eşyanın karakutusu : İnsan

8/9/2019 Eyann Karakutusu : nsan

1/29

IXAOHO NAVA NYZYTY=

OTAO

Znizhdh Jauvaogav Atojao otao#Ixa ghnhth

Vila FAKYG

IXA

Ieiojhch} ixaTafal ivhegivhoh} laxvg kgtyo

Aehxizzithoh} hoaaggalzi fzo laxazc}

An uixa napagIxaxa lh}cizzhv xapzc}

Nhzapgav nxkv navc}a icvijhxkv knyxkvy}Nagicgiv bighxkv nazgavga fivafiv

Icvijhxkvgav xa}xkvy}Xkgdygya "n" jhxkv uapyvgav

civjhuiogiv "ho" jhxkv/

Axoagav "fan" jicijio fanxkvy}Dacgavjao bihp bhvhxkv kjac}a axjogn

ui tkova taaz jhxkv nh "yxao"

Fh} ig pioi jhuao>Ithv bhfhxh}' ngixh} ixaxa

ui kogavjao agoao ichv jahvithoji ji fxgidiotaogav lncijhxkv joxaxa

+}jichv Atae


2/29

]IZ=

Viobavinfagko yyvyxkvjy fhv kdyn y}angavja' fhv faono tzoi np fhv tknanc}htxiohoho ankvjhxkoyxga aliongi jaotivjivnio/// Xaz axannaf fkxadt xizhckdyn koy h}ghxkvjy ntnaognga/ Y}anzao ahgithoh avxkvjy kdyyo b}givh/ Fhva}jala agcag ui fhv fagko agcagxj/ Fhv tvi jojnzio tkova niojhoi bigjh uizafyvithojio nagnavan hgn bvj fatzkogy n bhxhch ezv apnatojao'zgiochtazio paozkgkoyojao ui jcigivh pavgjac bcgihoho }ivhoi atgc acivhnao

nvauazg kvzaxag ajaco xaooa tknygjy/ Fkxaxaxc c xanng afhc; Ajac'odi axannafgavoa fanz/ Tkova difhojio ntzingh taazhoh navp fhva}jojnziotkova bgctixivin kdyyo b}givhoi fanz/ Zacac' }azio acyvgaocz' lajhfanagc btziv niojhoh' xkgjao biio livnit pvg pvg pavgazzo bvto/// Liciofaona bizhgiv fivafiv/ Ajac dinizhoho difhojio athg fhv zyzyga ciojhghoh navzpfaon zich}gixhp kzyvjy' kdyn ja lixidaogaoj ajaco fy zauvgavojao/ Fignh fhva}falh nkpavafhghvti k ja fhv fagko agafhgidin pavax axvafhghvjh niojhoi//

Xaacc}o liv agaooja fhv kn tifip#tkoy hghnhthoji uavkgao ixagavc}'fh}givho liv bo fhv av}yxy'fhv hlzhxad' fhv uanzh' fhv hghnhxh jkyvyp fh}h tktxagiuvich}' iuhch} xa ja h laxazc}ja jihhn ekonthxkogava talhp fhv inhgjihotaoa xavjcd kgavan niojhoh btzivhv/ Thoica zavhlhoho ngz ehgcgivh avatoja

xivhoh agao Ju Ngyf,Ehblz Dgyf( ehgchoji Ijuavj Okvzkoo kxoaj Madnnavanzivh' h}keviohn uavg kgavan xavazz Fvaj Phzzho daogaojvj Zxgivnavanzivhxgi biio fhv jhxagkbza' Zxgivo a}xga niojh navanzivhoh oatg fhvxicin zancoo zicthg ijidihojio jkgax htig tkvbygacagava talhp'HNIA'Chdvktkez bhfh ckfhgxa ui zinokgkmh cavnagavoo fhv ithvh kgavan bvxkvjyUi fyoy' talhp kgca htzihxgi agj zc ixagava nav facg kgavan hzhvaeijhxkvjy/ Zxgiv koa' iuh ui hhojinh zc ixagav bhfh y aoa najav talhpkgjyy livixh xancato ui avzn ixagavoo niojhthoi talhp kgcacatbivinzhhoh avzgaxp' aodan fy inhgji znizhc zkpgycyoyo fhv fhvixhkgcaxavan' aodan fyoy xapaogavda bivingiidinxioh fhv j}ioh uajijivin'fhv oitoixi talhp kgcacaoo bivin }bvgnkgjyyoy tauyocanzaxj/

Uavkgao j}ioi jojc}ji hti> zavhlho fagaobdojao fyboickjivogiio zkpgycgavga fhvghnzi ixagavo taxt'aogac' ihjh'xivh'nyggaocagaogav jiuacg jihhnghi yvac nhch }acao hgiuhoh naxfizzhh hholyvjadgava zivnijhgch' nhch }acao aozhna jnnaogavoja }iogi nkvyocy uinkginthxkodygavo uo naxoa kgcy fhv inhgji avac}jao fhvh bhfh jyxbytagoichoh nkvyxavan hotao uav kgjyy tvidi uavgngavo tvjvcgivjhv/Avac}jao fhv kn hotao' thlhvgh fhv gacfaoo hhojio nao dhoho }gichohtvivnio' fhvkn kdyn Okig Fafaoo bizhvidih kxyodan ixagav hho jhgingivjifygyocy' fa}gavc} tiubhgivhoi pvgaoza x}n y}azavan ano ui fhv cvfivafivghh ticfkggizhvhvnio' k cdiulivh laxaza na}aojvao zan zatavcdtaxgn bhjivgivhoh fy inhgji na}aoc xa ja ano fingixio najo' fy }ig aoala}vgaocan hho ta evatxga tagavo zavaxp' nxaeizhoi io yxbyo aozaxagcan hho aguivhi nczv/ Fyoyo bhfh ohdi voinzi ohdi }hodhvgici oijio#tkoy hghnhthoji hotao hho ixagav kgcajao xaac hhojinh iznhthoh' aogaco'vionghghhoh' valazgo'tiuhodhoh' }ozto'buioghhoh xa ja citgihohxhzhvidinzhv/

Ixa,kfmidzyc=bibiotzaoj'kfmiz'kfmidz( izhckgkmhn kgavan ' jc}ja uavkgao'oc}i ui+uixa navc}a nkocy' xivgizhvhgch'b}i bvoio' jyxygaviznhgixio' agb agaoc} }kvgaxao' }oixi nav jyvao ix aogaco zaxkv/Ngzvig jiivgivho' hotaogavavat hgizhhcho avad ui xaac zav}gavoo zaxdt'hoaotag ui eh}hntig xazvcgavc}o oitoith' jauvaogavc}o jauyvycyojanhch }acao avad ui fhv k najav ja jkaxa ui niojhch}i xa ja fana hotaoa+hotaogava ibicio kgcaoo acad kgjyy najav ja tkoydykgafhgcinzijhv/ agcaja aajanh nkoygava xiv uivhgidinzhv=


3/29

# Ixa Zavhlzinh Bighhch# Ixaxa Jahv Jodigiv# Ixaoo Xaac Tvidh# Ixaoo Igji Ijhgh Fhhch# Ixaoo Nyggaogj ]acaogav# Ixaoo Nkvyocat ui Fanc# Ixaoo Fk}ygcat# Ixaoo Igjio navgcat# Ixa hgi Nyvygao Fa

# Ixaja tzioio }igghngiv# Ixaoo Tktxag Tzaz Xavazcajanh Vkg# Ixagav ui Zyzycgav# Vkg Nyvac Atojao Ixa# Vingacgavo Ixa Znichojinh Vkg#Tkoy


4/29

IXAOHO ZAVLZIN BIGC=

IXA

Ieiojhch} ixaTafal ivhegivhoh} laxvg kgtyo

Aehxizzithoh} hoaaggalzi fzo laxazc}

An uixa napag

Ixaxa lh}cizzhv xapzc}Nhzapgav nxkv navc}a icvijhxkv knyxkvy}

Nagicgiv bighxkv nazgavga fivafivIcvijhxkvgav xa}xkvy}

Xkgdygya "n" jhxkv uapyvgavcivjhuiogiv "ho" jhxkv/

Axoagav "fan" jicijio fanxkvy}Dacgavjao bihp bhvhxkv kjac}a axjogn

ui tkova taaz jhxkv nh "yxao"

Fh} ig pioi jhuao>Ithv bhfhxh}' ngixh} ixaxa

ui kogavjao agoao ichv jahvithoji ji fxgidiotaogav lncijhxkv joxaxa

+}jichv Atae

Ixagavjanh jihci }igghngi tko x}xg hhoji ui iuviotig aja fxn fhvl}a ygaczv/ Cinaohnzio iginzvkohi'iginzhvhn ioivmhthojio azkcioivmhthoi'kzkcazh}atxkojao kzkcatxkoa bihgi fhvghnzi' ixagavo ohzighhfxn fhv kvaoja jihch ui tivh vizhcho nkgaxgngav avzzna ' ixa iuviohji l}ga nagafagngaczv/ Fyvjao lavinizgi' hotaoo ixag joxaxa yxycyxao tva ixaxga joxaxa yxycy ja t} nkoyty ijhgifhghv/ Fy bighcigivinkyz kgavan ixagavja iuvhch knyca afagav fagaczv/

Fyogav avatoja io thtzicazhh Thckojkoyo,189


5/29

Hggdlho kvzan#xaactag agizh,kyzhg dkouhuhag( xaoh' fhvixi 'j joxaxgahghnhgivhoji fxn fhv jauvao }bvg fvanao ui fhvixho ibicioghh agzojazyzzyy ixa' ac}o fhv }gichkgavan bvoxkv/

Hgghdl' agizho' y}caogavo lh}cizhoji jihg' zkpgycga fzogich hotaoolh}cizhoji kgjyy fhv zkpgycyo bivinghghhoh uyvbygyxkv/ Koa bvi zhphn FhvAcivhnag ' avafatoa xgja 1900 taaz lavdxkv>tvci' fio}ho'ziniv'thbkvza

hgivh uf/ Xaoh boji : taaz/ Fyoa navgn xgja 10/000 nc xapxkv/ Xaohxangan taaz faoa 5 nc/ Agiz' nhhxi ibicio/ Canhoa hotao hho agcag uihotao canhoax nyggaocan hho ihzhgcigh jhxkvy}/ Eanaz lip faavt}gnganavgaxkvy}/ otaoo niojh xivhoi agao fhv agizi hlzhxad uavjv/Niojhohpvkbvacgaxao ui ngigizhvio fhv zinokgkmhxi jihg/ Nhzgi vizhchoho hgivhaacatoja' zkpgyc niojh xnco la}vgxkv/ Nnojio nkpcy'xavazdgoja hjh ijhgch kgao hotao niojh fhvixtig naptg hhoji nhzgiohxkv/Ckjig ui cavnagav tvingh xiohgici naxbt' hotaoo ixgichoji vilfiv agcan}ivi odinhoi fancato' bichi jaocato iobigghxkv/ Iojtzvhgici'avagav acagazvxkv/

