesoasaboyofelevenwhennosingabouthisgrandfather' slibrary. WhatcouldrabbitshavetodowithZarathustra?Thisparallel aloneseemstoexplainthem. Thememorymusthavesecretlycreptupand reproduceditself.AfterBonnet, thelineofphilosophersinFranceisbrokenbytheFrench Revolution. Thisgreateventwasnosuddenexternaloutburst, ithadlongbeen preparedbyphilosophersandpsychologists, fori deasalwayscomefirstand actionsfollow, evenwhenittakestwentyyearsforanideatopushi tsway throughtothemasses. Wecannotaffordthereforetobeindifferenttothe thoughtswhichateacherexpresses, fortheymaymaterialiseinhistory. The FrenchRevolutionis strikingexampleofthi s.20 L E C TUR EI VlOthNovember, 1933 Wearelaboriouslyworkingourwaythroughthepre-historyofpsychology.ThelastlecturecametoaclosewiththeFrenchRevolutionfromwhichanew spiritwasborn;wewillnowreturntoGermanywhereweshallalsoseethe dawningofanewattitude.Herbart(1776-1841)isthenexttofollowtheempiricalapproach. Hemoves alongthelinesoftheEnglishSchoolwhichHumeandHartleyrepresent, heis thereforealsointerestedinassociationpsychology. AdoptingBure'sideaof "gentleforce " , Herbartestablishestheprincipleofattractionandrepulsionof ideas ;heisthefatherofthenew physiologicalandexperimentalpsychology.HerbartisfollowedbyFechnerandWundt. Withthelatteraculminatingpoint isreached.. GustavTheodorFechner(1801-1887)isthefounderofanewpsychological pointofview:psycho-physics, whichhasprovedessentialforthewholedevelopmentofpsychology. Hiswork" ElementenderPsycho-physic"(Rudimentsof Psycho-physics- 1860)isbasedontheWeberlaw, whichiscalledlaterthe Fechner-Weberlaw. Thislawlaysdownthattherelativedifferencesinstimuli correspondtothesamedifferencesinsensationintensity.Thereis,therefore, a certainpossibilityofapproachingthepsychethroughmeasurements. Fechnersets uptablesandcalculations, buthislawisonlyvalidwithincertainlimits. Had thisbeenhisonlybook, wecouldhaveaffordedtoignorehim, buthewasalso philosopherandthetitlesaloneofhisfurtherworksspeakofhisprofound interestintheotherside.In1836"DasBichleinvomLebennachdemTode "(ThebookofLifeafter Death]appeared, itwasfollowedin1848by" Nanna, oderiberdasSeelenleben derPflanzen"(Nanna, orconcerningthepsychiclifeofplants)andin1851by "ZendAvesta, oderiberdi eDingedesHimmelsunddesJenseits "( Zend Avesta,orconcerningthethingsofheavenandtheworldbeyond) .Intheseworks, which aretheconfessionofhispersonalpsychologicalconvictions,Fechnerdefendsthe standpointofauniversalpsycho-physicalparallelism:thepsycheissimplythe innermanifestation, the" selfmanifestation"ofthethingandthebodyisthe outeror" foreignmanifestation"ofthepsychic. Fechner' sgreatvalueisthat hediscriminatesbetweenanempiricalinnerworldandanempiricalouter world. Hefurtherholdsthatnotonlyhumanbodies, butallbodiesundoubtedly possessaninnermanifestation, a" self-manifestation" . Hespeaksofmotherearth forinstance, asbeingaliveandaspossessingasoul, whichisasthesoulofan angel, embracingthetotalityofhumansouls. Thetotalityofhumanbrainsthus constitutesthebrainoftheearthsoul, thehighestomniscientbeingofthe 21 godhead. Thistrainofthoughtisnotinterestingasphilosophy, butitisaspsychology, forFechnermakestheimportantconfessionthathissinglesoulisnot isolated, butiscontainedinawhole. Heisthefirsttoconceiveofapsychic cohesionrulingoverall, whichcanonlybereachedbythoughtandisnot containedinthesinglepsyche.C. G.Carus(1789-1869) ,adoctorandphilosopher, followsthesamelineof thought.HediffersneverthelessfromFechnerinthatheisprincipallyaphilosopherandpsychologist, heisnotanempiricist, butapantheistinfluencedby Schelling. His value liesinhiscomparativepsychology. In1846 hisbook"Psyche;zurEntwicklungsgeschichteder Seele "(Psyche ;concerningthehistoryof the developmentofthesoul]appearedandin1866"VergleichendePsychologie " (ComparativePsychology. ] .Heisthefirsttocalltheuniversalsoultheunconsciousandhisworkscontainhighlymodernpointsofviewwithregardtoit : " Thekeytotheunderstandingofthenatureoftheconsciouslifeofthepsyche liesintheregionoftheunconscious " . Helooksuponthepsycheasthecreative principleofthebody. Toillustratetherelationoftheunconscioustotheconscious, heusestheallegoryofthestream:thelifeofthepsycheisanunceasingly windinggreatstream, whichislitbythesun,thatisbyconsciousness, onlyinthe smallpartwhichisitssurface. Asthestreambearsawaymanyvaluablethings thatremainundiscovered, somanytreasuresarehiddenfromusandthereal dynamicforcespendsitselfintheunseen, intheunconscious. Thisstrikingly recallsKant, butinhiscasethedynamicaspectwasmissing. Thekeytoreal psychologyisonlytobefoundinthedarkness ;boththediseasesofthemind andthecreativeprincipleoriginateinthedarksphereoftheunconscious.Carus believesthatunconsciouswillandintelligenceexistincosmicextension.This philosophywastakenuplaterbyE.vonHartmann.Thenextlinkhowever, in thislongchainisSchopenhauer.ArthurSchopenhauer(1788-1860)isagreatphenomenonandhismessageto theworldisoftheutmostimportance. Beforehistimethebeliefwaswidelyheld thatthepsychecouldberationallyunderstood, beingprincipallycomposedof consciousprocesses. ThegeniusofSchopenhauerbroughtananswertothe worldwhichthousandshadbeenobscurelygropingforandforwhichtheyhad lookedtotheempiricistsinvain. Thisnewnoteisthevoiceofsuffering:the humanpsycheisnotonlyorderandpurpose, itissuffering. Incontradictionto allrationalbelief, Schopenhauerbringsforwardtheideaoftheexistenceofa splitbetweenintellect, ontheoneside, andablindwillorcreativeurge, onthe other. Hemightj ustaswellhavecalledthiswilltheunconscious.Hisconception ofthewill hasthecharacterofchaos, whereasCarus'ideaofthecreativewillis almosttoobeautifulandsweet, itvergesonthemawkishandtedious. Schopenhauerseesatragicconflictbetweenconsciousnessandadark, miser-'able, sufferingwill.Hethusbringsapointofviewintothepsychologicalsituation whichwemustnotallowourselvestolosesightof, foritconcernsmodernman mostclosely. Inhislaterwritings,suchas"UeberdieanscheinendeAbsichtlichkeitundiberdenWillenindieNatur "(Concerningtheapparentpurposeandthe willinnature] ,heappearstodrawnearertoCarus;butonthewholehecontinues toseetheworldasanaccidentalandfaultycreationto. whichtheintellect alonecanbringorder. Forthispurpose, theintellectmustholdupamirrortothe .22 blinddisordersothatitmayrecogniseitsworkofdestruction. Thispeculiarly pessimisticphilosophyisstronglyinfluencedbytheEast.WeseeasimilardenialofChristianideasforthefirsttimeinFrancewhenthe RevolutionenthronedtheDeessede laRaisoninNotre-Dame, intheplaceofthe ChristianGod.NeverbeforehadChristianitybeenpubliclydeniedandthisblow shookthewallsoftheChurchtotheirfoundations.Peopleawoketothefactthat acceptedtruthscouldbeopenlyandofficiallyquestioned, butnobodyforesaw thenthatthewholeofcivilisationwouldrock. Yetthiswasnosolitaryoutbreak,butamovementthatfounditsechointhewholeworld;forceshadbeenlet loosewhichcouldnolongerremainimprisonedintheoldforms. Butinthishourofoverthrowanddestruction, humaninstinctwasatwork tobringaboutacompensatoryaction:aFrenchman, Anquetil-Duperron, wentto the Eastinsearchofthetruth.It wasasifEurope had beenasinglehumanbeing,seekingforanewhopeinexchangefortheoneithadlost. Thefirstshredsof Easternlight,whichAnquetil-DuperronbroughtbackwiththeUpanishads,pouredintothecracksmadebytheFrenchRevolution, and, asFrancehad destroyed, soitwasFrancewhofirstbroughtsomethingnewandlivingto broken hopes. Schopenhauerwasinfluencedby this messageandtranslateditinto languagewhichtheWestcouldunderstand, intophilosophy.EduardvonHartmann(1842-1906)wasinfluencedbyhisgreatpredecessor SchopenhauerandalsobySchellingandHebbel, buthisphilosophycomesdirect fromCarus. Hartmannconceivesoftheunconsciousastheunityofwilland idea, atthesametimeitistheactivepurposivefoundationoftheworldofdivineandabsolutenature. Heismoreaphilosopherthanapsychologistand