estudio gramatical aplicado a un texto turÍstico en alemÁn: stadtgeschichten. entlang der grand...

7/24/2019 ESTUDIO GRAMATICAL APLICADO A UN TEXTO TURSTICO EN ALEMN: STADTGESCHICHTEN. ENTLANG DER GRAND

1/55

AGIPLZGJ J@ ZPRKYNM [ AKEGEVGY

CRGJM @E ZPRKYNM

@YZPJKM CRGNGZKIGL GXLKIGJM G PE Z@TZM ZPRYZKIM@E GL@NE6 YZGJZC@YIDKIDZ@E. @EZLGEC J@R CRGEJ

ZMPR MA YSKZV@RLGEJ

Zrgbgfm Ake j` Crgjm pr`s`etgjm pmr Fms Lp`z Nmetkfgem, sk`ejm lg tutmrg j`lnksnm lg prma`smrg Idrkstkge` Lknbgid.

Q. B. j` lg Zutmrg6 Glunem6

Jrg. Jg Idrkstkge` Lknbgid J. Fms Lp`z Nmetkfgem

Y`vkllg. 20 j` Fuekm 2870


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3/55

CRGJM @E ZPRKYNM

AGIPLZGJ J@ ZPRKYNM [ AKEGEVGY

ZRGBGFM AKE J@ CRGJM

IPRYM GIGJNKIM 287:-2870

ZZPLM6

@YZPJKM CRGNGZKIGL GXLKIGJM G PE Z@TZM ZPRYZKIM @E GL@NE6YZGJZC@YIDKIDZ@E. @EZLGEC J@R CRGEJ ZMPR MA YSKZV@RLGEJ

GPZMR6

FMY LX@V NMEZKFGEM

ZPZMR6

JRG. JG. IDRKYZKGE@ LKNBGID

J@XGRZGN@EZM6

AKLMLMCG GL@NGEG

R@G J@ IMEMIKNK@EZM6

AKLMLMCG GL@NGEG

R@YPN@E6

@l pr`sèt` prmyìtm gbmrjg `l gelksks crgngtkigl j` ue t`xtm turstkim gl`ne,`xtrgjm j` ue igtlmcm prmnmikmegl smbr` lgs ikujgj`s ns gtrgitkvgs j` Yukzg. Gtrgvs j` ueg n`tmjmlmcg bgsgjg è lg `xgnkegike j` lms `l`nètms crgngtkigl`s

prkeikpgl`s j`l t`xtm y ime lg gyujg j` ueg bkblkmcrgag `spìkglkzgjg, s` pr`tèj`r`glkzgr ue `stujkm cè`rgl j` lg nmramsketgxks gl`ngeg. @l trgbgfm `st jkvkjkjm èsk`t` igptulms t`ntkims, ime su imrr`spmejkèt` subigptulms.

XGLGBRGY ILGQ@6

Gelksks nmramsketitkim? igtlmcm prmnmikmegl? gl ne? turksnm?


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5/55

ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidtè. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej

-K-

EJKI@

8. KEZRMJPIIKE...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7

8.7. MBF@ZKQMY .........................................................................................................................................................................................................7

8.2. N@ZMJMLMCG ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7

8.9. R@QKYKE BKBLKMCRAKIG [ IP@RXM Z@RKIM....................................................................7

8.:. FPYZKAKIGIKE J@ LG R@L@QGEIKG J@L Z@NG @[email protected]

7. @L GRZIPLM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

7.7. @L GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM .....................................................................................................................................9

7.2. @L GRZIPLM KEJ@Z@RNKEGJM .............................................................................................................................97.9. LG MNKYKE J@L GRZIPLM .........................................................................................................................................:

2. @L EMNBR@ .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................0

2.7. @L CE@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y ..............................................................................................................................0

2.7.7. @l ce`rm j` lms emnbr s imnpu`stms ............................................................................................................3

2.2. @L EN@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y ...........................................................................................................................3

2.9. LMY XRYZGNMY LKECYZKIMY ......................................................................................................................4

2.:. @L GL@NE YPKVM ...........................................................................................................................................................................4

9. @L XRMEMNBR@ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................;

9.7. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y X@RYMEGL@Y ...................................................................................................................;

9.2. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y KEJ@AKEKJMY .................................................................................................................78

9.9. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y R@LGZKQMY .......................................................................................................................77

9.:. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y R@AL@TKQMY ..................................................................................................................77

:. @L GJF@ZKQM ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79:.7. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE GZRKBPZKQG ...........................................................................................79

:.2. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE XR@JKIGZKQG..................................................................................... 79

:.9. LG J@ILKEGIKE J@L GJF@ZKQM .....................................................................................................................7:

:.9.7. Jìlkegike au`rt` .............................................................................................................................................................................7:

:.9.2. Jìlkegike jbkl .................................................................................................................................................................................70

:.9.9. Jìlkegike nkxtg ...............................................................................................................................................................................71

0. LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y .....................................................................................................................................................................................................7;0.7. @L RCKN@E J@ LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y ...............................................................................................7;

0.7.7. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkcè giusgtkvm .........................................................................................7;


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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sidkidtè. @et lgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej

-KK-

0.7.2. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkcè jgtkvm .....................................................................................................7;

0.7.9. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkcè giusgtkvm m jgtkvm .........................................................................................28

0.7.:. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkcè cèktkvm gj`ns j` mtrms igsms........................................... 27

0.2. IMEZRGIIKME@Y J@ XR@XMYKIKE [ GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM................... 27

1. @L Q@RBM ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29

1.7. AMRNGY KEAKEKZGY ...................................................................................................................................................................29

1.7.7. @l pgrtkikpkm KK .............................................................................................................................................................................................29

1.2. AMRNGY AKEKZGY...........................................................................................................................................................................29

1.2.7. Q`rbms r`culgr`s krr`culgr`s ....................................................................................................................................2:

1.2.2. @l pr`sèt` ....................................................................................................................................................................................................21

1.9. LMY Q@RBMY DGB@E, Y@KE [ S@RJ@E................................................................................ 21

1.9.7. Dgbè ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................21

1.9.2. Y`ke ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................231.9.9. S`rjè ................................................................................................................................................................................................................23

1.:. LMY Q@RBMY NMJGL@Y ......................................................................................................................................................24

3. LG MRGIKE ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97

3.7. MRGIKME@Y IMMRJKEGJGY ....................................................................................................................................97

3.2. MRGIKME@Y YPBMRJKEGJGY ................................................................................................................................92

4. IMEILPYKE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99

BKBLKMCRGAG [ R@A@R@EIKGY .........................................................................................................................................................................90

GE@TM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93


7/55


-7-

IGXZPLM 8

KEZRMJPIIKE

@l pr`sèt` prmyìtm s` `xgnkeg lms gspìtms crgngtkigl`s j` ue t`xtm turstkim ègl`ne sukzm. @e imeir`tm s` trgtg j` ue t`xtm `xtrgjm j`l igtlmcm Ytgjtc`sidkidtè.@etlgec j`r Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej, qu` s` mbtkè` j` lg pckeg w`b j` Zurksnmj` Yukzg, llgngjg Ny Ywkz`rlgej, publkigjg pmr lg Gsmikgike Crge Rutg j` Yukzg èdttp6//www.nyswktz`rlgej.imn/j`/u`b`r-jk`-sidw`kz/brmsidu rè.dtnl. @l igtlmcmprmpmrikmeg g lms turkstgs crge igetkjgj j` keamrngike smbr` ikujgj`s imnm Bgskl`g,B`reg, Lui`reg, Vurkid m Sket`rtdur. @l argcnètm j`l igtlmcm `l`ckjm rè` lmsngymr`s gtrgitkvms j` Yukzg g trgvs j` ue rìmrrkjm pmr lms pgksgf`s ns b`llms.

8.7. MBF@ZKQMY

@l mbf`tkvm prknmrjkgl `s `xgnkegr lms imnpmeèt`s crgngtkigl`s j`l t`xtm turstkim èlècug gl`ngeg grrkbg nèikmegjm pgrg pmj`r sgb`r qu nìgeksnms j`mrcgekzgike, grtkiulgike y imd`ske s` utklkzge. Jgjm qu` s` trgtg j` ue t`xtm ègl`ne sukzm, trgtgnms gj`ns glcuems gspìtms j`l gl`ne sukzm. @st` `stujkm emsskrv` gj`ns è `l auturm, yg qu` p`rs`cuknms, `l mbf`tkvm pgrg eu`strm auturmprmyìtm j` ir`gr ueg pckeg w`b.

8.2. N@ZMJMLMCG

Xgrg gbmrjgr `st` `stujkm, s` dge j` geglkzgr lms gspìtms ns r`l`vget`s j` lg

crgntkig gl`ngeg, tgetm g ekv`l nmramlckim imnm g ekv`l sketitkim. Xmr `llm, s`jkvkjkr `l prmyìtm è sk`t` t`ngs prkeikpgl`s6 `l grtiulm, `l emnbr`, `l prmemnbr`, `lgjf`tkvm, lgs pr`pmskikme`s, `l v`rbm y lg mrgike. Igjg t`ng s` jkvkjkr, g su v`z, èvgrkms subt`ngs j`pèjkèjm j` su r`l`vgeikg è `l t`xtm prmpu`stm. Jètrm j` igjgt`ng/subt`ng s` `npl`gr lg nksng n`tmjmlmcg, `s jìkr, s` `xplkigre lms gspìtmst`rkims, utklkzgejm tgblgs `xplkigtkvgs y, s`cukjgnèt`, s` ràl`fgre lms `f`nplms`xtrgjms j`l imrpus, bkè, g trgvs j` èun`rgikme`s, m bkè, g trgvs j` tgblgs`xplkigtkvgs. Zmjms lms `f`nplms qu` s` nèikmege s` trgjuikre gl `spgml imnmr`clg cè`rgl.

8.9. R@QKYKE BKBLKMCRAKIG [ IP@RXM Z@RKIM

Imnm auèt` prkeikpgl j` eu`strm `stujkm d`nms `l`ckjm `l t`xtm turstkim `xtrgjm j`ligtlmcm Ytgjtc`sidkidtè. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej,qu` s` mbtkè` j`lg pckeg w`b j` Zurksnm j` Yukzg, llgngjg Ny Ywkz`rlgej, publkigjg pmr lgGsmikgike Crge Rutg j` Yukzg, jkspmekbl` èdttp6//www.nyswktz`rlgej.imn/j`/u`b`r-jk`-sidw`kz/brmsidu`rè.dtnl. Lgs auèt`s bkblkmcrakigs qu` s` utklkzge imnmd`rrgnkètgs n`tmjmlckigs pgrg `st` `stujkm sme, è su ngymrg, ngeugl`s j`crgntkig j` lècug gl`ngeg. Igb` j`stgigr, lg mbrg j`l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887),ueg j` lgs crgntkigs ns imnpl`tgs j` lg lècug gl`ngeg è `spgml.
http://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.html


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Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-2-

8.:. FPYZKAKIGIKE J@ LG R@L@QGEIKG J@L Z@NG @L@CKJM

@l nmtkvm prkeikpgl j` lg r`glkzgike j` `st` tkpm j` `stujkm, `s `l ket`rs pmr imemi`r `kev`stkcgr lgs `struiturgs crgngtkigl`s qu` s` usge gituglnèt` è lms t`xtms j`lnbktm turstkim pgrg pmj`r ir`gr, è ue auturm, ueg `npr`sg, iuyg pckeg w`b

imetècg t`xtms j` lg nksng ejml`. Y` mptg pmr ue t`xtm è lècug gl`ngeg pmr s`rstg lg lècug ns dgblgjg è Yukzg, y pmr `l veiulm p`rsmegl ime `st` pgs.Gsknksnm, s` busig lg mpmrtuekjgj j` trgesnktkr ueg vkske cè`rgl j` lg crgntkiggl`ngeg pgrg auturms `stujkget`s j` gl`ne, y j` amnètgr `l ket`rs turstkim yiulturgl.


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-9-

IGXZPLM 7

@L GRZIPLM

@l grtiulm `s ue prmemnbr` j`nmstrgtkvm qu` skrv` pgrg kejkigr lg aueike sketitkig j`lms emnbr`s jètrm j` lg mrgike, gj`ns j` `xpr`sgr su ce`rm, en`rm y igsm. Glimetrgrkm qu` è `spgml, è gl`ne pu`j` usgrs` j` amrng kej`pèjkèt` j`lemnbr`. @xkstè jms vgrkget`s j` grtiulms6 `l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm y `l grtiulmkej`t`rnkegjm.

7.7. @L GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM

Y`ce `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), lg aueike prknmrjkgl j`l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm `s lggituglkzgike j`l emnbr`.

Lgs amrngs j`l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm è gl`ne sme lgs skcukèt`s6

YKECPLGR XLPRGLIgsms Ngsiulkem A`nèkem Eùtrm Zmjms

Emnkegtkvm

Giusgtkvm

Jgtkvm

Cèktkvm

j`r Y``(`l lgcm)

jèY``

j`n Y``

j`s Y``s

jk`Ytgjt(lg ikujgj)

jk`Ytgjt

j`r Ytgjt

j`r Ytgjts

jgsR`stgurget(`l r`stgurget`)

jgsR`stgurget

j`n R`stgurget

j`s R`stgurgets

jk`Nus`è(lms nus`ms)

jk` Nus`è

jèNus`è

j`r Nus`è

Zgblg 7. Grtiulm j`t`rnkegjmAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg g pgrtkr j` Brkcktt` y Rmb`rtm Imrimll (2878, p.714)

G imetkeugike s` rìmcè lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms `xtrgjms j` eu`strg auèt`prkeikpgl6

- Emnkegtkv6 j`rS`c(`l ignkem), jk` Ytgjt (lg ikujgj), jgs Bgj(`l bgm), jk` Cst`(lms dusp`j`s)?

- Goousgtkv6 jè Omnamrt (`l imeamrt), jk` Ogrt` (`l ngpg), jgs Oulturlmogl (`llmigl), jk` Ytgjtadr`r (lms cugs turstkims)?

- Jgtkv6 j`n Ckpa`l (lg ikng/iunbr`),j`r Ed` (lg prmxknkjgj/i rigeg), j`n Dgus (lgigsg), jè @kewmde`rkeeè(lgs dgbktget`s)?

- Cèktkv6 j`s Dgllwkl`rs``s (j`l Lgcm Dgllwkl`r), j`r @urmpgs (j` @urmpg), j`sR`stgurgets (j`l r`stgurget`), j`r B`kspk`l` (j` lms f`nplms)?

7.2. @L GRZIPLM KEJ@Z@RNKEGJM

Kcuglnèt`, kejkig `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), qu` `l grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm tkè`tgnbke imnm aueike prkeikpgl lg j` gituglkzgr `l emnbr`. Em pms`` plurgl y è `l

skeculgr gjmptg lgs nksngs t`rnkegikme`s qu` `l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm, `xi`ptm è `lemnkegtkvm ngsiulkem y eùtrm y è `l giusgtkvm eùtrm, è lms qu` igrì` j`j`skeèikgs.