Cavdyti,1854( aja iojtzvh zkpgycyoyo }igghngi fa} tinzvgivji' zinohn

fhv axbx bighzhvjhhoh fy axbzo hotao bivin h avagav' bivinti tktxagnkozvkggiv j}ixhoji facggnzao nyvzavcatoo fingiojhhoh' eanaz iojtzvhzkpgycyoyo fyoy faavacajo' fybo hotaoo jala kn facg kgjyyoyfighvzhxkv/ Cavdyti' itat kgavan Cav|' Thckojko ui Ragnivjio nagnavancanhoagacatoo tkvyogavo ui zinohn axbzo zkzaghziv }igghhoh kvzaxankxyxkv/ Fy axbz' tagaj lh}cizgivh ui vizzhh vogivh iznhgiv' niojhbivingivhoh' hotaoo }gicgivhoi ui zyzycgavoa icpk}i ijiv' civy kgavaninhohgio ui av}ygaoao zc ixgivh zaocgav/

A/Zkeegivho }cgicigivh' znizhc zkpgycyoja nta tviji' eh}hntig cvuiea izcijio zniohp azzc}' ivizhghngivhoji bdc}o talzi zaongavkgao ixagavo fy }gioio hghnh zvojio y}angazo kvzaxa nkxyxkv/ givh

zkpgycgavja cag ui lh}cizgivho zkpgac vizhchoho xangan ko fi xgja hnhnazoa ncat fhv bigidin knyxga tkoygaoxkv/ Fhvix' iuvithxgi hghnhthoji 'liv tieivhoji xioh fhv jyvyca yxyc btzivcin }kvyoja nagxkv/ Fy tvinghyxycjao' bichhoi bvi liv tieivhoji eavng fhv uavgn nxkv/ Av yxavgcui av xng fhvix' jiobithoh xhzhvhxkv' xaac nkyggavo jioizgixichxkv/ L}gznizhc' voiho taoazza'hhvtig kgaoa ygacax iobigghxkv' hotao bioig ngzvui na j}gichoji fvanxkv/ Kxta' fhvixho ixagava fhghtig yxycy'kvbaoh}caoo iuvixi fhxkgkmhn yxycyoyo fhv pavat,Phabiz' 1852( kgadannajav oicgh/ Tagng fhv yxyc xaja hghnh oatg nyvygadan/ Io hjiag jyvyc'ixato' zatavgaxao' xapao+vizio'hgixhi nkxao' nyggaoao' fanao ui koavaohotaoo jyvycyjyv/ Nynyty} bichzi jala xaxbo ui fybo ji fa}bvypgavja bvgio fy jyvyc' fhv j bhfh/

otao#jka cdajigith' hotao hlzhxagav#ixa uixa vizhc#znizhc hghnhthoiji ckjig kgcyzyv/ otaoo jkag hziphgivh' eh}hntig ui ciza#eh}hntig hlzhxagavzavaeojao vizhci hzhgjhh' fhv vizci hbjtoo fygyojyy' znizhcho licfy jvzx ' lic ji ixax xavazz bvoi uavgczv/ N/ A|igkt,182:(=vo' znizhc zavaeojao ui znizhcji xkn kgavanuavjv/// vo' bivinziovizhgch ui znizhgivin bivinzio vo laghoi bigjhh hho' zc jkag ui hjiagvogivjio axvgv/ lzhxa' vizhc ui znizhcho zicighjhv/ }igghngi FyjapiziInkgoo ciotypgav' bogn xaaco hodigiocithoho oichoh uyvbygaxavan'Cav|o icin' avz jiiv ui nyggaoc jiivh nkoygavoja bighzhvjhh bvgivho

hlzhxa nauvac tzoi ziciggiojhhoi haviz izcinzijhv/,A/Liggiv'182


6/29

Ixa hotao hho uavgn kgavan' hotaoo oitoigizhvhgch uavg kgavan' hotao hhohotaoo bivinghh kgavan ohzigiojhvhgcinzijhv/ A/ Liggiv' Cav|o fhvixtighlzhxagav thtzichoho boc} fagacoja pin kn ajao zkphn eanazjkyvbao' uivhcgh kgjyy tkoydyoa uavcanzajv/

Fayjvhggavj vizhc ui znizhc kgbygavoja' hlzhxagavo xa ja ixaoo nyggaocjiivhoho fhv zv aghfh jyvycyoja fygyojyyoy' hlzhxagavo' zin zin ui liv fhvhfhv ixi navgn kgavan jihg' fhv thtzic kgavan vizhgjhhoh ui caohpgi

ijhgjhhoh oi tvcinzijhv/

Fayjvhggavj' xavbgavoja taonh ixaoo ' }oioho ui hlzhxagavo bivinghhohxajtcanzajv/ Ixagav hghnhgiv ui aogacgav jicizh taxavan' ixax tagzbtzivbixi hojhvbhxkvbhfh/ Kxta ixa' fy aogac ui hghnhgivho niojhth jihgzaxdtjv/ Ixaoo ihzgh hgiugivh uavjv ui ixa fy hgiugivjio livlaobhfhvhoji tvingh laptkgcajao uavjv/ Iphtzickgkmhn b}gicho kozkgkmhn j}gicjifighvzhgcith lazagjv/ P/ Agfky ,1825( Fayjvhggavjo Tayttyvi ui GiuhTzvayttzao naxoangaoao fhv tktxkgkmhn zkzazhgavh}cgi tkcyz xaaozgavyoyzzyyoy livixho zicighoi xap x nkxjyyoy fighvzcinzijhv/ Ixa'fh}hc jc}ja uavjv' fh}i jhviohv/ Cajjh bivinghh' fh}hc kojao knyjyycy}btzivbigivi fag jihgjhv/Fayjvhggavjo igizhvjhh Pkzga' nyga ui btzivhtig

znizhc voingivh fhvixtig hlzhxagavo inkokchthoi fagaocatagav fhgi 'ckzhuatxko zivhcgivhxgi jala bioh fhv xkvyc hhoi kzyvzygafhghvgiv///

Boc}ji hotao#jka navzgoo aogac' bhjivin xkn kgyxkv/ Okzzkhoofighvzzhh bhfh' hotaoo zinohngi hghnhthoji xioh fhv xangac bivinghkgcanzajv/Zinohn' hotaoo jkaxa ibicio kgyyoyo avad kgcanzao kn' hotaoo xioh

jkag iuvith bhfh jogifhghv/ ]hva' hotao zinohn ixagavga jkoazgc fhviuviji jkcanza ui xaacanzajv> fy iuvi hhoji jkaoo xivh' liciolicio lh xknzyv/ Fxn gji ixgich kgao fy iuvi hhoji bogn laxazkzkcazhngicinzi' nkotivui nyzyty aadaojao chntivgivi acavcanhoatojao uhjik dhla}gavoa najav ihzgh ixagav laxaz zav}gavc}ja nntagcanzajv/ otaoo tdaa' tkya' xacyva'v}bava' zkpvaa' tyxa

u/f/,jkag kgbygava yxycyoyo xivhoh fhv fanca' ygac avagavoa' hgizhhcavagavoa' cyzean avagavoa yxycy agcanzajv/ Fyogavo fhv ntc htzixivintihgch ixagav kgcanga fhvghnzi' fxn ntc' niojhoh icpk}i ijio ixagavohzighhojijhv/

Ixagavo ' xano }acaogavja yvaj ticaozhn jihhnghngiv' aogacpivuivthkogav fijaua }igghngiv zacat' fxn gji ' znizhc zkpgycyckjigh ui fyoyo cinaoh}cagav hgi hgbhgh bvoxkv/ Pthnaoaghzhn+eigtieh fhvajao ' Cavdytiho jityfghcazhko nauvac ixagava yxbygaoafhghxkv/

Cavdyti' tint ui ahgixi fagaoao jiivgivho ncithoho' fhvixjauvaogavojao xaotxadao 'voiho fafa kzkvhzithoho xhzhvhgcithohokdyyo pthnkgkmhn jhviodhoh a}agzadao' fy nauvacjao lavinizgi angav/Zpn fyoyo bhfh ixaoo anogoo xknijhgcith ui ixaja jala hgiutigkgca falaoithxgi xapgao fhhc jihhnghngivh' hotaogavja hcamhoiv ho zctoangavo kvzajao nagjvcanzajv/ Xknijhgcich' aca havizgivh xknijhgchixagav uav> voiho taazgivji zhn zan tithoho anvip +xignkuaoo uixavanacgavo nagjvgcat/ Itnh fylavg zviogiv xivhoi zin fgkn,ckokghzhn( zviogivxapgjoja' kdyngavo avzn fy oatg agxkv; jhxi tkvcajngav b}giohxkv/Faz naphzagh}choi }b kgao fy tvi' tajidi tkxyz jiivgivh xncxkv' iofathz ixaoo fhhctig xaptoa najav xaxgxkv/ Jala hgiutig kgaojao oiaogagj ja zavzcag/ Fyvaja bioig kgavan pivekvcaot t}nkoyty> voihoavafagavja l} avz/ V/ Lauhggaoj,1855( 1810 xgojao hzhfavio 900#ChgitHojaoapkght kzkckfhg xavgavo hodighxkv/ Liv xg'xava nazgao kzkckfhggivhotajidii ):0 xav fhzhvifhghxkv/ Xgojao xga kvzagaca l} avzcanga fhvghnzi

)50 gn ehvi tafhz nagxkv/ Fy iviuiji' xavo kzkckfhggivhoho xapcojah}gioio tzvazimhoho' jaxaonggn+tagacgn kvaoo tafhz zyzyp l} j}gichojinh


7/29

pivekvcaot avzzvcan kgjyy txgioifhghv/ Jala tagac ui jaxaong kzkckfhgxapc kgaoang kgjyy lagji fy xkga bhjhgchxkv/

Aogac navbaat hivhthoji angc}a bigio jodi fhhch J}aogac,jiokzatxko(# xaoaogac,nkokzatxko( zavzcat iviuithoh fxzcin uiixaoo hgiuhoh jalhg izcin/ Ixaoo fhv hixavajoo aogajc} j}io oiuav nh Nhztdl ui Oik#Nhztdl ancgav ja jkyvyxkv/ voiho n} nygithchoxazvgivh' ib}kzhn lijhxigiv' zangav' tt hho nyggaogao xigpa}igiv/ C/F/ ji

