estuaries 101 a brief introduction to natural and human-induced processes in estuaries jonathan...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Estuaries 101 A Brief Introduction to Natural and Human-Induced Processes in Estuaries Jonathan Pennock University of New Hampshire Marine Program, NH](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649eef5503460f94bffa2d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Estuaries 101A Brief Introduction to Natural
and Human-Induced Processes in
Estuaries
Jonathan PennockUniversity of New Hampshire
Marine Program, NH Sea Grant & Jackson Estuarine Laboratory
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What Are Estuaries and WhyShould We Care About Them?• Semi-enclosed bodies of water where fresh water & salt water mix…
• Estuaries are critical habitats for many ecologically and economically
important coastal species…
• Estuaries are natural biological and geochemical reactors…
• While net flow is almost always from the land to the sea, tidal influences
and often two-layered flow tend to retain materials in estuaries…
• In most, but not all estuaries, freshwater input from the watershed is
the major source of nutrients, contaminants, suspended sediments, etc…
• The sources of these inputs varies, however, with ‘point-sources’ from
specified inputs and ‘non-point sources’ from varied sources such as
precipitation, agriculture, septic tanks and groundwater contributing…
• Different estuaries have differing capacities to cope with human
perturbations based on their physical and geological make-up…
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What are the Most Critical Factors Impacting Estuaries?
• Habitat Loss
• Bacterial Contamination
• Chemical Contaminants
• Loss of Keystone Species
• Sediment Inputs
• Nutrient Over-Enrichment
• Micro-algae and Macro-algae Overgrowth
• Hypoxia & Anoxia
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NOAA Eutrophication Model
Bricker 1999
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EutrophicationPositive Versus Negative Effects
Oligotrophic MesotrophicEutrophic Dystrophic
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Pelagic Fish
Bottom Oxygen
Benthos
Benthic Fish
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Year
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Popu
latio
n (M
illio
ns)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
World Total
Africa
China
Rest of Asiaand Oceana
Europe, Russian,and The Americas
Population Increase
Adapted from Nixon, 1994
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Land Clearing
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Land Clearing& Agriculture
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Fertilizer Production
Year1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Ferti
lizer
(10
6 tons
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Mining of Phosphate Rock
Synthesis of Nitrogen Fertilzer
Adapted from Nixon, 1994
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Intensive Agriculture
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Point Source Inputs
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Headlines from Other Regions[We are Not Alone in Our Concerns…]
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Mobile Bay
A Case Study In Nutrient Biogeochemistry Research
Mobile Bay, Alabama – Sorting Through Variability
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#
#
##
#
#
##
#
#
#
Dog River Fowl River Weeks Bay
Developed 24.6% 1.7% 0.8%
Forested 39.7% 41.2% 29.8%
Agriculture 20.3% 33.4% 59.9%
Wetland 11.2% 18.5% 5.6%
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J JF JM MA A S O N D
Upper
0
5
10
15
20
25Lower
NO
3 (
M)
0
5
10
15
20
25Coastal
Month
0
5
10
15
20
25
J JF JM MA A S O N D J JF JM MA A S O N D
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NOAA Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment
Bricker 1999
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Environmental Protection Agency
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Thank You!