10/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-:-

@e gl`ne, lgs amrngs j`l grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm sme lgs skcukèt`s6

YKECPLGR XLPRGLIgsms Ngsiulkem A`nèkem Eùtrm Em `xkst`

Emnkegtkvm

Giusgtkvm

Jgtkvm

Cèktkvm

`ke Oekc(ue r`y)

`keè Oekc

`ke`n Oekc

`ke`s Oekcs

`keÒid`(ueg imikeg)

`ke` Oid`

`ke`r Oid`

`ke`r Oid`s

`ke Oulturz`ntrun(ue iètrm iulturgl)

`ke Oulturz`ntrun

`ke`n Oulturz`ntrun

`ke`s Oulturz`ntruns

Zgblg 2. Grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjmAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg g pgrtkr j` Brkcktt` y Rmb`rtm Imrimll (2878, p.71;)

Gtèjkèjm g lgs amrngs j`l grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm, s` `xtrgè j`l t`xtm lms `f`nplmsskcukèt`s6

- Emnkegtkv6 `keNkx (ueg n`zilg), `ke` Gltstgjt (ue iètrm dkstrkim/igsim getkcum),`ke @rl`beks (ueg `xp`rkèikg)?

- Goousgtkv6 `keè Y``cgec (ueg iubk`rtg j` bgrim), `ke` S`ktskidt (ueg vkske), `keSmidèèj (ue ake j` s`ngeg)?

- Jgtkv6 `ke`n Dd`pueot (ueg ikng), `ke`r O`tt` (ueg igjèg),`ke`n Oulturz`ntrun(ue iètrm iulturgl)?

- Cèktkv6 `ke`s Ytios(j` ueg pk`zg), `ke`s Goustkoj`skces(j` ue jks`m gistkim)?

7.9. MNKYKE J@L GRZIPLM

Imnm yg s` dg nèikmegjm get`rkmrnèt`, em `xkst` grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm è plurgl.Iugejm s` usge lms sustgetkvms j` ueg amrng cè`rgl y è plurgl, stms gpgrìè skegrtiulm.

@l t`xtm ràl`fg lgs skcukèt`s ikriuestgeikgs è lgs qu` s` mnkt` `l grtiulm6

- J`lget` j` emnbr`s qu` j`skcege prma`skme`s- Jkrìtmr (jkrìtmr), Amtmcrgaè(amtcrgam),Nusko`r (nskim),Omid (imike`rm), Dmt`ljkròtmrke (jkrìtmrg j` dmt`l)?

- Ime lms emnbr`s prmpkms j` p`rsmegs, iugejm em s` dgllge imnpl`nètgjms, pmr lm

qu` r`spìtg g emnbr`s j` sgetms y nmegrigs - Ygn O`ll`r, Glb`rt @kest`ke, RkidgrjSgce`r, Ngri Iuim Jk`trkid? Ngrikg Ek`tlkspgid?

- J`lget` j` lg ngymrg j` emnbr`s j` ikujgj`s, r`ckme`s y pgs`s Bgs`l, Luz`re,Vrkid, Sketd`rtur, Yt. Cgllè, B`re? Furg? Jùtsidlgej, Argeor`kid? `xkstè`xi`pikme`s j` `stg r`clg - jk` Yidw`kz?

- Iugejm gpgrìè èun`rgikme`s Ouest (Grt`), Cèuss (plgi`r), Gridktòtur(Grquktìturg) uej Ygvmkr-vkvr` (y sgb`r vkvkr)?


11/55


-0-

IGXZPLM 2

@L EMNBR@

@l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), kejkig qu` lms emnbr`s sme pglgbrgs n`jkget` lgs qu`pmj`nms j`skcegr imsgs imeir`tgs, aènèms gbstrgitms y s`r`s vkvms, yg s`ge`stms p`rsmegs, gekngl`s m v`c`tgl`s.

@e gl`ne, lms emnbr`s s` jkvkjè prkeikpglnèt` è imnue`s y prmpkms, y sk`nprìmnkèzge e l`trg ngysiulg.

2.7. @L CE@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y

Y` jkstkecuè tr`s ce`rms j` lms emnbr`s (ngsiulkem, a`nèkem y eùtrm), qu` lgngymrg j` lgs vì`s pu`jè rìmemi`rs` g trgvs j`l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm qu` lmsgimnpgg. G imetkeugike s` èun`rge glagbtkignèt` glcuems `f`nplms `xtrgjmsj`l t`xtm6

YKECPLGRNGYIPLKEM (j`r) A@N@EKEM (jk`) E@PZRM (jgs)Gpplgus (gplgusm)Bgu (imestruiike)B`suid (vksktg)Blkio (vkstgzm)

Brueeè (auèt`)Jkròtmr (jkrìtmr)@kewmde`r (dgbktget`)Amous (amim)Ar`ktgc (vk`re`s)Auss (pk`)Cèuss (plgi`r)C`sngio (sgbmr/custm)Ckpa`l (ikng)Dgllwkl`s`` (Lgcm Dgllwkl`r)Dguptbgdedma (`stgike j`trè`s)Dmidcèuss (j`lkikg)

Knpr`skmeksnus (Knpr`skmeksnm)Krid`lpgro (Xgrqu` j` Krid`l)Fucèjstkl (Nmj`reksnm)Fuek (fuekm)Omnamrt (imeamrt)Oekc (r`y)Oestl`r (grtkstg)Ouestlk`bdgb`r (gnget` j`l grt`)Lrn (rukjm)Nmjus (nmjm)Nusko`r (nskim)Egn` (emnbr`)Mrt (lucgr)

Xgro (pgrqu`)Rgjjgnpa`r (vgpmr j` ru`jg)R`kidtun (rkqu`zg)Rd`keagll (Igsigjg j`l Rd`ke)

Garkoggelgc` (Fgrje Garkigem)Gridktòtur (Grquktìturg)Grt (ilgs`/tkpm)Gtnmspdr` (gtnsa`rg)

Gtrgotkvktt (gtrgitkvm)Gusskidt (vkstgs)Gusst`lluec (`xpmskike)Bgde (trè)Bgdedmastrgss` (igll` j` lg`stgike j` trè`s)Bgr (bgr)Bk`rbrgur`k (abrkig jì`rv`zg)Brgss`rk` (bgr-r`stgurget`)Brmsidr` (amll`tm)Brio` (puèt`)Imn`jyszè` (`sièg j`

imn`jkg)@keoguatstrgss` (igllìmn`rikgl)@etwkioluec (j`sgrrmllm)@rl`bekss` (`xp`rkèikgs)Agdrrgjstgjt (ikujgj j` lgsbkiks)Adrt (vkgf`)Amtmcrgak` (Amtmcrgag)Argc` (pr`cuetg)Arùj` (gl`crg, sgtksagiike)Cgstrmemnk` (cgstrmemng)C`rkidt` (imnkjg/plgtm)

C`sidkidt` (Dkstmrkg)Dec`brio` (puètìmlcget`)Dguptstgjt (igpktgl)

Bgs`l (Bgs`l)B`kspk`l (`f`nplm)B`re (B`reg)Igskem (igskem)

Jùtsid (gl`ne)Jùtsidlgej (Gl`ngekg)@kecgecstmr (pu`rtg j`ètrgjg)@rl`bè (`l vkvkr)@rl`beks (`xp`rkèikg)@urmpg (@urmpg)Agdrrgj (bkikil`tg)Argeor`kid (Argeikg)C`buj` (`jkakikm)Cèa (Cke`brg)C`side`tz`lt` (`spìk` j`rgc ime sglsg `sp`sg)

Clio (su`rt`)Crmssnest`r(Crmssnest`r)Cre (v`rj`)Dknn`l (ik`lm)Fgdrduej`rt (skclm)Omecr`sszètrun (iètrm jìmecr`sms)Oulturlmogl (lmigl iulturgl)Oulturprmcrgnn (prmcrgngiulturgl)Oulturzètrun (iètrmiulturgl)

Lgusgee` (Lgusgeg)Lkidt (luz)Lucgem (Lucgem)Luz`re (Lui`reg)


12/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-1-

Ruejw`c (ignkem ikriulgr)Yidnuio (fmygs,bksut`rg)Y`` (lgcm)Ytgjtadr`r (cug turstkim)Z`kl (pgrt`)Zksid (n`sg)Zmurksnus (turksnm)

Zurn (tmrr`)Prvgt`r (get`pgsgjm)Q`ro`dr (trakim)Qkgjuo (vkgjuitm)Sgss`ragll (igsigjg)S`c (ignkem)Vmm (zmmlckim)Vrkids`` (Lgcm Vrkid)

Dmlzbrio` (puèt` j`ngj`rg)Dmt`ljkròtmrke (jkrìtmrg j`dmt`l)Kejustrk`stgjt (ikujgjkejustrkgl)

Keskj`rtkpps (imes`fms)Kespkrgtkme (kespkrgike)Ogpp`llbrio` (puèt` jÒgrt` (ngpg)Oid` (imikeg)Oulkss` (bgstkjmr`s)Oultur (iulturg)Oulturn`trmpml` (n`trpmlksiulturgl)Ouest (Grt`)Ouestarùej` (gnkcms j`lgrt`)Oestl`rszè` (`sièg j`grtkstgs)Ouestv`rlgc` (`jktmrkgl`s j`grt`)Lec` (lmecktuj)L`bèsarùj` (gl`crg j`vkvkr)Lùt` (p`rsmegs)Luat (gkr`)Lust (cgegs)Ngdlz`kt (imnkjg)Nmbklktt (nmvklkjgj)Nmj` (nmjg)Nusko (nskig)Egidt (emid`)Ed` (prmxknkjgj/i`rigeg)Egs`lec` (j`lget`rg)Egtur (Egturgl`zg)Emstglck` (emstglckg)X`rl` (p`rlg)Wu`ll` (auèt`)R`ks` (vkgf`)Rstk (pgtgtgs imikjgs,rgllgjgs y sglt`gjgs imetmikem, tpkigs sukzgs)Ygnnluec (imlìike)Yidlgidt (bgtgllg)Yidw`kz (Yukzg)Y``prmnègj` (pgs`mngrtknm)Y`kt` (lgjm)Ymnn`rbde` (`siègrkm j`v`rgem)Ymee` (sml)Yprgid` (Lècug)Ytgjt (ikujgj)Ytgjt-Mgs` (ikujgj mgsks)Ytgjtc`sidkidt` (dkstmrkg j`lg ikujgj)

Ytrgss` (igll`)Ytrìo` (trgyìtm)Zgc`smrjeuec (mrjè j`l jg)Z`rrgss` (t`rrgzg)

Egtursidutzc`bk`t (XgrquÈgikmegl)Xmrtnmeegk` (nme`j`rm)Xrmcrgnn (prmcrgng)Rgun (sglg)R`stgurget (r`stgurget`)

R`stgurgetomez`pt(imei`ptm j` r`stgurget`)Rd`keua`r (mrkllg j`l Rke)Yidlmssgnbkèt` (gnbkèt`pglgik`cm)Ydmppkec (imnprgs)Ymnn`rtd`gt`r (t`gtrm j`v`rgem)Yt. Cgllè (Yge Cglm)Zd`gt`r (t`gtrm)Zd`nèsidkaa (buqu`t`ntkim)Zrèjqugrtk`r (bgrrkm j`nmjg)Q`ro`drsdgus (Nus`m j`lms Zrgespmrt`s)Sgss`r (gcug)Sgss`rsidlmss (igstkllmrmj`gjm j` gcug)Sketd`rtur (Sketd`rtur)Smidèèj` (ake j`s`ngeg)Suej`r (ngrgvkllg)Vètrun (iètrm)Vrkid (Vurkid)


13/55


-3-

Zd`nègelgc` (fgrjet`ntkim)Zmur (tmur)Q`rcgecèd`kt (pgsgjm)Qkllg (igsg j` ignpm)

Qmrsidlc`(rìmnèjgikme`s /prmpu`stgs)Sgdl (`lìike)S`bs`kt` (pckeg w`b)S`ktskidt ( vkstg j` lgrcgjkstgeikg)

Zgblg 9. Ce`rm j` lms emnbr`s è skeculgrAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg

2.7.7. @l ce`rm j` lms emnbr`s imnpu`stms

@e lg amrngike j` lms emnbr`s imnpu`stms, s` tkè` è iuètg `l ce`rm j`l ltknmnk`nbrm. @e `l t`xtm gpgrìè lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms6

- J`r Ytgjtadr`r(`l cug turstkim) > jk` Ytgjt + j`r Adr`r, j`r Nktt`lpueot (`l puetmn`jkm) > jgs Nktt`l + j`r Xueot, j`r A`k`rgbèjjrkeo ( lg impg j`spus j`l trgbgfm) >jk` A`k`r + j`r Gbèj + j`r Jrkeo, j`r V`ktclmioèturn (lg tmrr` j`l r`lmf j`lignpgegrkm) > jk` V`kt + jk` Clmio` + j`r Zurn, j`r Wugjrgtn`t`r (`l n`trm iugjrgjm)> jgs Wugjrgt + j`r N`t`r, j`r Fucèjstkll ( `l nmj`reksnm) > jk` Fuecèj + j`r Ytkll?

- Jk` Oestl`rszè` (`l ètmrem grtstkim) j`r Oestl`r + jk` Yzè`, jk` S`bs`kt` (lgpckeg w`b) > jgs S`b + jk` Y`kt`, jk` Garkoggelgc` (`l fgrje garkigem > jgs Garkog +jk` Gelgc`, jk` Dguptstgjt (lg igpktgl) jgs Dgupt + jk` Ytgjt, jk` Dmlzbrio` (`l puèt`

j` ngj`rg) > jgs Dmlz + jk` Brio`, jk` Grnbgejudr (`l r`lmf j` puls`rg) > j`r Grn +jgs Bgej + jk` Pdr, jk` Bgdedmastrgss` (lg igll` j` lg `stgike j` trè`s > j`rBgdedma + jk` Ytrgss`, jk` Zgc`smrjeuec (`l mrjè j`l jg) > j`r Zgc + jk` Mrjeuec,jk` Dmt`ljkròtmrke (lg jkrìtmrg j` dmt`l) > jgs Dmt`l + jk` Jkròtmrke, jk`Ymnn`rbde` (`l `siègrkm j` v`rgem) > j`r Ymnn`r + jk` Bde`?

- Jgs Omecr`sszètrun (`l iètrm j` imecr`sms) > j`r Omecr`ss + jgs Vètrun, jgsSmidèèj` (`l ake j` s`ngeg) > jk` Smid` + jgs @ej`, jgs Rd`keua`r (lg mrkllg j`lRke) > j`r Rd`ke + jgs Pa`r, jgs Alussbgj (`l bgm aluvkgl) > j`r Aluss + jgs Bgj, jgsOulturprmcrgnn (`l prmcrgng iulturgl) > jk` Oultur + jgs Xrmcrgnn?