Gayoax,1828( ixax fhv btzivbi fhhch joja eav}ijio ehnvh okchoagh}cpiodivithojio igi agavan Tdlkpiolayv ui Fivnigixho agcagavo oinavcanzajv/ Libig ui Lihjibbivho agcagavo }oi#oitoi hghnhgivhhivhthoji xaaoao pvkfgicgivho axoatoja fanavan eavng bv jhgi bizhvhv/gnh Tknvaz odith joicji oitoi' ehnvho jkvy nafyg ijhgcith ajoa }gicithbivinio ixjhv ui fyvaja jodixh kvzaxa nkxao }hlho fhgiiogivh hhoinazgca}/ Jitdavzitzi axo pvkfgic' jaghzi xozichxgi igi agov ui tkoydabhjhghv/ Vkcaozh}c piodivithojio fanao Tdlgibig ui Tdlgihvcadlivji }oi'fhvlanhnaz ticfkg kgavan hvjigiohv/ Oitoi niojh bivinghhoh tagaxacadaojaolanhnazh oitoioho }ivhoi inhgchzhv/ Oitoioho }oi hgi kgavan faoo kgca}takgca} kgada ui fhvixho ixgiv iuviohoji vatxkoig ui zkzkgkmh hivcixio fhv}oioho hivhthoji koa jahv oitoioho agbgaoacaxada ui zaocgaoacaxada

bv hti Libig hgi fhvghnzi bighv/

Ixagavo zafhazoja hotaoo jka hgi hghnhth aobgk#tantko icpvhch}i navzaodan Lyttivgho eiokckokgkmhn jodigivhoi ji yxao fhv inhgjiEgttiv,1824(' ixagav hotao# jka avat fhv invao vkgoji bvcinzijhv/ Fyoijiogi ji ixagavo lic hgizhhcho oitoith lic ji }oith kgjyy jodithkvzaxa nav/Fy ajao fangjoja Pgazkodybvzinh atg caoaoo hivhn ui} kgcat tvidhojio tkova fy jodioho ixagavo nyggaoc agaogavxgafhvghnzi agcat bivinzhhoh txgixivin CdGylaoo ixagav hgi hgbhgh jioixhcgivhoji jalhg ijhgidih fhv bvoi xangav/

Knyjyycy} nhzapgav ui kogavga hgbhgh aogavc}' xazac} ui koy nhcgi

paxgazc}' favjanzao nhchogi fivafiv ty hzhhch}' hgn canagichoh}hxa}jc} jkgcanagic voihoji kgjyy bhfh ixagavo fh}hc nhhghhch}hoaxoat kgjyyoa jahv fhv }cgici kvzaxa nav/xgi jhxkv Egttiv=

Avna x}ji pin ji hgbho kgcaxao bc ohzvaz zafanato bvxkvyc/ Atgoja fy zafanaxa fanavnio lhfhvix bvcijhhch txgixifhghvhc/ Eanazaxoaoo jhiv x}ojinh xaotcax fy lhfhvixho tagajo fhghxkvyc/ Acahvnhghxkvyc/ Fhv tvga navgazc hho jihg> eanaz axoaoo zivth k najav j} uiagigaji nh/ Axoa fhv ni} jojoji hnh oacytgy zyzyc uav/ Fhvhodhth vajhnagtipzhth}cjhv ui fyoa bvi' oi jodioho' oi ji tkoydyoyo' xaoh ngzvoavjoja lhfhvix xknzyv> axoaoo x}oji kgyao ix' aogact} xapax fhvkgaxjv> ohlaxiz axoa ' htzijhhc bhfh nyggaocan }ivi uavjv/ Axjogaoczipnh ji jioio fy zyzyc' aja ighzho zyzycyjyv/ nhodh zyzyc vajhnag uilijkohtz iphnvdgnzv ui yoy jiv> axoaoo x}ojinh kgaxgavo avjojalhfhvix xknta' xapafhgidihc io hxh ix' fyojao naxbgaocant}o'xavavgaocaxa agcanzv/ Fy 'atgoja znizhc zkpgycy oyo nhzgigiv hofiohctiojhh zyzycjyv/ Axoagavo zivthojio fxgiocin uixa xaotzaox}ojio oieviz izcin xivhoi> axoagavo fh}hc iuvich}h kgyzyvao ixagavjaokgjyy ui jojvgifhgidih kgbytyoy nafyg izcin' }kv fhv kgby/ Aca fyoyvioci}tin' axoagav fh}h ahz kgcanzao nav ui fh} axoagavo xaotzzoitoigiv kgyvy}/

Avgng kgavan daot} fhv oitoioho uivhgh cajjh navanzivh zhotig navanzivhojioaxvcg kgavan# }g oitoi nauvacxga zaocgaov/ vointi AcivhnaoPthnkgkbgav Chlagx Dthnt}iozchlagxh ui Iybioi Vkdlfivb#Lagzko Ixagavo

Aogac }ivhoi agcagavoja' oitoixh }oi kgcaxao ix kgavan' xaohbujich}ho joja kgjyyoy tapzajc} zc xaaoz hivhngivh kgavan


8/29

fighvghxkvgav/ Fy pivtpinzhezi' bojighn ixagav zin aogacg igi agocanzaonyvzygyp' tn tn kn aogacg ui kn hgiugh iznhgixio xaac aogazcgav kgavanfighvgioifhghvgiv/

Aozvkpkgkmh hgi ixa zavhlhoho fajacatoa hghnho kgyao ngzv zavhlh at hhoEivoaoj Fvayjigho tajidi bhxthgivh xa ja xicingivh jihg' nkoyz' ckja'iugiv'iugivho h y}acgav ui jkoazcgav bhfh bihdh ui bojighn ixgivh uizinohn xiohgicigivh ji zavhlho hivhthoji xiv agcat bivinzhhoh joxkvjy/

Fvayjig' zavhltig }acaoo liv fhvh zavhltig fhv bivinghi jion jio j}gicoh axvj ijhxkvjy/ Fy j}gicgiv=

# kgaxgavga biio pkghzhn }acao# bojighn xaaco ano fighvgixio tktxag }acao# Aodan kn xaua fhv l}ga jihhnghngiv btzivio xhoi ji xaac nkyggavo

b}gi bvgv fhv fhhcji fighvgixio dkvaeh }acao

Jhiv xaojao xicin ngzvoji kvzaxa nao azag' fan ui ciojhg Ighatabvi yxbavgo jihzhhoh btzivio oitoigiv hjh Oitoioho fyoa bvizatavgaocatoja hotaoa jahv lhtgivho tktxag hghnhgivh j}iogicith' tavaxchcavhthoho ui cyzeaoo kvzaxa ncat hho iznio vkg kxoyxkvjy/ Ighato

yxbavgn nyvac hivhthoji zavhlh Pazvhdn Lyzzko'


9/29


10/29

hotaogo bigidihoi hghnho zinokgkmhn aogac favojvcat bhfh hgiugiv jojaja fy nazibkvhgiojhvci xapgafhghv/ Zkvoauhja bhfh ixaoo zinohn hgiuh'nyggaogao avafa bhfh tktxag nhcghh btzivbigixio ixaoo xaotzca hgiuh'zigieko' ataotv' lijhxighn ixa bhfh ixaoo hgizhhc hgiuh' ixajao y}angacajodithoi talhp jhoh vziggivji bvgj bhfh ixaoo aca' biohgizcihgiuh' ixaxa jyxygao av}y' htzin ui hlzaxado fighvgicith ui jkxycaygazvgcat atojao pthnkgkmhn hgiu' eafvhna canhoagav' aozgav bhfh ixaoofzogizhvci hgiuh' jinkvatxko avagav ui cag}icigivh bhfh ixaoo acfhaot

xavazca hgiuh ui zafgk'fhfgk bhfh tt avagavxga ja ixaoo itzizhn hgiuhfyogava voin taxgafhghv/

Fy ajao zatavcdgavo' ixa vizhdhgivhoho ui taoazgavo ngzvig' tktxkgkmhnxapgavxga ui lagno lae}ato ja kvzaxa nkxao ixagav bizagz zaxd vkgoji kxoavgav/ Catagavc}o zk}yoy agcan' igfhtigivhch}h nyvy zich}gicixiuivcin' avafagavc} xnacan' nxaeizgivhch}h jhncin' aozhna uixi chvat}igghh zaxaogav' c}ighn ixagav' acfg' ziodivi' nagic uixa cata zanuhchbhfh fhv kn ixaoo bivin figbitig j}ixhoji bivinti bognnkoycagavc}ja kgjyna xntin kvaoja xiv izcith taxithoji hotaogavavathgizhhcji ji oicgh vkg kxoacanza ui hgiu na}aocanzajv/

giugivi jahv eavnggngav ui }iobhoghngivho lhxivavhn j}ioihoji kogav oatgagbgajc}o thtzicazhn fhv jodi xapt uav c jijhhch}ji ioekvcatxkonyvacoja ticaozhn ui itzizhn citamgavga axvgcat joja pthnkghobtzhn uitichkgkmhn agcagavja jhnnazi agoao j}ixgiv jiokzazhe ui nkokzazhexapgavjv/ Fhv knbtzivbiji eav}ijhgifhgidih bhfh ixaoo t}gn aogac xaohfhvhodhg aogac ui jhiv xaojao ja ixaoo }ivhoi nkoygaoao aca fhvhodhgaogaco xknizcixio ohzighngiv aogacgav kgavan axvzijifhgidihch} hgbhj}ixhoji jiokoazhe aogac ixaoo oi bhfh fhv acada lh}ciz izzhhohtkvbygavnio' koyo zinohn }igghngivhoh' fio}iv ekonthxkog ixagav' avajanh xapeavnggngavo kfminzhe fhv inhgji hodigixio aogacjv/ Nkokzazhe aogac htihotaoo bichhoh' aogavo' tktxag nhcghhoh ui ahz lhttizzhh zkpgygyngava jahvjiivgivi ji fanavan ixaoo izvaeoja kgyao aogac lagithoh hvjigiv/

Vingacdgn citgih kyogynga ixaoo nkokzazhe aogac }ivhoji kxoavanixax fighvbhogizhvcixi agv/ Znizhc zkpgycyxga fivafiv ixaoo hgiuhjihg ticfkghn xapt oi ncanzajv/Fxgidi ixa fhv chzkt ohzighh na}aov/,Favzlit'1854(