wrote"DiePhilosophiedesUnbewussten"(ThePhilosophyoftheUnconscious - 1869). InthemeantimeanewdevelopmenthadbeentakingplaceinFrance.MainedeBiron(1766-1824)recognisesanunconsciousspherewhich,however, hepresentswiththecharacteristicsofconsciousness.Ri bot andBinetfollowinhi sfootsteps. Thelatter' sconceptionofthepsyche asatotalityis interesting. In hisbook"Alterationsdela personalite" ,Binet' spoint ofviewisforthemostpartmodern, inthathedoesnotstartfromseparateunits butfromthetotalityofthehumanpersonality.Pi erreJanetandLiebaultarefollowersofBinet.WemustnowturntoAmericainordertocontinuethislineofdevelopment.WilliamJames(1842-1910)stepsintothefrontrankofpsychologistswithhis work"PrinciplesofPsychology" , andcarriesusstillfurther. Heleadspsychology awayfromacademiccirclestotheinvestigationofthepersonalityitselfandinto therealmofthedoctor.Hereweentertherealsphereoftheselectures, towhichthisintroductionhas beenleading. ThepeopleIamgoingtospeaktoyouaboutarenotthestriking personalitiestowhichtheworldisusuallyattracted. Hithertoitisthemanof actionwhohasprincipallyawakenedthehistorian' sinterestandheldthestage ; butotherpeopleexistalso, psychicpeople,peoplewhoseactivityisinward,they donotstandoutinthesamewayandyethistoryalsoprovidesuswithauthentic recordsoftheirexistence :intheActaSanctorum, forinstance, inthetrialsfor witchcraftandlaterinthemiraculoustestimoniesofthestigmatistsandsomnam-23 bulists. IntheXVIIIthcenturyanextensiveliteraturealreadyexistedwhichdeals withpsychicpersonaliti es.JustinusKerner(1786-1862)hasleftusoneoftheserecordsinhi swork "DieSeherinvonPrevorst " (TheClairvoyanteofPrevorst)whichappearedin 1829.Iti sthehistoryofhispatient'sillness, thestoryofapsychicpersonality. Nobodyseemstohavethoughtofbringingitintolinewithmodernpsychology,yetweshallfindthatitcontainssomeveryinterestingpsychicphenomena. The furthertitleofthebookruns"EroffnungeniberdasinnereLebendesMenschen undiberdasHereinrageneinerGeisterweltindieunsere" (Disclosuresconcerningtheinnerlifeofmanandconcerningtheinvasionofourworldbyaworld ofspirits)andshowsuswheretherealattractionofthisstorylayforKerner,thatis, in thefactoftheexistenceofanobj ective, substantialworldofspirits.EndoftheIntroduction.24 .L E C TUR EV 17thNovember, 1933 JustinusKernerbelongstotheschoolofRomanticists,heisnotreallya scientistandhisbook containsanumberofmoreorlessnaiveinterpretations. Inthe" ClairvoyanteofPrevorst"Kernerdescribesthecaseofhispatient, Frau FriederikeHauffe, whowasbornin1801inthevillageofPrevorst, whereher fatherwasaforester. Allweknowaboutherimmediatefamilyisthather brothersandsistersweresubj ecttoconvulsions, butwearegiventounderstand that therewas no trace of epilepsy;the most interesting fact is that her grand-father wasgiftedwithwhattheScotchcallsecondsight. TheClairvoyantebeganlife asahappynormalchild,soonhoweveraveryvividdream-lifedeveloped, with thestrikingcharacteristicthatherdreamscametrue ;sheherselfbelievedinthem andwasoften, forinstance, abletotellwherealostobj ectwastobefound. She alsoshowedgreatskillasawater-diviner. Thechildhadahorrorofgraveyards andhergrandfather, whountertookhereducation, noticedontheirdailywalks thatshewouldsuddenlybetakenwithuncontrollableshiveringfitswhenthey reachedcertainspots, andhebelievedthattheywerethenwalkingoverlong forgottengraves. Thisfeelingbecamesoacutethatshewasunabletositinthe choirofthevillagechurchbecausethereweretombsdirectlybeneathit. She developedaspecificsensefortheuncannyandcouldseeghostsinhaunted places. InSchlossLowensteinshepeepedintothekitchen, butcouldonno accountbeinducedtoenteritandyearslatertheghostofawomanwasseen there.Thesestoriesdonotasyetproveanything,foritmaymerelyhavebeenthe fearofghoststhatgaverisetosuchvisions.Neverthelessitisafactthatthe Clairvoyante' sthoughtstookonavisibleform. Shewascompletelyunconscious ofcertainthinkingprocesseswithinherselfandtheycouldthereforeonlyreach herconsciousnessintheformofvisions.Foritisarulethatnoconsci ous thoughtbecomesexteriorised: ifwegointoahaunted pl ace thinkingthatwemay seeaghostweneverdo, becausethethoughthasalreadybeenthought, butif,ontheother hand, weenter itwithoutexpectationwemayseesomething.Tothedistressofthechild'sgrandparents, thissenseofunseenghostlyinfluencesaroundhersoontooktheshapeofrealapparitions. Shefirstactually sawaghostinhergrandparents'houseatmidnight,atalldarkfiguresweptpast herwithasighandstoodgazingatherfromtheendofthepassage. Shewasnot intheleastfrightened, buthergrandfatherwasterrifiedwhenshetold himwhat she had seen, for hehad had thesameexperienceinexactlythesamespot but had kept theincidenttohimself. Wemightsaythatthechildhadbeeninfluencedby hergrandfather, butitismorelikelythatshealsowasgiftedwithsecondsight.25 Hetriedtoreasonheroutofherbeliefinwhatshehadseen, buthewasunable toshakehersenseofrealitywithregardtotheseexperiences. Kernerdoesnot doubtthatshereallydidseeghostsbecausehehimselfwasconvincedoftheir existence.Itisuselesstoreasonwithpeoplewhobelieveinghosts, bysaying"ghostsdo notexist"etc. Wehavetotalktothemontheirownlevel, takingforgranted thattherearesuchthings ;ifwedonot, wethrowawayanyadvantagetheconversationmayoffer. Inanycasewecanmakenosweepingassertionsinthis field, forallproofislacking.Inthesamewayyoumustspeakt oprimitivesin theirownlanguage, assumingthatthethingstheybelieveinreallyexist. The wordghostshouldneverbementionedamongthem, fortodosocallstheghosts forth. IlearnedthisinAfrica, whereImadethemistakeofaskingthenatives whattheirghosthouseswereandtheyreactedexactlyasadrawingroomfull ofrespectablepeoplewouldtoanobsceneremark.Inanycase, theClairvoyante' svisionsleadustotheconclusionthatshe possessedthefacultyofexteriorisation, ofseeingpsychicprocessesasifexisting outsideherself. Theseprocessesarebasedonpsychologicalfacts, butwedonot knowscientificallywhetherghostsexistornot. Kantmaypossiblyberight whenhesays :"Itwillyetbeprovedinthefuturethateveninthis lifethehumanbeingstandsinanindissolubleassociationwithallimmaterial beingsofthespiritworld, thatheaffectsthemandreceivesimpressionsfrom themofwhichhoweverheisnotconscious, solongasallgoeswell. "Butthis noteworthyremarkisveryoptimistic, becauseweshouldneedexactphysical methodstobeabletoproveobj ectiverealityinthisfield, otherwisethesubj ectivefactorwouldalwayshavetobetakenintoaccount. Inmyestimation, secondsightisnotanillness, butagift ;youmightaswell saythatitispathologicaltobeendowedwithremarkableintelligence, butthe possessionofagiftalwayscarrieswithittheburdenofresponsibility.Wecan havepropheticdreamswithoutpossessingsecondsight,innumerablepeoplehave suchanticipatorydreams. TheClairvoyante, however, soonbegantoshowunmistakablypathological symptoms,thefirstofthesewasanextraordinarysensitivenesstolightandirritationoftheeyesandthisconditionlastedayear. Thisisacommonsymptom andispsychogenetic. Itisakindofpsychicblinking,aninabilitytostandthe clearlightofconsciousness. Thistypicalpsychologicalaffection, whichisa symbolicoversensitivenesstolight,isalsooftenmetwithinpeoplewhohavean unconsciousbadconscience ;theyblinkfromfearthattheymightrevealthemselves.NothingofimportancehappenedafterthistilltheClairvoyantereachedher nineteenthyear, whenshebecameengagedtoHerrHauffe, acolourlessyoung manwhoplaysonlyashadowyroleinthestory. Onthedayofthebetrothalan oldpreacherdied, hewasamanwhomshegreatlyhonouredandrevered. The Clairvoyantewassingularlyaffectedathisfuneral. Shecouldhardlytearherselfawayfromthegraveandwasinaverystrangecondition, astheresultofa visioninwhichtheoldpreacherappearedasaghosthoveringoverthegrave.Shewasusedtoseeingghostsandtookthemasamatterofcourse, butthis experienceimpressedherverydeeply, foratthismomentshefeltthestirring 26 ofalifeinherinnermostbeing;shewroteapoemaboutitandremainedforlongtimeunderitsspell.TheClairvoyantemarriedinA1gust1821andatfirstshelivedanormallife