2.2. @L EN@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y

@e gl`ne, lms emnbr`s s` pu`jè utklkzgr è skeculgr y è plurgl.

Y` utklkzge slm è skeculgr6 - lms emnbr`s qu` j`skcege ngt`rkgs m sustgeikgs,- lmsemnbr`s prmpkms, - lms emnbr`s qu` j`skcege ueg imlìtkvkjgj, - lms emnbr`s qu`j`skcege imei`ptms gbstrgitms y - lms keakektkvms sustgetkvgjms. G imetkeugike s`èun`rge lms `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6 Brueeè (auèt`), Knpr`skmeksnus(Knpr`skmeksnm), Fuek(fuekm), Omnamrt (imeamrt), Zurksnus (Zurksnm), Q`ro`dr (trakim),Gridktòtur (Grquktìturg), Cgstrmemnk (cgstrmemng), Ed`(prmxknkjgj, i`rigeg),Egtur(Egturgl`zg), Emstglck`(emstglckg), Rstk(pgtgtgs imikjgs, rgllgjgs y sglt`gjgs

ime tmikem, tpkigs sukzgs), Yidw`kz (Yukzg), Q`rcgecèd`kt (pgsgjm), S`ktskidt( vkstgj` lgrcg jkstgeikg), Bgs`l (Bgs`l), B`re (B`reg), Jùtsidlgej (Gl`ngekg), @urmpg(@urmpg), Argeor`kid (Argeikg), Cèa (Cke`brg), Clio (su`rt`), Crmssnest`r(Crmssnest`r), Dknn`l (ik`lm), Omecr`sszètrun (iètrm j` imecr`sms),


14/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-4-

Oulturzètrun (iètrm iulturgl), Lgusgee (Lgusgeg), Lucgem (Lucgem), Luz`re(Lui`reg), Nusko (Nskig), Ymnn`rtd`gt`r(t`gtrm j` v`rgem),Yt. Cgllè (Yge Cglm),Zgez (Bgkl`), Zd`gt`r (Z`gtrm), Sgss`r (gcug), Sket`rtdur (Sket`rtdur), Vètrun(iètrm),Vrkid(Vurkid)?

Y` utklkzge slm è plurgl6 - lms emnbr`s j` imlìtkvms j` p`rsmegs, -j`t`rnkegjms

emnbr`s c`mcrakims (prkeikpglnèt` j` kslgs y j` igjègs nmetgmsgs). @e `l t`xtm ggeglkzgr, slm gpgrì` ue `f`nplm j` `llm6 Lùt` (p`rsmegs)?

2.9. LMY XRYZGNMY LKECYZKIMY

Y`ce Ngrg Nmlke`r (2887), ue prstgnm lkecstkim `s ue `l`nètm qu` ueg lècugtmng j` mtrg.

Zmjg lècug, pmr nuy rkig y `xpr`skvg qu` s`g, tkèj` g usgr `xtrgef`rksnms, qu` sme`l`nètms lxkims m sketitkims j` mtrgs lècugs. Lg amrng è lg qu` ueg lècugketrmjui` `stms `l`nètms pu`j` s`r ime m ske gjgptgikme`s g lg mrtmcrgag prmpkg.

@l t`xtm qu` s` geglkzg, rìmc` eun`rmsms `f`nplms j` `xtrgef`rksnms em gjgptgjms6 Geclkiksnms6 Dkcdlkcdts(tktulgr`s), S`bs`kt` (pckeg w`b), Keskj`rtkpps (imes`fm

prkvkl`ckgjms), Yngrtpdme` (t`lamem ket`lkcèt`), Kpdme` (le`g j` t`lamemsket`lkcèt`s jks`gjg y imn`rikglkzgjg pmr Gppl`) Gejrmkj (gejrmkj`), GpplGpp Ytmr` (tkèjg j` gplkigikme`s j` Gppl`) , Cmmcl`-ngps (ngpgs j`Cmmcl`), Cmmcl`-plgy (plgtgamrng j` jkstrkbuike j` gplkigikme`s pgrg nvkl`s), maalke`-Nmjus (nmjm au`rg j` le`g), S`bimj` (ijkcm w`b), Ymeetgcsbrueid(j`sgyuem-glnu`rzm j` lms jmnkecms), sdmppkec (imnprgs), Mutakt (trgf`),Zrèjs (tèjèikgs), Cukj` (cug)?

J`l argeis6 Zmur (vu`ltg/rutg), R`stgurget (r`stgurget`), Brgss`rk` (iga-r`stgurget`), Ygvmkr-vkvr` (sgb`r vkvkr), Igas (iga`t`rgs), Bmutkqu` (tkèjg),Rgil`tt` (tkpm j` qu`sm j` mrkcè sukzm), Ameju` (auejkjm), Cmurn`ts (p`rsmegime custm j`lkigjm y `xquksktm pglgjgr, `npl`gjm vktkvkekimlg) , Idgrn`(èigetm), Xmrtnmeegk` (nme`j`rm), B`ll` @pmqu` (pmig b`llg) , Dmt`l (dmt`l)?

J`l ktglkgem6 geem (gm)?

J`l crk`cm6 Bgr (bgr)?

J`l `spgml6 Zgpgs , bml`rm?

2.:. @L GL@NE YPKVM

@l gl`ne sukzm (Yidw`kz`rjùtsid, Yidwyz`rjtsid) em s` imeskj`rg imnm ueglècug, skem imnm ue jkglìtm m vgrkget` j` lg lècug gl`ngeg. Xmr tgetm, s` utklkzgpgrg lg `xpr`ske mrgl y em pgrg `xpr`ske `sirktg. Em mbstget`, è `l t`xtm s`èiuètrge glcuems `f`nplms j` pglgbrgs, `spìkglnèt` emnbr`s, prmvèkèt`s j`lgl`ne sukzm. G imetkeugike s` kejkige glcuems `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6

Cr`zk6 (sglujms)

Rgil`tt` (rgil`tt`, qu`sm j` mrkcè sukzm)

Rstk ( pgtgtgs imikjgs, rgllgjgs y sglt`gjgs (ime tmikem) tpkigs sukzgs)

c`spkiot 5 c`spkiot s`ke (`stgr llèm/r`pl tm)

c`tga`le 5 tga`le (imn`r)


15/55


-;-

IGXZPLM 9

@L XRMEMNBR@

Y`ce `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), lms prmemnbr`s sme pglgbrgs ime eulm m `sigsmvglmr s`netkim qu` skrvè pgrg s`glgr glcm j`l imet`xtm sktugikmegl è cè`rgl, pgrgr`nktkr glcm qu` s` gigbg j` èueikgr y pgrg `xpr`sgr r`lgikme`s j` p`rtèèikg m lgkj`g j` kejàkekike, iunplkèjm, pmr emrng cè`rgl, lg nksng aueike qu`j`s`np`grg ue sketgcng emnkegl. Em gimnpgge, pu`s, imnm lms j`t`rnkeget`s, glemnbr`, skem qu` s` utklkzge è su lucgr, g nèujm pgrg `vktgr su r`p`tkike.

Lms prmemnbr`s p`rsmegl`s sme j` vgrkms tkpms6 p`rsmegl`s, pms`skvms,j`nmstrgtkvms, kejàkekjms, r`lgtkvms, ket`rrmcgtkvms y ràl`xkvms. @e `l gelksks j`l t`xtmg trgtgr, s` èiuètrge `f`nplms j` slm iugtrm tkpms j` prmemnbr`s.

9.7. XRMEMNBR@Y X@RYMEGL@Y

Lms prmemnbr`s p`rsmegl`s è gl`ne eueig s` mnktè iugejm aueikmege imnmsuf`tm, nkètrgs qu` è `spgml, s` su`lè mnktkr.

Lgs amrngs j`l prmemnbr p`rsmegl sme lgs skcukèt`s6

X@RYMEG Emnkegtkvm Giusgtkvm Jgtkvm Cèktkvm

YKECPLGR

729 (ngsi.)

9 (a`n.)9 (eùtrm)

kid (ym)ju (t)`r (l)

sk` (`llg)`s (...)

nkid (n`)jkid (t`)kde (l`,lm)

sk` (lg)`s (...)

nkr (n`)jkr (t`)kdn(l`, s`)

kdr (l`, s`)kdn (...)

n`ke`rj`ke`rs`ke`r

kdr`rs`ke`r

XLPRGL729

wkr(emsmtrms/-gs)kdr (vmsmtrms/-gs)sk` (`llms/-gs)

ues (ems)ùid (ms)sk` (l`s,lms,lgs)

ues(ems)ùid (ms)kdeè (l`s, s`)

ues`rù`rkdr`r

Amrng jìmrt`sg

Yk`(ust`j/ust`j`s)

Yk` (l`/-s, lm/-s,lg/-s)

Kdeè (l`/-s, s`) Kdr`r

Zgblg :. Xrmemnbr s p`rsmegl`sAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg g pgrtkr j` Gejrù Igst`ll (2887, p.984)

Zèkèjm è iuètg lgs amrngs j` lms prmemnbr`s p`rsmegl`s, s` èun`rge lmsskcukèt`s `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm, qu` sme è su ngymrg amrngs j` imrt`sg6

- C`wkeeè Yk` `ke Smidèèj`(Cge` _ust`j^ ue ake j` s`ngeg)

- Yk` bk`tè `ke` All` ge Ouest... (@llgs marìè igetkjgj j` Grt`...)

- ...ogee nge `rl`bè,... (...uem pu`j` `xp`rknètgr,...)

- Jk` Ytjt`, jk` wkr Kdeè ed`r vmrst`llè,... (Lgs ikujgj`s, qu` emsmtrms l`

pr`sètgnms...)- Yk` adrt Yk` jurid jk` sidestè Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgatè... (_Pst`j^ s`r cukgjm gtrgvs j` lms pgksgf`s ns b`llms j` Yukzg...)


16/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-78-

- B`gidtè Yk`... (Xr`st` _ust`j^ gtèike...)

- ...`ragdrè Yk`... (...s`pg _ust`j^...)

-wkrj Kdeè j`r S`c zu `ke`r Y`dèswrjkco`kt jkròt gec`z`kct... (l` s`rjkrìtgnèt` nmstrgjm l ignkem dgikg ue nmeunètm...)

- Jgzu ckbts Qmrsidlc`...(Xgrg `llm dgy rìmnèjgikme`s...)

- l`bt` `r keB`re. ( _l^ vkvg è B`reg)

- Kid b`suid` c`re`... (_ym^ vksktm ime nuidm custm)

- @s ckbt side` Ytgjt`. (Dgy b`llgs ikujgj`s)

- Jgra `s .....s`ke= (Xu`j` s`r....=)

- Nk`tè Yk` `ke Agdrrgj uej ngidè Yk` `ke` Zmur...(Glqukl` _ust`j^ ueg bkikil`tg ydgcg _ust`j^ ue tmur...)

9.2. XRMEMNBR@Y KEJ@AKEKJMY

Imnm kejkige Rujmla y Prsulg Dmb`rc (288:), lms prmemnbr`s kejàkekjms dgièrà`rèikg g ue imefuetm ske `spìkakigrlm ns.

Lms prmemnbr`s kejàkekjms ns knpmrtget`s sme6gl l (tmjms), b`kj (gnbms),`k e (uem),o`ke (ekecuem),`ke bkssid è/`ke wèkc(ue pmim), `kekc(glcuem), ke pggr(uems iugetms), `twgs(glcm), ekidts (egjg), cèuc (bgstget`/suakikèt`),f`j `r (igjguem),f`n ge j (glcukè), ek`ngej (egjk`), nge (uem). G imetkeugike s` èun`rge`f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm g geglkzgr6

- Jk` Ytjt`,........., lk`cè brkcès gll` ge j`r Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej. (Lgsikujgj`s,......, s` èiuètrge pmr ik`rtm tmjgs è `l Crge Zmur j` Yukzg)

- Dk`r kst gll`s `twgs r`lgxt`r-kj`gl, un jk` Y`dèswrjkco ktè zu cèk`ssè. (Gqu `stmjm glcm ns r`lgfgjm-kj`gl pgrg jksarutgr lms nmeunètms)- B`smej`rs side cèk`ssè lsst skid gll`s gua j`r Z`rrgs` j`s R`stgurgets...(@spìkglnèt` bmektm ems j`fg jksarutgr tmjm è lg t`rrgzg j`l r`stgurget`...)- Jgs Q`ro`drsdgus j`r Yidw`kz z`kct gua spgeeèj` Grt gll`s b`r jk` @etwkioluec....(@l Nus`m j` lms Zrgespmrt`s j` Yukzg nu`strg j` amrng agsikeget` tmjm smbr` `lj`sgrrmllm.)- Jk` Ygnnluec wkjn`t skid vmr gll`n j`n Knpr`sskmeksnus. (Lg `xpmskike s`j`jkig get` tmjm gl Knpr`skmeksnm)- ... - b`kj` ogee nge Ymeetgcè cèk`ssè- ( , -gnbms s` pu`jè jksarutgr lmsjmnkecms, -)- sm `twgs wk` Bgs`ls idgrnget` ol`kev`rskme vme Q`rsgkll`s. (glcm gs imnm lg

p`qu`g v`rske ime èigetm j` Q`rsgll`s j` Bgskl`g)- ke ekidts egidst`dè.(. egjg qu` èvkjkgr)- , ge j`n nge skid wmdladlt- (, è jmej` uem s` èiuètrg g custm-)- cèk`sst nge `ke` gusc`z`kide`t` Oid`- (...uem jksarutg j` ueg `stupèjgimikeg)- , ogee nge . b`wuej re... (.uem pu`j` gjnkrgr .)- , wm nge skid zun Ymeeèbgj trkaat... (jmej` uem qu`jg pgrg ue bgm j` sml....)- adlt nge skid... (...uem s` skèt`...)- nuss nge c`s`dè dgbè. ( uem j`b` dgb`r vkstm.)- Dùt` cèk`sst nge(Dmy uem jksarutg...)


17/55


-77-

9.9. XRMEMNBR@Y R@LGZKQMY

Lms prmemnbr`s r`lgtkvms imeìtge lg mrgike prkeikpgl ime lg submrjkegjg, aueikmegeimnm imnpl`nètms j` stgs ltkngs y, emrnglnèt`, dgiè rà`rèikg g uegetì`jèt` sktugjm è lg mrgike prkeikpgl.