Ixaoo fy ticfkghn aogacga heaji ijhgci afat xaoh aghfh jyvycyoajcith' fhv kn jovo znizhc zkpgycyojanh igizhvhgivh xapcatoa jatifip kgcyzyv/ Uifgioho btzivhh znizhc h znizhc zkpgycyoynavanzivh}i ijio fhv kgby kgavan bvcin ihghch kgjyna xaxbojv/ Izokgkmhnavazvcagavja ' tooiz' iughghn' jkyc' gc bhfhh kgaxgav hodigiojhhoji ve uiajizgivho btzivhh znizhci jahv voingivh pivhogijhhoh bvcin ccnojv/Fagn' ixh}' nyvfao' ajan bhfh kgaxgav ja ixaoo nkokzazhe xapto fatnongavnio ' jiokzaeh xapx }axegazafhgidih hlzhcagh ji jkafhghv/ Ixaoojiokzazhe aogac bioigji jihchxkvnio' nkokzazhe aogacoo liv tktxag toezaeavnggn btzivcithoh aogazcan ajoa' caobag' yuag' xvn bhfh nyggaocjiivgivh oivijixti xhzhvhgch aozhna taxgafhgidin ixagavja jiokzazhe xapxacalnyc kgy ui aozhna kgyyxga ja nkokzazhe xapt hzhfavhxgi xdigzhgchixagavjv/

Xhoi cinaoo hivhthoji nyggaogao ihzghgh ngaojvca zinohngivh ui fxgiditdan+tkyn axjogn+gk bhfh h cinaogavoo nyvygcat hotao vylyoja eavnglhtgivho xavazgcatao ja kgaoan zaocanzajv ui ixaoo acfhaot hgiuhohbtzivcinzijhv/


11/29

IXAOHO XAAC TVID

Ixaoo ja hotao bhfh jkyc' xaac ui gc aogav uavjv/ Fy tvijilatzagaov xaoh av}agaovgav ui xagaojna ja gci xangavgav/ Fy tvidhohhoji hotaoo lip kgjyyoy ja lazvgazavan ixaoo xaac tvithohhvjigijhhch}ji' ciojhg' nhfvhz bhfh bogn' cyc' najo kvaf bhfh laezagn' jhevat' acpg ui phg bhfh nta cvg' favjan' zafan' zigiuh}xko bhfh kvzacvg ui acav canhoat' avafa bhfh y}yo cvg ixagavo kgjyyoy

bvxkvy}/ Fy voingiv jkvygzytyoja liv fhv ixaoo laxaz tvith koyo oihho nyggaogjoa bvi' nyggaogao cag}ici ui zinohn jizaxgavxgafighvgiocinzijhv/ Fyoa navo ixaoo cag}ici ui zinohn }igghngivhohofighvgiocith fhva} odi faltizzhhch} jiokzazhe ch nkokzazhe ch aogac hivhxkvtkvytyxga xanhoio hghnhghjhv/ Znizhc zkpgycgavoja ' tivcaxioho xhoigiocithacadxga ixaoo ckja j nagcat' b}jio jvgcith ui bihdhghnjiivgivhoho xdigzhgcith hgi ,A/Zkegiv'1820(' ixa jiokzazhe aogacoafvangcajao kn odithoji ivnio gc xaaxadanzv/ Ixaoo zachvhoho kgypkgcacat' xijin pavatoo fygyoyp fygyoygcacat ja fy cv fighvgixioizniogivjiojhv/ ac}ja vizio ui xapao nhhgivho ixaoo cyzgan cvoolip kgadaoa jahv bavaozhoho kgcaj bhfh agca+nyggaoca ui azca bhfhfhgiiogiv hivhthoji ixaoo cv tvithoho jihnioghn btzivcith ccno

kgcanzajv/

IXAOHO IGJI IJG FC=

ky hotao ixagava ygacan hho boc}ji ixaoo tivbhgiojhhcavnizgivjio eaxjagaov/ Ixax igji izcin hho lijhxi' tazo agca' hnhodhigjio tazo agca' tixalazgivji agoao ixagav' ixh}gi bigio ixagav' icaoizixagav' niojh xapz ixagav' thpavh }ivhoi xapgao ixagav' agoavan igjiijhgio ixagav bhfh taxt} igji ijh fhhch fygyoafhghv/ nhodh ig uixa jokgavan agoao ixagav hgi ' ahgijio xajhbav uixa kdyngavoo bigidihohhgbhgiojhvio ixagavo jiivh fhvixho b}oji axo jiivji kgcaxafhghv/

Tazo agoao ixagavo jioci fhhcgivh ixaoo zanat joja zanthzgi uixafkvga agoafhgidihoh ji btzivio inkokchn ckjiggivh ji jkyvcyzyv/Ixaoo oivijio agojoo navav uivhgcithoi iznio kgavan hti fa} }acaogavcavnaoo buiohvghhoi bvi fxn caa}agav tihghvnio' aozhna' ydy}gyn'buio bhfh agavjao nn caa}a' zaojn nhhgivjio aguivh xapcan zivdhlijhgifhghv/ Axvda bogn znizhgio ixagav hho nijinh cavnizgiv zivdhlijhghvnio nh fy ixaxa uivhgio jiivho palato ja ,}acao ui ioivmh( a}agzcanhho ji k gafhghv' fhv xaojao tktxag pthnkgkmhji cinaoja xanogo nhhgivavathghnhxh avzzvcato heaji ijio dkvae lkckehgh nauvacoa fagaoavan jaangaoafhghv/,M/ Cathkooiyui'1855(


12/29

IXAOHO NYGGAOHGJHH ]ACAOGAV

LIV IX XIVG XIVOJILiv ix xivgh xivhoji> lauy} faoja tivuh

Fhv jkgap bdvjxkv y}angavja jyvcajao'Ixa antizch bhfh zgtcg fhv yxnyjao'Tavcangav ui fdin titgivh tavc iuh

Liv ix xivgh xivhoji> cata' tvalh' favjan'Tivphgio axjognza jaggavo avatojao

Fxgioch fhv dixgao bhfh fanxkv }acaoTitth}ghn jngxkv fhv xivji xapvan xapvan/

Fhghxkvyc bgbiji tioho yxyjybyoyFhv jioh} caavat najav nyxzy ui tivhoLa}gavo agichoji xycygcy nhvphngivho

X}oji fhv zifittc fy av gi tkoy/

Fignh vxagavojv fy za}i ac bggiv'Fy xycyan axjogn jaggavo zipithoji'

Fhzcixio an zvnt nycvygavo tithoji'

Vxat cvc}o on ixaxa thoiv/

Liv tix xivgh xivhoji> fhv jkgap y}angavja

A}apza fhv vyl bhfh bdvjxkv jyvcajao'Fhv ixgiv lazvgxkv fignh cadivac}jaoNyvy b} xapvangav yyyxkv v}bavja/

+Alciz Lacjh Zaopoav

Tazo agoca aacatojao tkova igji ijhgio ixa' ixaoo agojuhzvhoho'jipkoyo hhoji fygyojyy eafvhnatxko nhchnzio navan' ixax agaofhvixho uixa ahgioho }ig nhcghhxgi }jigicinzijhv ui tktxag fhv aogac ja

na}aocaxa fagav/

giuhoi bvi afyn znizhgio uixa tangaoadan' b} ooji fygyoao uixajkgafa nagjvgcat yxbyo fygyoao uixa nhcghhoh}h tivbhgicin hho kvza xivjifygyojyvygcat jinkvazhe aogac zaxao bhfh jhnkzkchgivi bvi ixaoo nhcghhji fighvgiohv/ U/ Ckvho,1858( ixaoo hotaoga xano fagav nyvjyy fhvfzotiggicixgi' koga nyvjyy hgizhhcho jivhoghhoh uav ngavnio' fhv xaojaoja zinohn }igghngivhxgi voiho acav canhoat uixa iginzhvhngh tpvbi b hfhhotaoga xano faa bhvcixio aca koyo hgiuhoho nazz auaozamgava zafh kgaonhcghn atojao hnh fhvfhvhoh}ho y ixa nhcghhoh ohzigiv/ gnhoji jyxbytag fakgyyvnio hnhodhthoji fhghtig fa ciudyzyv/Fhvhodh jyvycja }aoaaznavo voniojhoi }b xaogav zavnio' iginzvk#cinaohn ixagav bioig fhv aokohcghn ui

agigajighn hhoji fygyocacanzajv/ Plhghpt' Bioivag Ckzkvt' Bvyojhb' Ckyghoi|'Lkkuiv' Tkox bhfh ehvcagav' nhhtig }igghngivhojio tkxyzgaoc kgao uijoxaoo ihzgh fgbigivhoji fygyoao kvzagaca znizhdh hho ixavizcinzijhvgiv/ ]aoaaznavga ixax nyggaoao hotao avatojanh hghnhgiv' fyiviuiji xkn kgcanzajv/ voiho' vb canhoagavoo ago ui nyggaotioavxkgavo hodigixio fhv avazvca,Fkohdlkz'18


13/29

IXAOHO NKVYOCATH UI FANHCH

IXA BD

Bt}c ixagavaNvgta' fhv ix kgta

Oivji xapadan ajac

Bhz big xaguav!