andhadachild. Shortlyafterhermarriage, inFebruary1822,shehadafateful dream:shedreamtthatshelayinbedbesidethecorpseofthepreacher ;inthe nextroomsheheardthevoiceofherfathertalkingtotwodoctorswhohadbeen calledininconsultationasshewasveryseriouslyill.Shecalledouttothem: "Leavemealonebesidethisdeadman, hecancuremeandnodoctorcan" . She feltasiftheywishedtodrawherawayfromthecorpseandcriedaloudinher dream:" HowwellIfeelbesidethisdeadperson, nowIshallbecompletely cured" .Nextdayshewasseizedwithaviolentfeverwhichlastedfourteendays ; badneurosisfollowedwhichledtoherdeathinhertwenty-ninthyear.Whathashappenedhere?TheClairvoyantehastakenthesideofherdream.Wethinkwecouldnotpossiblyallowourselvestobeentangledinacertainfate throughadream, butFrauHauffecouldnothaveactedotherwi se, shewasso constitutedthatthedreamwasherreality,sheidentifiedwiththedeadmanand diedwhileshestilllived, thatistosayshedroppedbackmoreandmoreinto thepsychicbackground. Thedeathoftheoldpreacherwastheexperiencethat madecleartoherthatshelivedmorewiththedeadthanwiththeliving,the figuresoftheinnerworldwereherrealities, besidewhichhusbandandchild weremereshadows .Ifsheacceptsthedream, shewillacceptherinnerreality andfeelwell,butthenshemustfollowitintothepsychicbackgrounduntilshe ceasestoexist.Ifapatientweretobringmeadreaminwhichthedeadandnotthedoctor workedthecure, Ishouldask:" Whydidyoucometome? "Ifsherepli ed:" The dreamseemsstrangetome, IcannotimaginewhyIshouldthinkthatthedead couldcureme " , Ishouldundertakethecase;butifshegavethesameanswer asinthedream, itwouldbefatal, Icoulddonothingforher. Asamatterof factsuchapersonwouldprobablynevercometoanalysisandifshedidshe wouldcertainlymanagetomanoeuvrethedoctorontothesideofdeath, unless hehadgreatexperienceinsuchcases. Onemightsaythattheveryfactofher comingtoanalysiswouldinitselfbeaconsiderableargumentagainstherbeing whollyonthesideofherdream.Butitisaveryominousdreamandasadoctor Iconsideritveryquestionablewhetheranythingcouldhavebeendoneforher.Therearecaseswhereitisbetternottointerfere ;wemustfulfilourdutyas doctors, butthefactremainsthatsomepeoplearenotmeanttobecured, theyare notfittedforlifeandifyoustepinandinterferefatealwaystakesitsrevenge onyou.Ihavechosen thisparticularcase, andamtreatingitindetail, inordertoshow youtheimmenserealityoftheinnerworl d; peoplecanlivetheirwholelivesin it, psychicrealitiesbeingmuchmoreimportanttothemthaneverydaylife. I haveknowncaseswherepeoplebecomeasitweresomnambulistsanddisappear i ntotheunconscious, itisasiftheyhadneverbeenborn. Thisdisprovesthe theorythatachild'smindisatabularasa, foritshowsusthattheunconscious isnoemptysurface, butapreparedground; thebrainiscompletewiththe historyoftheworldandeverychildisbornwithanunconsciousassumptionof theworld. Butforthiswecouldnotgrasptheworldatall. Thereisnoescape 27 fromthispsychicbackgroundwithwhichweenterlife, itcanonlybeaccepted,weareboundtoseetheworldthroughourowninborntemperament.FrauHauffefeelshealedandnormalwhensheslipsbackintothepsychic processesandillifsheventuresintotherealworldwheresheencountersinsurmountableconflict ;soshestepseverfurtherbackintotheunconscious. 28 24thNovember, Ulii InthelastlectureIoutlinedtheli feofKerner' spatientinanendeavourto gi veyouapictureofherpsychologicalattitude. Shewasdoomedtodie, itwas herfate, sheidentifiedwiththedeadpreacherandlaywithhimasinagrave ; shefeltthisconditiontobenormal,for hersightwasdirectedontheinnerthings thatcomeoutofthesubj ectiveworld.Whenweperceivethingscomingfrom thedarkbackground, whichdonotexistexternally,suchasghosts, theegoisthe onlyguaranteeoftheirpresence, fortheycanonlyreachusthroughtheego.Itisasifbehindtheegosomethingexisted, somethingwhichcannotbereached throughthesenses. ButevenFrauHauffewasonlyawareofsuchthingswhen inanexceptionalpsychiccondition.Therearecontentsthatcometousfromoutsideandothersthatreachusfrom inside, asthefollowingdiagramwillhelptoillustrate :A I B " 2 ) ' ( 4 )i I 00 ( 5 ) 3) ( 5)00 7' '), t DIAGRAMI. Ourconsciousness(1)ishereshownasaspiderinthewebthatreceives : I.Impressionsfromtheouterworld(A) ,throughtheimagewhichourbrain registers.Wearedealingherewiththeobj ectivefactsofeverydaylife, where outerpeopleandobj ectsimpressthemselvesuponus ;forinstanceMr. D(2) affectsourconsciousnessandinducesapsychiccontent(3) . II. Impressionsfromtheinvisibleinnerworld(B)whichliesbehindtheego.29 Wecansayasahypothesisthatthisbackgroundalsocontainsfactsandobj ects (4),comparabletothoseoftheouterworld, andtheyalsoimpressourconsciousnessthroughtheimages(5)whichourpsycheregisters. Theseimages,inducedbytheinnerworldcanbecontentsexistingintheirownrightandthey donotnecessarilyreachconsciousness,j ustasmanyimagesconstellatedby outerfactsneverreachus ;theyonlydosowhentheyarerelatedtotheego.Theegothereforestandsinthecentreandactsasamagnet, drawingallcontents toit. Whatistheego?Itisprimarilyasubj ectivefactor; howeverwecan obj ectifyittoacertainextentbymakingittheobj ectofourthought. Therefore wecantakefor granted that behind theegostandsasecondego, somethingwhich commentsontheactionsoftheego. Forinstance :EgoIi s lecturing. EgoI I hearsthatEgoIi s lecturingandperhapssuggests : " alittlelessquickly,please " . EgoIIIhearsthatEgoIIhearsthatEgoIis l ecturing. Thishypothesiscanbecarriedoutadinfinitum, butitisbettertodrawthe linebeforeapathologicalconditionisinduced. Thesecondcommentingego,however, isfamiliartousall, theEnglishcallitselfconsciousness ; wecando nothingthatitdoesnotcommentupon.Somethingreallydoesexistbehindtheego, which Idesignateasthesubjective factororbackground;forinstancewenoticethatFrauHauffeperceivedinner contentswithher" innereye " . Wealsocanbecomeawareofthisinneractivity. Whileweliveasnormalpeopleduringthebusyday, wedonotgiveitachance ofrevealingitself,butwhenweareinbed, beforewefallasleep,theinnerworld hasitswayandhellevenmaybreakloose. Ideasthentakepossessionofus, we donotknowhow;forinstance, wethinkthereisafire, oraburglarisbreaking intothehouse, orwesuddenlyfearthatwearesufferingfromanincurable disease. Thesedisturbingideashavecomeupfromtheinnerworldandarea psychologicalreality;wemaytellourselvesthatitisallnonsense,butwiththe bestwillintheworldwecannotgetridofthem. Thesearethosepsychological contentswhichbecomeassociatedwiththeegoj ustasoutercontentsdo. (Side RofDiagramI, p. 29) Itispossiblethatobj ectsalsoexistinthisdarkbackgroundandpushtheir waythroughtoconsciousness. Thisishoweverahypothesiswhichcannotbe proved, yetcertainfactsdopointtothepresenceofsuchareality,butagainthe egoistheonlyguaranteeofit.Forinstance, theideaofahouseonfiresuddenly entersmymindandshortlyafterthereisreallyafire.Therealitywasthereand reachedmesomehow, buttheroadittookisinexplicable. Therearenaturally alsocaseswheretherealityisnottobefoundintheoutsideworld. Itthen remainsasubj ectivefactor, adarkspotwhichliesbehindus. Peopleseethese subj ectivethings,tobe sure, asiftheywereintheouterworld, even thoughthey arehappeninginside. Thesearetheso-calledproj ectionsandweproj ectwith unbelievableshamelessness :adecent, reasonablemanwillsuddenlygetintoa toweringrage, buthefirmlybelievesthatitishiswifewhoisinabadtemper orthatabadlycooked breakfastis the cause of hi s mood. Hehasreallyproj ected ontohiswifeorthecooksomethingwhichwalkedinandseizedhimfrom behind. Thismechanismisparticularlyapparentinnewspapers, wherethe 30 thoughtsandmoodsofwritersandpoliticiansareproj ectedintoothers" de ! 