Lms prmemnbr`s r`lgtkvms ns j`stgigbl`s sme6 j`r, jk`, jgs (qu`, qukè/qukè`s,`l/lg iugl, lms/lgs iugl`s). @e `l t`xtm pr`jmnkege prkeikpglnèt` `f`nplms j` lgsamrngs plurgl`s6- Jk` Ytjt`, jk` wkr Kdeè ed`r vmrst`llè,... (Lgs ikujgj`s, qu` emsmtrms l`pr`sètgnms...)- Lùt`, jk` c`re` sdmppkec c`dè. (cèt`, qu` vg ime custm j` imnprgs)- 17; Zk`rgrtè, jk` grtc`rìdt c`dgltè w`rjè. ( 17; `spìk`s j` gekngl`s, qu`sme ngetèkjms imrrìtgnèt`)- Ke j`r Gltstgjt, jk` zu jè PE@YIM-S`lt`rb`stttè c`drt,... (@e `l igsim getkcum,qu` p`rtèì` gl Xgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lg PE@YIM,...)- Jk` B`re`r Sgppètk`r`, jk` sidme s`kt j r Yidlgidt vme .... (Lms gekngl`s

d`rljkims b`rekgems, qu` j`sj` lg Bgtgllg j`....)- creè Mgsè, jk` zu Q`rw`klè `kelgjè. ( v`rj`s mgsks, qu` kevktge glj`sigesm)

9.:. XRMEMNBR@Y R@AL@TKQMY

@e gl`ne slm `xkst` ue ekim prmemnbr` ràl`xkvm, qu` s` r`pr`sètg g trgvs j` lgamrng kevgrkgbl` skid. Aueikmege prkeikpglnèt` imnm mbf`tm jkrìtm m kejkrìtmiugejm gpgrìè ime v`rbms usgjms è nmjm ràl`xkvm m rìprmim. Gsknksnm,gpgrìè ime v`rbms prmemnkegl`s imnm pgrt` ket`crget` j` `llms.

G imetkeugike s` èun`rge lms `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6

- lgssè skid... (... s` j`fge...)- tràaè skid (...s` eiuètrge/ qu`jge...)- skid wmdladlt( s` skèt` g custm...)- bàkej`t skid...( sktugrs`/dgllgrs`/èimetrgrs`...)- jgra skid... ( s` j`b`...)- wkjn`t skid...( s` j`jkig...)


18/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-72-


19/55


-79-

IGXZPLM :

@L GJF@ZKQM

Zgl y imnm kejkig `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`l (2887), lms gjf`tkvms pu`jè s`r jàkekjms, ètrnkems cè`rgl`s, imnm gqu`llgs pglgbrgs qu` skrvè pgrg gtrkbukr ueg iuglkjgj m uegiikjèt` g lg r`glkjgj `xpr`sgjg pmr ue emnbr`.

Lms gjf`tkvms pu`jè j`s`np`gr jkv`rsgs aueikme`s sketitkigs6 imnpl`nètmgtrkbutkvm j`l emnbr`, imnpl`nètm pr`jkigtkvm j`l v`rbm, imnpl`nètm pr`jkigtkvmj`l emnbr` m j`l prmemnbr`, gpmskike y nmjkakigjmr j` ue v`rbm, ue gjf`tkvm m uegjv`rbkm. @e tmjgs `stgs aueikme`s, `l gjf`tkvm em s` jìlkeg, `xi`ptm è lg aueike jìmnpl`nètm gtrkbutkvm j`l emnbr`.

:.7. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE GZRKBPZKQG

@l gjf`tkvm iugejm aueikmeg imnm imnpl`nètm gtrkbutkvm j`l emnbr`, sk`npr` s`sktg prì`jkèjm g st`. Gsknksnm, j`b` jìlkegrs`, sglvm `xi`pikme`s, tèkèjm èiuètg `l igsm, ce`rm y en`rm j`l emnbr` gl qu` imnpl`nètg.

G imetkeugike s` èun`rge glcuems `f`nplms qu` gpgrìè è `l t`xtm6- jk` p`raòt eYtgjtadr`r (lms cugs p`raìtms / lms p`raìtms cugs)- `ke`r wuej`rsideè Gltstgjt (ue igsim getkcum ngrgvkllmsm / ue ngrgvkllmsm igsimgetkcum)- `ke` gusc`z`kide`t Oid` (ueg imikeg `stupèjg / ueg `stupèjg imikeg)- `ke` dkstmrksid`Dmlzbrio` (ue puèt` j` ngj`rg dkstrkim / ue dkstrkim puèt` j`ngj`rg)

- `ke` d`rrlkid`Mgs`(ue mgsks ngrgvkllmsm / ue ngrgvkllmsm mgsks)- `ke` w`ltb`rdnt @keogusastrgss`(ueg igll` imn`rikgl nuejkglnèt` imemikjg/ uegnuejkglnèt` imemikjg igll` imn`rikgl)- jk` wklj Egtur(lg egturgl`zg sglvgf` / lg sglvgf` egturgl`zg)- `ke kjyllksid`sEgtursidutzc`bk`t (ue Xgrqu` Egikmegl kjlkim / ue kjlkim XgrquÈgikmegl)- uet`r ar`k nDknn`l (bgfm `l ik`lm j`sp`fgjm / bgfm `l j`sp`fgjm ik`lm)- pridtkc Bgrmiookridè (kcl`skgs bgrrmigs mstètmsgs / mstètmsgs kcl`skgs bgrrmigs)

:.2. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE XR@JKIGZKQG

@l gjf`tkvm pu`j` aueikmegr imnm imnpl`nètm pr`jkigtkvm j`l v`rbm, j`l emnbr` m j`lprmemnbr`. @e tmjms `stms igsms, lms gjf`tkvms em j`bè jìlkegrs`, sme kevgrkgbl`s ys` sktge gl akegl j` lg args`.

@e `l t`xtm s` mbs`rvge glcuems `f`nplms6- Cr`zk uej d`rzl kidwk l lomnnè!(Yglujms y bkèvèkjms j` imrgze!)- Jgs Lui`re` A`stkvgl kn OOL Luz`re ngidts s`kt n`dr gls 30 Fgdrè nclkid.(@lA`stkvgl j` Lui`reg è `l Iètrm Iulturgl y j` Imecr`sms j` Lui`reg s` dgi` pmskbl`j`sj` ns j` 30 gms)- Jgeo j`r `xi`llètè Cgstrmemnk` w`rjè dk`r guid Cmurn`ts cliol kid.(Crgikgsg lg `xi`lèt` cgstrmemng, lms Cmurn`ts gqu tgnbke s`re a`lki`s)


20/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-7:-

- J`r Blkio ke jk` Ogrt` kst `rarùl kid, jk` Ykidt gua Lknngt uej Crmssnest`ragetget ksid. (@l vkstgzm g lg igrtg j` nès `s crgtkakiget`, lgs vkstgs gl Lknngt y glCrmssnest`r, agetstkigs)- Jk` crsst` Yidw`kz`r Ytgjt kst guid dids t vk `ls`ktkc. (Lg ikujgj ns crgej` j`Yukzg `s tgnbke sungnèt` jkv`rsg/gnplkg)- kst jk` Gusskidt gua jk` Gltstgjt `kezkcgrtkc. (Lg vkstg dgikg `l igsim getkcum `s

ekig)- Nkt 988888 Grtàgotè zun Clio cgezfdrk c maaè6 (Ime 988888 grtiulms, gbk`rtmpmr su`rt` jurget` tmjm `l gm)- S`r `s a l`ksidlms ngc, omnnt kn Dkltl... (Wukè pràk`rg v`c`tgrkgem, qu` vècg glDkltl)

:.9. LG J@ILKEGIKE J@L GJF@ZKQM

Y`ce `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), lg jìlkegike j`l gjf`tkvm j`pèjàuejgnètglnèt` j` lg gusèikg m pr`sèikg j` j`t`rnkeget`s, gs imnm j`l tkpm j`

j`t`rnkeget` qu` l` prì`jg.

:.9.7. Lg jìlkegike au`rt

Lg jìlkegike au`rt` `s gqu`llg è lg qu` `l gjf`tkvm em vg prì`jkjm j` ekecegrtiulm. Gsknksnm, s` usg iugejm vg prì`jkjm j` eun`rgl`s ske j`skeèikg y lgsamrngs ske t`rnkegike j` `twgs, n`dr, smlid, w`lid, vk`l ywèkc.@e `stg jìlkegike, `l gjf`tkvm gjmptg lgs nksngs t`rnkegikme`s qu` `l grtiulmj`t`rnkegjm (`xi`ptm è cèktkvm ngsiulkem y eùtrm skeculgr). G imetkeugike s`keiluy` ueg tgblg imnm nu`strg j` lm nèikmegjm6

YKECPLGRIgsms Ngsiulkem A`nèkem EùtrmEmnkegtkvm

GiusgtkvmJgtkvmCèktkvm

side`rXgro(bmektm pgrqu`)sideè Xgroside`n Xgrosideè Xgro

side` Amtmcrgak`(b`llg amtmcrgag)side` Amtmcrgak`side`r Amtmcrgak`side`r Amtmcrgak`

side`s Agdrrgj(lbmektg bkikil`tg)side`s Agdrrgjside`n Agdrrgjsideè Agdrrgj

XLPRGL (n/a/e)EmnkegtkvmGiusgtkvmJgtkvm

Cèktkvm

side`Ytrgssè (b`llgs igll`s)side`YtrgssèsideèYtrgssè

side`r Ytrgssè

Zgblg 0. Jìlkegike au`rtÀuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg

@e `l t`xtm gpgrìè lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms6

- `rstolgsskc eR`stgurgets (r`stgurget`s j` prkn`rg ilgs`)

- spgeeèj Cgl`rkè (cgl`rgs agsikeget`s / agsikeget`s cgl`rgs)

- a`ke` J`lkogt`ssèljè (ràkegjgs tkèjgs j` j`lkigt`ssè/ tkèjgs j` j`lkigt`ssèràkegjgs)


21/55


-70-

- d`rrlkid`n Blkio (vkstg ngrgvkllmsg/ ngrgvkllmsg vkstg)

- r`kzvmll nBlkio (vkstg gtrgitkvg/ gtrgitkvg vkstg)

- r`kzvmll rYtrìo` (rìmrrkjm gtrgitkvm/ gtrgitkvm rìmrrkjm)- ètwmraèèC`buj` (`jkakikms jks`gjms)

- side`Ytjt` (ikujgj`s bmektgs / bmektgs ikujgj`s)

-pridtkc Bgrmiookridè (Kcl`skgs Bgrrmigs mstètmsgs / mstètmsgs Kcl`skgs Bgrrmigs)

- olgssksidèOlgecw`ttè (pgksgf`s ilskims / ilskims pgksgf`s)

-Ouestvmll r Dmidcèuss (jksarut` grtstkim)

- kezkcgrtkc r Gusskidt (vkstg ekig / ekig vkstg)

- spgeeèj Grt (amrng agsikeget`/ agsikeget` amrng)

- stklvmll nGnbkèt (gnbkèt` ràkegjm/ ràkegjm gnbkèt`)- emstglcksidèIdgrn` (èigetm emstlckim / emstlckim èigetm)

- dkstmrksid` Bguw`ro`(imestruiikme`s dkstrkigs / dkstrkigs imestruiikme`s)

- creè Mgsè (mgsks v`rj` / v`rj` mgsks)

- wmdelkid`rGtnmspdr` (gtnsa`rg gimc`jmrg / gimc`jmrg gtnsa`rg)

- ometèpmrt eOuest (Grt` Imet`npmre`m)

- ar`k nDknn`l (ik`lm j`sp`fgjm / j`sp`fgjm ik`lm)

- aea v`rsidk`jè`Gnbkèt` (ikeim gnbkèt`s jka`rèt`s / ikeim jka`rèt`s gnbkèt`s)

- kjyllksidè Ytgjtpgro (pgrqu` urbgem kjlkim / kjlkim pgrqu` urbgem)- jùtsid`ruej st`rr`kidksid` Oestl`r (grtkstgs gl`nge`s y gustrgims)

- ngrotarksidèC`rkidt` (plgtm j`l jkg)

:.9.2. Lg jìlkegike jbkl

Lg jìlkegike jbkl `s gqu`llg è lg qu` `l gjf`tkvm vg prì`jkjm j`l grtiulmj`t`rnkegjm (j`r/jk`/jgs). Y` usg kcuglnèt` iugejm vg prì`jkjm pmr gll-, b`kj-, f`j-,j`r-/jk`-/jgss`lb-, j`r-/jk`-/jgsfèkc-, jk`s-, fè-, ngeid- m w`lid-.@e `stg jìlkegike `l gjf`tkvm slm pms`` jms j`skeèikgs jkstketgs6 -` pgrg `l

emnkegtkvm skeculgr j` tmjms lms ce`rms y `l giusgtkvm skeculgr a`nèkem y eùtrm, y -èè lms j`ns igsms. Y` pu`j` mbs`rvgr è lg skcukèt` tgblg6


22/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-71-


GiusgtkvmJgtkvm

Cèktkvm

j`r eù` Jkròtmr(`l eu`vm jkrìtmr)jè eùè Jkròtmrj`n eùè Jkròtmr

j`s eùè Jkròtmr

jk` eù` Brio`(`l eu`vm puèt`)jk` eù` Brio`j`r eùè Brio`

j`r eùè Brio`

jgs eù` Igskem(`l eu`vm igskem)jgs eù` Igskemj`n eùè Igskem

j`s eùè Igskem

XLPRGL (n/a/e)EmnkegtkvmGiusgtkvmJgtkvmCèktkvm

jk` eùè Ygnnluecè (lgs eu`vgs imlìikme`s)jk` eùèYgnnluecèjè eùè Ygnnluecèj`r eùè Ygnnluecè

Zgblg 1. Jìlkegike jbklAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg

Gtèjkèjm g lgs amrngs j` lg jìlkegike jbkl, è `l t`xtm s` dge `xtrgjm lmsskcukèt`s f`nplms6

- J`r eùèCrgej Zmur (`l eu`vm crge tmur)

- jk` p`raòt e Ytgjtadr`r (lms cugs turstkims p`raìtms / lms p`raìtms cugsturstkims)

- j`r r`kiddgltkc Ymeetgcsbrueid (`l vgrkgjm j`sgyuem-glnu`rzm j` lms jmnkecms)

- jgs dkstmrksidùej rèmvk`rt Dmt`l (`l dmt`l dkstrkim y rèmvgjm dmt`l)

- jk` n`jkt`rrgeÒid` (lg imikeg n`jkt`rre`g)

- j`r b`rdnt @nnètgl`r (`l agnmsm @nnètgl)

- jk` w`ltb`rdnt nktt`lglt`rlkidÒgpp`llbrio` (`l nuejkglnèt` imemikjm puèt`n`jk`vgl j` lg igpkllg)

-j`r `xz`llèt eCgstrmemnk` (lg cgstrmemng xi`lèt`/ lg xi`lèt` cgstrmemng)

- jk` wklj Egtur (lg egturgl`zg sglvgf` / lg sglvgf` egturgl`zg)

- jgs c`wgltkcÈgtursidguspk`l (`l kenèsm `spìtiulm egturgl)