Nvgtac hotaogavaavith uav

inhg xago}gaBzv axoagav/

+Filiz Oidazhbhg

Ixaxa tagjvbao zav}janh bhfh nta tvigh fhv aogac nazaogavjao tanogcatbhfh ixaoo agoavan c xknta aozhna uixa chvat }igghhxgi igji ijhgjhhoijahv jyvycgav' ixaoo oi jividiji nkvyoadao ui fanc agoadao jafighvgiv/

Inkokchn ajao ackvzhtcao tvigivhoho litapgaocatoo tivcaxijoco tagacan atojao oicgh kgjyy boc}ji' ixaxa }acao uicinao atojao uivhgio tvinghghn' talhpghn av}yty koy nkvyca hvajithxgi jifhvgizhvcinzijhv/ Ixaoo aoca }igghh oijiohxgi yxbavgngavo aoca} uiy}yo cvg cdjiulivgivi hgbh jyxjyy joifhgidih bhfh fa} vajhnagzkpgygyngavo ixaoo iznhthojio nkvyocan hho vhziggiv bighzhvjhh jibvgczv ui fy oijiogi ixax nta tvighnyggaogj ui laxazgavoo hhoijalhg kgcaj tvidi zivdhl izchgivjhv/

Uivhcghgn atojao zinohn ixagavo fxn hgizcigivji koy y}yo tvigh hgivlagji zyzcan hho fanc kgbytyoy bighzhvcithxgi citgin agaogav ja

biohgichzhv/ 60/ X}xgja iojtzvhxig jiuvhcgi fivafiv kzkcazh}atxkojaokzkcatxkoa bihgivin ixagavo jkoaoc ui navcang ja avzczv/Thfivoizhn kvbaoh}cagavo hgixh ekonthxkogavxga kogavo j}iogiocith uithtzicho iozvkph kgbytyoy,fhv thtzicji ioivmhoho jibvajatxkoy uij}ioth}ghhoho avzcat( ozvagh}i ijhgcith bivinio fhv axbzo xivgizhvhgcithbivihoh kvzaxa nkxcyzyv/ Fy nkyga xaptag lkciktza}h jiocinzijhv uihotaoo nkvyxydy fanc ekonthxkoyoy tzgiocith hho fk}ygca zvoi navoibiozvkphn ogicgiv agcat bivinidih bhfh' hcagaz lazagavoa nav naghzinkozvkg xapcag ui bivinzhhoji pava jihzhvci bavaozhthoh uivci}kvyogygyy kvzaxa ncanzajv/


14/29

IXAOHO FK]YGCATH=

Azc Thbkvzag Cyc

azc thbkvzagavo zachv izzhc cyc"yoiginzvhngiv nithghodi fhv bidi

navaogn fhv oktzagmh nyzytyoajoz zigiuh}xko

axv kjagavja bidigixio iu lagn

zkpgaoj fatoaazc thbkvzagavo zachv izzhhc cyc"yo

lag lazv tkvjyn fhvfhvhch}inkoytzyn' nkoytzyn' jhogijhn

bggivhoh tixvizzhn dkdyngavocyzgyxjygav faoja

azc thbkvzagavo zachv izzhhc cyc"yo

iginzvhngiv bigjh' adcajngacfagav' dhla}gav

cyzgyxjyn

eavnizzhn nh'

b} b}i bigichxkvy}b}c}o oojinhgivgi

xaoxaoa tajidi fijiogivhch}chy}angatct} fhvfhvhch}jio

eavnizzhn nh' dkn bid kgcyt

fhv pavcan fkxyojanh cyc najav hgbh

oi fxn cyzgygyn uivhxkvcyt

ui ivhxhp uija ijivnio

hlcag izcixo fhvfhvhoh}h jhxkvjyazct thbkvzagavo zachv izzhhc cyc

# Xatato! iginzvhngiv xhoi nithn!jhxi fabvao dkdyngavo

# Aooi' fh} caltyt nitzhn iginzvhh' figgh izcijijngivo ji jyxyxkvyc

ui tgkbao azxkvyc

#Xatato iginzvhh nitiogivui kogavo hfhvghnhgivh' xavjc ui xazangn ijiogiv//

#Xaato azc thbkvzagavo zachv izzhhc cyc!

+Valhc ZaIxaoo laxaz' igji ijhgci aoojao zivn ijhgci aooa najav zinj}i fhvfhhcji bicicinzijhv/ Liv kvbaoh}ca bhfh' ixa ja fhv zanc fk}ydyizniogivgi nav navxajv/ Ixa vizio fhv zkpgyc' axo }acaoja ixa koavd'xiohgixhdh fhv afa hhoi bhvcinzi ui fy acaga ihzgh cinaoh}cagavobvcinzijhv/ Ixax' laxaz fkxyoda axanza zyzcax acagaxao fy jitzincinaoh}cagav' zkpgyc ui hgizcigivi bvi jihcinzi ui fhvixgivji eavngjauvaogava xkg acanzajv/

otao#ixa hghnhgivhoho fzooji kgjyy najav' hotaoo tivfitz }acaoiviuithojinh ixaxga hgbhgh yvagavoja ja' iuvioho jhiv oic gh fhv izniokgjyyoy fighvchzhn/ Axo inhgji iuvioho ihzgh jyvycgavxga fhvixho ixanavtojanh jauvaogav hgbhgh bvocinzijhv/ Fhv zanc ixa ui kgaxgavo fhvj}iogicith kgavan' niojh jhoachngivhoi bvi jauvaogav fighvgixhdh fhv iznhxitalhpzhv/

Catgkryo hlzhxa phvachjhoh fyvaja' eh}hntig ui tktxag iuvioho }iobhoghhatojao xkvycgaxavan' xiohjio igi agafhghvh}/ T}nkoyty hlzhxagavo zcojiixagav xa cajjh laxaz jinkvyoyo igivh' xa ja jkxyc bizhvio avagav kgavanjhnnazi agocan }kvyojajvgav/ Zicig fhxkgkmhn ui eh}xkgkmhn hlzhxagavja ,xici'

hci' yxnyxga hgbhgh cyzean xazan zancgav u/f/( j iuviji htzhnvav j}ioghghnui buioghn hlzhxagavoja,Zc nkoyz ui caa}agavjanh nacyxa ahz xivgivjinhixa ui jkoazcgav(' tktxag iznhgihcji ,lafivgici avagav( itzizhn


15/29

hlzhxagavja ,jinkvazhe#itzizhn cag}ici(' j joxax jioizgici ui bhlzhxagavoja ,hotao#jka ui hotao#laxaz nkyggav hghnhoji xivagao ava uibivigiv( jihhn ggivji ji kgta' liv }acao ixagav fygyocanzajv/Jkgaxtxga ' ixax hxh ui hgiv lagji zyzcax acagaxao' lh}cizi la}v

Ixaxa xoighn fanc ui koavc lh}cizgivh ' xaoh ixaoobuiohvghn'koavgafhghvghn hnaci ui xiohgici }igghngivhxgi hgbhgh lh}cizgiv'tzaojavjh}atxko afagav' xijin pava ui fanc cag}icithoho vizhc ui

jazc' taz tkovat lh}ciz ui fanc' bavaozh kgaoangav' ntada ixaxhgbhgiojhvio gkmhtzhn jitzin thtzich igivhoho zc' lkiktzazhn cinaoh}cagavkgavan ohzigiojhvhgifhghv/ Fyogav' hotaoo laxaz jinkvyoyo hgivghhoh uitvinghghhoh tagacax acagacanzajvgav/ Fy cinaoh}cagav' ixaooaoca'na}a'av}a ' xapc ui nyggaoca lazat tkoydy fk}ygcagav navtojahotaoa ixax xiohjio hgiv ui hxh jyvyca bizhvci ui fk}ygcagav ogicikgaoangav uivivin j iuvijinh buioghn ui htzhnvav fighvgh cavmgav hhojitagacanzajvgav/

Ckjivo bvypgavja ihzgh ixagav avatoja fyoa fio}ixio hghnhgiv uavjv>acav canhoith hgi z' chntiv hgi cyzean kda' patza zanc hgi evoavatoja kgjyy bhfh/ Fy ixagav avatoja facggn jividith eavng kgcanga

fhvghnzi lipth ji igivh tivh lagji fagaoc fhv xapx' fhv fana jixhgi'}hodhv xapx aojvcanzajvgav/Av}aoo agbgaocatoja ixagav avat hghnhohojoja' jauvaoo ixaxa facggn jividith ji iznhgh kgcanzajv/ Xhoi fy ja'bvypgava bvi eavnggacanzajv/ Ckjivo bvypgavja' bogn laxaz ixaxa jalakn fag bvocinzijhv> acav canhoatoa' ygac avagavoa' fy}jkgafoa'nkgzyn zancoafacggn fyoyo io b}i avpao voingivh avatoja taxgafhghv/Bighv jyvycy kvzagacaoo tzoji kgaogavja' fy yvagav bivin aogacja fhvtivfitz }acao' yva ohzighh zavnio ' eanhv nithcgivji iujinh ixaiouaozivhoh zacacgacaxa' avzzvcaxa ui axanza zyzcaxa xavxao hgivh heajiizcinzijhv/ Kzyvygao iuho jyvycy ja fy yvagavja iznhgh kgcanzajv/Ctzanhg,faligh uixa falith}( zin uixa kn nazg iugiv,hgn bvypzanh iugiv(fyogava yxbyo fhv }icho kgyzyvyvnio' apavzcao jahvigivhoji fyogavo fxn

ntcoo xapgcatoa kgaoan xknzyv ui talhp kgyoao agizgiv ky ni} fhvjkgafo uixa aozaoo hhoji napag nagcanzajv/

Itatio ixa ui xaaoao cinaoa hghnho fy zv yvagavo pthnkgkmhn ajaoziciggivhoho avazvgcat ui hodigiocith bivinghjhv/ B}gicgivhch}i bvinhchoho fhv }kvyogygyn' nhchoho xavazdgn ui }iun naxoa bvj'aodan livbvypza hnhodh jividiji yvagav avatoja ciudyz kgao fy hgiv' fhvchnvkpthnkgkmh nyvygcato tagxadan najav bioh ui }iobh fhv avazvca agaokgyzyvcanzajv/

IXAOHO IGJIO HNAVGCATH=

gao! ; Tazgn zalzFhochhc lanhnz azoa' zalza azc agao uavc/

Uavcc dcgi'k evnax Oadhxi hgi tyeh jiocac hch'faf givi 'tygzaoh oiet dhlaoa jic/Uavhthc finx cgni liuax zalzc agao uavc/

Oi avav htin fygjyn tooiz hgi nyv#aoja/Nagcaj lvtc}' oi cagja' oi cinoja/Dao ighoji nyg kgjyn' oixgivh} canacja/

Azavc fio fy ana'zad naezao' agao uavc

Pyg kgjy Tgixcao tagzaoaz fhv aa nyvjyoa/Tio ang' fhvji' bog htio'la}v kg ifijh xyvjyoa/

Axao kgjy tvv anfiz' lijiv izzh koda falvc'

Naf} lad} kgjy Lavyoyo cag zalz hgi agao uavc

+Agh V}a oag


16/29

Fhv kn avazvcaxa bvi ixagavo cvgivhojinh ntagca ivnio gcgivh jixaxbogazvcanza ui nagdgn ui tvinghghh zicig agao znizhc jiivgivhxngavan bihdhghn ui ivizhghn tzoi nyvygy fhv znizhc algan jkcanzajv/Ixa hotao navtoja }acao ui laxaz nkyggav tzojinh nkozvkgo uibdo xhzhvcinzijhv/ Fy ixaoo chzkgkmhjinh ticfkg kgavan jkao' licioavjojao gio ui niojh nggivhojio xiohjio joxaxa bigio eiohnt agoafhghv/

Avzn 'hotao ixa nyangavoo fhvfhvh avjtva bihhoi zaon kgcanzajv/pgngiv' zinohn kgavan gcich daog ixagavo ci}avoa jocinzijhv/