'autrecotedelariviere " ;thatiswhereweliketoseethedevil.Ihaveendeavouredtomakefactscleartoyouwhichlieontheborderof human understanding. Itrequiresagreatefforttoreachthesefacts. Toreturnto theClairvoyante, wehaveseen thatsheexpectedhercuretocomefromthedark sphere. Whenthefever,whichfollowedherfatefuldream,hadlastedfourteen days, shefellintoaconditionwhichwecancall" grandehysterie"ofwhichshe diedonAugust8th,1829. WewillgobacktothetimewhenthefeverIhavej ustspokenofhaddisappeared. Afewdaysafterithadlefther, FrauHauffewaswakedfromsleep byaterriblepainthroughherchest. Thiswasprobablynervouscrampofthe heart. Crampoftheheartcanbeeitherpsychicororgani c ;inthiscaseitwas undoubtedlypsychic, thatistosayitwasthesymptomofapsychichappening.Asarulesuchsymptomsareofasomewhattheatricalnature, thebodyrepresents orperformsthethingthatcannotreachconsciousness :" Theheartcrampsitself together, itstandsstill,itisasifaniron handlaid holdofit. "Inrealitysomething hashappenedinthebackgroundtocausethecrampoftheheart. Anominous impressionhadseizedFrauHauffefrombehind, mostprobablythatofherapproachingdeath;asshedidnotunderstanditthesymptomsappearedphysically, theywerereallysymptomsoftheshockwhichherhearthadsufferedindim realizationoftheend. 31 L E C TUR EV I I1stDecember, 1933 TodaywecometoFrauHauffe' ssymptoms :peculiarmediumisticphenomena whichreallydonotbelongtotheprovinceofmedicine, butrathertothatof parapsychology. Imentionthesephenomena, however, becausetheyarepartof thepictureandthereforeofpsychologicalimportance. Althoughweshouldhave acertaincriticalattitudetowardssuchthings, thefactsoughttoberespectedand weshouldkeepanopenmindinsteadofclosingitwiththeoreticalprej udices.TheconditionsofwhichIamabouttospeakareofasomnambulisticnature.Somnambulismisanexceptionalpsychiccondition;in theClairvoyanteitbrought aboutaheighteningofconsciousnessandKernertellsusthatsheevenbecame apoet. Shelikedthislivingsotosayonahigherstory,itseemedtohermore normalthantheusualwakingcondition. Perhapsitreallyismorenormalthan theeverydaypointofview, butitcannotbeheldforanylengthoftime,forit requiresagreatdealofenergy. IftheClairvoyantehadbeenabletomaintain thislivingonahigherlevelasapermanentcondition, shewouldhavebeena super-woman. Seeingvisionsisanotherofthesephenomena; forinstance, during threedaysshesawcontinuallyamassofflameswhichranthroughherwhole body.Suchvisionscancometimesbeobservedinordinaryneurosesandhavea symbolicmeaning. FrauHauffealsohadthefacultyofexteriorisation,- she couldseeherselfoutsideherownbody, asifshewereanotherperson. Thefirst timethisoccurred, shesawherselfsittingatherownbedside ;thisphenomenon isnot onlyexperiencedbyneuroticsbutalsobypeoplewhoareveryillordying. Theeyesymptomswhichappearedatthebeginningreturnedagainlater,the outerlightwaspainfultoher, sosheconcentratedontheinnerlight ;sheno longerlookedoutofthefrontdoorofthehousebutoutofthebackdoor, into thesubj ectiveworld, andthisledalsotomorepositivemanifestationsoftheunconscious. Shesawallmannerofthingswhichsheproj ectedintotheouterworld asghostfigures :ghostswhichwereconnectedwithherselfandghostsconnected withotherpeople. Theghostsrepresenttheirspiritualbodies, sheseespeople' s twofoldnature, doublesotospeak, beingawarenotonlyofthesidewhichis perceivedthroughthesenses, butalsooftheirpsychicpersonality.WithallthesestrangeexperiencestheClairvoyantebegantoloseground rapidly;whenshecametoKernerin1826shewasalreadyinaverylowstateof health,underfedandevenscorbutic. Refusingtotakefoodisasignofnotwantingtolive, whereastobehungrymeansdesireforlife. FrauHauffeshrankfrom takingpartinlife,shesoughttoopenthedoorinwardsandfastinghelpedherto doso. Thisisawellknowntechniqueoftheascetic, whoseekstokilldesireand itispartofthepracticeofYoga, theouterworldisdepotentiatedinorderthat 32 thesightmaybeturnedinwards. Kerner, whotreatsthecase, observesitvery faithfullyifsomewhatnaively.Hebelievesthenursewhenshetellshimthatshe 'annotbathethepatient, forsheissolightthatshecannotkeepherunderthe water.Thisrecallsthetrialsforwitchcraft. Witchesweresupposedtofloatand oneofthetestsconsistedinthrowingthemintodeepwater. Iattachnovalueto thesestoriesofFrau Hauffeas facts,but it is important that people believed them of her,for thiscontributestothe pictureofherpersonality.Shedevelopedastrange feelingorsensitivenessforthequalityofmatter, especiallyminerals. Kerneralso recordsremarkableresultsfromhercrystalgazing. Thisartiswellknownin Chinaandbelongstothemagicofthemiddleages. Therearepeoplewhocan readthepast, thepresentandthefuture bygazing intoacrystal, aglassofwater oramirror; inrealitytheyareseeingprocessesoutoftheirownunconscious.FrauHauffeaffordsstrikingexamplesofthisfacultywheninahypnoticcondition. In thedetailedrecordof all theseexperiments, Kernertellsushow hegave hispatientasoapbubbletogazeinto, askingheraboutherabsentchil d; she sawitinbedwhereitwasatthetimeandsaidshewasgladtoseeit. When askedaboutKerner' swife, shewasalsoabletogiveaccuratedetailsaboutwhat shewasdoingatthetime,althoughshewasinahousesomedistanceaway. Lookingintoaglassofwater, sheoncesawacarriageandpair, sheevennoticed thatoneofthehorseshadawhiteblazeonitsforeheadandminutelydescribed theoccupantsand twentyminuteslateritactuallycameintosight,corresponding toherdescriptionineverydetail.Iamnotinapositiontobeabletoproveany ofthis, butKerner' sstatementscoincidewithgeneralrecordsofthiskindthat havebeenmadeallovertheworldforthousandsofyears.TheClairvoyantedevelopedyetanotherkindofvisionwhichseemedtocome fromtheheartregion:shecouldintuitthecontentsofpaperswhichKernerlaid onherheart ;hetestedherbywritingononesheet" ThereisaGod"andona second" ThereisnoGod" . Whentheyhadlainforafewminutesonher, she returnedthemtohim,sayingofthefirst :" Thisonegivesmethefeelingof something" ,andof thesecond:" Thisoneleavesmequiteempty! "theexperiment wasrepeatedfourtimeswiththesameresult. AsKernerassuresusthathedid notknowinwhatordertheywereplaced, thereshouldbenoquestionofthought transference ; butexperimentsinthisfieldusuallypointtotelepathywithaliving person. WilliamJames' medium,Mrs .Piper, forinstance, couldreadthecontents ofaletterwhenplacedonherforehead, buttheexperimentfailedwhenthe writerhaddied.TheClairvoyantehad yet other visions whichhave their origininacentreother thanthebrainandparticularlyoneveryremarkablevisionwhichl eftKerner utterlyperplexed. Ihavefeltmuchthesamewhenconfrontedwithsuchthings inearlierdays. ThisisthevisionoftheSonnenkreis(suncircle) .Sheexperienced itintheshapeofareal di scintheregionofthestomachorsolarplexus, i t scratched herasitrotatedslowly. Itbecameatlengthsovivid, thatshewasable tomakeaveryinterestingdrawingof it whichIreproduceforyouinasimplified form, asitisworthstudyingverycarefully.(DiagramII, p. 34. )Ishalldescribethecircles, beginningwiththebiggestandgoinginwardsand Ishallspeakofthethreeoutercirclesasopposedtothethreeinnercircles.33 'r ( lit;l1t OuterCircles.TheSunCircleisdividedintotwelveparts, corespondingtothetwelvemonths oftheyear. Underitliefiveothercirclesandoveritliesanemptycircle. Tous,in the West,the ideaof the emptycircleissomewhatmystifying, but any educated Hinduwouldknowatoncewhatwasmeantbyit. Astheemptycircledoesnot appearinthedrawing,theSunCircleisthefirstcircleorcircumference.The2ndcircleisdividedinto133/4parts, corespondingapproximatelytothe lunarcycle ;Chinaeventodayusesthemooncalendar. Thewholeisthereforea kindofwheelthathassunaswellasmoondivisions. This2ndcircleistheLife CirclewhichtheClairvoyantecallshercalendar ;eachdayshemakeslinesonit whichstand for factsorexperiencesthathavemovedher pleasantlyorotherwi se.WhereasthelinesfromtheSunCircletothecentrearestraight,theselines startingfromtheLifeCirclearedrawnatatangentandmissthecentre.The3rdcircle, theDreamCircle,hasagaintwelvedivisionsliketheSunCircle.I tisdifficulttoexplain, asKaner' sreportisnotclearaboutit. Spiritsseemto wanderbetweenthiscircleandtheLifeCircle. Thesoulsofanimalsalsoinhabit thisDreamCircle, infacttheClairvoyanteconsidersthatitisprincipallyanimals whohavethiscircleinthem.InnerCircles.The4thcircle, whichistheoutermostofthethreeinnercircles, isdividedby