- jk` dkstmrksidè Run` (lgs sglgs dkstrkigs / lgs dkstrkigs sglgs)

- j`r `kejriolkid` dkstmrksid` Bgu (lg knpr`skmeget` ` dkstrkig imestruiike)

- jk` wìds`lej e Gusst`lluecè (lgs `xpmskikme`s ignbkget`s / lgs ignbkget`s`xpmskikme`s)

- jk` d`knksidè Xalgezè (lgs plgetgs gutitmegs)

- kn l`bèjkc e Eùstgjtqugrtk`r (è `l eu`vm bgrrkm llèm j` vkjg)

:.9.9. Lg jìlkegike nkxtg

Lg jìlkegike nkxtg `s gqu`llg è lg qu` `l gjf`tkvm vg prì`jkjm pmr `l grtiulmkej`t`rnkegjm (`ke-), `l j`t`rnkeget` e`cgtkvm (o`ke-) m pmr lms prmemnbr`s pms`skvms(n`ke-,j`ke-,s`ke-,`ti). Lgs amrngs j` `stg jìlkegike sme ueg n`zilg ètr` lgjìlkegike au`rt` y lg jbkl y s` pu`jè mbs`rvgr è lg skcukèt` tgblg6


23/55


-73-


Giusgtkvm

Jgtkvm

Cèktkvm

n`ke agetgetksid`r

Brueeè (nk agetstkigauèt`)

n`keè agetgetksidèBrueeè

n`ke`n agetgetksidèBrueeè

n`ke`s agetgetksidèBrueeè

n`ke` agetgetksidÒid`

(nk agetstkig imikeg)

n`ke` agetgetksid` Oid`

n`ke`r agetgetksidèOid`

n`ke`r agetgetksidèOid`

n`ke agetgetksid`s

Smidèèj` (nkagetstkim ake j`s`ngeg)n`ke agetgetksid`sSmidèèj`

n`ke`n agetgetksidèSmidèèj`

n`ke`s agetgetksidèSmidèèj`

XLPRGL (n/a/e)Emnkegtkvm

Giusgtkvm

Jgtkvm

Cèktkvm

n`ke` agetgetksidè C`rkidt`(nks agetstkims plgtms)

n`ke` agetgetksidè C`rkidt`

n`keè agetgetksidè C`rkidt`

n`ke`r agetgetksidè C`rkidt`Zgblg 3. Jìlkegike nkxtgAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg

Zèkèjm è iuètg lgs amrngs j` lg jìlkegike nkxtg, è `l t`xtm s` dge `xtrgjm lms

skcukèt`s f`nplms6- `ke`r wuej`rsideè Gltstgjt (ueg ikujgj ngrgvkllmsg/ ueg ngrgvkllmsg ikujgj)

- `ke` gusc`z`kide`t Oid` (ueg imikeg `xi`lèt`/ ueg `xi`lèt` imikeg)

-kdrè argezskidè Cgrtè (su fgrje argeis)

- `ke` guawejkc keszèk`rt Gusst`lluec (ueg `xpmskike `spìkglnèt` `lgbmrgjg)

- s`ke` l`bèjkc Nusko- uej Oestl`rszè` (su `sièg nuskigl y grtstkig è vkvg)

- `ke oulturr`ll s@rl`beks (ueg `xp`rkèikg iulturgl)

- `ke` dkstmrksid`Dmlzbrio` (ue dkstrkim puèt` j` ngj`rg)

- `ke ode`s, gvgetcgrjkstksid`s Oultur-uej Omecr`sszètrun (ue gtr`vkjmvgecugrjkstg iètrm iulturgl y j` imecr`sms)

- `ke` oulkegrksid` Zd`nèagdrt (ue vkgf` t`ntkim iulkegrkm / ue iulkegrkm vkgf`t`ntkim)

- `ke` d`rrlkid`Mgs` (ue ngrgvkllmsm mgsks / ue mgsks ngrgvkllmsm)

- `ke` sidw`kz rGrnbgejudr (ue r`lmf j` puls`rg sukzm)

- `ke `l`cget sMutakt (ue trgf` `l`cget` trgf` /ue trgf` `l`cget`)

- `ke`n `rst eDd`pueot (ueg prkn`rg ikng)

- `ke` agetgstksid`S`ktskidt (ueg agetstkig vkstg)

- `ke` w`ltb`rdnt @keogusastrgss` (ueg igll` imn`rikgl nuejkglnèt` imemikjg)


24/55

Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms

-74-

- @ke` wuej`rbgr Ytgjt-Mgs`(ue ngrgvkllmsg ikujgj mgsks)

- `ke`n s`dèsw`rt eOulturzètrun (ue iètrm iulturgl jkcem j` v`rs`)

- `ke b`smej`r rCèuss (ue plgi`r `spìkgl)

- `ke kjyllksid`s Egtursidutzc`bk`t (ue Xgrqu` Egikmegl kjlkim / ue kjlkim XgrquÈgikmegl)

- `ke`r l`bèjkc eGltstgjt (ue bgrrkm llèm j` vkjg)

- `ke a`stlkidè Rgdnè (ue gnbkèt` a`stkv`)

- `ke b`lk`bt r Zràapueot (ue puetm j` èiuètrm pmpulgr / ue pmpulgr puetm j`èiuètrm)

- `ke`n w`ltmaaèè uej guss`rc`wdelkidè R`stgurgetomez`pt (ue imei`ptm j`r`stgurget` gbk`rtm y xi`pikmegl /gbk`rtm y `xi`pikmegl imei`ptm j` r`stgurget`)


25/55


-7;-

IGXZPLM 0

LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y

Lgs pr`pmskikme`s sme pgrtiulgs kevgrkgbl`s, pms``jmrgs j` rìike, qu` gpgrìèprkeikpglnèt` è imnpgg j` sketgcngs emnkegl`s y j` prmemnbr`s, è migskme`stgnbke j` gjv`rbkms, imestktuyèjm ime `llms ue sketgcng è aueike jìmnpl`nètm j` ue v`rbm, ue emnbr` m ue gjf`tkvm.

0.7. @L RCKN@E J@ LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y

J`l rcknè j` lg pr`pmskike j`pèj`r `l igsm è qu` gpgr`zig `l sketgcng emnkeglm `l prmemnbr` qu` lm gimnpg`. J` `st` nmjm, jkstkecuknms : crupms qu` gpgrìèè `l t`xtm6

0.7.7. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkcè giusgtkvm6

@e gl`ne, lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkcè giusgtkvm sme bks , jurid , ar, c`cè,mde`, un ywk`j`r. @e `l t`xtm g geglkzgr gpgrìè lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms6

- bks (dgstg) - bks Ar`ktgc (dgstg `l vk`re`s), b ks 29. Gucust 2870 (dgstg `l 29 j`gcmstm j` 2870)? bksdùt` (dgstg dmy)? bks27. Fgdrduej`rt(dgstg `l skclm TTK)?

-jurid (pmr, g trgvs j`) - jurid jk` sidestè Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgatè(g trgvs j`lms d`rnmsms pgksgf`s sukzms)? juridjè Furg kes nktt`lglt`rlkid` Yt-Prsgee` (g trgvsj`l Furg dgikg lg n`jk`vgl Yt-Prsgee`)?

- ar (pgrg, pmr, g ignbkm j`) - arspgeeèj` @etjìouecsr`ksè (pgrg `nmikmeget`s

vkgf`s j` `xplmrgike) ? ar Kdr Yngrtpdme` (pgrg su sngrtpdme`)? ar Oultur- uej@keoguastmurè (pgrg tmurs iulturgl`s y imn`rikgl`s) , ar Dmt`ls (pgrg dmt`l`s), arOuestlk`bdgb`r (pgrg gnget`s j`l grt`)?ar jgs `ke` mj`r gej`r` Nktbrkecs`l (pgrg uemu mtrm rìu`rjm/r`cglktm)? ar omstèlms` Zrkeowgss`r`rarksiduec (pmr lg ràr`siget`gcug pmtgbl` crgtuktg) ? ars`ke` l`bèjkc` Nusko- uej Oestl`rszè` (pmr su `siègnuskigl y iulturgl è vkvm), ar gll` Ouestarùej` (pgrg lms gnget`s j`l grt`)? arf`jèC`sidngio(pgrg igjg custm)? arPdrè (pgrg lms r`lmf`s)? ar`ke pggr Ytuejè (pmrue pgr j` dmrgs) ? ar Amtmcrgak` (pgrg lg amtmcrgag), arcrmssè Gplguss (pmr ue crgegplgusm)? ar`ke Nusùn (pgrg ue nus`m)?

- un (glr`j`jmr j`) - , un jk` Y`dèswrjkco`ktè (glr`j`jmr j` lms nmeunètms)?

0.7.2. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkcè jgtkvm6

Lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkcè jgtkvm è gl`ne sme gus, guss`r, b`k,ètc `cè, ètspr ìdèj , c`cèb`r, c`nss, nk t, egid, sgnt, s`kt, vme, zu yzul k`b`. G imetkeugike s` ràl`fge lms `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6

- gus (j`) - gus j`n 7:.Fgdrduej`rt. (j`l skclm TKQ), gus j`n Fuecèstkl (j`lNmj`reksnm), gu sj`n Fgdr 7970 (j`l gm 7970)?

- b`k (gl lgjm j`, i`rig j`, è) -b`kn kjyllksidè Ytgjtpgro (gl lgjm j`l kjklkim pgrquùrbgem)?

- nkt (ime) - nkt kdrè Bmutkquè (ime sus bmutkqu`s), nkt `ke`r wuej`rsideèGltstgjt (ime ue ngrgvkllmsm igsim getkcum), nkt s`keè nktt`lglt`rlkidè Cssidè(ime sus igll`fu`lgs n`jk`vgl`s), nkt r`kzvmll`n Blkio gua jè Rd`ke (ime gtrgitkvgs


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-28-

vkstgs gl Rke), nkt d`rrlkid`n Blkio gua j`n Rd`kn (ime ngrgvkllmsgs vkstgs gl Rke),Nkt kdr`n argezsksidè Cgrtè uej j`n èclksidè Xgro (ime su fgrje argeis y supgrqu` kecls), nkt s`keè 70 Ypk`ltksidè ( ime sus 70 n`sgs j` fu`cm), nkts`ke`n Xgro gn Y`` (ime su pgrqu` è `l lgcm), nkt `kezkcgrtkc`r Gusskidt (ime vkstgsekigs) , nkt s`keè ngrogetè Zurnjid`re (ime sus emtgbl`s t`fgjms) , nkt `ke`nNgrotb`suid= (ime ueg vksktg gl n`rigjm=), nktj`r jr`dèjè Rmtgkr-Y`klbgde (ime

`l auekiulgr ckrgtmrkm), Nkts`ke`r bè`kjèsw`rtè Lgc` (ime su èvkjkgbl` ubkigike),nkt creè Mgsè (ime ue v`rj` mgsks), nkt `ke`r l`bèjkcè Gltstgjt (ime ue igsimgetkcum llèm j` vkjg)?

-egid(g, dgikg, j`spus j`, gl igbm j`, s`ce) - Egidgllè R`c`le j`r Ouest (Dgikgtmjgs lgs r`clgs j`l grt`),Egid `ke`n `rstè Dd`pueot (Dgikg ueg prkn`rg ikng),Egidj`n @kecgecstmr(Dgikg lg pu`rtg j` ètrgjg)?

- s`kt (j`sj`, j`sj` dgi`) - s`kt j`r Yidlgidt vme Emvgrrg (j`sj` lg Bgtgllg jÈmvgrrg), s`kt n`dr gls 30 Fgdrè nclkid (j`sj` dgi` pmskbl`nèt` ns j` 30gms)?

- vme (j`) -vmelmoglè X`rselkido ktè (j` p`rsmeglkjgj`s lmigl`s), vme jè Bgsl`re

lk`b`vmll Vmllk cègeet (llgngjm Vmllk igrkmsgnèt` pmr lms bgsklès`s), vmejèaea @l`nètè (j` lms ikeim `l`nètms)?

- zu (g, dgikg, pgrg, ime, pgrg ime, è `l trgtm ime, j`, imetrg, pmr) - zuAuss `rouejè(`xplmrgr g pk`), zu `ke`r Y`dèswrjkco`kt (dgikg ue nmeunètm), zurOulturn`trmpml` (dgikg lg n`trpmlks iulturgl), zu jè b`lk`bt`stè Ar`kz`ktgotkvkttè(pgrg lgs gitkvkjgj`s j` tk`npm lkbr` ns smlkiktgjgs), zun Clio (pmr su`rt`), zu jèPE@YIM-S`lt`rb`stttè c`drt (p`rtèì` gl Xgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lgPE@YIM), zun Ymeeèbgj (pgrg `l bgm j` sml), zunQ`rw`klè `kelgjè (kevktg g lgp`rngeèikg), zun Cèk`ssè (gl jksarut`),zurGttrgotkvktt (ime `l gtrgitkvm) , zunB`kspk`l (pmr `f`nplm), zu `ke`n s`dèsw`rtè Oulturzètrun (g ue iètrm iulturgl j`ket`rs), Pet`r ar`k`n Dknn`l zu sp`ksè (pgrg imn`r bgfm ue ik`lm j`sp`fgjm),ètjìot zu w`rjè (pgrg s`r j`siubk`rtm), zur b`stè Agdrrgjstgjt (g lg n`fmr ikujgjj` lgs bkikil`tgs)? zu b`wuej`re (pgrg gjnkrgr)?

0.7.9. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkcè giusgtkvm m jgtkvm6

Lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` è gl`ne rkcè tgetm giusgtkvm imnm jgtkvm sme gb, ge, gua,dke t`r, ke, e`bè, b`r, uet`r, vme yzwksid è.

Gpgrìè è giusgtkvm iugejm kejkig lg n`tg j` ue j`splgzgnkètm, r`gl m akcurgjm,`xpr`sgjm m knplkigjm pmr ue v`rbm j` nmvknkètm ketrgesktkvm (c`dè>kr) m trgesktkvm(sidkeoè>èvkgr). @e `l t`xtm s` `xtrgè lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms6

- gua (è, g, èikng j`, smbr`) - gua jè Rd`ke (è `l Rke), gua `keè Y``cgec (è lgiubk`rtg), gu a spgeeèj` Grt (j` ueg amrng `nmikmeget`), gua s`ke` Omstè (g suigrcm)?

- ke (è, g, jètrm j`) -ke wèkcè Yidrkttè (g pmims pgsms) , kejè Gppl` Gpp Ytmr`(è lg tkèjg j` gplkigikme`s j` Gppl`), kes nktt`lglt`rlkid` Yt-Prsgee` (è lg n`jk`vglYt-Prsgee`), ke jè eùè BrèXgro (è `l eu`vm pgrqu` j` msms), kejk` Ogrt` (è`l ngpg), ke jè Amous (è `l amim), ke jè Gbèjstuejè (gl gemidì`r), kes Cre`(è lm v`rj`), kejk` Q`rcgecèd`kt (è `l pgsgjm)?