Aodan xano xggava najav' iojtzvh zkpgycyoy fhv agzivoazhe kgavan btzivhgcinhtzioio ui fa} avazvcadgavo ubto xapzngav,Jhdlziv' 1854' Vyxiv1858( znizhc zkpgycyoyo bivingicijhh fybyo valazgnga nafyg ijhgifhghv/Fyoyo' pthnkgkmhn inkokchn ui inkgkmhn j}ixji ihzgh oijiogivhciudyzzyv/,Fhgbho'1825 a( Eanaz znizhc zkpgycyoyo jiivgivh' ihzghnithcgivi t}czv ui znizhc jauvaogavoja iznhthoh b}gioifhgcinzijhv/

V/Favzlita bvi inkokchn xntigci ntch ji kgta' gnt eaoza}cagavoja fhvbivhgicixi xkg acanzajv> voiho acivhnao thoicat'kvzagaca acivhnag

fighvgh fhv laxaz j}ixhoi ygazoja ' cylziic ui }iobho iu jinkvgavobtzivcinzio ua}bichzhv/ Zkpgycycy}ja' avafaoo ticfkghn jiivh' ihzghaeh' zanuhc' vingac ui fio}ivh xaxogavojanh avafa vithcgivhoji anabvgcinzijhv/ Avafaoo ekzkmiohn fhv jiivh uavjv/ Iojtzvhgich zkpgycgavokyoja fxn gji xngao avafa chzkgkmhth' fh}ji daoggo nkvycanzajv/ Avafaoo io jaxaong ui io palag znizhc caggavojao fhvhth kgcatoa vacioio xntin vkzatxko l}oa talh kgcat aodan fy ajao fangvta angnna}aocanzajv/

Cavna ui tzhgi fagaoacaxao znizhc caggavoja ticfkghn ziciggh vkzatxkockjaxga tagaocanzajv/ Znizhdh hgi ixa avatoja navcan aogac agavvgcinzijhv/ Ckja' fy hnh fhgho avatoja yxyca}ga' fhvh jhivhoi xafaod

hnh fhghodho uavgoa jaxaov/ ,V/ Favzlit'1852( Fxgidi ckja lavinizgivhixaoo oiviji ui oatg tazgj' nyggaogj' ixaoo av} zviojgivhjkvygzytyoja aoca tvithoh ji fighvgichzhv/ Axvda' fagaobza' tajidifighvgh oitoigivh nataxao ckja lavinizgivh' bhjivin bioh fhv agaoa xaxgcanzaui livix ckjaoo nkoyty kgafhgcinzijhv/, Nohb'1858( Bioig fhv jixhgi'ixagavo ticfkghn jiivh avzzna' jiokzazhe jiivhoho oich a}agcanzajv/Fyoyo tkoydy kgavan' ixa' nhhtig uixa tktxag jiivgiv thtzicho jala knfacg fhv lagi bigcinzi ui hgiutig jiivhoh naxfizcijio b}jiojifhgcinzijhv/ Ixaoo b}jio jcith' ivnio gcoi xkg azojao' ixavkzatxkoy l}gaocanzajv/ Fy hti' ixax nyggaoao hotaoja lh av}axapcaxao fhv ixa fingiozhthoi xkg acanza ui av}agaoao uixa koavgaoixagav jiivgivhoh xhzhvcinzijhv/

Fy fhv fanca xaca oo xkn kgyy aogacoa bigcinzijhv/ Xaca' nzgnjoicgivhoho lhnaxigivhoji nagcanza ui fkggyn }hlohxizh navtojabivhgicinzijhv> t} bighch fybyo zkpgycycy}ja' xacag igfhti' xaca xapaoziv}h' pivho xaca xapao fanvd' xacag chojiv bvgcicinzi ui xacagfkla t}xgi heaji ijhgio noaca ui aagaca xaxobaogacanzajv/

Ixa aocat' b}jio jcith uixa av}aogacat oijiohxgi igjio navgafhghv/Fy oijiogivh zivdhl izcin ' fhvixho ui zkpgygyyo tktxkinkokchn jyvycyoabvi jihnioghn btzivifhghv/voiho hPlkoiyo fhv tz tvc nhchgivh hho fhvgntnio' nhchgivh hho licio fhv tz tibciozi bihgcith bivinio fhv }avyvhaguivhzhv/


17/29


18/29

IXAJA TZIOIO ]IGGNGIV=

Jala Tagac

Lix!Bo>Ua}kcy nvjc/

Jivho fhv oieit agjcFhgi fhgi'thojhvi thojhvi

Xivi azzc/

Nvcagxjc/Xvihc zy} fy} kgcyzy/

Kzyvjyc agajc/Xiohthoh agcan nkgaxj aca>

Xivi ihgjhc'Pavagav }iogi xapzvjc/

hcjh itnhthojio jala tagac/

+Av}y FavanIxagav' xiohghn' ckjivoghn' fanco nkgax kgcat' xavavg kgcat' ydy} kgcat'eavnggn lhtth yxaojvcat' itzizhn kgcat' jaxaong ui tagac kgcat bhfh}igghngivi fangavan tazo agov/ Cavna hti ixaxa hghnho fhv zanc nagpxavbgavo' hcamgavo ui ticfkggivho heajith kgavan' znizhdhgivho tazo agcanavavoja iznhgh kgcanzajv/ Ixaoo zinohn }igghngivhoh zaocanzao ky ni}y}an kgao znizhdhgiv hho cavna' fhv buiodi naxoa kgcanzajv/

Iojtzvhgivch zkpgycgavja' vizhdh ehvcagav' lijie znizhdhgivho fhghodhoji antihn fhv xiv igji izcin }ivi niojh vogivhoi' axvjijhdh fhv nhhghn uivcixiagcanzajvgav/ Fy fagacja znizhdhgivho xaac tzhggivh hgi vo uixa ixaoonhcghh avatoja fhv hghnh nyvygcat lijiegiocinzijhv/ vizhdh ehvcagav'znizhdhgivho hlzhxagav ' zyzycgav ' agbgav ui agnaogngav bhfh ihzgh }igghngivhhgi phxataja ciudyz ihzgh agzivoazhe cavnagav avatojanh hghnhgiv fancojaophxataoo fhhcgiocithoh tapzaxavan ,Cxivt ui Zayfiv 1822( cavna hcamo uicavna pk}htxkoyoy fighvgici xooi bhzcinzijhvgiv/Cavna hcam,fvaoj hcabi(nauvac' fighvgh fhv cavna nkoytyoja znizhdhgivho vo agbgavo ui zivdhlgivhoh

heaji izcinzijhv/ Phxataja fighvgh fh vo nazibkvhthoji ciudyz cavnagavfhvfhvhojio fighvgh fhv vo nazibkvhthoji ciudyz cavnagav fhvfhvhojio ehxaz'vo ohzighngivh acfagam ui jhiv fa} agavjao eavnggacanzajvgav/Cavnatzvikzhpgivh' fhvixgivho fhghttig xapgav hhoji fhv zyzavggn ui lavckohkgyzyvadan zav}ja xiv agcanzajv/ Fyoyo tkoydyoja znizhdhgivji io yjyvycja fhv cavna facgg kgycanzajv/ Cavna facgg' ky ni}cyzgan fhv jyvycjao }hxaji' jividig fhv fkxy heaji izcinzi ui voiho cavnaahoag ' cavna zivdhlh ui cavnaja tvav bhfh fa} fatacangava axvgcanzajv/,CDDavzlx ui Pivvaygz' 18


19/29

vingacgavja jyxbytag' nkokzazhe' ticfkghn ui vieivaot uivio citamgavavatzgaocanzajv/ ,Piohoky' 185< ui 1826' Dazligaz' 1825(

IXAGAVHO TKTXAG TZAZXAVAZCAJAN VKG

NHVCH]H AVAFA

////Aca Tgixcao

Igh fk nav jnnaojaoTkvav Diualhv laoh fafa

Laoh nvc} avafaTkvav litaf fygyzgav jaa

Oatg jitho TgixcaoOatg jitho ajac xvihFio koy taoa agacajc

Fiohc koa pavac xizcijh jhxi

Fagav agacaxa DiualhvFagav fygyzgav agacaxa

Xaoav xivho xijh av}Ui buivdhogivho nagfh fagav naoacaxaYgao htzaofyg xaoav hhoi Tgixcaoo

Tkvav DiualhvLaoh fafa laoh nvc} avafaCavzgav btzivhv Tgixcao

Fan oi b}ig yyxkvDiualhv cavzgav lauajaFk uiv nvc} avafax

Fantaoa cavzgavaFanca} cavzgava DiualhvFanav xaobo bhfh avafaxa

/////+FVALC TAJV

18/xx ja Gi Pgaxo laxaz j}ixgivh }ivhojinh agcagavojao tkova Agcaohtzazhtzhnhth Iobig' ahgi fzigivhoji fa} j}ioghghngiv ui xatagav fygcyzyv/ Fy

xatagavo fy bo hho ji a} kn biivgh kgjyy nafyg ijhgcinzijhv/ tvae'btzivh ui tivfitz }acao yvagavoa bvi tzazto naozgacan ui nkvycanbi bivinzhhoh kvzaxa nkxao Uifgioi bvi tzazjinh oic' zicfigghngi fivafivhtvae ja fivafivhoji bizhvhv/ Fxgidi ixagav livdah fhv fan atoa talhpkgadanzv/ Oizhdiji hgiuhoh zacacgacajao nyggaop azgao ixagav kvzaxancanzajv/

Fayjvhggavj hti fyvaja pyvhzio h izhh hgi zicfigghho avhtzknvazhn izhhohoazcato bvcinzijhv/ Nyggaoc jiivhoh zicig agao pyvhzio fan' zpn fhvixbhfh' ixaoo ja zicfig kgcacato htziv> ixa' agcagjv' hgicighjhv ui fytaxiji tagz pvitzhm btzivbith kgcax hivio itnh avhtzknvazhn tzazztojionp jicknvazhngiivin niojhoh naozgacagjv' avocagjv' gaxn kgcagjv/

Fayjvhggavj ' ixaoo aogaco' hi xavaca}goja' agiz+ava kgcaxoja fygaoavhtzknvazhn izhho bg fhv inhgji tvjo fighvzcinzijhv/ Koa bvi zcixagav hgiutigghn zanghjh,hcygadvi ekodzhkooig(xapavan tktxag eavnggazvdgnvkg kxoacanzajv/ Bogn laxazzanh iu ixagav tktxag nkoekvchxi uilavinizghghn bivingivhoi yxcanzajv/ Livnit' ixagavoja xavbgaojolhttizcinzijhv ui fyoy zipnhxgi navgata ja hzhvae izciti ji' fy xavbgavabvi jauvaocanzajv/