sevenstars .ItiscalledtheCircleofStars. Noon King _ _ _DIAGRAMII."N_uP_)tf Ot00m KugThe5thcircleor2ndoftheinnercirclesistheMoonRingandthe6thcircle ortheinnermostistheso- calledSunRing.Itisbrightandshineslikeasun. In thiscentretheClairvoyantemeetsherwomanguide.Thecircleslieundereachotherandfollowarotarymovement, beginninginthe N. W. ShesaysoftheSunCircle, thelargest, thatitisawallroundher, inside whichshelikestofeellockedawayfromtheoutsideworld, whichshedistrusts.Aswehaveseen, sherecordedherexperiencesonthenextcircle, whichis dividedaccordingtothelunarcalendarandwhichshecallstheLifeCircl e.OftheMoonRing,shesaysthatitiscol danddim,theabodeofthesouls,theymigratefromheretothesunortothestars .Thisideaisveryoldandproves theClairvoyante' svisiontobeacaseofpalingenesis. TheManichaeansexplained the waxingandwaningofthemoonbythefactthatwhensheisacrescent, she drawsthesoulsofthedeadtoherandbecomesfilledwiththem, thenturningto thesun, shegivesthemtohimandbecomesayoungmoonagain. Thisidea travelledfromPekingtothesouthofFranceinthenotableheresyoftheAlbigenses. Therearewesternerswhoholdthisbelieftoday:Gurdj ieff, ofFontainebleau, isconvincedthatthespotsonthesunarecausedbytheunusualnumber ofsoulsthatmigratedthereduringthewar, andIhavemettwodoctorswho firmlybelievehim. Starsalsohavealwaysbeenconnectedwithbirthanddeath; whenaRomanCaesardiedtheastronomershadtofindanewstartoaccount forhissoul.TheClairvoyante' sSevenstarscorrespondtoamythologicalconception. Sevenisaholynumber, asallbasicnumbersareholy. Thisprobablycomes from thefactthattheprimitivecannotcountfurtherthanten, asheonlyhasthe fingersofhistwohandsforthispurpos e; inSwahili,forinstance, thereareonly fivenativewordsfornumbers. Numberscorrespondtogeometricalfigures, for example :2= II 3 = ///or6 4= ////orD Beyondfive, unlessthemanknowsArabic, everythingisNyingyandthatmay mean6or10, 000. DuringthefirstWorldWar, arumourspreadthat10, 000 Germanshadcrossed theborder. Strongforcesweresenttoinvestigateanditwas discoveredthatapatrolofsixGermanshadbeenseen!Noonehadknownhow manyNyingymeant. Theprimitivehasacurioussenseofnumbers, anumberisa quality:heseesagroupof2matchesplus1matchnotas3,butas2two-matches and1one-match.35 L E C T U R E V I I I8thDecember, 1933 The Sun Circlewhichweare studyingisaverydifficultand complicatedaffair,sowemustkeepthediagramwhichIgaveyoulasttime[p.34)beforeoureyes i nordertoenableustofollowwhattheClairvoyantesaysaboutthedifferent circles. Itisinterestingthatanimalsandspiritsinhabitthesamecircle, itshows thatsheidentifiedthemtoacertainextent. Herearesomeofhercomments :" IfeelfivecirclesundertheSunCircleandabovei t oneemptycircle " . Sothese circlesaredisposedi nlayers. SpeakingoftheSunCircle, shesays :" Thereal hghtofdayandpeoplelieoutsidethebigringforme, . . .Iliketodrawpeople/ ashooks. IfeelthespiritofallthepeoplewithwhomIhavecomeincontact,butIfeelandknownothingoftheirbodies...Icannotthinkofyou[Kerner) asahumanbeing,abody, youlessthananybody. Ifeelyouasablueflameon theoutercircle " .I t i s characteristicthatsheshouldseepeopleinthisidealform, shedenies themsubstance, seeingonlytheirinnerrealityandinthiswayherinnerworld gainsinconcreteness. Shesays :"Thisouterring withitscirclingflaieseemsto beawallthroughwhichnothingcanreachme. Iaminsidetheringitself. IfI thinkIhavegotoutsideit, Iamterrified, . . .butwhenIfeelthatIamfreewithin thecircleahomesickfeelingcomesoverme " . Sheevidentlyidentifiestheouter ringwithKerner, heandtheblueflameareherprotectingwall.Shecontinues : " I feelasifIwereimprisonedinthecircle " . Itisakindofmagiccircle, the worldthatshedreadsisoutsideandthepositivelifeinside ;shewithdrawsher consciousnessfromtheouterworld.Speakingofthethreeinnerorcentralrings, theClairvoyantesays :" Inthefirst [ theoutermostone, theRingoftheStars) ,whereIseemedtoseesevenstars aboveme, Ifeltwell ;IspokeintotheworldinwhichIhadbeen" . Shethinksof ourouterworldasaplaceinwhichshehasbeeninthepast, thisworldisan i l lusionforhercomparedtotherealityoftheinnerworld. " Inthesecondring [theMoonRing)Ineverspoke, Iswamoverit . . . .Ilookedintoitseveraltimes butdonotrememberwhatIsaw,IamafraidwhenIthinkofit, ifissocoldand terrifying.Thisringhasthelightofthemoon" . Itremainswithherasavague memory, shemerelyfloatedoverit. Wefindsimilarideasinantiqueastrology andintheteachingsoftheancientsconcerningthefutureofthesoul. Assouls canrisefromtheearthtothemoon, sotheycanrisefromthe- moonringand descendagaintotheearthtqbereborn.. SheseesovertheMoonRingawaytothesun:" Thethirdcircle[theinnermost SunRing)isasbrightasthesun, butitscentralpointisstillbrighter. Isawan unfathomabledepthinit, whichbecamebrighterasitsdepthincreased, Imyself 36 neverreachedit, butwasonlyallowedtogazeintoit, Ishouldliketocallitthe SunofGrace. Itseemedtomethatmanyotherspiritsalsogazedintoitandthat everythingwhichlivesandmovestherearisesoutofsparksfromthisdepth. . . .Itwasintheclearlightoftheinnermostring,butnotinitscentralpoint, thatI alwayssawmyfemaleguide. "Wemeetthefemaleguidehereforthefirsttime.Allmediumshaveacontrol orguide, akindofguardianangel. Therearefamousexamples :Mrs. Piper, for instance, WilliamJames' medium,hadawholecompanyofcontrols, akindof generalstaff. Awomanusuallyhasamanasguideandviceversa. Asamatter offactweallpossessthisinnerguidance, whetherweareawareofitornot.Whenwethinkthatrehavecometosomedecision, alittleobj ectivecriticism wouldsometimesshowusthatsomethingelsehassettleditforusandoften quitewithoutourknowledge. Wemeetwiththisconceptionofasecondguiding presenceallovertheworld. FrauHauffeseesherguideascomingtoherfrom thisinnerSunRingcentre. Thiscentreisnotinconsciousness, butexistsinthe solarplexus,thecentreofthesympatheticnervoussystem. Ithasbeencalled thussinceanti quity,becauseitisthroughsympathythatwecanbecomeaware ofthislight. Thisfactisrecogni sedinIndiaandthereisasectofnavelcontemplatorswhoinducethisinnervisionthroughconcentrationandcontemplation ofthenavel.FrauHauffemadeaseparateandinterestingdrawingofthesecondlargering,theLifeCirclewhich, asweshallsee, throwsanewlightonallthesecircl es.Thisdrawingisfilledwiththewritingofthespiritworld. Thisbringsustothe phenomenonofglossolali a: theappearanceofastrangelanguageofwhichthe personhasnoconsciousknowledgeandwhichsometimes, asinthiscase, hasno conectionwithanyknowntongue. "ThecentreofthisLifeCircleistheseatof somethingwhichdecidesnumbersandwordsandthatisthespirit " . Sothe centreiscalledspirit intheLifeCircleandsunintheinnermostSunRing.All thissoundssuchphantasticnonsensethatyou probablyfeelthatyouwould rathergonofurther. IfeltlikethattoowhenIfirstcameintocontactwiththese things,but graduallyIcame toabetter mind and saw that it is j ust these things that havebeenthereallyvitalsubj ectofhumanspeculationforcenturies. TheClairvoyantecontinues :" ThecentralpointoftheLifeCircleistheseatofthespirit,thereheisinhisrightplace, intheTruth" . Hereagainwefindoneofthose remarkableparallelsthatappearinthisinnersystem:thiscentre, whichFrau HauffeendowswiththeattributeofTruth,isdesignatedinBuddhismasDharmakaya,thedivinebodyofTruth.Shegoesontosay: " Inthesecondcircleround thecentralpointoftheLifeCirclethespiritisalreadybecomingdim" . Thespirit centreisgraduallylosingitsintensitythroughradiation. Andinthethirdcircle theClairvoyanteseesthenumberswhicharethebasisofhercalculations. The LifeCirclecorrespondsto10, theSunCircleto17. Imentionthisonlytoshow youthatthemagicofnumbersbeginshere, itisalwaysboundupwithinner systemsand playsanimportantrole. 