establishing a good balance between automation and manual flying (caa singapore, wats 2012)

7/29/2019 Establishing a Good Balance Between Automation and Manual Flying (CAA Singapore, WATS 2012)

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Establishing a Good BalanceBetween Automation and

Manual FlyingTan Kah Han

Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore

28th August 2012

EFSN - 08.07.2012


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BEAs Final Report On AF447 Pilot Hit By Emotional Shock

The excessive nature of the [pilots] inputs can

be explained by the startle effect and the

emotional shock at the autopilot disconnection,

it states, adding that the problem was amplifiedby a lack of training for the delicate handling

required for the high-altitude flight.

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Lessons Learned From AF447 &Colgan Air 4307

AF447 (BEAs Final Report) The pilots never understood or aware that the airplane was stalling.

Lack of understanding or knowledge of high-altitude, high speed

aerodynamics and airplane performance.

Lack of understanding or training in high-altitude upset or stallrecovery techniques.

Ineffective monitoring of the flight instrument.

Startle the crew were a state of shock and could not appreciate

what was actually going on in that few critical minutes.

Colgan Air 3407 Captain was incompetent (failed several proficiency checks)

Took actions that aggravated the situation.

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Loss of Control In-Flight

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The Benefits of Automation

Efficient use of a block of Airspace

Reduces the burden of excessive in-flight

workload.

Improves fuel efficiency. Enhances all-weather flying.

Precision flying and accurate navigation.

Better overall safety, efficiency and comfort.

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Source: Mouloua, Gilson & Koonce

The Down Side of Automation

Loss of situational awareness.

Monitoring inefficiency.

Increased mental workload.

Flight modes confusion (FMA).

Inability to effectively revert to manual control in

the event of systems breakdown or malfunction.


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Automation In The Air Dulls Pilot Skill

"We're seeing a new breed of accident withthese state-of-the art planes."

Pilots over-reliance on flight automation and

therefore are forgetting how to fly Pilots inability to recognize flight automation

disengaging or the failure to properly monitor

and maintain airspeed.

Startle effect

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JOAN LOWY - AP Tue, Aug 30, 2011


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Automation Is Here To Stay Now & The Future

It Is The Reality Of Air Transport Industry


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Congested Airports With Complex SIDs,STARs & Approach Procedures

With RNP Approaches & NextGen etc.automation will be increasingly mandated.

Pilots will have to rely even more on

Automation in;

Taking-off From Noise-sensitive Airports

Tightly-spaced Air Corridors

RNAV-1/Basic RNP-1 SIDs & STARs

RNP APCH Procedures (Baro VNAV, APV)

RNP-AR-APCH Procedures

GBAS Landing Procedures (GLS)

CAT II & CAT III Autolands

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Pilots To Back Up Automation

Five years ago we passed the point whereautomation was there to back up pilots. Clearly

today, the pilot is there to be the backup to the

automation.

- Bill Voss 5/2012

Bill Voss CEO FSF


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Back to Basic


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Redefine Back to Basic?

Manual Flying Skills Effective monitoring skills

Effective Flight Deck Management

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Flying MonitoringFlight Deck

Management


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Importance of MaintainingManual Flying Skills


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Manual Flying Skills

The definition of manual flying skills requiredclarification, e.g. does this include only skills of

hand flying the aeroplane control surfaces (stick

& rudder skills) or

does it also mean mental preparedness to

intervene and conduct essentially mental tasks

without the aid of the automated system?

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Don Harris - Cranfield


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Retaining Manual Flying Skill RequiresOn-Going Training and Practice

Automation makes manual flying skill less important

ONLY in normal operations. The transition between

smooth easy flying on AP and being challenged by hair-

raising situations can be very abrupt in the modern

cockpits. In some respects, automated aircraft mayrequire a higher standard of basic stick and rudder skills,

if only because these skills are practiced less often and

maybe called upon in the most demanding emergency

situations. The lack of recognition and anticipation are also factors

which caused loss-of-control in-flight.

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Captain Jacques Drappier, Senior Advisor Training, Airbus


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Importance of EffectiveMonitoring


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Improving Monitoring First, we must change our approach to monitoring

Good monitoring skills are not inherent in a pilot as theyprogress in their careers. Therefore, effective monitoring

techniques must be trained and rewarded.

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Captain Frank J. Tullo AW&ST May 21, 2001

Watching as Opposed to Monitoring

Watching" is simply staring at the instrument displays

without processing the information, trouble-shooting,

or not keeping pace with the trajectory of the flight.Watching is in fact a form of ineffective monitoring.


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Why Improve Monitoring?

Accident Data

Poor monitoring was a factor in 63% of the ALA accidents

reviewed by the FSF ALAR working groups.

50% of the CFIT accidents reviewed by ICAO to support

the FSF CFIT efforts involved poor monitoring.

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76% of monitoring errors occurred when aircraft was

climbing, descending or on approach (vertical flight phase).

30% of the reports indicated that pilots were programming

the FMS shortly before or during the monitoring error.

ASRS Study: Significant Findings


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Effective Monitoring

Effective Monitoring requires good discipline, itis a continual assessment of the progress of the

flight, constantly looking out for tell-tale signs of

any possible anomaly, meanwhile maintaining

situational awareness - in all phases of flight.

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Importance of GoodFlight Deck Management


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Flying a Fully Automated Airplane

Flying an fully automated airplane is a complextask that requires good psychomotor skills, co-

ordinations, cognitive processing, and sound

airplane knowledge, which includes a good

grasp of all the different automation flight modes.

Good flight deck management is the key to a

safe conduct of an automated flight.

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Aviation training : learners, instruction and organization edited by Ross A Telfer (1997)


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Flight Deck Management

Good Flight Deck Management EncompassesThe Holistic Grasp of The Following;

Company Policy

SOP

Automation Training

CRM Team Work

Aircraft Handling Skills

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Regulator & Stakeholders Roles

OEMOperator

Training

Organisation

Academy

ALPA

Individual

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Pilots In The Hot Seats There is a limit to how much ground school training,

flying training, SOP, CRM, safety oversight etc. can do.

Ultimately, the pilots in the hot seats are the last-linedefenders to prevent an accident from happening.

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Thank You

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establishing a good balance between automation and manual flying (caa singapore, wats 2012)

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