C/ Lagfradt,1816' 1899( hhgiv ui laxaz j}ixgivhoh nkoy agao avazvcagavtkoydyoja' ihzgh tktxag nithc ui toegavo fhvfhvhojio agca agaoojao}hxaji znizhc agaooja axvgj bvoi uavcanzajv/ Lagrfadta bvi 'tktxag zafanagacaoo kgyycyoja nhhgivho h j nkgginzhe laxaza nazgc

atojao eavnggacagav iznhgh kgcanzajv/ Fy eavnggaca' aodan' agcataazgivhoho ntagcat ui laxaz j}ixgivhoho xntigcithxgi a}agafhgidinzhv/


20/29

Tzazx' fhv fhvix xa ja ahgioho zkpgycja ngzvig vogiv' bighv' cacyccajjigiv ui bvyp eaaghxizgivhoi nazgc nkoygavoja lanhc tzaojavzgava bvihbag izzhh xiv kgavan zaocgaxao E/T/ Dlapgho,1844(' ghuhob#vkkc uinkoyzgavo thtzicazhn b}gichoi jaxag fhv tzaz gih bighzhvhgchzhv/ Dlapho'tagko ixagavo axv axv igi agavan ui fyogav' zich}ghn' j}ioghghn' fancjividigivhoi bvi pyaogaxavan' liv nkoyz hho bioig fhv tnkv tapzaczv/ Igjiijhgio zkpgac pyaogavoa bvi ahgigivh toegaxavan' tktxk# inkokchn tzazgivhohfighvgicixi agczv/Tktxag zafanagaca nkoytyoa tktxag pthnkgkmhn ajao

xangaao ui oicgh agcagav xapao avazvcadgavavoin hti pvitzhm' hnzhjav'tzaz ui toe nkoygavoja xapgao avazvcagavothtziciazhn jiivgiojhvcithohxapao G/ Vihttcao,1898( jhiv oicgh fhv avazvcad kgavan aogafhghv/ /Tktxag tzaz' fhvixho niojhth lannojanh hcbithoho ui fhghodhoho fhv pavatlaghoi bigcinzi ui fy aogacja' fhv vieivaot iuvith ui fhv laxaz zav}fighvgicinzijhv/ Lh fhv nyvagja kgcaj gji civy' lanhnh ui fh}i ahz'fh}hc kgao fhv okvc kgavan agbgaocanzajv/ ,Tzkiz}ig t/ 1


21/29


22/29

tktxag nkyggavjao }hxaji ngzvig jiivgivi oic uivcinzijhv/ Fybvzinhgiv' ngathn oijiotigghn aogax joja pthnkgkmhji Pxbcaghko Iznhth'tktxkgkmhji niojh niojhoh bivingizhvio nilaoiz,Tige#eygehgghob pvklidx(nauvacgavxga heaji ijhgio xioh fhv oijiotigghn aogaxoa jaxaocanzajv>fyoyo zicighoji fhvixgivho bivin,Viig( kgavan bvjngivh ix' tkoygavfancojao bivinzhv/ jodith xazcanzajv/ Tktxag nkyggav niojhoh fhv}kvyogygyn kgavan icpk}i izcicinzijhv/ Livnit' niojh bvgivh' hoaogav uijiivgivh jkvygzytyoja tktxag bivinghh niojhth nyvcanzajv/ Tktxag kgbygav'

hotaogavo tvingh fhv iznhoghho vojvgiv/

Ghzivazvji xaac tzhghoh nkoy agao avazvcagav eavng xangacgav h}gicinzijhv/Fa} avazvcadgav,Gi Cahvi' Iuvavj ui Jkybgat'1824>Dkckt'18Napeiviv18Lytzaj uiPittichiv'182:( xaac tzhghoho zicig jihniogivh kgavan znizhdhgivhoiznhoghngivhoh'hgbhgivhoh' zyzyc ui naoaazgavhoh itat agcanzajvgav/ od fhvbvyp,Uygphao'182:>Dazligaz ui Cazvhdko'1825(' zkpgycja bighio' tktxk#ngzvig ancgavo aoagh}hoi oic uivcinzijhv>voiho zkpgycjack}axhngici,ihzgici'eavnggaca(' fzogici Nazgca'jaxaoca('jihci ,Xiohghn'hgivgici(' lijkoh}c' ghfivagh}c' hfhvghh' ticfkgh}c'

cazivxagh}c' jkaggn ,tajighn'kzaozhnghn avax( bhfh ihzgh ihghcgivhfighvgicixi agcanzajv/ Tko xggavja bighio fhv jhiv xangac' jiivgivhzicig agcanzajv/,Vkniadl'182:>Fidniv ui Dkookv'18 Uagizzi#Egkviodi uiMkghfivz'18


23/29


24/29

Tktxag iznhgihc tvidhoji fhvixgiv' fhvfhvhoh zaoca hlzhxad hhojijhvgiv/ Fhvixgiv' fyfhgbhxh fhvfhvgivhxgi navgazngav tktxag iviui' itnh jioxhcgivh ui j bvogivh bhfhihzgh naoaggavjao tagacaxa agvgav/ Bkeecaoa bvi io oicgh fhgbh,hoekvcazhko(nhhoho fh}}az niojhthoho laviniz ui t}givhxgi jhivhoi tagaj fhgbhjhv/ Fy fhgbh' nhhohoniojhthoh btzivcin htzijhh fhhcgi hgbhgh jkgaxtxga ' aoalzav fhv fhgbh ohzighhojiojhv/ Fytaxiji fhvix' jyvycyo jhivgivhoi xaotzvui jhivgivh hti t} nkoyty fhvixho kogavjao oifingijhhoh ui niojhgivhoho kojao oi finghxifhgidihoh odijio nitzhvifhghv/ Bioig kgavan'tzaz ui vkg avatoja' iznhgihcho kgjyy iviui bvo ui zav}gav avatoja fhv zyzavggn

avaca ihghch uavjv/ Tktxag iznh nkoytyojanh tktxag pthnkgkmhn avazvca tkoygav'ixagav pgaooja ja jkvygaocanzajv/ Bvyp xigivhoho talhp kgjyngav ixagav ui ixaxahghnho bvgivh nkoytyoja fighvgh fhv nkoekvch}c bvgcinzijhv/ Nkoekvch}c fa}laggivji Faffhzz Tiojvkcy jiohgio,Faffhz' Thodgahv Girhtho 1866ji xaxogaoaovkcaooo ui vkcao nalvacaooo aj( ui bvyp okvcyoa av faicixi uavao fhvinhgji kvzaxa ncanzajv/ Fhvixgivho ihzgh nkoygavja jodigivhoh bh}gici ui nacyegiizci xkgyxga x}ixtig fhv nkoekvch}c btzivci hcnaogav' ixagav nkoytyojajavagcanza ui bvyp okvcyoa yxyc' jala }kvgaxd fhv ohzighn na}aocanzajv/ Vingacgav'ixax livnitho hlzhxa jyxjyy livnitho fiiojhh fhv ixa kgavan tyocanga fy okvcypinhzhvcinzijhv/

Ixa nkoekvch}chohojhoachnghh' ckjivo bvypgavja ui }igghngi bio nyangav avatoja

jala ana bvgcinzijhv/ Zkpgycyo ui vingacgavo tz tzazjinhgivi azeizzhh znizhcagnaogngav ui ixa agavan pvitzhm tagaca ihghch' biogivji jala kn b}giocinzijhv/Ohtpizio xag nyangavo iughghnzio y}yo xggav tkova igji izzhngivhoh' bio nyangav iughghnaoojao hzhfavio igji izcin ui }acaoga acan jodithoh zacanzajvgav/ Bidinkojybvypgav' fy nkoyja io xntin jhoach}ci talhp kgavan ohzigioifhghv/ Fy bvypza'bigiointig fhv inkokchn jauvao kgao zatavvye' bigidin fhv ixa tazo agc hho pavafhvhnzhvcixi uixa agoao fhv cago zanthzgivhoh jicixi jocinzijhv/


25/29

VINGACGAVHO IXA ZNIZCOJIN VKG

Zigiuh}xko

Fy zigiuh}xko ganagazNycaoja ig ig jkgaz

Fh}hc iuji na b} hzhFy naoaggavo x}ojio

Iuji zavzca fagajLaocja fioh tygajX}c axga lagajFy jh}hgivho x}ojio

Ohoic thoicaxa jagjTnz ooji nagj

Jijic l}g oaca} ngjFy ehghcgivho x}ojio

Knygjao viodh nazh}bh ehghci xizhzh

N fagnkojao jzFy h}bhgivho x}ojio

Biogiv ckjaxa yxyxkvAuvypa da} agxkvFafaxa naea zyzyxkv

Fy pkpdygavo x}ojio

Fifin hnkgaza bvjAgaj caca htzijh

Zyzzy invao btzivjhFy vingacgavo x}ojio

Iuji fygan xgjax tyxy jicghn tkygjyFavjan zafangav nvgjFy xavcaoo x}ojio

Zyodax zin faoa nagjLaoc kdyngav fhv kgjyIo tkoyoja iujio nkujy

Fy zigiuh}xkoyo x}ojio

+ Zyodax Anjioh}

Fy oknzaja ihzgh bvgiv b}jio bihvhgivin' hlzhxagav ui ixagav avatojafhvifhv hghnh tzoi jaxag bioig fhv nyvaco fkgyngavoa haviz ijhgchzhv/Aodan xhoi ji ixagavo hlzhxagavjao fact} kgavan igi agoacaxada

tkoydyoa uavgczv/ Ixaoo jiokzatxkoy ui nkokzatxkoyxga hgbhgh b}gicgiviviuithoji ji ' aa xynav fio}iv tkoygav kvzaxa nkocyzyv/

Vingacgavo vkg hti ixax tazzvcanzao }hxaji' tazo }ichohola}vgacanzajv/ ihzgh jyvyc ui zkpgycgavja jihhn ggivji kgcan }ivi'liv fhvixji ixaxa fhv zanc jyxbygav ui jiivgiv xngici ihghchoho uavkgjyy txgioifhghv/ Fy ihghc' Eviyjji jyxbytag ioivmh xazvc N/ Girhohoagao nyvacoja zkpkgkmhn jiiv,uagaodi( azeizci bvoi fagaoafhghv/Fhvixgivho ixaxa xapzngav' pthhn ui eh}hntig xazvcgav' ixax fhvzanchcbigivho ticfkggivho av}y ui jgivho kjangaz ui tkcyzgaz fhv oitoilaghoi bizhvcinzijhv/ Favjhoi bvi,1829( vingacgav' ixax jyxbytag uiticfkghn fhv iviuixi kzyvzca ihghchoh ohdighntig ui ohzighntig kgavan

iznhgicinzijhv/ Ixaxa xapgao xazvcgav' inkokchn ,Fighvgh fhv pavaxfagaca(cinaoga hgbhgh ,fighvgh fhv xiv axvca(' ekonthxkoig,fighvgh hgiv hhoixax ava ngca( ' ticfkghn ui laxazh ,pthhn faggn' jyxbytag