Gpgrìè è jgtkvm iugejm, gl imnpl`nètgr g v`rbms `sttkims ketrgesktkvms

(grb`ktè>trgbgfgr, s`ke>s`r) m trgesktkvms (trgcè>ll`vgr), em kejkig lg n`tg j` ekecej`splgzgnkètm. @e `l t`xtm s` `xtrgè lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms6


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- gb (j`, j`sj`, g pgrtkr j`) -Gb Bgs`l (j`sj` Bgskl`g)?

-ge (g, fuetm g, è, j`, g mrkllgs j`) - lk`cè gej`r eùè Crgej Zmur (s` sktg è `leu`vm Crge Zmur), sk` bk`tè `ke` All` geOuest , Cèuss, Gridktòtur uej Ygvmkr-vkvr`(`llgs marìè ueg keakekjgj j` grt`, plgi`r, grquktìturg y sgb`r vkvkr) , gej`n nge

skid wmdladlt (è jmej` uem s` skèt` g custm) , b`kj` ogee nge ge Ymeetgcècèk`ssè (gnbgs imsgs s` pu`jè jksarutgr lms jmnkecms)?

- gua (è, pmr, jurget`, s`ce, pmrqu`, j`) - gua 7188 Oklmn`t`re (jurget` 7188okln`trms), gua ues`r`r S`bs`kt` (è eu`strg pckeg w`b), gua 93 Wugjrgtoklmn`t`re(è 93 okln`trms iugjrgjms), gua r`kzvmll`r Ytrìo` (è ue gtrgitkvm rìmrrkjm), gu ajk` Gltstgjt (è `l igsim getkcum), gu aj`r Z`rrgss` (è lg t`rrgzg), gu aj`n Sgss`r(è `l gcug), gua j`n Ckpa`l (è lg ikng), gua 92 Dòtgrè (j` 92 dìtr`gs)?- ke (è, g, jètrm j`) - ke jk`s`r Brmsidr` (è `st` amll`tm), kej`r Brgss`rk` (è `lbgr-r`stgurget`), kej`r Dguptstgjt (è lg igpktgl), kej`r Gltstgjt (è `l igsim getkcum),ke j`r Gr` (jètrm j`l r`g), ke jk`s`n bgrmioè Rgun (è `stg sglg bgrrmig), kejk`s`n nkttè ke j`r Gltstgjt (è nktgj j`l igsim getkcum), ke j`r B`re`r Gltstgjt (è `ligsim getkcum j` B`reg), kej`r Ed` (è lg prmxknkjgj), kej`r Luat (è `l gkr`), ke j`rv`ro`drsar`kè Gltstgjt (è `l igsim getkcum i`rrgjm gl trakim) , ke `ke`n w`ltmaaèèuej guss`rc`wdelkidè R`stgurgetomez`pt (jètrm j`l imei`ptm j` r`stgurget`gbk`rtm y `xi`pikmegl), kn `kezkcè Yikèi` Ièt`r (è `l ekim Iètrm j` lgsIkèikgs), kn Qmrj`rcruej (è prkn`r plgem), knZìdemrgng (è `l Zìemrgng), ... knYidlmss (è `l igstkllm), kej`r Zgt (è `l gitm / è lg giike), kn Yulz`rgr`gl (è `ljkstrktm j` Yulz`r)?

0.7.:.Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkcè cèktkvm gj`ns j` mtrms igsms6

Lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` è gl`ne rkcè mtrms igsms gj`ns j`l cèktkvm sme (ge)

stgtt, bke eè, ètlgec, jge o, kee`rd glb, lecs, lgut, ngec `ls, nktt`ls, trmt z,wdrèj, w`cè, zuam lc` y zucuestè. Gl geglkzgr `l t`xtm s` `xtrgè lms skcukèt`s`f`nplms6

- ètlgec (g lm lgrcm j`) - @etlgecj`r Crgej-Zmur (g lm lgrcm j`l Crge Zmur)?

- stgtt (è lucgr j`) - Adr` stgttBrio` (a`rrys è lucgr j` puèt`s)?

-jgeo (crgikgs g) - Jgeoj`r `xz`llètè Cgstrmemnk` (crgikgs g lg `xi`lèt`cgstrmemnkg)?

0.2. IMEZRGIIKME@Y J@ XR@XMYKIKE [ GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM

Glcuegs pr`pmskikme`s gjnktè su imetrgiike ime `l skeculgr jl grtiulm j`t`rnkegjmj`l sketgcng emnkegl gl iugl prì`jè. Lgs imetrgiikme`s qu` s` imeskj`rgeplègnèt` emrnglkzgjgs y qu` gpgrìè è `l t`xtm sme6

- kes (imetrgiike j` ke ime `l giusgtkvm j`l grtiulm eùtrm skeculgr jgs) - kesnktt`lglt`rlkid` Yt-Prsgee` (è lg n`jk`vgl Yt-Prsgee`), kes Cre` (è lm v`rj`)?

- gn, b`kn, kn, vmn, zun (imetrgiike j` ge, b`k, ke, vme y zu ime `l jgtkvm j`lgrtiulm ngsiulkem y eùtrm skeculgr j`n) - gn Jr`klej`rìo (è `l trkpuetm), gnRd`ke (è `l Rke), gn Bgsl`r Rd`keua`r (è lg mrkllg bgsklès` j`l Rke), gnDguptbgdedma (è lg `stgike j` trè`s), gn Y`` (è `l lgcm), gn Sgss`r (è `l gcug)?

b`kn B`suid (è lg vksktg), b`kn kjyllksidè Ytgjtpgro (è `l kjlkim pgrqu` urbgem),knMaalke`-Nmjus (è nmjm au`rg j` le`g), kn Aluss (è `l rm), kn R`stgurget (è `lr`stgurget`), kn Fgdr (è `l gm), kn Xgro (è `l pgrqu`), kn Rmsècgrtè (è `l fgrje


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j` rmsgs), kn nystksidè @nnètgl (è `l nstkim @nnètgl), kn D`rzè (è `limrgze), kn Yidw`kz`rdma (è lg crgefg sukzg), kn l`bèjkcè Eùstgjtqugrtk`r (è `leu`vm bgrrkm llèm j` vkjg), kn Qkgjuo (è `l vkgjuitm), kn Ouestnusùn Sketd`rtur(è `l Nus`m j` Grt` j` Sketd`rtur), kn Qmrj`rcruej (è `l prkn`r plgem), knZìdemrgng (è `l Zìemrgng), kn Yidlmss (è `l igstkllm), kn Yulz`rgr`gl (è `l jkstrktmj` Yulz`r) ? vmn Ytgrgridktòtè (pmr `l grquktìtm `str`llg) , vmn Brèpgro (j`l

pgrqu` j` lms msms), vmn Glltgc (j` lg vkjg imtkjkgeg), vmn Y``(j`l lgcm), vmn 72. bks29. Gucust 2870 (j`l 72 gl 29 j` gcmstm j` 2870)? zun Clio (pmr su`rt`) , zunYmeeèbgj (pgrg ue bgm j` sml), zun Q`rw`klè (pgrg lg p`rngeèikg), zun B`kspk`l(pmr `f`nplm) , zun Cèk`ssè (pgrg l jksarut`), zun Gussprìdè (pgrg lg `xpr`ske),zun @ssè(pgrg `l imn`r)?

- zur (imetrgiike j` zu ime `l jgtkvm j`l grtiulm a`nèkem skeculgr j`r) - zurOulturn`trmpml` (dgikg lg n`trpmlks iulturgl), zur Gttrgotkvktt (ime `l gtrgitkvm), zurb`stè Agdrrgjstgjt (g lg n`fmr ikujgj j` lgs bkikil`tgs)?


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IGXZPLM 1

@L Q@RBM

Y`ce jàke` `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), lms v`rbms pu`jè j`sirkbkrs`, è trnkemscè`rgl`s, imnm pglgbrgs qu` skrvè pgrg rà`rkr giikme`s, prmi`sms y `stgjms. J`sj``l puetm j` vkstg aueikmegl, `l v`rbm imestktuy` `l eil`m j` iuglquk`r mrgike,jìkjkèjm qu imnpl`nètms `spìakims j`bè m pu`jè gpgrì`r è `llg.

1.7. AMRNGY KEAKEKZGY

@e gl`ne `xkstè tr`s amrngs keakektgs (knp`rsmegl`s) j`l v`rbm6 `l keakektkvm, `lpgrtkikpkm K y `l pgrtkikpkm KK. Gl kcugl qu` è `spgml, `stgs amrngs em pu`jè s`rimefucgjgs. G imetkeugike s` dgblgr j`l pgrtkikpkm KK m pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm6

1.7.7. Xgrtkikpkm KK

@l pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm è lècug gl`ngeg s` utklkzg pgrg amrngr lms tk`npms imnpu`stmsj`l pgsgjm (`l X`raòty `l plusiugnp`raìtm), `l auturm KK y lgs amrngs imnpu`stgs j`lOmefuetkvKy KK. Gsknksnm, amrng lg vmz pgskvg fuetm ime w`rjè y ime s`ke.

@e lg amrngike j`l pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm è gl`ne s` tkèè è iuètg6

- Lg t`rnkegike ètr` v`rbms r`culgr`s (ggjkèjm -t m -`t g su rgz, -j m -t iugejmsu rgz t`rnkeg è -n m -e prì`jkjg j` mtrg imesmeget` qu` em s`g n,e, r, l y d) yv`rbms krr`culgr`s (ggjkèjm -è g su rgz pmr r`clg cè`rgl)?

-Lms v`rbms qu` ggjè `l pràkfm c`- y lms qu` em lm ggjè.

Y`cukjgnèt`, s` èun`rge lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms j` pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm `xtrgjmsj`l t`xtm6

- c`ngidt (dìdm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm ngidè

- c`spkiots`ke(`stgr llèm/r`pl`tm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm spkioè (gl`ne sukzm)

- gec`z`kct (nmstrgjm/s`glgjm/vksuglkzgjm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm gez`kcè

- `raae`t (r`gbk`rtm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm `raaeè

- c`tga`lt (imn`r) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm tga`le (gl`ne sukzm)

- bògeet (emnbrgjm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm bòèeè

- d`rc`st`l l t (agbrkigjm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm d`rst`llè

-c`s`dè(vkstm)5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm s`dè

- c`pal`ct (iukjgjm)5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm pal`cè

- `regeet (j`skcegjm)5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm `reèeè

1.2. AMRNGY AKEKZGY

Lgs amrngs akektgs (imefucgjgs) è gl`ne sme gqu`llgs qu` `xpr`sge lgs igt`cmrgsj`l v`rbm6 p`rsmeg (7,2,9), en`rm (skeculgr, plurgl), vmz crgngtkigl (gitkvg,pgskvg),tk`npm v`rbgl (pr`sèt`, X`raòt, `ti.) y nmjm(kejkigtkvm, subfuetkvm).


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1.2.7. Q`rbms r culgr`s ` krr`culgr`s

Lms v`rbms r`culgr`s s` jkstkecuè j` lms krr`culgr`s pmrqu` stms ltknms suarè ueignbkm è lg vmigl t`ntkig iugejm amrnge `l Xrt`rktun, `l pgrtkikpkm KK m lg s`cuejg mlg t`ri`rg p`rsmeg j`l skeculgr j`l pr`sèt` j` kejkigtkvm, nkètrgs qu` lms prkn`rms em

suarè st` ignbkm.G imetkeugike, s` ràl`fge è lgs skcukèt`s tgblgs lms `f`nplms qu` gpgrìè è `l

t`xtm geglkzgjm6

Q@RBMY R@CPLGR@Y

KEAKEKZKQM XR@Y@EZ@ XRZ@RKZPN X@RA@OZ

ngidè (dgi`r)

`rouejè (gv`rkcugr)

vmrst`llè (pr`sètgr)b`gidtè (pr`stgr gtèike)

lmioè (gtrg`r)

ètw`raè

(prmyìtgr,imei`bkr, `sbmzgr)

v`rbkejè(imeìtgr)

lut`re(smegr/tmigr)

tkioè (dgi`r tki tgi)

c`drè (p`rtèì`r)

b`wuej`re (gjnkrgr)

algek`rè (igll`f`gr)

`keoguaè (imnprgr)

bàkejè skid(èimetrgrs`)

b`suidè (vksktgr)

adlè (sètkr)

v`rl`kdè (glquklgr, pr`stgr)

smrcè (pr`miupgrs`)

ètjìoè (j`siubrkr)l`bè (vkvkr)

lk`bè (gngr, qu`r`r)

amlcè (s`cukr)

s`tzè skid(sètgrs`)

sp`ksè (imn`r)

rioè (gi`rigrs`)

rkidtè (imeiètrgr,jkrkckr)

ngidt

`rouej`t

vmrst`lltb`gidt`t

lmiot

ètw`rat

v`rbkej`t

lut`t

tkiot

c`drt

b`wuej`rt

plgek`rt

oguat `ke

bàkej`t skid

b`suidt

adlt

v`rl`kdt

smrct

èjìotl`bt

lk`bt

amlct

s`tzt skid

sp`kst

riot

rkidt`t

ngidt`

`rouej`t`

vmrst`llt`b`gidt`t`

lmiot`

ètw`rat`

v`rbkej`t`

lut`t`

tkiot`

c`drt`

b`wuej`rt`

plgek`rt`

oguat` `ke

bàkej`t` skid

b`suidt`

adlt`

v`rl`kdt`

smrct`

ètjìot`l`bt

lk`bt`

amlct`

s`tzt` skid

sp`kst`

riot`

rkidt`t`

dgt c`ngidt

dgt `rouej`t

dgt vmrc`st`lltdgt b`gidt`t

dgt c`lmiot

dgt ètwmraè

dgt v`rbuejè

dgt c`lut`t

dgt c`tkiot

dgt c`drt

dgt b`wuej`rt

dgt plgek`rt

dgt `kecòguat

dgt skid bàuejè

dgt b`suidt

dgt càdlt

dgt v`rl`kdè

dgt c`smrct

dgt ètjìotdgt c`l`bt

dgt c`lk`bt

kst càmlct

dgt skid c`s`tzt

dgt c`sp`kst

dgt c`riot

dgt c`rkidt`tZgblg 4. Q`rbms r`culgr`s

Auèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg


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Q@RBMY KRR@CPLGR@Y

KEAKEKZKQM XR@Y@EZ@ XRZ@RKZPN X@RA@OZ

s`ke(s`r, `stgr)

bk`tè (marì`r)

lgssè (j`fgr)

lk`cè (`stgr tunbgjm)

tràaè (èimetrgrs` ime glcukè)

omnnè (vèkr)

cèk`sssè (jksarutgr)

c`dè (kr)

w`rjè (ll`cgr g s`r)`npa`dlè(rìmnèjgr)

c`wkeeè (cgegr)

agdrè (kr, imejuikr)

zk`dè (kr dgikg, tkrgr)

oeeè(pmj`r, sgb`r)

dgbè (tè`r)

tr`kbè (almtgr, prgitkigr)

nssè(tè`r qu`, j`b`r)

st`dè (`stgr j` pk`)

z`kcè (nmstrgr)

c`bè (jgr)

s`dè(v`r)

jraè (pmj`r)