10istheterrestrialnumberinFrauHauffe' s vision. InChinaitis the numberof theearthwhilst7isthatof the sun,thespirit. WehavenoChineseparallelfor17; theClairvoyanteregardsitasthespiritual number.Ishouldliketogoalittlemoredeeplyintothesymptomatologyofthiscase.37 Wehavespokenofthepatient'ssecondsightandfrequentclairvoyantdreams. Kernergivesustwofurtherexamples :onenightshedreamtthatshesawher uncle' seldestdaughterleavingthehousewithasmallcoffinonherhead. Seven dayslaterthisuncl e' soneyearoldchilddied, butneitherFrauHauffenorany onenearherknewof itsillness. Anothernightshedreamtthatshewadedthrough watercarryingapieceofrottenmeatandthatshemetFrauN.whoanxiously enquired whatshe wasgoingtodowithit. Thedreamseemedtohave no meaning, butaweeklaterFrauN. died,givingbirthtoadeadchild, whosebodyhad alreadybeguntodecompose. Thewaterinthedreamstoodfortheamniotic fluid.FrauHauffehad visionsofghostswhich were ofasimilar clairvoyant character : "Ioftenseemanyghostswhohavenoconnectionwithmeandagainotherswho turntowardsmeandwithwhomIcanspeakandwhoremainnearmefor months. Iseethembynightandbyday, whetherpeoplearepresentornot. . .whileItalkwiththem, Iremainawareofalltheusualfamiliarobj ects. . .The ghostsappeartomeasathincloudwhichoneexpectstobeabletoseethrough, butIcannotdoso. Theythrownoshadow. . .Thebetterghostsappearlight/and thebadonesdark. " Theghostsalsoproducesounds :strangeknockings,noises asofgravelorsandbeingthrownorastherustlingofpaper, shuffling,sighing,etc. ThesoundswhichtheClairvoyantementionsaretypi calofspookstori es.Shenevergetsawayfromthisunearthlythrong,theywakeheroutofhergood sleep.Ifhereyesareclosedshedoesnotseethemandsaysthatsheisnotsure iftheyarevisibleinthedark, butshefeelstheirpresenceandtheirtouchis unbearable. Otherpeopleandanimalsinherneighbourhoodweresometimes awareofthemaswell .Theghostsofpeopleshehasknownlookmuchasthey didinlifeexceptthattheyaregreyandcolourless.38 L E C T U R EI X15thDecember, 1933 ThephenomenawithwhichwehavebeenespeciallyconcernedintheClair-voyante' sexperience, fallunderthreeheads : 1. Supernaturalsenseperceptions(clairvoyance, etc. ) . 2.GhostsandSpirits.3. Visionof the Sun Circle, orMandala(Mandalais the Indiantermforcircle) . 1. TheSupernaturalsensepercepti onsconsistprincipallyofclairvoyantpheno-mena. Theyappearinspaceandtime. Atfirstitmayseemnonsensicalthatsuch unnaturalthingscanhappenandIamaware, fromthereactionsthatIhave received, thatalargepartofmyaudiencelooksupontheClairvoyante' scaseas veryexaggeratedone. Thisis, however, sheerignorance. Wesimplydonot knowhowcommonsuchexperiencesare. EveryoneofushasFrauHauffeinour unconscious,butthehumanpsycheisamazinglyunknown. Suchamassof irrefutableevidenceexists, however, thatwecannotoverlookthesephenomena,and, asapsychologist, Ihandlethese things toofrequentlynottobelieveinthem.Weshouldapproachsuchthingswithanattitudeofunlimitedpatience, allowing thematerialtoworkuponusinitsownway. Butinthisfielditisveryeasy todeceiveourselves, wecannnotbetoocarefulhowwesiftourmaterial, forwe areondangerousground.Wemustassume, then, thatatany ratesomeofthe reports of the Clairvoyante's strangeexperienceswhichIhavegivenyoureallycorrespondtothefacts. After somanyyearsitisofcourseimpossibletoverifythem, butsuchthingsreally dooccurandIhavemetwithsimilarcases. Ishouldliketostressthefactthat intensewithdrawalfromouterrealitybringsaboutananimationoftheinner world whichcallsforththesephenomena. PeoplelikeFrauHauffe,whose psychic energyhaslefttheouterworld, havesuchexperiences ;itissimplyafact, even ifitisaveryinconvenientone, whichwemusttakeintoaccount.Theexistence ofsuchthingsisonlydeniedbythosewhoaredeterminedtoprovetheirown theoriesoftheuniverse, sodeterminedthattheysimplyignoreeverythingthat doesnotfitinwiththem.Suchpeopledenythesephenomenaanyscientific validityandleaveanyinconvenientandtooobtrusivefactstothepoets. But psychology, ofallthings, demandsthatwebehonestandshutoureyestonothing.Thisbringsustothestrangeproblemoftherelativityofspaceandtime.Wehavefixedideasabouttheseandwhenwemeetwithfacts, suchasthose experiencedbyFrauHauffe, wearegreatlydisturbedforthesephenomenago rightagainstourusualconceptionoftheabsolutevalidityofspaceandtime.Someofthecleverestpeople, however, havealwaysquestionedtheabsolute 39 characterofspaceandtime ;Kant, forinstance, hadsuchdoubtswhenhewrote : " Spaceisanecessaryaprioriconception, whichliesatthebaseofallexternal perceptions .Onecanneverconceiveoftherebeingnospacealthoughonecan quitewellimaginefindingnoobj ectsinit. " Spaceisapureconception, the conditionaprioriofallspatialexperiencesgenerally.Itpossesses" empirical reality"andistheframeofallouterexperience. Timeis" theformalcondition prioriofallphenomena" .Timeasinnersense(spacebeingtheoutersense)has subj ectivereality" . Itwouldbedifficulttochallengetheseformulae. Modern physicshavealsocometodoubttheabsolutecharacterofspaceandtime. If theyarerelativefactorstheycannotpossessabsolutevalidity;wehavetoassume thatanabsoluterealitywouldbedifferentlyconstitutedfromourspaceandtime reality.Itispossiblethenthatphenomenaappearwhicharenotsubj ecttothe lawsofspaceandtime. Thepsychicfactshaveneitherlength,breadth,nor weight, butareessentiallyspaceless, anditisexceedinglydifficulttodetermine theirduration. Weareunabletomeasurethetimeinwhichapsychicprocess takesplace ;wecanmeasurethepsycho-physicalreactions, butpsychicthingsin andforthemselvescannotbedeterminedbytime. Onthecontrary, weoften experiencethefactthatpsychiceventsdohappeninanunbelievablyshort fractionoftime. Ithasbeenprovedoverandoveragainthatverylongdreams cantakeplaceintheshortesttimeimaginable. Youdream, forinstance, oflong militarypreparations, thenwarisdeclared, itbreaksout, thegunsthunder. . .andyoufindthatyouarebeingcalledinthemorning. Didtheendlessdream happenbetweenthefirstknockandthelast, ordiditstartearlierandleadupto themomentoftheknockingfromananticipatoryknowledgeoftheverysecond inwhichtheknockatthedoorwouldoccur?Anotherlongdreamculminatesin yourheadbeingcutoffandatthatveryinstantthecanopyofthebedfallson yourneck. Itiscommonknowledgethatinthesecondbeforetheydrown, people canseetheir wholelivespassbeforetheminaflash.Thiscanalsohappenwhen fallingoveraprecipice. Thuswegetendlessexamplesofadifferentspaceand timerealitywhichcannotbegraspedbytheempiricalmind.Ihavechosenthecaseofthe" ClairvoyanteofPrevorst "inordertoshowyou howintenseintroversioncausesthecharacteristicpeculiaritiesofthepsychic backgroundtocomeoutintothelightofday, foritisveryimportantthatwe should understand this inner life.Numerousexamplesshow usthat withoutdoubt everyoneofusiscapableofhavinganticipatorydreams.ReadJ . W. Dunne' s book:"AnExperimentwithTime " ,where theauthorrelatesthedreamhehadin Africa, describingtheterribleMartiniqueearthquakethenightbeforethenewspaperaccountsreachedhim. Hewasintouchwithsomethingwhichhadnotyet reachedhissphereofconsciousness. *Dreamsborderallthetimeon thingswhich arerightoutsideourspaceandtimeconception. Dunnespeaksofadisplacement intime. Iti sasifaslipoccurred inthetimewearefamiliarwithandenabledus toseeroundthecornerintoanotherorderoftime.2. GhostsandSpirits. Thesephenomenaareproj ectionsfromthebackground ofthepsyche, autonomousinnerimagesofasubj ectivenature, obeyingnoconsciousintention, butcomingandgoingattheirownvolition. Weallexperience *J.W. Dunne"AnExperimentwithTime " , PartII, Chap.VI, p. 34ff.40 theseautonomouscontents, onlytheystrikeusindifferentways,forinstance whenwesay: " ithassuddenlyoccurredtome"orsuchandsuchathinghas justcomeintomymind" ;ifwestoodalittleclosertoFrauHauffe' smakeup, weshouldsaythatwesawaghost ;oragainifwewerenearertothelunatic, we shoulddeclare :" Avoicetoldmesoands o. " Amanwalkeddown London street, takingnonoticeofthenamesoftheshopsortheadvertisements, buthe heardaloudtrumpetingvoiceannouncingthem. Wehavethissortofthing withinus,butweareunawareofittillsomethinggoessuddenlyoutofgearand outitall pours.It isonlythroughacertaineffortthattheconsciousregisterswhat itencounters ;thatwhichisnotinitsfocusisalsorecorded, butitfailstoreach