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xazvc(tktxag ,ixaoo tzaz ui vkg btzivbith kgcat( ui lazzaoiuvkzhn,Eizhh}c ' ekfh'tapgaoca( fkxyzgavja kvzaxa nafhgcinzijhv/ Favjho't} nkoyty xazvcgav' ekonthxkoig'pthnkgkmhn ui ticaozhn kgcan }ivi bvypza zkpgacanzajv/ otao# ixa hghnhgivhoji ' ixaxa fagaoao jiivgiv uixapgao xazvcgav fhvfhvh hhoi bicinzi' fa}gav jhivgivhojiojala o pgaojafygyocanza ui fyoa bvi ji tkoyza' t}nkoyty hghnhgiv jihhn fhhcgivifvocinzijhv/ Ioekvcatko' zignho ui hnoa aacagavojao biio vingacdgn'tagz hgizhhc kgcaxa xoigcinzijhv/Fa}io' fhvixho hjiaggizhvhch fhv fioghn

hcamo ,Tige#hcabi( fa}io ji tkojamgavga tapzaoao kvzagaca fhv nhh hcbithohagacanzajv/

Vingac nkoytyojanh ngathn bv,Cavtlagg(' vingacgavo ioekvcatxko hgizcixaoo uyvbygacanzajv/ Fyoa bvi vingacgav' phxataja ciudyz uixa xiohvogivho jala hxh zaozgcat hgiuhoh bvvgiv/ Aodan' ihzgh b}gic tkoygav'vingacgavo hgiuhoho ioekvcatxko uivcinzio hfaviz kgcajo btzivhxkv/Vingac ' fhv cago nyggaoc jiivhoh' nyggaoc nkyggavo' zinohn }igghngivhohui jhiv fio}ivh vogivi bvi nkoycy fighvzio fhv txgic jihgjhv/ Iivfxgi kgtaxj xagaod vingacdgnzao ' agjazd vingacgavjao t}izcinccno kgyvjy/ Vingaco hgiugivh' jkvy ui xaogo zithojijhv/ Zpnckjaoo ' hvnho ui b}igho> ckjivo ixaooxavavg ui xavat}ooo zithoji

,Fayjvhggavj 185 hnoad' canhohtz' zignhodh ui pvkminzhevingacgav/ noax acagaxao vingac aogax' fhghctig pthnkgkmh odith fhvjoici xaoh 18/xxga ahzzhv/ Znizhdh' canyg ui fhghogh fhv uavgn kgaan jvizhv/ Vingac jkxyvygcat bivinio fhv hlzhxado kgjyyoy ui fyoyt}nkoyty

fhv voo jkxyvafhgidihoh fighvzhv/ Fy aogaxo ticfkg og J/H/A/T,AHJA(cinaoh}catjv/ Xaoh jhnnaz incin' hgbh yxaojvcan' av}y xavazcan uiTazoagcax fagazcan/ Fy bigiointig tzvazimh' hotao fhghcgivhoho ui }igghngipthnkgkmhoho bighcijh biio x}xgo xangacjv/

Bagfvahzlho,1856( }ivhoji oicgi jyvjyy zanthzgh tazgav ui nvijhnkgaxgngav' znizhc ihghchoh avzzvcanzajv/ Xhoi nhhgivho hhoji fygyojyngavevtzvatxko j}ixh' znizhci hzhdh fhv vkg kxoacanzajv/ Axvda' vingacgavo tagzinkokchn j}iogici hgiuhoho navcan ui kn fkxyzgy kgjyyoy b}gixioavazvcadgav uavjv= 1890givji Nagjkv' vingacgavo hgizci hgi znizhdh avatfa nyvcatoo 'zkpzaodgavo cylaea}anav jhviodhoh nvjo ui jaczdgavoagixlhoi vizhdhgivi' phxataxa ibicio kgca kgaoa tagaojotauyocanzajv/ Xhoi' vingacgavo pivhkjhn inkokchn nvh}giv }ivhoji iznhghkgcaj xkgyoja b}gicgiv fygyocanzajv/ ,Da}ioiyui' 1825(

Dazligazxa bvi,1825( vingacgav' fathz oacytgygyy aao fhv tkvycgygynzavgav> ngzvig fhv jhg kgca tkvycgygyy/ Znizhc jyvycyojanh tktxag }oi'koy ticfkg ui hcbigivgi fitgixio vingacgava fagjv/ Vingacgav' ngzvig fhvaxoa kgavan jogjoji' zpn jhi nhzgi hgizhhc avagav bhfh' fighvgh fhvaojanh ngzvig jyvycy' znizhdh }gicgivhoh'hgbh civni}givhoh xaotzvgav/Vingacgavo axoa kgcat' igizhvhgivh incithoho fhv oijioh kgafhghv/ Dazligaz'axoagavo tygaxd fhv ohzighn zajo' lhnhctioho ui lhfhv yxbavgo niojhohpgan fhv inhgji bvcin htzicijhhoh uyvbygyxkv/ Bvgio ix' axoaxaxngiohxkv/ Ixagav iuvioh' nyggaoc jiivhoho avna pgaoa hzhgjhh' ticfkghn uihcbitig xaogavo xdigjhh' aoavan+itnhxivin zniocioho xivhoh' b}jio

jivin' najngiivin ,kftkgitdiodi( xkn kgcaoo agj' jav aogacja hlzhxaznizhc hghnhthoho }axegaj' jaxaonggn ui tvinghghn jiivgivhoho naxfkgjyy


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fhv iuvioi jocinzijhv/ Ixagav iuvioh' nyggaoc jiivhoho avna pgaoahzhgjhh' ticfkghn ui hcbitig xaogavo xdigjhh' aoavan+itnhxivin zniociohoxivhoh' b}jio jivin' najngiivin ,kftkgitdiodi( xkn kgcaoo agj' javaogacja hlzhxa znizhc hghnhthoho }axegaj' jaxaonggn ui tvinghghnjiivgivhoho naxfkgjyy fhv iuvioi jocinzijhv/

Atgoja vingacgavo hgiugivh' jala avna pgaoja xiv agao pa}avgaca xangacgav

zavaeojao xogiojhvhgcinzijhv/ Phxata avazvcagavoo fagaobdojanh aogax'fighvgh fhv vo vizcijio odi' znizhdhgivho hlzhxagavo' htzingivhoh uifingiozhgivhoh' fhghctig xozicgivgi tapzaxavan navav uivcinzhv/ Fy' znizhcagaooja jicknvazhn fhv aogaxo heajithjhv> on vizhdhoho navavo' znizhdhfighvgicinzijhv> znizhdhoho }iungivh' av}ygav' hlzhxagav civni}i agocanzajv/Fy aogacja znizhc agaooja Nkpivohnh fhv zyzyc,Fi}' 182:( t}nkoytyjyv>vizhdh ehvca' vizcijio odi pa}av' znizhdhthoh avazvcanzajv/ Bivinzioji vizhdh ehvca znizhdhthxgi jhxagkb nyvavta nyggaoc zitzgivh yxbygavta'vingac ui pvkcktxko eaaghxizgivhoh nkozvkg ijivti' navavgavo znizhdhgivhohvajith xooji agvta' pa}avgaca fhv hgivgici avad kgafhghv/ Czivh' nvagjvaogax aodan fy jyvycja' biivghghn na}aoafhghv/

Vingac' vo jkvy ehxaz xivhoi pthnkgkmhn ehxazga tazcax tagacanzajv/Fy aogacjajv nh pa}avgaca' fhv aghioatxko avad kgcanzajv/ vizhdh ehvcagavui vingacgav' niojh vkggivh kgcaj lagji' fhv hjikgkmh kgyzyvcaxa ' fhv jiivthtzich xavazcaxa agcanzajv/ Fy fagacja znizhdhoho nkvyocat tajidivingacgav j}ixhoji jihg pa}avgaca iznhoghngivh j}ixhoji ji jocixh uicjalagixh bivinzhvcinzijhv/

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kgavan bvc ui tktxag nhcghhoh fyoa bvi hghnhgiojhvidin fhv vkg h}chzhv/Jhiv xaojao fy nhcghhoh ja nav jihevi izcin hho talhp kgjyycinaoo'nyggaoj ixagavo xa ja bhxjhh nxaeizgivho koa ahz ngoadan igivgibtzivcin htzichzhv/ Tktxag toe ui zicig hlzhxa ui bhjivgivhohotagaocatxga ixa agco gnt fhv pkzaja jiivgiojhvio hotao' nhch }acao fyx}jio ixaoo fhvhodhg hgiuhoho zithoi tktxag aogac hivhthojinh hnhodhg xiohfhv aogac xngicithoi oijio kgcyzyv/ Fy ajao fangjoja fivafivhojixioh znizhc nagpgav ui ixa nyggaoc ckjiggivh bighch ui htziv niojhthoi ahzhtziv livlaobh fhv tktxag fhv toe'vn'jho uixalyz fana fhv bvyfyo hhojinhjauvao nyvacgavoa yxbyo kgtyo' ixaoo uavg'bighhch' fygyojyvygcat xaja anth btzivbigiv hotaoo cyzgygyn'cyzty}gyn naxoa kgavan navc}anczv/ Inkokchn ui eigtieh j}gicji hodigiojhhoji fhv kn agcaoo aoankoytyoyo ixa j}gichoji tixvizcith avzd kgca}/ }izgi iiv fhv ixaxzaocan htzhxkvtan viziohoi ui nyggaodgavoo koa xangacoa' iiv fhv hotao


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zaocan htzhxkvtan nyggaoj ui vizzhh ixagavakgao xangacoa fancaooxizivgh lagji bvgcithzc avazvcac} }izgiv ohzighnzijhv/

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^99S MACIT FAVKO Kvbaoh}azhkoag Pivtpidzhuit ko Tzvazhehdazhko^95S Ca| Rifiv Zli Tkdhkgkbx ke Vighbhko^92S Taval Noyztghio' Tytzahoafhghzx aoj zli ritzivo kfmidz dygzyvi ^9

eşyanın karakutusu : İnsan

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