`kelgjè(kevktgr)

trgcè (ll`vgr)

v`rtr`tè (sustktukr, r`pr`sètgr)

b`ckeeè(`np`zgr)`rolkecè (smegr, r`smegr)

kst

bk`t`t

lsst

lk`ct

trkaat

omnnt

cèk`sst

c`dt

wkrj`npak`dlt

c`wkeet

adrt

zk`dt

ogee

dgt

tr`kbt

nuss

st`dt

z`kct

ckbt

sk`dt

jgra

ljt `ke

trct

v`rtrktt

b`ckeet`rolkect

wgr

bmt

lk`ss

lgc

trga

ogn

cèmss

ckec

wurj``npagdl

c`wgee

audr

zmc

omeet`

dgtt`

trk`b

nusst`

stgej

z`kct`

cgb

sgd

jurat`

luj `ke

truc

v`rtrgt

b`cgee`rolgec

kst c`w`sè

dgt c`bmtè

dgt c`lgssè

dgt c`l`cè

dgt c`trmaaè

kst còmnnè

dgt cèmssè

kst c`cgecè

kst c`wmrjèdgt `npamdlè

dgt c`wmeeè

kst / dgt càgdrè

kst / dgt c`zmcè

dgt còmeet

dgt c`dgbt

kst /dgt c`trk`bè

dgt c`nusst

dgt c`stgejè

dgt c`z`kct

dgt c`c`bè

dgt c`s`dè

dgt c`jurat

dgt `kec`lgjè

dgt c`trgcè

dgt v`rtr`tè

dgt b`cmeeèdgt `roluecè

Zgblg ;. Q`rbms krr`culgr`sAuèt`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg


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1.2.2. @l pr`sèt`

Lg amrngike j`l pr`sèt` è gl`ne s` r`glkzg, sglvm `xi`pikme`s, ggjkèjm lgsskcukèt`s t`rnkegikme`s g lg rgz v`rbgl6

ngidè6

kid ngid`, ju ngidst, `r/sk`/`s ngidt, wkr ngidè, kdr ngidt, sk`/Yk` ngidè

G imetkeugike, s` ràl`fge lms `f`nplms j`l t`xtm qu` gpgrìè è `st` tk`npmv`rbgl6

- Yk` bk`tè`ke` All` ge Ouest, ... (@llgs marìè ueg igetkjgj j` grt`,...)

- Jk` Ytjt`,, l k`cè brkcès gll` ge j`r eù` Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej (Lgsikujgj`s,.,s` èiuètrge tmjgs pmr ik`rtm è `l Eu`vm Crge Zmur j` Yukzg)

- Ykàdrt Yk` jurid jk` sidestè Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgatè (`llg l` imejui` g trgvsj` lms pgksgf`s sukzms ns b`llms)

- J`r R`kidtun ge Ouest, Oultur uej Gridktòturngidt Bgs`l zur Oulturn`trmpml` j`rYidw`kz (Lg rkqu`zg è Grt`, Iulturg y Grquktìturg dgi` j` Bgskl`g lg n`trpmlks

iulturgl j` Yukzg)- Ke j`r Dguptstgjt j`r Yidw`kz t kioè jk` Pdrè gej`rs (@e lg igpktgl j` Yukzg lmsr`lmf`s dgiè tki tgi j` amrng jka`rèt`)

- Pej jgvme dgt B`re n`dr gls cèuc ([ j` `sm tkè` B`reg ns qu` suakikèt`)

- Kid b`suid` c`re` jgs Oulturlmogl MEM (Qksktm ime gcrgjm `l lmigl iulturgl MEM)

- 788 Brueeè smrcè ar omstèlms` Zrkeowgss`r`rarksiduec (788 auèt`s s`pr`miupge pmr `l gcug pmtgbl` crgtuktg)

- @s ckbtside` Ytjt` (@xkstè b`llgs ikujgj`s)

- Jgs Q`ro`drsdgus j`r Yidw`kz z`kct gua spgeeèj` Grt... (@l Nus`m j` lms

Zrgespmrt`s j` Yukzg nu`strg j` amrng ket`r`sget`...)- Ke Vrkid b`ckeetjgs @rdmluecsc`bk`t nkttè ke j`r Ytgjt (@e Vurkid imnkèzg lgzmeg j` j`sigesm è `l iètrm j` lg ikujgj)

1.9. LMY Q@RBMY DGB@E, Y@KE[ S@RJ@E

Lg igrgit`rstkig prkeikpgl j` `stms v`rbms `s qu` pu`jè aueikmegr imnm v`rbmsprkeikpgl`s m imnm v`rbms guxklkgr`s, tgetm pgrg lg amrngike j` p`rargsks v`rbgl`simnm pgrg lg amrngike j` lms tk`npms imnpu`stms.

1.9.7. Dgbè@l v`rbm dgbè (tè`r) `s ue v`rbm krr`culgr qu` s` pu`j` utklkzgr è jkstketgsaueikme`s imnm sme6 - v`rbm prkeikpgl ime ue imnpl`nètm giusgtkvm mblkcgtmrkm? -v`rbm guxklkgr è lg amrngike j`l p`raòt, j`l plusiugnp`raìtm, j`l keakektkvmimnpu`stm y j`l Omefuetkv K y KK imnpu`stm j` lms v`rbms qu` em lms amrnge ime s`ke?-imnm v`rbm nmjgl gimnpggjm j` ue keakektkvm ime zu (pgrg `xpr`sgr mblkcgike,`xdmrtgike m prmdkbkike) ? y v`rbm aueikmegl.

Y` `xtrgè j`l t`xtm lms skcukèt`s `f`nplms6

- O`ke` gej`r Yidw`kz`r Ytgjt dgt `ke` sm dmd` Nusùnsjkidt` wk` Bgs`l (Ekecuegmtrg ikujgj sukzg tkè` ueg jèskjgj j` nus`ms tge gltg)

- Pej jgvme dgt B`re n`dr gls cèuc ([ j` `sm tkè` B`reg ns qu` suakikèt`)


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- Ke jk`s`n bgrmioè Rgun nuss nge c`tga`lt dgbè (@e `stg sglg bgrrmig s` j`b`dgb`r i`l`brgjm ue cgp`)

- Luz`re kn D`rzè j`r Yidw`kz nuss nge c`s`dè dgbè (Lui`reg è `l imrgze j`Yukzg s` j`b` dgb`r vkstm)

- S`r Lust gua `keè Y``cgec dgt, buidt `ke` oulkegrksid` Zd`nèagdrt (Wukè tècgcgegs j` `stgr è ueg iubk`rtg, qu` r`s`rv` ue vkgf` t`ntkim iulkegrkm)

- 74:0 Xltz` dgt j`r Omez`rtsggl (Lg sglg j` imeik`rtms tkè` 74:0 plgzgs)

- Kn Krid`lpgro dgt jk` wklj` Egtur trgundgat vk`l Rgun (@e `l pgrqu` Krid`l, lgegturgl`zg sglvgf` tkè` ue `spgikm j` èsu`m)

1.9.2. Y`ke

@l v`rbm s`ke (s`r, `stgr) `s ue v`rbm krr`culgr qu` s` pu`j` utklkzgr è jkstketgsaueikme`s imnm sme6 - v`rbm prkeikpgl ime ue imnpl`nètm pr`jkigtkvm m ime ueimnpl`nètrm ikriuestgeikgl j` lucgr? - v`rbm guxklkgr è lg amrngike j`l X`raòt, j`l

plusiugnp`raìtm, j`l keakektkvm imnpu`stm y j`l Omefuetkv K y KK imnpu`stm j` lmsv`rbms qu` em lms amrnge ime dgbè y è lg pgskvg j` `stgjm?- imnm v`rbm nmjglgimnpggjm j` ue keakektkvm ime zu (pgrg `xpr`sgr mblkcgike, `xdmrtgike mpmskbklkjgj) ? y v`rbm aueikmegl.


- Yidw`kz`r Ytjt` skej wk` c`ngidt ar spgeeèj` @etjìouecsr`ksè (Lgs ikujgj`ssukzgs ste imnm ir`gjgs pgrg vkgf`s j` j`siubrknkètm agsikeget`s)

- uej ks t c`spkiot nkt Dkcdlkcdts gll`r Grt ( y `st r`pl`tg j` tktulgr`s j` tmjgsilgs`s)

- Jk` Ikty Cukj` Gpps vme Yidw`kz Zmurksnus skejjk` p`raòtè Ytgjtadr`r ar KdrYngrtpdme` (Lgs gplkigikme`s Ikty Cukj` j`l Zurksnm j` Yukzg sme lms p`raìtms cugsturstkims pgrg su sngrtpdme`)

- Ke Ygidè Ygvmkr-vkvr` ks tBgs`l vk`lè Ytjtè `ke` Egsèlec` vmrgus (@e imsgsj`l sgb`r vkvkr Bgskl`g `st ue pgsm pmr j`lget` j` nuidgs ikujgj`s)

- , spgeeèj` Cgl`rkè uej a`ke` J`lkogt`ssèljè skej `ke` Wu`ll` j`rKespkrgtkme... (agsikeget`s cgl`rkgs y ràkegjgs tkèjgs j` j`lkigt`ssè sme ueg auèt`j` kespkrgike)

- B`smej`rs s`dèsw`rt skej jk` Garkoggelgc`,... (@l Fgrje Garkigem `s `spìkglnèt`jkcem j` v`r)

- B`rekst

bògeet ar s`ke` l`bèjkc` Nusko- uej Oestl`rszè`(B`reg `s imemikjgpmr su `sièg nuskigl y iulturgl è vkvm)

- 708 Fgdr` glt kst jgs Ymnn`rtd`gt`r... (@l t`gtrm j` v`rgem tkè` 708 gms...)

1.9.9. S`rjè

@l v`rbm w`rjè (ll`cgr g s`r) `s ue v`rbm krr`culgr qu` s` pu`j` utklkzgr è jkstketgsaueikme`s imnm sme6 - v`rbm prkeikpgl gjmptgejm lg amrng plèg c`wmrjè? - v`rbmguxklkgr è lg amrngike j`l auturm K y KK, j`l pgrtkikpkm KK, j`l Omefuetkv KK y j` lg vmzpgskvg j` prmi`sm? - y imnm v`rbm impulgtkvm?



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- J`r Vmm Bgs`l,, wrj` nk Fgdr 743: `raae`t (@l Vmm j` Bgskl`g, ..., au` r`gbk`rtmè `l gm 743: )

- ...17; Zk`rgrtè, jk` grtc`rìdt c`dgltè w`rjè(...17; `spìk`s j` gekngl`s, qu`sme ngetèkjms imrrìtgnèt`)

- S`r clgnmursè E`rvèoktz`l lk`bt, wkrj kn crge Igskem B`re nkt s`keè 70

Ypk`ltksidè...cliolkid (Wukè quk`rg `nmnmikme`s clgnurmsgs, s`r gamrtuegjm è `lCrge Igskem j` B`reg ime sus 70 n`sgs j` fu`cm...)

- , wk` j`r b`rdnt` @nnètgl`r GMX kn O`ssk d`rc`st`llt wkrj (, imnm `l agnmsm@nnètgl GMX qu` `s prmjuikjm è O`ssk)

- Jgeo j`r `xz`llètè Cgstrmemnk` w`rjèdk`r guid Cmurn`ts cliolkid (Crgikgs glg `xi`lèt` cgstrmemnkg lms cmurn`ts tgnbke ll`cge g s`r a`lki`s gqu)

- Y`rvk`rt wkrjjgs C`rkidt... (Lg imnkjg s`r s`rvkjg...)

- ... Xalgezè uej Mbstbun` w`rjègua 92 Dòtgrè vme Cre Ytgjt Vrkid c`pal`ct(Lgs plgetgs y lms rbml`s arutgl`s sme prmt`ckjms è 92 dìtr`gs pmr lg ètkjgj VurkidIkujgj Q`rj`.

- Kn Zìdemrgng wgrtè b`r 088 @xp`rknètk`rstgtkmeè jgrgua, ètjìot zu w`rjè(@e `l Zìemrgng smbr` 088 stgejs j` `xp`rknètms smbr` `llm `sp`rge pgrg s`rj`siubk`rtms)

- C`z`kct w`rjèYidw`kz`r, jùtsid` uej st`rr`kidksid` Oestl`r(Yme nmstrgjmsgrtkstgs sukzms, gl`nge`s y gustrgims)

- Sketd`rtur wurj` guid zur b`stè Agdrrgjstgjt j`r Yidw`kz `regeet (Sketd`rtur tgnbke au` emnbrgjg imnm lg n`fmr ikujgj j` lgs bkikil`tgs)

1.:. LMY Q@RBMY NMJGL@Y

Lms v`rbms nmjgl`s è gl`ne sme jraè, oeeè,ncè, nssè, sml lè ywmllè. Lg igrgit`rstkig prkeikpgl j` `stms v`rbms `s qu` pu`jè aueikmegr imnmv`rbms guxklkgr`s ime `l keakektkvm ske zu j` mtrm v`rbm.

Zmjms `llms sme v`rbms krr`culgr`s y, s`ce su skcekakigjm, s` pu`jè ilgskakigr ètr`s crgej`s crupms6 -pmskbklkjgj 5 jraèy oeeè? - mblkcgike 5 sml lè ynssè?- vmluetgj 5 ncè y wmllè.

Gl geglkzgr `l t`xtm, s` jkstkecuè lms skcukèt`s f`nplms6

jraè (pmj`r)6

- Jgra`s stgtt typksid sidw`kz`rksid typksid spgeksid s`ke= (Xu`j` s`r tpkim sukzmè v`z j` tpkim `spgml=

- Sgs jgra`s s`ke= (Wu pu`j` s`r=)

- ...jgraskid ar `ke pggr Ytuejè zuriol`deè uej Sgss`r uej Ymee` cèk`ssè (s` pu`j` rìlkegr dgikg gtrs pmr ue pgr j` dmrgs y jksarutrgr j`l gcug y j`l sml)

oeeè (pmj`r, sgb`r)6

-... b`kj` oge e nge ge Ymeetgcè cèk`ssè... (gnbms s` pu`jè jksarutrgr lmsjmnkecms...)