consciousnessandremainsunconscious. Thisshowsusthatthepsycheisnot identicalwithconsciousness. Thethresholdofconsciousness, wheretheunconsciousisforeverintruding,isveryindistinct :wenoticethingsanddonotreally noticethem,orweforgetthemandtheysuddenlyappear. Allwehaveeverheard liesdormantinourunconscioustillsomethingprovokesitanditwalksout autonomously.Apatientwasoncebroughttomeinaveryneuroticcondition, shewasagirl of18whohadbeenmostcarefullybroughtupandhadledaverysheltered existence ; yet, tothehorrorofherfamily,shenowsworewithafluencythata bargee mighthaveenvied. Iwasasked howshecouldpossiblybeacquainted with suchavocabulary?Icouldnottellj ustwhereshehadheardsuchlanguage, I couldonlysuggestthatshehad, forinstance, heardnavviesandcartersswearing attheirhorses. Thestreetisfullofsuchthingsandtheunconsciousalwayssees andhearseverything,butitrequiresagreateffortofconcentrationtoregister thisconsciously. Ifthe light weresuddenlytogooutandyoucouldnolongersee me, you wouldnot be likelytothinkthatIhad ceased toexist, yet itwouldbe no morefoolishthantoassumethatthecontentsofthepsychicbackground onlyexistwhenwecanseethem. Theseautonomousthingsfollowtheir ownlawsandnotours.Theancientsunderstoodthisfarbetterthanwedo, they didnotspeak, therefore, ofbeinginlovebutofbeingpossessedorhitbyagod.Wedonotonlyexperiencethesepsychiccontentsasastateofpossession, but alsoasasenseofloss, fortheunconsciouscanstealawayfragmentsofour consciouspsycheandrobusofourenergy. Thisiswhathashappenedwhenwe saythatwehave"keineLust"(noinclination)forsomethingorother. The primitivewouldsaythathehadlostoneofhissouls,forhebelievesthathehas many, andhewouldlieonthegroundtryingtoremindhimselfwhohewas .We aremovedbythesameinstinctwhenwebiteournailsduringadulllectureto rememberwhoissittingthere, forweareindangerofpartiallylosingourselves.Thepsychehasagreatdesiretobecomewholeandtocollectbackitsscattered parts .Whenwesay: "Ij umpedoutofmyskin" , or"Iwasbesidemyselfwith rage " ,wemeanj ustthesameastheprimitivewhenhesays :lhavelostasoul. " Wecannotescapebeinginfluencedbypsychiccontents, itisournaturalcondition;thereforeIalwaysfeelverysuspiciouswhensomebodyassuresmethathe is very normal, toomanynormalpeoplearej ustcompensatedmadmen. The really normalmanhasnoneedtobealwayscorrect, ortostresshisnormality;hecan bepossessedbyanidea, aconviction, afeeling,hecanliveallsidesofhimself anddomanyfoolishthings. 41 3 . Mandalas. Thisthirdphenomenon, thecircleormandala, isoneofthemost remarkableinexistence. Unfortunatelyitisverylittleknown, althoughitisa fundamentalexpressionofthehumanpsyche. Uptillthepresent, thisphenomenonhasbeengivenverylittleconsideration, andyetmandalasoccurallover theworld. Sincemanhasexisted, thecirclehashaditssymbolicandmagic meaning,wemeetiteverywhere, fromthesandpaintingsofthePueblostothe mandalasoftheChineseandthesamebasicelementsarealwayspresent.Itisreallynecessarythatweshouldrealisethatsuchthingsexist, evenifwe knownothingofthem. IhavepurposelyusedacaseofKerner' sandnotoneof myowninbringingthisphenomenontoyournotice, sothattherecouldbeno questionofinfluenceorsuggestion. WhenIwasastudent, Icameacrossagirl offifteenwhowasasomnambulist, giftedwithsecondsightandsheproduced circleverysimilartotheClairvoyante' s. Shespokeofthecentralpointasfull ofenergyandradiantlightandofthesecondringascold.WhereastheClairvoyanteofPrevorstlookeduponhercircleasawall,proiectingherfromthedartsoftheouterworld, themagiccirclehas, fromtime immemorial, beenusedasaprotectionagainsttheinnerworld, theworldof spirits. SeeC. G. Jung:CollectedPapersonAnalyticalPsycholog. TranslatedbyDr.C. E. Long. Chap.I .42 L E C T U R E X 12thJanuary,1934 LasttimewebroughtthecaseoftheClairvoyanteofPrevorsttoaclose. She wasacaseofpureintroversion, everythinginherturnedawayfromthereality oftheouterworld. Realityasweknowithadnovalueforher,indeedshe defendedherselfagainstit ;butanotherkindofrealityappearedwhichisunknowntous,ofwhichweonlyhearinlegends.Thisisthebackgroundofthe psycheanditwasassubstantialtoherasouterrealityistomostpeople. Where weliveamongrealpeople, shedweltamongspirits, whereweseetherealsun andmoon,shesawtheinnersunandmoon. Thisistheresultofverypronounced introversion, whereveritexistsinsuchanextremeformtheseexperiencesareits naturaloutcome. Whenquestionedabouttheseinnerexperiencespeoplewill usuallydenythem, andforseveralreasons. Firstlybecausetheyfeelshyabout themandareafraid ofexposing themselvestoridicule ;theClairvoyante, however,wastoodeeplyconvincedoftherealityofherexperiencestobe troubled bysuch fears.Secondly, peopleareasaruleafraidofthesethings, fortheyhaveheard thattheybelongtothefieldofpsychiatry. Thirdly,becausepeoplefrequently remainunconsciousoftheseexperiences, andasaconsequencetheysufferindirectlyfromsymptoms.Ineverycaseofverypronouncedintroversion, thethreegroupsofphenomena,whichImentionedinthelastlecture, occur :first, experienceoftherelative characterofspaceandtime ;secondly,theautonomyofcertainpsychiccontents andthirdly, theexperienceofsymbolsbelongingtoacentrewhichdoesnot coincidewiththecentreofconsciousnessandwhichisequivalenttoanexperienceofGod.ItistruethattheClairvoyante' s wasaborderli necaseandthatthesecases arerare, butwedomeet with them. Casesofextremeintroversionwhichisbeing compensated byextraversionaremorefrequent ;these willseemlessremotetous thanthecase we have beenstudyingandwe shall thensee moreclearlyhownear suchexperiencesaretousall .If peoplearenot fatedtodieinastateofcomplete introversion, thiscompensationmusttakeplace. Theinnerbackgroundthen becomeslessintense, itiscloudedoverandallsortsofelementsofanouter realitybegint ominglewithit, tillthepsychicbackgroundisfinallytranslated intothebanalityofdailylife. Wewillconsiderthiscompensationinitsmain stages, notinregardtoanyparticularcase, butasIhavebeenabletoobserveit generally. 1.Theinnercentregraduallydisappears, thevisionoftheinnersungrows dim;spiritsstillpersistandphenomenaofatelepathicnaturewhicharecharacterisedbydeviationsfromourlawsofspaceandtime.43 2.Autonomousspiritsorfiguresdisappear, onlydreamsandintuitions, sudden warningsandinspirationsremain. Atthesametime, certainpeculiaritiesappear inconsciousness :thememoryisunreliableandthispartialamnesiacannotbe accounted forrationally.Thesedisturbancesareallthatremainof the autonomous phenomena. Primitivesexplainlapsesofmemorybythepresenceofghostsand witcheswhosuddenlystealawaythecontent.3. Thewholepsychicbackgrounddisappears, nophenomenaremainandthe memoryisnormal. Psychiceventsdonotseemtoexistanylonger. Butthemore normaltheattitudebecomes, themorewefindadefensemechanismbeingsetup againstthecontentsof thepsychicbackgroundwhichnolongerappearattractive.Suchpeoplehaveresistancesagainsttheseinconvenientpsychicelementsand begintobuiltathickwallofrationalscepticismandscientificattitudesround them, hopingtolockoutandbanishthemaltogether- andifsomethingdoes creepthrough, itisdismissedas" merelypsychological " . Butonaccountofthis splittingoff, aregularwitches' sabbathof incompatiblecomplexesgoeson behind thewall. Theconsciousalsogrowstoostrong in proportiontothedegreein which thepsychicbackgroundiswalledoff. Thesepeoplebegintoconsiderthemselves veryinterestingandimportantandthusbecomemostdreadfulbores ;thisisan inflationoftheegoandisaneuroticcondition. Becausetheyhaveawrongattitude, and reallyknow it, theybecomehypersensitive(oversensitivenessisalways suspicious ! )andaregulareggdancehastobeperformedaroundtheminorder nottotreadontheirpsychologicaltoes.4. Thisunbalancedconditionimproveswhenextraversionreallysetsinand allthoughtofthewallandwhatithidesisforgotten. Thepersonthenleavesall introspectionbehindandturnstowardstheconsciousworldwithasenseof reliefandfreedom. Hisfriendswillpushhimstillfurtheralongthepathhehas