- , ogeenge V`ktclmioèturn uej Nest`r b`wuej`re (, s` pu`jè gjnkrgr lg

tmrr` j`l r`lmf j`l ignpgegrkm y lg igt`jrgl)


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- , ogee nge `rl`bè,

ncè (custgr, j`s`gr)6

- S`r `s al`ksidlms ngc, omnnt kn Dkltl... (Gl qu` l` cust` v`c`tgrkgem, qu` vècg glDkltl...)

nssè (tè`r qu`, j`b`r)6

- Kn jk`s`n bgrmioè Rgun nussnge c`tga`lt dgbè (@e `stg sglg bgrrmig s` j`b`dgb`r i`l`brgjm ue cgp`)

- Luz`re nk D`rzè j`r Yidw`kz nussnge c`s`dè dgbè (Lui`reg è `l imrgzej` Yukzg s` j`b` dgb`r vkstm)

sml lè (tè`r qu`, j`b`r)6

- Ouestarùej` sml l tèjè Amous gua b`kjè Nus`è rkidtè (Lms gnget`s j`l grt`tkèè qu` jkrkckr lg gtèike g gnbms nus`ms)


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IGXZPLM 3

LG MRGIKE

Y`ce kejkig `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), lgs mrgikme`s, pgrtkèjm j` su aueikeimnuekigtkvg prkngrkg, gs imnm j` j`t`rnkegjms rgscms amrngl`s, s` jkstkecuè tr`stkpms bskims j` mrgikme`s6 èueikgtkvgs, ket`rrmcgtkvgsy `xdmrtgtkvgs.

Lms tr`s tkpms bskims j` mrgikme`s pu`jè pr`sètgrs` è amrng j` mrgikme`ssknpl`s m imnpl`fgs. @stgs ltkngs s` amrnge n`jkget` immrjkegike m submrjkegike.

3.7. MRGIKME@Y IMMRJKEGJGY

Lgs mrgikme`s immrjkegjgs sme jms m ns mrgikme`s r`lgikmegjgs ètr` s, ske quèkecueg j` `llgs j`pèjg j` lgs mtrgs. Lg amrng j` imeìtgr jkidgs mrgikme`s pu`j`s`r, pmr ue lgjm, g trgvs j` lgs imefueikme`s immrjkeget`s uej (y), mj`r (m), gb`r(p`rm), jèe(pu`s) y smej`re (ske `nbgrcm), y pmr mtrm lgjm, g trgvs j` lg utklkzgikej` skcems j` puetugike imnm lg imng(,) m `l puetm y imng (?).

G imetkeugike, s` èun`rge f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6

- Yk` adrt Yk` jurid jk` sidestè Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgatè uej kst c`spkiot nktDkcdlkcdts gll`r Grt (Qj. s`r cukgjm g trgvs j` lms pgksgf`s ns b`llms j` Yukzg y `str`pl`tg j` tktulgr`s j` tmjgs ilgs`s)

- @keagid lutèuej j`r Adrngee omnnt (Zge slm tknbrgr y vkè` `l bgrqu`rm)

- J`r Ypglèb`rc nkt s`keè nktt`lglt`rlkidè Cssidè uej v`rzk`rtè Gltstgjtdus`rezk`dt ekidt eur Amtmcrgaè ge, smej`re guid Lùt`, jk` c`re` sdmppè c`dè (@lYpglèb`r ime sus igll`fu`lgs n`jk`vgl`s y gjmregjgs igsgs getkcugs em slm gtrg` gamtcrgams, skem tgnbke g cèt` g lg qu` custg kr j` imnprgs)

- Ol`ke` Bmutkquè, spgeeèj` Cgl`rkè uej a`ke` J`lkogt`ssèljè skej `ke` Wu`ll`j`r Kespkrgtkme ar jgs `ke` mj`rgej`r` Nktbrkecs`l.Pej jgs @rl`bè `ke`s YtiosBgsl`r C`sidkidt` (X`qu`gs bmutkqu`s, agsikeget`s cgl`rgs y ràkegjgs tkèjgs j`j`lkigt`ssè sme ueg auèt` j` kespkrgike pgrg uem u mtrm smuvèkr. [ `l vkvk` )

- Pej jmrt jk` Egtur, jk` Dus`r gus j`n 7:. Fd. uej jk` a`keè Bgidvmr`llècèk`sssè ([ gll jksarutgr j` lg egturgl`zg, lgs igsgs j`l skclm TKQ y j` lgs j`lkigjgstruidgs)

- Ke j`r Gltstgjt, jk` zu jè PE@YIM-S`lt`rb`stttè c`drt, ogee ngeV`ktclmioèturn uej Nest`r b`wuej`re mj`r guid `keagid uet`r jè nktt`lglt`rlkidèGrogjè algek`rè- uejw`tt`rskid`r `keoguaè(@e `l igsim getkcum, qu` p`rtèì` glXgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lg PE@YIM, s` pu`jè gjnkrgr lg tmrr` j`l r`lmf j`lignpgegrkm y lg igt`jrgl m tge slm igll`f`gr bgfm lgs grigjgs n`jk`vgl`s- ` kr jìmnprgs prmt`ckjms j`l ngl tk`npm)

- Nk`tè Yk` `ke Agdrrgj uej ngidè Yk` `ke` Zmur kes Cre`.JèeSket`rtdur wurj`guid zur b`stè Agdrrgjstgjt `regeet(Glqukl` Qj. Peg bkikil`tg y dgcg ue Zmur pmr lmv`rj`. Xu`s Sket`rtdur au` tgnbke emnbrgjg imnm lg n`fmr ikujgj j` lgs bkikil`tgs)


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3.2. MRGIKME@Y YPBMRJKEGJGY

Lgs mrgikme`s submrjkegjgs sme, s`ce `l Jr. Gejrù Igst`ll (2887), gqu`llgs qu`sk`npr` imetkèè ue v`rbm imefucgjm y sk`npr` gpgrìè s`pgrgjgs n`jkgetùegimngj` su `struiturg jmnkeget`. Lg ngymrg j` `llgs s` igrgit`rkzge gj`ns pmrimetè`r ue `l`nètm ketrmjuitmr qu` skrv` j` èlgi` ime su `struiturg jmnkeget`. Lg

pr`sèikg j` jkidm `l`nètm imell`vg lg imlmigike j` lg amrng imefucgjg j`l v`rbm glakegl.

Lms tkpms j` imestruiikme`s j` mrgikme`s submrjkegjgs è gl`ne sme lms skcukèt`s6- imefueikmegl`s, ketrmjuikjgs pmr lgs imefueikme`s submrjkeget`s jgss (qu`) y jg(pu`stm qu`)? - j` r`lgtkvm, ketrmjuikjgs pmr `l`nètms r`lgtkvms (prmemnbr`s mgjv`rbkms)? - ket`rrmcgtkvgs, ketrmjuikjgs pmr prmemnbr`s m gjv`rbkms ket`rrmcgtkvms mpmr lg imefueike mb (sk)? - ske `l`nètm ketrmjuitmr? - j` keakektkvm, qu` è lucgr j` lgamrng p`rsmegl j`l v`rbm imetkèè ue keakektkvm prì`jkjm j` zu? - j` pgrtkikpkm, qu` èlucgr j` ueg amrng p`rsmegl j`l v`rbm imetkèè ue pgrtkikpkm K m KK. G imetkeugike, s`èun`rge f`nplms xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6

- Yide, jgss jk` ngrotar ksidè C`rkidt` j`n wu ej`rbgrè Yidlmssgnbkèt` keekidts egidst`dè (@s buèm, qu` lms plgtms ar`sims em s` qu`jè gtrs j`lngrgvkllmsm gnbkèt` pglgik`cm)- Jk` Ytjt`, jk` wkr Kdeè ed`r v mrs t`llè,... (Lgs ikujgj`s, qu` emsmtrms l`pr`sètgnms...)- Lùt`, jk` c`re` sdmppè c`dè. (cèt`, qu` vg ime custm j` imnprgs)- 17; Zk`rgrtè, jk` grtc`rìdt c`dgltè w`rjè. ( 17; `spìk`s j` gekngl`s,qu` sme ngetèkjms imrrìtgnèt`)- Ke j`r Gltstgjt, jk` zu jè PE@YIM-S`lt `rb`stttè c `drt,... (@e `l igsimgetkcum, qu` p`rtèì` gl Xgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lg PE@YIM,...)- Jk` B`re`r Sgppètk`r`, jk` sidme s`kt j`r Yidlgidt vme ...., ... (Lms gekngl`sd`rljkims b`rekgems, qu` j`sj` lg Bgtgllg j`....)

- creè Mgsè, jk` zu Q`rw`k lè kelgjè. Pej zun Cèk`sssè ( v`rj`smgsks, qu` kevktge gl j`sigesm. [ gl jksarut`)


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IGXZPLM 4

IMEILPYKE

Imnm imeiluske, igb` j`stgigr j`sj` `l puetm j` vkstg crgngtkigl, `l usmpr`jmnkeget` j` v`rbms è sus amrngs akektgs imnm `l pr`sèt` j` kejkigtkvm, gs imnm`l usm j` lms prstgnms lkecstkims.

@e Yukzg, g p`sgr j` s`r `l gl`ne `l kjkmng makikgl ns dgblgjm, tgnbke s` dgblgemtrms kjkmngs makikgl`s imnm `l argeis, `l ktglkgem m `l rmngeid`, s`ce lg zmeg migete c`mcrakim, nuidms jkglìtms imnm `l gl`ne sukzm y mtrgs lècugsket`regikmegl`s imnm `l kecls. Y` ll`cg g lg imeiluske, j` qu` è `l t`xtm `l`ckjmgpgrìè è crge igetkjgj lms prstgnms lkecstkims y `xtrgef`rksnms, `spìkglnèt`j`l kecls, pmrqu` `s ueg buèg `strgt`ckg pgrg vèj`r ue prmjuitm, y gpmrtge gl t`xtmturstkim ue tmqu` j` nmj`rekjgj. @e iugetm g lms prstgnms lkecstkims igb`nèikmegr qu` d`nms èimetrgjm pglgbrgs qu` prmvkèè j`l argeis ` ktglkgem qu` s`

j`b` g lg lmiglkzgike c`mcrakig j` lg r`cke turstkig j`sirktg è `l t`xtm geglkzgjm.

Y` mbs`rvg, pmr mtrg pgrt`, lg gbuejgeikg j` emnbr`s imnpu`stms, gs imnm jèmnbr`s imnue`s rà`rèt`s g lucgr`s, smbr` tmjm, g ikujgj`s y r`ckme`s j` Yukzg yg lms pgs`s lkntrma`s. @stg gbuejgeikg s` j`b` gl dìdm j` qu` `ste j`sirkbkèjmlucgr`s y ikujgj`s imnm s` `sp`rg è ue t`xtm turstkim. @l crge en`rm j` lmsemnbr`s imnpu`stms s` j`b` gl dìdm j` qu` lg lècug gl`ngeg ue` jms l`x`ngs gueg pglgbrg imnpu`stg è v`z j` usgr lg pr`pmskike j` imnm `l igsm è `spgml.

@e iugetm gl usm j` lms gjf`tkvms, s` imeiluy` qu` `l t`xtm jkspme` j` ueg crgevgrk`jgj j` `llms. Yu usm pr`jmnkeg è aueike gtrkbutkvg y j`stgige lgs amrngs j` lgjìlkegike au`rt` y jbkl smbr` lgs amrngs nkxtgs. Lg crge igetkjgj j` gjf`tkvms s`j`b` g qu` s` trgtg j` ue t`xtm turstkim qu` j`sirkb` nuidms `l`nètms turstkims,pr`tèj` jgr keamrngike gl turkstg y llgngr su gtèike ` ket`rs pgrg qu` vgyg gvksktgr lg zmeg j`sirktg.

@e jàkektkvg, lms r`sultgjms j`l `stujkm r`glkzgjm skrvè pgrg j`t`rnkegr qu`l`nètms crgngtkigl`s sme lms qu` pr`vglìè è `st` tkpm j` t`xtm turstkim. J` `st`nmjm s` pu`jè utklkzgr pgrg lg ir`gike j` eu`vms t`xtms turstkims è lècuggl`ngeg imnm `s eu`strm mbf`tkvm auturm imnm nèikmegnms è lg ketrmjuiike.

Gsknksnm, lms r`sultgjms tgnbke skrvè è `l nbktm j` lg ès`gezg, yg qu` gdmrgs` imemiè lms `l`nètms crgngtkigl`s y sketitkims ns utklkzgjms pmr imeskcukèt`ns r`l`vget`s pgrg lms `stujkget`s j` lg lècug gl`ngeg è `l nbktm turstkim.

Xmr ltknm tgnbke skrvè pgrg `stujkms imnpgrgtkvms j` `l`nètms crgngtkigl`s y

sketitkims è lms t`xtms turstkims, s`g è lg imnbkegike lkecstkig j` gl`ne-`spgml m ime mtrms kjkmngs.


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Bkblkmcrgag

Bdl`, @.? Argeo, X.? Ramls k Qètmsg, F.6 (2880)6 Xmes Crmwrt`rbuid6 Ypgeksid-Jùtsid /

Jùtsid-Ypgeksid, @rest Ol`tt Yprgidè CnbD, Ytuttcgrt.Brguiò, B.? Igst`ll, G. (2882)6Q`rbms gl`nge`s6 Jkiikmegrkm j` imefucgike y imnpl`nètgike,

@jktmrkgl Kjkmngs, Ngjrkj.

Igst`ll, G. (2887)6 Crgntkig j` lg lècug gl`ngeg, @jktmrkgl Kjkmngs, Ngjrkj.

Imrimll, B.? Imrimll, R. (2878)6 Xrmcrgnn6 Gl`ne pgrg dkspgemdgblget`s,D`rj`r, Bgri`lmeg.

Dmb`rc, R.? Dmb`rc, P. (288:)6 J`r ol`ke` Jujè6 Crgntkig j`l gl`ne,Ngx Du`b`r Q`rlgc,@jktmrkgl Kjkmngs, Ngjrkj.

Lusid`r, R.? Yidp`rs, R. (2888)6 Jùtsid 28886 Crgntkig j`l gl`ne imet`npmre`m, NgxDu`b`r Q`rlgc, Ngjrkj.

N`jkeg R`cu`rg, G. (2887)6 Lg eu`vg mrtmcrgag j` lg lècug gl`ngeg, @jktmrkgl ejki` &

Ngrigpckegs, Y`vkllg.Nmlke`r, N. (2887)6 Jkiikmegrkm j` usm j`l `spgml, Cr`jms, Ngjrkj.

Ny Ywktz`rlgej,dttp6//www.nyswktz`rlgej.imn/j`/u`b`r-jk`-sidw`kz/brmsidu`rè.dtnl(Imesultgjm 71/82/2870).

R`gl Gigj`nkg @spgmlg (2887)6 Jkiikmegrkm j` lg lècug `spgmlg (22. g. j`), ; j` fuekm,dttp6//www.rg`.`s/rìursms/jkiikmegrkms/jrg`(Imesultgjm 8;/81/70).
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