chosen:hemustmeetpeople, hemusttravel, hemustthrow himselfintosomething, filluphistime, usehiswilletc. , thesepeoplebecomerealacrobatsofthe will.Theobj ectivevaluesnowactassomany magnets, tobenormalandhealthy isofthefirstimportance- butdowereallyknowwhattobe" normal "means? Theinnerworldisnowcompletelyinthedarkandappearsonlyhereandthere intheformofslightdisturbances. Suchapersonsaysthatheishappyandthat hefeelssplendid. Headoptstheattitudeof"healthymindedness "towardslife whichistypicaloftheAmerican, builtupentirelyontheextravertedprinciple.Allseemstogoswimmingly,heoverflowswithwonderfuldescriptionsofhis familyand hisenviable lot,till oneday hegoesover into theoppositeandappears withafaceayardlong, becausehehashadabaddream. Dreamsareinvasions fromtheHinterland, fromtimetotimetheshadowfrombehindthewallannouncesitself.Apatientoncecametomeinexactlythisexaggeratedlyextravertedcondition.Iadvi sed himtotakean houroffeverydayandspendit with himself. He j umped attheidea, saying this would enable him toplay the pianowithhiswife, toread,towriteetc. , andwhenIobj ectedtoonealternativeaftertheotherandwith greatdifficultymadehimrealisethathewastobereallyalone, helooked desperateandexclaimed: " ButIshould becomemelancholy! "5. Thepeako fextraversioni sreachedwhentheinnerworldbecomesentirely unconsciousandthepersonisidenticalwithwhathewouldliketobeorthinks 44 heis. Wecanoftenobservethisinpeoplewhohavebeensuccessfulinlife, they aretheirprofession, forinstance, andnothingelse; theyareidentifiedwiththe obj ectandhavenoideawhattheirsubj ectislike. Suchpeopleappeartobe wonderfullyadaptedt o theirsurroundingsandradiatetheirmarvellousrightness.Theyhavegiventhemselvesuptoacause, theyarenolongerthemselves, they aretheirposition, theirprofession, theircause, andarealreadylivingintheir biographies. ThereisagoodstoryaboutaBaselparsonwhichillustratesthis conditionadmirably(psychologyconsistsofgoodstories ! ) . Hewasfullofzeal forthewelfareofhiscongregationandeagertoprovideitwiththerecreationhe feltitrequired, buthewaspoor- suchpeoplechoosetheirparentsbadlyand neverhaveanymoney, theyalwayshavetobegitfromothers !Onhi srounds among thericher Baselcitizens, hecalledonaverysarcasticprofessoroftheology whowaswellfurnishedwiththisworld'sgoods. Aftermuchpleading, during whichtheprofessorremainedunmoved, theparsonleaptupinarage,screaming: "DerHerrwilles ! " (TheLorddemandsit ! )Theprofessor, pointingathim, replied"DerHerrwilles. "(Thi slorddemandsit. )Thisroadleadstotheillusion thatwhatI, alamentablysmallego, want, isthewillofGod.Butthisoutwardmovementisnotj ustridiculous, foritispartofthepsychologicalgrowthofman. Itisarightattitudeforchildrenandyoungpeoplewho havetoforgetthepsychicbackgroundinordertogowhdleheartedlyintothe worldwheretheymustmaketheirway. Youthhastobuildmanywallsinorder toshutoffthebackgroundfromtheego, sothatitmaybelieveintheouter worl d; fortoremainunderthefascinationoftheinnerimagescauseshesitation andlackofaccomplishment, andtolive, tobewhollydevotedtosomething,is alsoanartwhichmust not bedespised. Gettinginto lifeisabsolutelyessentialto youngpeople. OnecouldarguethattheyshouldnothearthethingsofwhichI havebeenspeaking,yetthoseamongthemwhoarephilosophically,religiously orartisticallyminded, mustknowthatsomethingexistsbesidestheouterworld; foriftheymisplacethevalueswhichbelongtotheinnerworldandtrytosee themoutside, theirworldpicturewillbecomedistorted. Manydifficultiesarise fromthefactthatrelationshipsandotheroutsidevaluesaretreatedwithan importancewhichtheydonotdeserve.45 L E C T U R E X I19thJanuary, 1934 Ishallbeginbygivingyouadiagram[ diagramIII, p. 47) ,theRightsi deof whichillustratestheoutwardgoingdevelopmentwhichwewerediscussingi n the l ast lecture. Thecentreisthesubj ecttowhicheverythingisrelated.Rightsideofdiagram. Wedonotperceivepeopleandobj ectsastheyreallyare, weseeratheran imageofthem, forwearealwayscaughtinsubj ectiveprejudiceswhichhavethe effectofakindoffog. Thispeculiarelementsurroundsusandhas deceiving anddistortingeffectuponourperceptionandcoloursourimpressions. Itisthe greatestpossiblearttoseepeopleandthingsobj ectively,andthemoreimportant theyare, andthenearertheystandtous, thethickerthefogbecomes ;wecan evenbecompletelycaughtinourownunconsciousassumptions. WilliamJames callsthisfogthe" fringeofconsciousness " . Thefurtherthingsliefromusthe moreobj ectivewecanbe, andinthesphereofabstractideas( SectionIII+in diagramIII)animpersonalornon-egowayoflookingatthingsexists, whichis quitefreefromsubj ectiveprejudice.Itisimpossibletoliveentirelyinthepersonalattitude, thenonpersonal catchesussomehow;weneedbothpersonafandimpersonalpointsofview.ToapproachtheDivinityhasalwaysbeenfeltasanescapefromthe futilityofpersonalexistence. Ioncesawsomethingverytouchinginthenewly excavatedtombofaPharaoh:alittlebasketmadeofreedsstoodinacornerand initlaythebodyofababy; aworkmanhadevidentlyslippeditinatthelast minutebeforethetombwassealedup.Hehimselfwaslivingouthislifeof drudgery,buthehopedthathischildwouldclimbwithPharaohintotheshipof Raandreach thesun.Butthepersonalelementisalsonecessaryinlife :awomanoncecametome absolutelybroken down becauseherdoghaddied. Shehaddriftedawayfromall humancontact, thedogwasheronlyrelationship ;whenthatdisappearedshe wenttopieces. Theprimitivemakesnodistinctionbetweenthepersonalandimpersonal :" L' etatc' estmoi " , asLouisXIVsaid, isj usthowtheprimitiveking looksuponhiskingdom.Naturesimplyproducesathing,shenevertellsusherlaws, buthumanintelligencediscoversthemandmakesabstractions, classificationsaccordingtosex, age,family,tribe, race, nationetc. Thesearenaturalclassifications, buttheycorrespondtoabstractionssotheybelongtoSectionIII+indiagramIII. Abstractions canbecomemoreimportantthanthehumanunit, itisaquestionhereof"how many" ? Notof" who" ? Theabstractspherealsocontainsgroupswhichare 46 characterised.yanidea:thestate, thechurch,parties, societies, ismsetc. These groupshavethepeculiarityoflookinguponthemselvesassomethingsuperior,theyusuallypossessasymbol, thecross, thecrescent, thesun, thestar, the swastica, andsoon. Thetotemanimalsofthenationsarealsotobe foundinthiszone :thePrussianeagle, theBritishlion, theGalliccock andsoon. Symbolssuchasthesunsymbolbelongtothesphereofhighestideals (SectionIV+indiagramIII) ;thesunoftensymbolisesthefather, thelifegiver.Thisbringsustotheendoftherightsideofthediagram, thesideoftheconscious.RIGHT HI GHESTIABSOLUTE I DEALS |V IDEAS Pop0State Church Party Abst ract I l lPEOPLE Time Space Causality Obj ect i ve I I LEFT PROJECTI ONS !COMPLEXESI PROJECTIONS !SPIRITS PRESUPPOSITIONS ]I |e'? ofconsci oU T -Perceptl on t hrough the senses 8ubj ccti ve I Egocentri c I

.. r: ,-DIAGRAMIII.Obj ecl i vc I IGHOSTS Demons Angels Symbols Abstract I I I-ABSCONDITUS Mystical Godhead IV-47 Leftsideofdiagram.Thesidewhichweshallnowconsideristhedarkshadowsidewhichwedo notliketothinkaboutandyetitconstantlyinvadesoureverydaylifeinthe formofbadmoodsandsuddentempers.Weknowverylittleof thisdarksphere,butasaworkinghypothesisletusvisualiseitasitappearsontheLeftsideof thediagram, theunconsciousside, whereghostsandphantomstaketheplaceof peopleandobj ects.Insidethe" fringeofconsciousness "isthelandofproj ections, ofaffectsand moodsofaninexplicablenature ;dreamsandphantasiesreachusthroughthis sphereandsocalled hunchesand inspirations. Hereagainthefogcircleinfluences thecontentsofthiscircle[ SectionI- indiagramIII)withunconsciousassumptions .Itisthespirits[ SectionIII- indiagramIII)whichgiverisetothese affects,hunchesanddreams.Theprimitivehasabetterrealisationoftheautonomyofthisinnersidethan wehave.Hedoesnotspeakofhavingamood, butofbeingpossessedbyone ; " they" , thespiritsorghosts, stealhissoulawayandmakehimill,soheknows thathe hastoworkdayandnigh